Mali - Knowledge

1625: 5024:. The Malian Constitution states that it protects women's rights, however many laws exist that discriminate against women. Provisions in the laws limit women's decision-making power after marriage, in which the husband becomes superior to his wife. Women are blamed for not maintaining the appearance of their husbands and are also blamed for the actions of their children if they misbehave, which encourages the cultural attitude that women are inferior to men. The lack of participation of women in politics is due to the idea that politics is associated with men and that women should avoid this sector. Education is also an area in which boys dominate, since it is a better investment for the parents. As traditional values and practices have contributed to gender inequality in Mali, conflict and lawlessness have also influenced the growing gap in gender through gender-based violence. The unstable government of Mali has led to organizations like USAID attempting to improve the lives of the people, mainly women and girls' rights in order to re-engage the development of the country. 5046:

to formal education. Drop-out rates for girls are 15% higher than that of boys because they have a higher responsibility at home and most parents refuse to allow all their children to go to school, so boys tend to become educated. Similarly, technical and vocational education has a lower numbers of girls participating and are inadequately distributed in the country because the training centers are focused in the urban cities. Finally, higher education for girls consist of short programs because early marriages prevent most girls from pursuing a longer term education program like those in science. Although women do not have the same access of education, in recent decades women have been entering and representing in decision-making positions in the Public Administration sector. Out of 147 members of Parliament, 15 were women in 2010. Recent decades show that women are slowly joining important decision-making positions which is changing the attitude and status of women in Mali, which has led to the promotion of women's rights in the political sphere.

5059:

all Malian citizens and discrimination is prohibited, which has not been followed. The Poverty Reduction Strategy Programme (PRSP) and the Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy Programme under the Malian Government seek to improve the well-being of the citizens, and changes to governance and gender in the country. The Ministry for Advancement of Women, Children and the Family was created specifically for women and children so that their basics rights and needs get met under the law. Although there exists legislation and policy for gender equality the institutionalization of the National Gender Policy of Mali is necessary to support the importance of women's rights. Strengthening and the support of girls' and women's access to education and training is recommended to improve gender equality in Mali. The involvement of international organizations like USAID assist Mali financially to enhance their development through the efforts of the improvement of women's rights.

1810: 5037:

household chores throughout their life. This hampers women's ability to enter the formal workforce and leads to a lack of education of girls. Gender-based violence in Mali happens both on a national and a family level. At the national level, in 2012 the conflict in the Northern part of the country increased cases of kidnappings and rapes. The conflict also reduced women's access to resources, economy, and opportunities. At the household level, Malian women face gender-based violence through domestic violence, forced marriages, and marital rape. The Demographic Health Survey for Mali in 2013 stated that 76% of women and 54% of men believed physical harm towards women was acceptable if the women burnt food, argued back, went out without notifying her husband, or refused sexual relations with her husband.

2057: 1962: 2182:. On 2 May, the military government announced breaking its defence accords concluded in 2013 with France, constituting an additional step in the deterioration of Malian–French relations. This latest announcement has been criticized by French authorities and considered as "illegitimate". A UN panel reported that in the first three months of 2022, 543 civilians were killed and 269 wounded, warning the 2015 peace agreement between the government and pro-independence groups was threatened by a potential risk of confrontation for the first time in five years. The report also noted a sharp increase in the number of people needing humanitarian assistance over the previous year. 2686: 2575: 1743:("the events") or the March Revolution. In Bamako, in response to mass demonstrations organized by university students and later joined by trade unionists and others, soldiers opened fire indiscriminately on the nonviolent demonstrators. Riots broke out briefly following the shootings. Barricades as well as roadblocks were erected and Traoré declared a state of emergency and imposed a nightly curfew. Despite an estimated loss of 300 lives over the course of four days, nonviolent protesters continued to return to Bamako each day demanding the resignation of the dictatorial president and the implementation of democratic policies. 3565: 264: 1390: 5453: 12186: 3205: 5074: 1712: 3167: 3175: 5553: 2311: 4821: 2478: 3387: 178: 1875: 4969: 13903: 13066: 12401: 11228: 2560: 1503: 3186: 12413: 4898: 164: 5103: 2694: 3762: 2300: 1378: 5439: 5237: 3156: 1529: 11218: 987: 944: 925: 892: 873: 3555: 5329: 4946:. Mali's health and development indicators rank among the worst in the world. Life expectancy at birth is estimated to be 53.06 years in 2012. In 2000, 62–65% of the population was estimated to have access to safe drinking water and only 69% to sanitation services of some kind. In 2001, the general government expenditures on health totaled about US$ 4 per capita at an average exchange rate. 3102: 2139: 2217: 2032:. President Keïta declared that "no military coup will prevail in Mali", continuing by saying that he does not think it "is on the agenda at all and cannot worry us". In February 2020, Human Rights Watch documented atrocities against civilians in Central Mali and said that at least 456 civilians were killed, while hundreds were injured from January 2019 until November. 2353:, which matches the hottest spots year-round on the planet based on the mean daily annual temperature, crosses the country. Most of Mali receives negligible rainfall and droughts are very frequent. Late April to early October is the rainy season in the southernmost area. During this time, flooding of the Niger River is common, creating the 1720:

