744:
1183:
Crynyne
Abthane of Dul and Steward of the Isles. 2. DONALDA Ralph Holinshed's 1577 Chronicle of Scotland names "Doada" as the second daughter of Malcolm II King of Scotland and adds that she married "Sinell the thane of Glammis, by whom she had issue one Makbeth". 3. OLITH Orkneyinga Saga records that "Earl Sigurd" married "the daughter of Malcolm King of Scots". Snorre records the marriage of "Sigurd the Thick" and "a daughter of the Scottish king Malcolm". Ulster Journal of Archaeology, Volume 6 By Ulster Archaeological Society names her as (Alice) wife of Sygurt and daughter of Malcolm II. The American historical magazine, Volume 2, by Publishing Society of New York, Americana Society, p. 529 names her Olith or Alice.
537:
931:
894:
649:
1735:
458:, Malcolm ignored tradition and was determined to retain succession within his own line. Since Malcolm had no son of his own, he negotiated a series of dynastic marriages of his daughters to men who might otherwise be his rivals, while securing the loyalty of their relatives, the principal chiefs. The throne passed to his grandson through his eldest daughter.
798:. It has been supposed that Mac Bethad was responsible for the killing of Gille Coemgáin in 1032, but if Mac Bethad had a cause for feud in the killing of his father in 1020, Malcolm too had reason to see Gille Coemgáin dead. Not only had Gillecomgan's ancestors killed many of Malcolm's kin, but Gillecomgan and his son
739:
that he was the ally of the king of Scots, and counted on
Malcolm's support to resist the "tyranny" of Norwegian King Olaf Haraldsson, as Thorfinn's older stepbrother had died while a hostage to King Olaf. The chronology of Thorfinn's life is problematic, and he may have had a share in the Earldom of
1182:
1. BETHOC "Genealogy of King
William the Lyon" dated 1175 names "Betoch filii Malcolmi" as parent of "Malcolmi filii Dunecani". The Chronicle of the Scots and Picts dated 1177 names "Cran Abbatis de Dunkelden et Bethok filia Malcolm mac Kynnet" as parents of King Duncan. Source Beatrice who married
1144:
Duncan, pp. 28-29 suggests that Earl
Uchtred may not have died until 1018. Fletcher accepts that he died in Spring 1016 and that Eadwulf Cudel was Earl of Bernicia when Carham was fought in 1018; Higham, pp. 225–230, agrees. Smyth, pp. 236–237 reserves judgment as to the date of the battle, 1016 or
853:
By the 1030s
Malcolm's sons, if he had any, were dead. The only evidence that he did have a son or sons is in Rodulfus Glaber's chronicle where Cnut is said to have stood as godfather to "a son of Malcolm". His grandson Thorfinn would have been unlikely to be accepted as king by the Scots, and he
926:
became king and ruled for five years and nine months. Given that Duncan's subsequent death in 1040 is described as being "at an immature age" in the Annals of
Tigernach, he must have been a very young man in 1034. Modern historian Duncan speculates that the absence of any effective opposition to
802:
might have been rivals for the throne. Malcolm had no living sons, and the threat to his plans for the succession was obvious. As a result, the following year Gruoch's brother or nephew, who might have eventually become king, was killed by
Malcolm. Mac Bethad married Grouch after the death of
765:
is presumed to be their son. However, as modern historian Duncan tells it, even if
Malcolm exercised some control over Moray, the annals record several events pointing to a struggle for power in the north. Irish sources record that in 1020, Bethad mac Findláech's, (later known as
785:
Despite the accounts of the Irish annals, English and
Scandinavian writers describe Mac Bethad as the rightful king of Moray, during descriptions of his meeting with Cnut in 1027, before the death of Malcolm mac Máil Brigti. Malcolm was followed as king or earl by his brother
698:
had the place of honour. If
Malcolm were present, and the repeated mentions of his piety in the annals make it quite possible that he made a pilgrimage to Rome, then the coronation could have allowed Malcolm to publicly snub Cnut's claims to overlordship.
946:
standing stone. Its dating is uncertain, with dates from the 8th century onwards having been proposed. While an earlier date is favoured, an association with accounts of Malcolm's has been proposed on the basis of the iconography of the carvings.
823:
and that the kingdom passed into the hands of the Scots afterwards. This rests on some very weak evidence. It is far from certain that Owen died at Carham, and it is reasonably certain that there were kings of Strathclyde as late as 1054, when
840:
and embellished by John of Fordun, but there is no firm evidence that the kingdom of Strathclyde was a part of the kingdom of the Scots, rather than a loosely subjected kingdom, before the time of Malcolm II of Scotland's great-grandson
589:
Seventeenth century historian Frederic Van Bossen only lists two daughters, one whom he calls "Beatrice, who married Albanacht the son of Crinan", and the other as "Daboada, who was the mother of Macbeth, and the wife of Finell, the
632:
recounts the expedition soon afterward, describing Malcolm as "powerful in resources and arms ... very Christian in faith and deed." Rodulfus claims that peace was made between Malcolm and Cnut through the intervention of
885:
If Macbeth was Malcolm II's grandson, then when Macbeth's soldiers killed Duncan I, before Macbeth took the throne, Malcolm II would have had one grandson kill another to succeed the first as king.
1346:
Duncan, p.42; reconciling the various dates of Thorfinn's life appears impossible on the face of it. Either he was born well before 1009 and must have died long before 1065, or the accounts in the
911:, variously describing him as a "most glorious" or "most victorious" king. The Annals of Tigernach report, "Malcolm mac Cináeda, king of Scotland, the honour of all the west of Europe, died".