lived in growing wealth. The government continued to attempt economic reforms, and the populace became increasingly dissatisfied. In response to growing demands for multi-party democracy, the Traoré regime allowed some limited political liberalization in the late 1980s, but refused to usher in a full-fledged democratic system.

3220:. During 1988 to 1996, Mali's government largely reformed public enterprises. Since the agreement, sixteen enterprises were privatized, 12 partially privatized, and 20 liquidated. In 2005, the Malian government conceded a railroad company to the Savage Corporation. Two major companies, Societé de Telecommunications du Mali ( 1606:, "The worst crises were in the 1680s, when famine extended from the Senegambian coast to the Upper Nile and 'many sold themselves for slaves, only to get a sustenance', and especially in 1738–1756, when West Africa's greatest recorded subsistence crisis, due to drought and locusts, reportedly killed half the population of 6052: 253: 252: 249: 8732: 5045:

The lack of education has increased gender inequality in Mali because not many women are working outside the household are even participating in the Public Administration sector. After adjusting the entrance requirements and access to education, girls still have lower enrollment rates and less access

2721:

Since 2023, Mali has added nine new regions to its administrative structure, bringing the total to 19 regions plus the district of Bamako. This reorganization aims to improve governance and bring public services closer to local populations. This initiative continues the decentralization efforts that

1746:

26 March 1991 is the day that marks the clash between military soldiers and peaceful demonstrating students which climaxed in the massacre of dozens under the orders of Traoré. He and three associates were later tried and convicted and received the death sentence for their part in the decision-making

4912:

In 2017, the primary school enrolment rate was 61% (65% of males and 58% of females). In the late 1990s, the secondary school enrolment rate was 15% (20% of males and 10% of females). The education system is plagued by a lack of schools in rural areas, as well as shortages of teachers and materials.

4908:

Public education in Mali is in principle provided free of charge and is compulsory for nine years between the ages of seven and sixteen. The system encompasses six years of primary education beginning at age 7, followed by six years of secondary education. Mali's actual primary school enrolment rate

3886:

Although Mali has enjoyed reasonably good inter-ethnic relationships based on a long history of coexistence, some hereditary servitude and bondage relationship exist, as well as ethnic tension between settled Songhai and nomadic Tuaregs of the north. Due to a backlash against the northern population

1686:

was elected the first president. He quickly established a one-party state, adopted an independent African and socialist orientation with close ties to the East, and implemented extensive nationalization of economic resources. In 1960, the population of Mali was reported to be about 4.1 million.

1417:

suggests that northern Mali has been inhabited since 10,000 BC, when the Sahara was fertile and rich in wildlife. Early ceramics have been discovered at the central Malian site of Ounjougou dating to about 9,400 BC, and are believed to represent an instance of the independent invention of pottery in

251: 246: 5036:

are major negative factors shaping the life of women in Mali. Patriarchal norms cause major gender inequalities and lead to male domination within the household. Girls learn household activities like chores, cooking, childcare, etc. at a young age and are expected to take the main responsibility of

1719:

Opposition to the corrupt and dictatorial regime of General Moussa Traoré grew during the 1980s. During this time strict programs, imposed to satisfy demands of the International Monetary Fund, brought increased hardship upon the country's population, while elites close to the government supposedly

250: 248: 5058:

which suggest that women should participate in decision-making and the convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women which is the foundation to women's rights promotion. At the national level, Mali's Constitution has the Decree No. 092-073P-CTSP that claims equality to

2016:

by the conflict in Mali. The United Nations reported that the number of children killed in the conflict in the first six months of 2019 was twice as many for the entire year of 2018. Many of the children have been killed in intercommunal attacks attributed to ethnic militias, with the majority of

2110:

was named interim president by a group of 17 electors, with Goïta being appointed vice president. The government was inaugurated on 25 September 2020. On 18 January 2021, the transitional government announced that the CNSP had been disbanded, almost four months after had been promised under the

2533:

Mali's constitution provides for an independent judiciary, but the executive continues to exercise influence over the judiciary by virtue of power to appoint judges and oversee both judicial functions and law enforcement. Mali's highest courts are the Supreme Court, which has both judicial and

3277:

Mali's key industry is agriculture. Cotton is the country's largest crop export and is exported west throughout Senegal and Ivory Coast. During 2002, 620,000 tons of cotton were produced in Mali but cotton prices declined significantly in 2003. In addition to cotton, Mali produces rice,

1944:

I’ve discussed the growing violence with my commanders and with village chiefs from all sides. Yes, sure, there are jihadists in this zone, but the real problem is banditry, animal theft, score settling – people are enriching themselves using the fight against terrorists as a

1735:

during the drought. Peaceful student protests in January 1991 were brutally suppressed, with mass arrests and torture of leaders and participants. Scattered acts of rioting and vandalism of public buildings followed, but most actions by the dissidents remained nonviolent.