874:. It may be no more than coincidence, but in 1027 the Irish annals had reported the burning of Dunkeld, although no mention is made of the circumstances. Malcolm's chosen heir, and the first
249:
Malcolm pursued a strategy of marrying his daughters into these regional dynasties, which helped create stability in his reign, and ensured that he became the grandfather of his successor
950:
Malcolm's putative pilgrimage to Rome, and other long-distance journeys, while not confirmed, were far from unusual. Thorfinn Sigurdsson, Cnut and Mac Bethad all travelled widely.
2546:
1478:
833:
1856:
740:
Orkney while still a child if he was only five in 1014. Whatever the exact chronology, before Malcolm's death, his client was in control of Caithness and Orkney.
1970:
586:, which names "Doada" as a daughter of Malcolm II King of Scotland, and adds that she married "Sinell the thane of Glammis, by whom she had issue one Makbeth".
454:, with the consent of Malcolm's ministers and of the Church. Perhaps in an attempt to end the devastating feuds in the north of Scotland, and influenced by the
2539:
1606:
1375:
Annals of Ulster and Annals of Tigernach, s.a. 1029. Malcolm's death is not said to have been by violence and he too is called king rather than mormaer.
683:
Modern historian Duncan speculates that the quarrel between Cnut and Malcolm may have had its roots in Cnut's pilgrimage to Rome, and the coronation of
660:
and others had obtained. Contemporary sources say that Malcolm was accompanied by one or two other kings, certainly future King Mac Bethad, and perhaps
2532:
743:
509:
This was risky business under the rules of succession of the Gaels, but he thereby secured his rear and, taking advantage of the renewal of
1400:
killed in 1033 is uncertain, being read as "the son of the son of Boite" or as "M. son of Boite", Gruoch's brother or nephew respectively.
1963:
656:
Cnut came away only with a promise of peace and friendship, rather than the guarantee of aid on land and sea that previous kings such as
3309:
1956:
322:
Whether Malcolm killed Constantine or not, he certainly killed Constantine's successor Kenneth III in 1005, during a battle at
1425:, p. 546; Duncan, pp. 30–31, understands Rodulfus Glaber as meaning that Duke Richard was godfather to a son of Cnut and Emma.
1653:
311:
in 997 is credited as being "Kenneth, son of Malcolm". Since Kenneth II died in 995, this is considered an error, for either
3329:
1847:
1865:
942:
now called "Glamis 2" as "King Malcolm's grave stone". The stone is a Class II stone, apparently formed by re-using a
1795:
1778:
1761:
1721:
1707:
1686:
1668:
1639:
1598:
1581:
1563:
474:, who bore him three daughters. No sons were confirmed born or survived. First, Malcolm married his eldest daughter
319:
son of Malcolm I), who succeeded Constantine and stood to benefit, but by John of Fordham, for Malcolm II himself.
965:
records that Malcolm "gave a king's dues in Biffie and in Pett Meic-Gobraig, and two davochs" to the monastery of
955:
430:
to Malcolm II, presumably in the aftermath of the defeat at Carham. This is likely to have been the lands between
927:
Duncan's youthful kingship suggests that Malcolm had thoroughly dealt with any succession issues before he died.
1509:
1145:
1018, and whether Uchtred was still living when it was fought. See also Stenton, pp. 418–419 and Daly pp. 53–57.
919:'s accounts where Malcolm is killed fighting bandits, says that he died by violence, fighting "the parricides".
183:) from 1005 until his death in the year 1034. He was one of the longest-reigning Scottish kings of that period.
3314:
296:
army "in almost the first days after his coronation", but this is not reported elsewhere. Fordun says that the
1851:
1844:), Genealogies, and various Saints' Lives. Most are translated into English, or translations are in progress.
687:
307:
Succession of Scottish kings at the time often involved murder, even patricide. The killer of Scottish King
3206:
3169:
2492:
816:
634:
231:
2931:
2303:
446:
tradition provided that the successor to Malcolm was to be selected by him from among the descendants of
20:
2920:
2293:
3216:
2894:
2862:
2268:
2242:
1987:
676:
remarks of the submission "but he adhered to that for only a little while". Cnut was soon occupied in
665:
451:
1362:, s.a. 1020; Annals of Ulster, s.a. 1020, but the killers are not named. The Annals of Ulster and the
1266:, c. 1031 says "two kings came south from Fife in Scotland" to meet Cnut, suggesting only Malcolm and
912:
787:
198:
3211:
3006:
2951:
2559:
2383:
2323:
2222:
1979:
1930:
1267:
767:
762:
579:
568:
521:
in 1018 and installed his grandson, Duncan, son of the Abbot of Dunkeld and his choice as Tanist, in
503:
308:
258:
194:
176:
442:
Malcolm demonstrated a rare ability to survive among early Scottish kings by reigning for 29 years.