6040: 1754:

By 26 March, the growing refusal of soldiers to fire into the largely nonviolent protesting crowds turned into a full-scale tumult, and resulted in thousands of soldiers putting down their arms and joining the pro-democracy movement. That afternoon, Lieutenant Colonel

2618:, is one of Mali's major foreign policy goals. Mali feels threatened by the potential for the spillover of conflicts in neighboring states, and relations with those neighbors are often uneasy. General insecurity along borders in the north, including cross-border 6606: 1675:

The Mali Federation gained independence from France on 20 June 1960. Senegal withdrew from the federation in August 1960, which allowed the Sudanese Republic to become the independent Republic of Mali on 22 September 1960, and that date is now the country's

2169:

On 10 January 2022, Mali announced the closure of its borders and recalled several ambassadors to ECOWAS countries in response to sanctions placed on Mali for deferring elections for four years. On 4 February, France's ambassador was expelled. According to

1251:

was formed, achieving independence in 1960. After Senegal's withdrawal, the Republic of Mali was established. After a long period of one-party rule, a coup in 1991 led to a new constitution and the establishment of Mali as a democratic, multi-party state.

6702:

Eric Huysecom, M. Rasse, L. Lespez, K. Neumann, A. Fahmy, A. Ballouche, S. Ozainne, M. Maggetti, Ch. Tribolo, S. Sorian: The emergence of pottery in Africa during the tenth millennium cal BC: new evidence from Ounjougou (Mali), in: Antiquity (2009), p.

7987: 2399:

being most widely exploited. Mali is estimated to have in excess of 17,400 tonnes of uranium (measured + indicated + inferred). In 2012, a further uranium mineralized north zone was identified. Mali faces numerous environmental challenges, including

10077:: "The mobilization of local ideas about racial difference has been important in generating, and intensifying, civil wars that have occurred since the end of colonial rule in all of the countries that straddle the southern edge of the Sahara Desert. 2534:

administrative powers, and a separate Constitutional Court that provides judicial review of legislative acts and serves as an election arbiter. Various lower courts exist, though village chiefs and elders resolve most local disputes in rural areas.

4965:(comprising peanut paste, honey and millet or rice flour). The aim was to boost nutrition and livelihoods by producing a product that women could make and sell, and which would be accepted by the local community because of its local heritage. 2114:

Tensions between the civilian transitional government and the military ran high after the handover of power in September 2020. The tensions came to a head on 24 May 2021 after a cabinet reshuffle, where two leaders of the 2020 military coup –

6406: 3305:, Mali relaxed the enforcement of mining codes which led to renewed foreign interest and investment in the mining industry. Gold is mined in the southern region and Mali has the third highest gold production in Africa (after South Africa and 1867:. On 30 January, the coordinated advance of the French and Malian troops claimed to have retaken the last remaining Islamist stronghold of Kidal, which was also the last of three northern provincial capitals. On 2 February, French president 1779:, a retired general who had been the leader of the military aspect of the 1991 democratic uprising, was elected in 2002. During this democratic period Mali was regarded as one of the most politically and socially stable countries in Africa. 1574:

In the late 14th century, the Songhai gradually gained independence from the Mali Empire and expanded, ultimately subsuming the entire eastern portion of the Mali Empire. The Songhai Empire's eventual collapse was largely the result of the

1651:

broke out among the tribes in the regions of present-day Mali and Burkina Faso. The last resistance was suppressed only in September 1916. During the suppression of the uprising, over 100 villages were destroyed by French colonial troops.