3012:
3001:
2707:
2563:
2555:
2388:
2378:
2187:
1106:, pp. 517–518. John of Fordun has Malcolm II as the killer, whereas later historian Duncan credits
719:(Thorfinn the Mighty) was said to be five years old when Sigurd was killed on 23 April 1014 in the
624:
dates this to 1031, but there are reasons to suppose that it should be dated to 1027. Contemporary
2172:
2152:
1077:
Higham, pp. 226–227, notes that the kings of the English had neither lands nor mints north of the
993:
536:
354:(literally royal prey, a raid by a new king made to demonstrate prowess in war), which involved a
3304:
2981:
2976:
2961:
2936:
2358:
2353:
2333:
2308:
1923:
1813:
795:
730:
691:
661:
36:
2643:
2132:
779:
3160:
3045:
2991:
2966:
2926:
2798:
2633:
2487:
2427:
2368:
2348:
2338:
2298:
984:
The exact date of succession is unknown, but by tradition, it has been stated to be 25 March. (
859:
479:
390:
355:
153:
3103:
1875:
385:, was a victory for the Scots led by Malcolm II and the men of Strathclyde led by their king,
3150:
3060:
3040:
2971:
2909:
2899:
2889:
2768:
2763:
2736:
2697:
2692:
2472:
2442:
2422:
2343:
2283:
2273:
2263:
837:
604:
410:
2855:
2607:
2237:
1275:
934:
Nineteenth century engraving of "King Malcolm's grave stone" (Glamis no. 2) at Glamis Castle
771:
758:
564:
499:
3324:
3319:
3128:
3075:
3065:
3055:
3028:
2946:
2869:
2803:
2758:
2748:
2742:
2731:
2725:
2675:
2467:
2457:
2447:
2437:
2417:
2406:
2394:
2318:
2247:
2122:
1940:
1699:
879:
825:
530:
447:
250:
1393:
907:
gives the date of Malcolm's death as 25 November 1034. The king lists say that he died at
8:
3155:
3108:
3050:
2986:
2783:
2773:
2753:
2719:
2524:
2477:
2432:
2363:
1359:
716:
583:
394:
367:
297:
262:
208:
103:
1300:
Duncan, pp. 31-32; the alternative, he notes, that Cnut was concerned about support for
987:
3192:
2830:
2778:
2702:
2511:
2507:
2482:
2112:
2067:
1501:
1119:
720:
684:
434:
and the Tweed as other parts of Lothian had been under Scots control before this time.
363:
1107:
680:
against Olaf Haraldsson and appears to have had no further involvement with Scotland.
2825:
2638:
2012:
1791:
1774:
1757:
1717:
1703:
1682:
1664:
1649:
1635:
1594:
1577:
1559:
1551:
1505:
1301:
1193:
954:
died on a pilgrimage to Rome in 975 as did Máel Ruanaid uá Máele Doraid, king of the
930:
916:
871:
625:
575:
560:
491:
191:
122:
2686:
961:
Not a great deal is known of Malcolm's activities beyond the wars and killings. The
3143:
3133:
3023:
2996:
2848:
2680:
2600:
2593:
2412:
2373:
2232:
2167:
1804:
1783:
1611:
1493:
1363:
1271:
1025:
951:
820:
751:
708:
695:
657:
642:
638:
571:, (Macbethad mac Findláech), which would make Malcolm to be Macbeth's grandfather.
518:
495:
483:
471:
419:
378:
371:
1623:
893:
3138:
2883:
2713:
2665:
2655:
2649:
2257:
2052:
1586:
1029:
904:
898:
829:
725:
629:
235:
187:
1948:
1220:
The Lost Queens of Scotland: Extracts from Frederic van Bossen's The Royal Cedar
1170:
The Lost Queens of Scotland: Extracts from Frederic van Bossen's The Royal Cedar
1021:
230:, but his fellow kings of the geographical area of modern Scotland included the
3236:
3123:
3080:
3034:
2819:
2462:
2007:
1894:
1728:
The Prophecy of Berchán: Irish and Scottish High-Kings of the Early Middle Ages
1691:
1615:
712:
648:
514:
487:
289:
143:
1800:
1270:, and that Cnut returned their lands and gave them gifts. That Echmarcach was
1126:, pp. 521–524; Fordun, IV, xxxviii. Berchán places Cináed's death by the Earn.
969:. He was also probably not the founder of the Bishopric of Mortlach-Aberdeen.
836:
son of the king of the Cumbrians". The confusion is old, probably inspired by
775:
3298:
2017:
1766:
1497:
939:
908:
782:(Máel Coluim of Moray) took control of Moray. His death is reported in 1029.
591:
498:. Malcolm may have had a middle daughter, possibly named Donada, who married
423:
401:. However, his authority seems to have been limited to the south, the former
338:
The first reliable report of Malcolm II's reign is of an invasion in 1006 of
243:
99:
3261:
3018:
2400:
2077:
1790:, tr. Lee M. Hollander. Reprinted University of Texas Press, Austin, 1992.
1702:, tr. Felix J.H. Skene, 2 vols. Reprinted, Llanerch Press, Lampeter, 1993.
962:
735:
544:
215:
2613:
2177:
645:. Richard died circa 1027 and Rodulfus wrote close in time to the events.
3266:
3251:
2836:
2157:
2097:
2062:
842:
382:
359:
343:
323:
312:
56:
2137:
1020:
Malcolm's birth date is not known, but must have been around 980 if the
3241:
3231:
3221:
2808:
2670:
2207:
2162:
2107:
2092:
2087:
2032:
1078:
943:
812:
613:
556:
386:
347:
327:
286:
278:
169:
574:
The only other early reference to Malcolm as Macbeth's grandfather is
3256:
3226:
2813:
2788:
2202:
2197:
2127:
2117:
2082:
2042:
2022:
863:
377:
A second war in Bernicia, probably in 1018, was more successful. The
282:
227:
2914:
2288:
855:
475:
254:
127:
19:"Malcolm II" redirects here. For other people named Malcolm II, see
3246:
3187:
2793:
2618:
2182:
2147:
2142:
2102:
2057:
2037:
2027:
2002:
1135:
Duncan, pp. 27–28; Smyth, pp. 236–237; Annals of Ulster, s.a. 1006.
989:
Scottish Kings: A Revised Chronology of Scottish History, 1005–1625
966:
923:
729:
says that Thorfinn was raised at Malcolm's court and was given the
669:
522:
389:(Owen the Bald). By this time Earl Uchtred may have been dead, and
339:
301:
239:
180:
66:
1479:"The date and context of the Glamis, Angus, carved Pictish stones"
1192:
Hudson, pp. 224–225 discusses the question and the reliability of
494:. Then he married his youngest daughter, possibly named Olith, to
405:, and he was not recorded as taking any action against the Scots.
3164:
3070:
2452:
2212:
2072:
2047:
1997:
867:
526:
510:
455:
427:
266:
138:
1809:
1661:
The Kingship of the Scots, 842–1292: Succession and Independence
513:
on England, marched south to fight the English. He defeated the
2956:
2904:
2628:
2623:
2328:
2278:
1869:
1576:, tr. Hermann Pálsson and Paul Edwards. Penguin, London, 1978.
799:
791:
677:
467:
443:
431:
293:
1274:
is perhaps doubtful; the Annals of Ulster record the death of
938:
Tradition, dating from Fordun's time if not earlier, knew the
304:) was founded in thanks for this victory over the Norwegians.
2876:
2252:
2192:
1534:
Fordun, IV, xliii and Skene's notes; Duncan, p. 150; Barrow,
402:
1860:
757:
Malcolm may also have married his middle daughter Donada to
221:
2660:
707:
Malcolm married his third and youngest daughter, Olith, to
617:
609:
398:
114:
2554:
1756:, Reprinted, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 1998.
437:
612:(Canute) led an army into Scotland on his return from a
1449:
461:
1486:
Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland
803:
Gillecomgain, presumably to retain power over Moray.
702:
272:
1679:
Bloodfeud: Murder and Revenge in Anglo-Saxon England
1437:
1024:
is right in dating the marriage of his daughter and
563:
suggests that "a third daughter" of Malcolm married
550:
207:, "the Destroyer"), says his mother was "a woman of
1574:
Orkneyinga Saga: The History of the Earls of Orkney
1048:
1046:
1872:at The Medieval and Classical Literature Library).
1632:Strathclyde and the Anglo-Saxons in the Viking Age
1434:Annals of Ulster and Annals of Loch Cé, s.a. 1027.
1199:
1978:
1646:Birth of the Border, The Battle of Carham 1018 AD
1253:Ralph was writing in 1030 or 1031; Duncan, p. 31.
915:, perhaps the inspiration for John of Fordun and
3296:
1556:Early sources of Scottish history: A.D. 500-1286
1392:, p. 571; Annals of Ulster, s.a. 1032 and 1033;
1043:
806:
541:Macbeth consulting the Vision of the Armed Head
242:and his nearest and most dangerous rivals, the
190:, and his mother may have been a daughter of a
529:that same year. Duncan went on to become king
2540:
1964:
1773:, 3rd edition, Oxford University Press, 1971
1384:Duncan, pp. 29–30, 32–33 and compare Hudson,
811:It has traditionally been supposed that king
1788:Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway
1610:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
234:, who ruled much of the south-west, various
3107:Monarchs of England and Scotland after the
1659:Duncan, Archibald Alexander McBeth (2002).
1282:("King of Galloway") by Tigernach, in 1034.
3284:Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.
2547:
2533:
1971:
1957:
1754:Warlords and Holy Men: Scotland AD 80-1000
1396:, s.a. 1029 and 1033. The identity of the
1217:
922:Marianus tells us that Malcolm's grandson
1663:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
733:by his grandfather. Thorfinn says in the
597:
358:. This resulted in a heavy defeat to the
1550:
1455:
929:
892:
742:
647:
535:
218:, which recorded his death, Malcolm was
1607:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
986:Dunbar, Sir Archibald Hamilton (1906).
3297:
1733:
1714:The Kingdom of Northumbria AD 350-1100
1658:
1443:
1232:ASC, Ms D, E and F; Duncan, pp. 29-30.
1205:
1093:, p. 525 note 1; Fordun, IV, xxxix–xl.
1028:(Sigurd the Stout) to the lifetime of
985:
888:
854:chose the sons of his other daughter,
790:(Gille Coemgáin of Moray), husband of
774:was killed by the sons of his brother
438:Relationships with neighbouring states
333:
2528:
1952:
1604:Broun, Dauvit (2004). "Malcolm II ".
1603:
1476:
1167:
1158:, p. 544 note 6; Higham, pp. 226–227.
1052:
567:, (Findláech mac Ruaidrí), father of
1876:"Malcolm II, King of Alba 1005–1034"
1593:, Edinburgh University Press, 2003.
257:, and according to some sources, of
462:Dynastic marriages of his daughters
238:kings on the western coast and the
13:
1366:call Findláech "king of Scotland".
1196:'s chronicle, on which this rests.
703:Relationship with Orkney and Moray
273:Early years and path to the throne
14:
3341:
1740:. New York: The Macmillan Company
1544:
1525:Gaelic Notes in the Book of Deer.
878:certainly known in Scotland, was
551:Sources of the Macbeth connection
269:), through his daughter Donalda.
175:; c. 954 – 25 November 1034) was
1810:CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts
1696:Chronicle of the Scottish Nation
422:) claims that Uchtred's brother
2584:Monarchs of Scotland until 1603
1868:an XML edition by Tony Jebson (
1803:at the official website of the
1528:
1519:
1470:
1461:
1428:
1416:
1403:
1378:
1369:
1353:
1340:
1324:
1307:
1294:
1285:
1256:
1247:
1235:
1226:
1211:
1186:
1176:
1161:
1148:
1138:
1129:
292:writes that Malcolm defeated a
3310:11th-century Scottish monarchs
2581:Monarchs of England until 1603
1113:
1096:
1084:
1071:
1058:
1014:
1001:
978:
285:. Fourteenth century Scottish
16:King of Alba from 1005 to 1034
1:
1980:Pictish and Scottish monarchs
1409:Duncan, pp. 29, 37–41; Oram,
972:
848:
807:Relationship with Strathclyde
1634:, Birlinn, Edinburgh, 2014,
1624:UK public library membership
761:(Findláech Mac Ruaidrí) and
555:Fourteenth century Scottish
244:kings or "mormaers" of Moray
201:, (which referred to him as
7:
3330:Gaelic monarchs in Scotland
3191:British monarchs after the
1734:French, Charles W. (1898).