8729: 6456: 10394: 7084: 7053: 3231:

Between 1992 and 1995, Mali implemented an economic adjustment programme that resulted in economic growth and a reduction in financial imbalances. The programme increased social and economic conditions, and led to Mali joining the

6835:. Mali was later responsible for the collapse of Islamic Slave Army from the North. The defeat of Tukuror Slave Army, was repeated by Mali against the France and Spanish Expeditionary Army in the 1800s ("Blanc et memoires"). p. 2. 245: 3437:

In 2021, Mali's population was an estimated 21.9 million. Mali's population grew from 7.7 million in 1982 to 19.9 million in 2018. The population is predominantly rural (68% in 2002), and 5%–10% of Malians are

4874:

Islam as historically practiced in Mali has been malleable and adapted to local conditions; relations between Muslims and practitioners of minority religious faiths have generally been amicable. After the 2012 imposition of

5770:"JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE LA REPUBLIQUE DU MALI SECRETARIAT GENERAL DU GOUVERNEMENT - DECRET N°2017-0735/P-RM DU 21 AOUT 2017 FIXANT L'ORGANISATION ET LES MODALITES DE FONCTIONNEMENT DES STRUCTURES DE L'EDUCATION NON FORMELLE" 2713:

Since 2016, Mali has been divided into ten regions and the District of Bamako. Each region has a governor. The implementation of the two newest regions, Taoudénit (formerly part of Tombouctou Region) and Ménaka (formerly

7782: 1707:

from 1968 to 1974, in which famine killed thousands of people. The Traoré regime faced student unrest beginning in the late 1970s and three coup attempts. The Traoré regime repressed all dissenters until the late 1980s.

6599: 2586:

Until 2012, Mali's foreign policy orientation had become increasingly pragmatic and pro-Western over time. Since the institution of a democratic form of government in 2002, Mali's relations with the West in general and

1949:

The conflict has seen the creation and growth of Dogon and Bambara militias. The government of Mali is suspected of supporting some of these groups under the guise of being proxies in the war against Islamists in the

247: 14545: 3247:). The gross domestic product (GDP) has risen since. In 2002, the GDP amounted to US$ 3.4 billion, and increased to US$ 5.8 billion in 2005, which amounts to an approximately 17.6% annual growth rate. 7895: 14567: 1326:

and that it was possible to find villages in the area of this river called "old Mali". A study of Malian proverbs noted that in old Mali, there is a village called Malikoma, which means "New Mali", and that

13857: 8608: 7665: 1999:

negotiated a unilateral ceasefire with Dan Na Ambassagou "in the context of the conflict which opposes the group to other community armed groups in central Mali". However, the group has been blamed for the

3363:

In Mali, there is a railway that connects to bordering countries. There are also approximately 29 airports, of which 8 have paved runways. Urban areas are known for their large quantity of green and white

8893: 14677: 2658:

consist of an army, which includes land forces and air force, as well as the paramilitary Gendarmerie and Republican Guard, all of which are under the control of Mali's Ministry of Defense and Veterans,

7977: 8466: 6403: 7413: 6431: 14572: 2530:

held 113 of 160 seats in the assembly. The assembly holds two regular sessions each year, during which it debates and votes on legislation that has been submitted by a member or by the government.

7360: 6256: 8205: 5554: 10664: 2166:

were also captured by the group. By mid-2023, the militant group had doubled the amount of territory it controlled since the overthrow of the previous government and establishment of the junta.

1430:, which lasted from around 300 BC to 900 AD. By the sixth century AD, the lucrative trans-Saharan trade in gold, salt and slaves had begun, facilitating the rise of West Africa's great empires. 14652: 14562: 9345: 8017: 2537:

The transition government pushed back the timetable for a new election, initially to be held in February 2022, to February 2024. In exchange for the government's commitment to a 2024 election,

7391: 14540: 7339: 6448: 5189:

Though Mali's literature is less famous than its music, Mali has always been one of Africa's liveliest intellectual centers. Mali's literary tradition is passed mainly by word of mouth, with

7057: 10391: 8526: 7088: 14555: 14550: 10081:... contemporary conflicts often hearken back to an older history in which blackness could be equated with slavery and non-blackness with predatory and uncivilized banditry." (cover text) 7808: 7696: 3872:

around the mid-20th century. There still persist certain hereditary servitude relationships, and according to some estimates, even today approximately 200,000 Malians are still enslaved.

10231: 9843: 7473: 13312: 9945: 10593: 9077: 6197: 3312:

The emergence of gold as Mali's leading export product since 1999 has helped mitigate some of the negative impact of the cotton and Ivory Coast crises. Other natural resources include

2637:. 25 people were reported to have been injured in the attack. Al Qaeda's stated reason for the attack was Chad's re-establishing diplomatic ties with Israel. The base was attacked in 14687: 8265: 7718: 7267: 1624: 9374: 7298: 8048: 4950: 8235: 1976:

held on 29 July 2018, no candidate received more than 50% of the vote in the first round. A runoff was held on 12 August 2018 between the top two candidates, incumbent president

13102: 8078: 7778: 7564: 3887:

after independence, Mali is now in a situation where both groups complain about discrimination on the part of the other group. This conflict also plays a role in the continuing