1304:, "is no better evidenced."
780:Máel Coluim mac Máil Brigti
594:and the son of Cruthneth".
370:, which is reported by the
21:Malcolm II (disambiguation)
10:
3346:
1730:, Greenwood, London, 1996.
1648:, (Alnwick; Wanney Books)
1558:. Stamford: Paul Watkins.
1218:Cunningham, Derek (2022).
1168:Derek, Cunningham (2022).
794:, a granddaughter of King
666:King of Mann and the Isles
506:, later King of Scotland.
277:Malcolm II was the son of
166:Maol Chaluim mac Choinnich
18:
3279:
3202:
3186:
3182:
3119:
3102:
3098:
2575:
2571:
2501:
2221:
1986:
1937:
1928:
1920:
1915:
1888:
1681:, Penguin, London, 2002.
1388:, pp. 222–223. Anderson,
1110:with Constantine's death.
768:Macbeth, King of Scotland
763:Macbeth, King of Scotland
641:, brother of Cnut's wife
592:Thane of Angus and Glames
569:Macbeth, King of Scotland
470:, daughter of the second
350:), perhaps the customary
342:, (the lands between the
259:Macbeth, King of Scotland
164:(Modern Scottish Gaelic:
149:
137:
121:
109:
84:
76:
72:
62:
52:
42:
35:
30:
1716:, Sutton, Stroud, 1993.
1591:The Kingdom of the Scots
1498:10.9750/PSAS.131.223.239
1890:Malcolm II of Scotland
1814:University College Cork
1386:The Prophecy of Berchán
913:The Prophecy of Berchán
731:Mormaerdom of Caithness
662:Echmarcach mac Ragnaill
253:, through his daughter
199:The Prophecy of Berchán
162:Máel Coluim mac Cináeda
37:King of Alba (Scotland)
1988:Monarchs of the Picts
1644:Daly, Rannoch (2018);
1616:10.1093/ref:odnb/17858
1492:, Edinburgh: 223–239,
1291:ASC, Ms. D, s.a. 1031.
1038:Olaf Tryggvason's Saga
992:. D. Douglas. p.
952:Dyfnwal of Strathclyde
935:
901:
754:
653:
598:Relationship with Cnut
547:
545:Johann Heinrich Füssli
496:Sigurd, Earl of Orkney
397:by his brother-in-law
165:
154:Kenneth II of Scotland
3315:Burials at Iona Abbey
2223:Monarchs of the Scots
1866:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1737:Shakespeare's Macbeth
1726:Hudson, Benjamin T.;
1477:Laing, Lloyd (2002),
933:
896:
858:, who was married to
838:William of Malmesbury
772:Findláech mac Ruaidrí
746:
674:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
651:
605:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
580:Chronicle of Scotland
539:
500:Finlay, Earl of Moray
411:De obsessione Dunelmi
298:Bishopric of Mortlach
265:later wrote the play
228:High King of Scotland
3161:William III & II
2726:Henry the Young King
2676:Edward the Confessor
2644:Æthelred the Unready
2304:Constantine III (IV)
2269:Constantine II (III)
1840:(which includes the
1700:William Forbes Skene
1536:Kingdom of the Scots
826:Edward the Confessor
711:(Sigurd the Stout),
582:, an inspiration to
531:Duncan I of Scotland
251:Duncan I of Scotland
3109:Union of the Crowns
2334:Malcolm III Canmore
1771:Anglo-Saxon England
1677:Fletcher, Richard;
1360:Annals of Tigernach
1262:Duncan, pp. 29–30.
889:Death and posterity
748:Mæl Colaim M Cinæta
717:Thorfinn Sigurdsson
584:William Shakespeare
450:(Áed mac Cináeda),
416:The siege of Durham
395:Earl of Northumbria
334:Raids into Bernicia
263:William Shakespeare
232:king of Strathclyde
3193:Acts of Union 1707
3156:James II & VII
2849:Kenneth I MacAlpin
2634:Edgar the Peaceful
2407:Second Interregnum
2374:William I the Lion
2243:Constantine I (II)
2233:Kenneth I MacAlpin
1880:Scotland's History
1834:Chronicon Scotorum
1767:Stenton, Sir Frank
1752:Smyth, Alfred P.;
1552:Anderson, Alan Orr
1467:Duncan, pp. 32–33.
1350:are deeply flawed.
1276:Suibne mac Cináeda
1120:Chronicon Scotorum
1036:, p. 528, quoting
936:
902:
759:Findláech of Moray
755:
721:Battle of Clontarf
685:Holy Roman Emperor
654:
565:Findláech of Moray
548:
484:Thane of The Isles
418:, associated with
364:Uhtred of Bamburgh
46:c. 25 March 1005 –
3292:
3291:
3275:
3274:
3178:
3177:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3088:
2639:Edward the Martyr
2522:
2521:
2395:First Interregnum
1947:
1946:
1938:Succeeded by
1857:"icelandic sagas"
1852:World Wide School
1784:Sturluson, Snorri
1654:978-1-9997905-5-4
1622:(Subscription or
1394:Annals of Loch Cé
1333:, pp. 13–20, 32;
1194:Andrew of Wyntoun
1026:Sigurd Hlodvisson
917:Andrew of Wyntoun
872:Mormaer of Atholl
709:Sigurd Hlodvisson
690:, where Cnut and
576:Raphael Holinshed
561:Andrew of Wyntoun
452:king of the Picts
391:Eiríkr Hákonarson
159:
158:
3337:
3184:
3183:
3144:Richard Cromwell
3134:The Protectorate
3124:James I & VI
3100:
3099:
2681:Harold Godwinson
2601:Edward the Elder
2594:Alfred the Great
2578:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2526:
2525:
2515:
2506:also monarch of
1973:
1966:
1959:
1950:
1949:
1921:Preceded by
1911:
1910:25 November 1034
1904:
1886:
1885:
1826:the Four Masters
1818:Annals of Ulster
1805:British monarchy
1749:
1747:
1745:
1674:
1627:
1619:
1587:Barrow, G. W. S.
1569:
1539:
1532:
1526:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1515:on 9 August 2009
1514:
1508:, archived from
1483:
1474:
1468:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1407:
1401:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1367:
1364:Book of Leinster
1357:
1351:
1344:
1338:
1328:
1322:
1311:
1305:
1298:
1292:
1289:
1283:
1272:king of Galloway
1260:
1254:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1190:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1165:
1159:
1152:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1127:
1117:
1111:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1075:
1069:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1041:
1018:
1012:
1005:
999:
997:
982:
821:battle of Carham
815:(Owain Foel) of
752:Annals of Ulster
696:King of Burgundy
639:Duke of Normandy
492:Abbot of Dunkeld
480:Crinan the Thane
472:Duke of Normandy
466:Malcolm married
420:Symeon of Durham
403:kingdom of Deira
379:Battle of Carham
372:Annals of Ulster
368:earl of Bamburgh
300:(later moved to
281:and grandson of
195:king of Leinster
186:He was a son of
95:25 November 1034
94:
92:
48:25 November 1034
28:
27:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3271:
3198:
3174:
3139:Oliver Cromwell
3115:
3090:
3085:
2932:Constantine III
2841:
2666:Harold Harefoot
2656:Edmund Ironside
2567:
2562: and
2553:
2523:
2518:
2505:
2497:
2224:
2217:
2173:Constantine (I)
2053:Galam Cennalath
1989:
1982:
1977:
1943:
1934:
1926:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1891:
1743:
1741:
1712:Higham, N. J.;
1671:
1630:Clarkson, Tim;
1621:
1566:
1547:
1542:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1512:
1481:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1454:
1450:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1421:
1417:
1408:
1404:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1358:
1354:
1348:Orkneyinga Saga
1345:
1341:
1335:St. Olaf's Saga
1331:Orkneyinga Saga
1329:
1325:
1319:Orkneyinga Saga
1312:
1308:
1302:Olaf Haraldsson
1299:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1264:St. Olaf's Saga
1261:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1216:
1212:
1204:
1200:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1177:
1166:
1162:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1118:
1114:
1108:Kenneth MacDuff
1101:
1097:
1089:
1085:
1076:
1072:
1063:
1059:
1051:
1044:
1030:Olaf Tryggvason
1019:
1015:
1006:
1002:
983:
979:
975:
905:Marianus Scotus
899:Jacob de Wet II
891:
851:
809:
726:Orkneyinga Saga
705:
630:Rodulfus Glaber
600:
553:
527:King of Cumbria
488:house of Atholl
464:
440:
356:siege of Durham
336:
309:Constantine III
275:
188:King Kenneth II
132:
130:
117:
98:
96:
90:
88:
47:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3343:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3305:House of Alpin
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3131:
3126:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3035:Edward Balliol
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2895:Constantine II
2892:
2887:
2880:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2823:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2722:
2717:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2687:Edgar Ætheling
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2604:
2597:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2576:
2569:
2568:
2552:
2551:
2544:
2537:
2529:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2403:
2398:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2229:
2227:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1994:
1992:
1984:
1983:
1976:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1953:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1936:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1916:Regnal titles
1913:
1912:
1895:House of Alpin
1892:
1889:
1884:
1883:
1873:
1863:
1854:
1845:
1838:Lebor Bretnach
1807:
1798:
1781:
1764:
1750:
1731:
1724:
1710:
1692:John of Fordun
1689:
1675:
1669:
1656:
1642:
1628:
1601:
1584:
1570:
1564:
1546:
1545:External links
1543:
1541:
1540:
1527:
1518:
1469:
1460:
1458:, p. 574.
1448:
1436:
1427:
1415:
1402:
1377:
1368:
1352:
1339:
1323:
1306:
1293:
1284:
1280:rí Gall-Gáedel
1255:
1246:
1244:, pp. 545–546.
1234:
1225:
1210:
1198:
1185:
1175:
1160:
1147:
1137:
1128:
1112:
1095:
1083:
1070:
1068:, pp. 574–575.
1057:
1042:
1013:
1000:
976:
974:
971:
890:
887:
870:, and perhaps
850:
847:
808:
805:
713:Earl of Orkney
704:
701:
610:Cnut The Great
599:
596:
552:
549:
511:Viking attacks
486:, head of the
463:
460:
439:
436:
399:Cnut the Great
393:was appointed
335:
332:
290:John of Fordun
274:
271:
261:, (about whom
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
141:
135:
134:
125:
119:
118:
113:
111:
107:
106:
86:
82:
81:
78:
74:
73:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
54:
50:
49:
44:
40:
39:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3342:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3181:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3112:
3110:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3008:
3007:Alexander III
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2863:Constantine I
2860:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2550:
2545:
2543:
2538:
2536:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2384:Alexander III
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2225:(traditional)
2220:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2018:Galan Erilich
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1990:(traditional)
1985:
1981:
1974:
1969:
1967:
1962:
1960:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1942:
1933:
1932:
1925:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1902:
1897:
1896:
1887:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1842:Duan Albanach
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1816:includes the
1815:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1796:0-292-73061-6
1793:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1779:0-19-280139-2
1776:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1762:0-7486-0100-7
1759:
1755:
1751:
1739:
1738:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1723:
1722:0-86299-730-5
1719:
1715:
1711:
1709:
1708:1-897853-05-X
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1687:0-14-028692-6
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1670:0-7486-1626-8
1666:
1662:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1641:
1640:9781906566784
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1602:
1600:
1599:0-7486-1803-1
1596:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1582:0-14-044383-5
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1565:1-871615-03-8
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1537:
1531:
1522:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1473:
1464:
1457:
1456:Anderson 1990
1452:
1446:, p. 33.