8376: 8175: 7756: 14500: 7925: 10436: 8578: 7605: 2384:) In review, Mali's climate is tropical, with March to May being the hot, dry season. June to October is rainy, humid and mild. November to February is the cool, dry season. 1418:

the region. Farming took place by 5000 BC and iron was used around by 500 BC. In the first millennium BC, early cities and towns were created by Mande peoples related to the

14505: 14485: 14475: 13939: 8436: 8350: 14510: 14495: 14490: 14480: 14470: 13960: 12590: 11889: 3240: 2068:

Popular unrest began on 5 June 2020 following irregularities in the March and April parliamentary elections, including outrage against the kidnapping of opposition leader

9191: 5054:

Legislation at the international and national levels have been implemented over the decades to help promote women's rights in Mali. At the international, Mali signed the

4589:

In January 2022, due to deteriorating relations between Mali and the French government, the Mali government announced making Bambara the official language. In July 2023,

8320: 4949:

Efforts have been made to improve nutrition, and reduce associated health problems, by encouraging women to make nutritious versions of local recipes. For example, the

10154: 6117: 1925:

as the Fula move into new areas. The Dogon and the Bambara communities have formed "self-defense groups" to fight the Fula. They accuse the Fula of working with armed

5408: 3338:

Electricity and water are maintained by the Energie du Mali, or EDM, and textiles are generated by Industry Textile du Mali, or ITEMA. Mali has made efficient use of

1775:

won Mali's first democratic, multi-party presidential election, before being re-elected for a second term in 1997, which was the last allowed under the constitution.

11283: 10015: 7891: 7636: 7443: 5810:"JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE LA REPUBLIQUE DU MALI SECRETARIAT GENERAL DU GOUVERNEMENT - DECRET N°2023-0401/PT-RM DU 22 JUILLET 2023 PORTANT PROMULGATION DE LA CONSTITUTION" 5727:"JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE LA REPUBLIQUE DU MALI SECRETARIAT GENERAL DU GOUVERNEMENT - DECRET N°2023-0401/PT-RM DU 22 JUILLET 2023 PORTANT PROMULGATION DE LA CONSTITUTION" 7838: 13974: 8616: 8115: 7661: 6204: 6170: 2319: 840: 9316: 7417: 5181:. Dance also plays a large role in Malian culture. Dance parties are common events among friends, and traditional mask dances are performed at ceremonial events. 1703:

The subsequent military-led regime, with Traoré as president, attempted to reform the economy. His efforts were frustrated by political turmoil and a devastating

1109:. It is the eighth-largest country in Africa, with an area of over 1,241,238 square kilometres (479,245 sq mi). The country is bordered to the north by 13906: 5402: 10921: 6381: 5914: 12909: 12528: 2178:

executed around 300 civilian men in central Mali in March 2022. France had started withdrawing French troops from Mali in February 2022, commencing the end of

1723:

In 1990, cohesive opposition movements began to emerge, and was complicated by the turbulent rise of ethnic violence in the north following the return of many

10366: 7322: 4920:, which includes four constituent universities, is the largest university in the country and enrols approximately 60,000 undergraduate and graduate students. 3225: 12595: 10469:

Female genital cutting in the Demographic Health Surveys: a critical and comparative analysis. Calverton, MD: ORC Marco; 2004 (DHS Comparative Reports No. 7)

10094: 2095:

were arrested, and shortly after midnight Keïta announced his resignation, saying he did not want to see any bloodshed. Wagué announced the formation of the

1747:

of that day. Nowadays, the day is a national holiday in order to remember the tragic events and the people who were killed. The coup is remembered as Mali's

10300: 8458: 3289:

Eighty percent of Malian workers are employed in agriculture. 15% of Malian workers are employed in the service sector. Seasonal variations lead to regular

2522:

of the armed forces. A prime minister appointed by the president serves as head of government and in turn appoints the Council of Ministers. The unicameral

2191:

In June 2023 Mali removed French, the language of its former colonizer, as an official language with the approval of a new constitution by 97% of voters in

1739:

From 22 March through 26 March 1991, mass pro-democracy rallies and a nationwide strike was held in both urban and rural communities, which became known as

14184: 8556: 6428: 11052: 14707: 13095: 9970: 7356: 6251: 5311: 2004:. The group denied the attack, but afterwards Malian president Keita ordered the group to disband. The UN Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide, 8197: 14535: 12889: 12812: 12730: 12646: 12641: 10653: 10456: 6302: 2096: 2061: 1804: 9562: 9341: 8751: 8009: 2495:

governed by the Constitution of 12 January 1992, which was amended in 1999. The constitution provides for a separation of powers among the executive,

2188:, the Russian foreign minister, visited Bamako on 7 February 2023 and said that Moscow would continue to help Mali improve its military capabilities. 14442: 13932: 12848: 12797: 9422: 6853: 5077: 3449:

In 2007, about 48% of Malians were younger than 12 years old, 49% were 15–64 years old, and 3% were 65 and older. The median age was 15.9 years. The

11312: 8496: 4828:

Islam was introduced to West Africa in the 11th century and remains the predominant religion in much of the region. An estimated 90% of Malians are

1809: 12523: 9161: 8518: 5420: 4715: 4449: 4111: 3512: 3349:

Energie du Mali is an electric company that provides electricity to Mali citizens. Only 55 percent of the population in cities have access to EDM.