1445:
1440:
1431:
1424:
1423:Early Sources
1419:
1412:
1406:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1390:Early Sources
1387:
1381:
1372:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1349:
1343:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1320:
1316:
1315:Early Sources
1310:
1303:
1297:
1288:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1250:
1243:
1242:Early Sources
1238:
1229:
1222:. p. 99.
1221:
1214:
1207:
1202:
1195:
1189:
1179:
1172:. p. 99.
1171:
1164:
1157:
1156:Early Sources
1151:
1141:
1132:
1125:
1124:Early Sources
1122:, s.a. 1005;
1121:
1116:
1109:
1105:
1104:Early Sources
1099:
1092:
1091:Early Sources
1087:
1080:
1074:
1067:
1066:Early Sources
1061:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1039:
1035:
1034:Early Sources
1031:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1011:, pp. 99–100.
1010:
1004:
995:
991:
990:
981:
977:
970:
968:
964:
959:
957:
956:Cenél Conaill
953:
948:
945:
941:
940:Pictish stone
932:
928:
925:
920:
918:
914:
910:
909:Glamis Castle
906:
900:
895:
886:
883:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
846:
844:
839:
835:
831:
827:
822:
818:
814:
813:Owen the Bald
804:
801:
797:
793:
789:
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
764:
760:
753:
749:
745:
741:
738:
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728:
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722:
718:
714:
710:
700:
697:
693:
689:
686:
681:
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675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
650:
646:
644:
640:
636:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
608:reports that
607:
606:
595:
593:
587:
585:
581:
577:
572:
570:
566:
562:
558:
546:
542:
538:
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532:
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489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
435:
433:
429:
425:
424:Eadwulf Cudel
421:
417:
413:
412:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
360:Northumbrians
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
331:
329:
325:
320:
318:
314:
310:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
288:
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217:
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155:
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148:
145:
142:
140:
136:
129:
126:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
105:
101:
100:Glamis Castle
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
68:
65:
61:
58:
55:
51:
45:
41:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
3283:
3262:Elizabeth II
3190:
3106:
3033:
3011:
3002:Alexander II
2941:
2919:
2882:
2875:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2829:
2818:
2741:
2724:
2712:
2685:
2648:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2405:
2393:
2379:Alexander II
2313:
2078:Gartnait III
1931:King of Alba
1929:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1879:
1848:Heimskringla
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1787:
1770:
1753:
1742:. Retrieved
1736:
1727:
1713:
1695:
1678:
1660:
1645:
1631:
1605:
1590:
1573:
1555:
1535:
1530:
1521:
1510:the original
1489:
1485:
1472:
1463:
1451:
1439:
1430:
1422:
1418:
1413:, pp. 19–21.
1410:
1405:
1397:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1371:
1355:
1347:
1342:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1296:
1287:
1279:
1263:
1258:
1249:
1241:
1237:
1228:
1219:
1213:
1201:
1188:
1178:
1169:
1163:
1155:
1150:
1140:
1131:
1123:
1115:
1103:
1098:
1090:
1086:
1073:
1065:
1060:
1037:
1033:
1022:Flateyjarbók
1016:
1008:
1003:
988:
980:
963:Book of Deer
960:
949:
937:
921:
903:
897:Painting by
884:
875:
852:
832:to install "
819:died at the
810:
788:Gillecomgain
784:
778:, and that
756:
747:
736:Heimskringla
734:
724:
715:. Their son
706:
682:
673:
655:
621:
603:
601:
588:
573:
554:
540:
508:
502:, father of
490:and secular
465:
456:Norman model
441:
426:surrendered
415:
409:
407:
376:
351:
337:
321:
316:
306:
276:
248:
219:
216:Irish annals
213:
203:
202:
192:Uí Dúnlainge
185:
177:King of Alba
172:
161:
160:
97:(aged 79/80)
25:
3325:1034 deaths
3320:950s births
3267:Charles III
3252:Edward VIII
2982:Alexander I
2962:Malcolm III
2937:Kenneth III
2837:Elizabeth I
2799:Richard III
2359:Alexander I
2309:Kenneth III
2260:(uncertain)
2158:Talorgan II
2123:Nechtan III
2098:Gartnait IV
2063:Gartnait II
1924:Kenneth III
1870:translation
1830:Innisfallen
1444:Duncan 2002
1398:M. m. Boite
1206:French 1898
958:, in 1025.
876:tánaise ríg
843:Malcolm III
830:Earl Siward
817:Strathclyde
796:Kenneth III
776:Máel Brigte
692:Rudolph III
628:chronicler
383:River Tweed
344:River Forth
324:Monzievaird
313:Kenneth III
236:Norse–Gaels
57:Kenneth III
53:Predecessor
3299:Categories
3242:Edward VII
3232:William IV
3222:George III
3151:Charles II
3046:Robert III
2992:Malcolm IV
2967:Donald III
2942:Malcolm II
2927:Kenneth II
2809:Henry VIII
2769:Richard II
2764:Edward III
2698:William II
2671:Harthacnut
2488:William II
2473:Charles II
2428:Robert III
2369:Malcolm IV
2349:Donald III
2339:Donald III
2314:Malcolm II
2299:Kenneth II
2208:Bridei VII
2163:Drest VIII
2108:Bridei III
2093:Talorgan I
2088:Talorc III
2068:Nechtan II
2033:Gartnait I
1935:1005–1034
1801:Malcolm II
1626:required.)
1317:, p. 528;
1313:Anderson,
1268:Mac Bethad
1154:Anderson,
1102:Anderson,
1064:Anderson,
1053:Broun 2004
1009:Chronicles
973:References
944:Bronze Age
849:Succession
770:), father
652:Malcolm II
626:Burgundian
614:pilgrimage
557:chronicler
387:Owain Foel
348:River Tees
328:Strathearn
287:chronicler
279:Kenneth II
173:Malcolm II
170:anglicised
91:1034-11-25
31:Malcolm II
3257:George VI
3227:George IV
3217:George II
3129:Charles I
3111:from 1603
3061:James III
3041:Robert II
2997:William I
2972:Duncan II
2900:Malcolm I
2890:Donald II
2814:Edward VI
2804:Henry VII
2789:Edward IV
2759:Edward II
2749:Henry III
2732:Richard I
2693:William I
2614:Æthelstan
2478:James VII
2468:Charles I
2443:James III
2423:Robert II
2344:Duncan II
2274:Malcolm I
2264:Donald II
2203:Ciniod II
2198:Bridei VI
2178:Óengus II
2128:Drest VII
2118:Bridei IV
2083:Bridei II
2043:Talorc II
2023:Drest III
2008:Nechtan I
1861:Northvegr
1822:Tigernach
1506:150377373
864:lay abbot
688:Conrad II
668:, and of
622:Chronicle
559:and poet
448:king Aedh
408:The work
381:, by the
362:, led by
352:crech ríg
294:Norwegian
283:Malcolm I
204:Forranach
63:Successor
3247:George V
3237:Victoria
3212:George I
3081:James VI
3066:James IV
3056:James II
3029:David II
3024:Robert I
3013:Margaret
2947:Duncan I
2856:Donald I
2794:Edward V
2784:Henry VI
2774:Henry IV
2754:Edward I
2720:Henry II
2619:Edmund I
2608:Ælfweard
2566:monarchs
2560:Scottish
2463:James VI
2448:James IV
2438:James II
2418:David II
2413:Robert I
2389:Margaret
2319:Duncan I
2238:Donald I
2183:Drest IX
2153:Alpín II
2148:Ciniod I
2143:Bridei V
2138:Óengus I
2103:Drest VI
2058:Bridei I
2038:Cailtram
2028:Drest IV
2013:Drest II
2003:Talorc I
1941:Duncan I
1554:(1990).
1538:, p. 39.
1337:, p. 96.
1321:, c. 12.
967:Old Deer
924:Duncan I
670:Galloway
578:'s 1577
523:Carlisle
366:, later
346:and the
340:Bernicia
302:Aberdeen
240:Hebrides
209:Leinster
197:. Also,
181:Scotland
104:Scotland
67:Duncan I
3165:Mary II
3071:James V
3051:James I
2987:David I
2952:Macbeth
2884:Eochaid
2779:Henry V
2714:Matilda
2708:Stephen
2703:Henry I
2564:British
2558:,
2556:English
2512:Ireland
2508:England
2483:Mary II
2453:James V
2433:James I
2364:David I
2324:Macbeth
2258:Eochaid
2213:Drest X
2133:Alpín I
2073:Cinioch
2048:Drest V
1998:Drest I
1903:c. 980
1572:Anon.;
1411:David I
1007:Skene,
868:Dunkeld
834:Malcolm
750:in the
635:Richard
504:Macbeth
428:Lothian
267:Macbeth
214:To the
3076:Mary I
2957:Lulach
2921:Amlaíb
2915:Cuilén
2905:Indulf
2831:Philip
2826:Mary I
2629:Eadwig
2624:Eadred
2329:Lulach
2294:Amlaíb
2289:Cuilén
2279:Indulf
2168:Conall
1906:
1882:, BBC.
1836:, the
1832:, the
1794:
1777:
1760:
1744:2 June
1720:
1706:
1698:, ed.
1685:
1667:
1652:
1638:
1620:
1597:
1580:
1562:
1504:
880:Duncan
860:Crínán
856:Bethóc
800:Lulach
792:Gruoch
723:. The
678:Norway
672:. The
620:. The
519:Carham
515:Angles
476:Bethóc
468:Gunnor
444:Brehon
432:Dunbar
255:Bethóc
150:Father
131:Donada
128:Bethóc
110:Burial
80:c. 954
2977:Edgar
2877:Giric
2743:Louis
2650:Sweyn
2354:Edgar
2253:Giric
2193:Uurad
2113:Taran
1908:Died:
1901:Born:
1513:(PDF)
1502:S2CID
1482:(PDF)
828:sent
658:Edgar
317:grand
224:Alban
144:Alpin
139:House
133:Olith
123:Issue
43:Reign
3207:Anne
3170:Anne
3163:and
3019:John
2828:and
2820:Jane
2737:John
2661:Cnut
2510:and
2493:Anne
2458:Mary
2401:John
2188:Uuen
1828:and
1792:ISBN
1775:ISBN
1758:ISBN
1746:2024
1718:ISBN
1704:ISBN
1683:ISBN
1665:ISBN
1650:ISBN
1636:ISBN
1595:ISBN
1578:ISBN
1560:ISBN
1079:Tees
643:Emma
618:Rome
602:The
220:ard
115:Iona
85:Died
77:Born
2910:Dub
2870:Áed
2284:Dub
2248:Áed
1859:at
1850:at
1812:at
1612:doi
1494:doi
1490:131
994:293
866:of
616:to
543:by
525:as
517:at
478:to
326:in
315:, (
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