826: 13811: 10890: 10499: 2123:– were replaced by N'daw's administration. Later that day, journalists reported that three key civilian leaders – President N'daw, Prime Minister 12884: 6966: 6937: 10238: 7804: 7688: 7465: 7008: 5084:

The varied everyday culture of Malians reflects the country's ethnic and geographic diversity. Most Malians wear flowing, colorful robes called

1567:

were centers of both trade and Islamic learning. The empire later declined as a result of internal intrigue, ultimately being supplanted by the

13304: 13088: 9835: 7242: 5117:, who are known as "Keepers of Memories". Malian music is diverse and has several different genres. Some famous Malian influences in music are 1822: 1260: 9937: 2072:. Between 11 and 23 deaths followed protests that took place from 10 to 13 June. In July, President Keïta dissolved the constitutional court. 12692: 11880: 10582: 9604: 9444: 9069: 2120: 1767:

Opposition parties were legalized, a transitional government was formed and a national congress of civil and political groups met to draft a

948: 13806: 9813: 14692: 13925: 12735: 12259: 7951: 7259: 5396: 998: 9367: 8257: 7726: 7290: 6879: 1587:, the trans-Saharan trade routes lost significance. At that time, the Mali Empire's abundance in wealth expanded its commercial assets of 14682: 13852: 12989: 12715: 12636: 12631: 10994: 10713: 10546: 6557: 2638: 1275:

in March 2012 and later fighting between Tuareg and other rebel factions. In response to territorial gains, the French military launched

11141: 9505: 8040: 7111: 6725: 6648: 14515: 14430: 12745: 10214: 8227: 6495: 4879:

rule in northern parts of the country, however, Mali came to be listed high (number 7) in the Christian persecution index published by

3466: 2527: 1176:

rivers running through it. The country's economy centres on agriculture and mining with its most prominent natural resources including

795: 10176: 10118: 9869: 8070: 7556: 5216:

but whose legacy was marred by accusations of plagiarism. Other well-known Malian writers include Baba Traoré, Modibo Sounkalo Keita,

13295: 12669: 10344: 8372: 8167: 7748: 4909:

is low, in large part because families are unable to cover the cost of uniforms, books, supplies, and other fees required to attend.

3888: 3198: 2538: 2100: 2001: 1834: 1256: 896: 11244: 9246: 7917: 6915: 5884: 2376:) with very high temperatures year-round, a long, intense dry season and a brief, irregular rainy season. The southern areas have a 1215:

believed to be one of the wealthiest individuals in history. Besides being a hub of trade and mining, medieval Mali was a centre of

8586: 7597: 5276: 3868:

has persisted in Mali for centuries. The Arabic population kept slaves well into the 20th century, until slavery was suppressed by

2697: 10431: 9399: 8829:"Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material" 8428: 8342: 5820: 5737: 1849:, who had helped the MNLA defeat the government, turned on the Tuareg and took control of the north with the goal of implementing 13816: 12932: 12740: 12451: 12195: 6277: 4916:

Estimates of literacy rates in Mali range from 27–30 to 46.4%, with literacy rates significantly lower among women than men. The

1687:

On 19 November 1968, following progressive economic decline, the Keïta regime was overthrown in a bloodless military coup led by

1236: 11025: 9788: 8712: 6230: 1433:

There are a few references to Mali in early Islamic literature. Among these are references to "Pene" and "Malal" in the work of

14647: 12879: 12585: 11079: 9405:(in French). Ministère de l'Administration Territoriales et des Collectivités Locales, République du Mali. 1999. Archived from 9183: 9006: 3201:. Mali is considered one of the poorest countries in the world. The average worker's annual salary is approximately US$ 1,500. 2718:

in Gao Region), has been ongoing since January 2016; a governor and transitional council has been appointed for both regions.

2701: 1576: 11267: 9481: 8314: 6082: 1476:-speaking people. The empire expanded throughout West Africa from the eighth century until 1078, when it was conquered by the 13111: 12702: 12684: 12548: 12511: 12245: 11348: 11187: 11168: 11135: 10988: 9756: 9727: 9702: 9660: 9598: 9277: 7496: 5780: 3302: 2192: 2135:, outside Bamako. On 7 June 2021, Mali's military commander Assimi Goïta was sworn into office as the new interim president. 2056: 1655:

On 24 November 1958, French Sudan (which changed its name to the Sudanese Republic) became an autonomous republic within the

1405:

showing established knowledge of astronomy and mathematics. Today there are close to a million of these manuscripts found in

10150: 9108: 8406: 8145: 7534: 7150: 6753:(New York and London: Cambridge University Press, 1981, reprint edn Princeton, New Jersey,: Marcus Wiener, 2000), pp. 82–83. 6351: 5980: 5947: 263: 12914: 12903: 12664: 7033: 6326: 6112: 6104: 5021: 4738:(0.5%), other African languages (0.2%), and other non-African languages (0.2%); 0.7% did not declare their first language. 3505: 2451: 1989: 11280: 10011: 7868: 7779:"Youssouf Toloba and his Dan Nan Ambassagou armed group sign a commitment towards a ceasefire in central Mali | HD Centre" 7628: 7439: 5004:. An estimated 1.9% of the adult and children population was afflicted with HIV/AIDS that year, among the lowest rates in 2722:

began with the creation of the Taoudénit and Ménaka regions in 2016. The tnineteen regions in turn are subdivided into 159

13948: 12999: 12994: 12725: 12720: 12553: 7830: 3194: 2706: 2151: 1284: 666: 10471: 8107: 1279:

in January 2013. A month later, Malian and French forces recaptured most of the north, although the conflict continued.

14672: 12558: 10444: 9305: 8730:

An Independent Technical Report on the Mineral Resources of Falea Uranium, Copper and Silver Deposit, Mali, West Africa

8293: 5836:

Article 31 : Le français est la langue de travail. L'Etat peut adopter toute autre langue comme langue de travail.

2447: 1677: 1280: 929: 5344:, which is heavily based on cereal grains. Grains are generally prepared with sauces made from edible leaves, such as 2526:

is Mali's sole legislative body, consisting of deputies elected to five-year terms. Following the 2007 elections, the

14374: 11873: 11609: 11306:, considered a traditional instrument of Mali; also known as Xalam, Jeli N'goni, Hoddu, Khalam, Tehardent, or Gambare 10911: 10870: 10858: 10700: 10074: 10050: 9924: 6865: 6687: 6642: 6551: 6489: 6373: 5906: 5838:[Article 31: French is the working language. The State may adopt any other language as its working language.] 3142: 2443: 2051: 1973: 1891: 5197:, Mali's best-known historian, spent much of his life writing these oral traditions down for the world to remember. 2700: 2698: 1961: 13402: 12894: 12827: 12817: 12753: 12613: 12206: 11964: 10370: 7319: 2660: 2455: 1996: 11299: 10091: 9423:

https://www.ortm.ml/decoupage-administratif-et-territorial-la-nouvelle-carte-administrative-du-mali-operationnelle

7209: 6198:"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" 5088:

that are typical of West Africa. Malians frequently participate in traditional festivals, dances, and ceremonies.

2702: 2362: 14712: 14662: 12969: 11619: 11526: 10297: 3498: 1846: 9990: 9433: 8548: 1937:

reports that the links have been "exaggerated and instrumentalized by different actors for opportunistic ends".

1921:. Historically, the two sides have fought over access to land and water, factors which have been exacerbated by 14354: 13867: 13842: 12822: 12540: 11820: 11701: 11614: 11361: 11059: 8748: 7978:"Mali president dismisses coup speculation after jihadi attacks kill dozens of troops near Burkina Faso border" 5466: 3333: 2143: 1789:, ex-slaves were a vulnerable population with reports of some slaves being recaptured by their former masters. 1584: 877: 650: 9967: 2699: 2591:

in particular have improved significantly. Mali has a longstanding yet ambivalent relationship with France, a

1287:

were held on 24 November and 15 December 2013. In the early 2020s, Mali experienced two military takeovers by

288: 14667: 13288: 13046: 12874: 12862: 12605: 12517: 10729: 6715:"Tracing History in Dia, in the Inland Niger Delta of Mali -Archaeology, Oral Traditions and Written Sources" 5703: 5514: 4845: 1464:

had neither rigid geopolitical boundaries nor rigid ethnic identities. The earliest of these empires was the

1137:. The population of Mali is 24,478,595, 47.19% of which are estimated to be under the age of 15 in 2024. Its 1081: 14603: 13547: 13232: 12110: 11472: 11467: 11447: 9526: 6294: 6144: 2600: 2485: 2045: 2041: 1830: 1748: 1583:. The fall of the Songhai Empire marked the end of the region's role as a trading crossroads. Following the 1272: 14657: 12961: 12924: 12899: 12710: 12563: 12468: 11866: 11516: 9559: 3564: 2588: 2377: 2261: 2106:

On 12 September 2020, the CNSP agreed to an 18-month political transition to civilian rule. Shortly after,

2021:. It is reported that around 900 schools have closed down and that armed militias are recruiting children. 1047: 9445:

https://www.instat-mali.org/laravel-filemanager/files/shares/rgph/rapport-resultats-globaux-rgph5_rgph.pdf

3781:

are by far the largest single ethnic group, making up 36.5% of the population. Collectively, the Bambara,

2368:) with long, extremely hot summers and scarce rainfall which decreases northwards. The central area has a 2099:(CNSP) and promised elections in the future. A curfew was begun and the streets of Bamako were quiet. The 1355: 1351: 1347: 1211:. At its peak in 1300, the Mali Empire was the wealthiest country in Africa with its 14th-century emperor 13598: 12937: 12674: 12573: 12444: 11457: 11309: 11258: 9400:"Loi N°99-035/ Du 10 Aout 1999 Portant Creation des Collectivites Territoriales de Cercles et de Regions" 8612: 8488: 7861:"Central Mali: Top UN genocide prevention official sounds alarm over recent ethnically-targeted killings" 6048: 6012: 5257: 5055: 3286:, vegetables, tobacco, and tree crops. Gold, livestock, and agriculture amount to 80% of Mali's exports. 3217: 2269: 577: 10319: 9157: 5413: 5272:, all based in the capital. Informal games are often played by youths using a bundle of rags as a ball. 14702: 12984: 12789: 12496: 11655: 11521: 11392: 10887: 10488: 7383: 5424: 2293: 1025: 6945: 12942: 11716: 11577: 11341: 11101: 7955: 7004: 5009: 4837: 3891:

where there is a tension between both Tuaregs and the Malian government, and the Tuaregs and radical

3879:, as well as French, Irish, Italian and Portuguese origin, live in Mali, where they are known as the 2554: 2550: 1057: 9632: 5194: 2705: 1977: 1833:, citing Touré's failures in quelling the rebellion, and leading to sanctions and an embargo by the 1559:, and reached the height of power in the 14th century. Under the Mali Empire, the ancient cities of 177: 14425: 14319: 13387: 13281: 13137: 12979: 12623: 12481: 11949: 11679: 11604: 11494: 3233: 3120: 2523: 2492: 1785:

persists in Mali today with as many as 200,000 people held in direct servitude to a master. In the

1782: 687: 11321: 11207: 9580: 5798:[According to Law No. 96-049 of 23 August 1996, the national languages of Mali are: (...)] 5020:

In 2017, Mali ranked 157th out of 160 countries in the gender inequality index as reported by the

2693: 2574: 672: 13847: 13273: 13051: 13041: 12779: 11794: 11594: 11442: 11407: 11090: 9805: 6844: 5352:, with tomato peanut sauce, and may be accompanied by pieces of grilled meat (typically chicken, 3582: 3266: 2772: 2704: 2435: 2346: 2285: 2245: 1818: 1786: 1603: 976: 854: 6526: 6521:

Educational Systems of Africa: Interpretations for Use in the Evaluation of Academic Credentials

2564: 1776: 1756: 14314: 13837: 13670: 13069: 13036: 12947: 12656: 12501: 12437: 11691: 11624: 11536: 11506: 9988:

Kayaking to Timbuktu, Original National Geographic Adventure Article discussing Slavery in Mali

6876: 6679: 5662: 3538: 3482: 2703: 2277: 2198:

On 5 August 2024 the Republic of Mali announced that it was severing diplomatic relations with

1951: 1883: 1640:

in the late 19th century. By 1905, most of the area was under firm French control as a part of

1632:

into 180 kg (400 lb) bales for export to other parts of Africa and to France, c. 1950

1346:. It is suggested that a sound shift led to the change, whereby in Fulani the alveolar segment 1224: 1009: 904: 848: 13080: 12366: 10978: 10535: 6541: 5217: 2685: 2128: 13407: 12802: 12774: 11969: 11221: 11125: 9502: 9477: 7119: 6632: 6227:"Index Mundi using CIA World Factbook statistics, January 20, 2018, retrieved April 13, 2019" 5033: 3369: 3262:). Today all seven countries of BCEAO (including Mali) are connected to French Central Bank. 2439: 2369: 2253: 1389: 633: 20: 13917: 10211: 7719:"Mali: Élection présidentielle 2018 : Le premier tour aura lieu le dimanche 29 juillet" 6479: 3465:

at birth was 53.06 years total (51.43 for males and 54.73 for females). Mali has one of the

1772: 1571:. The Songhai had long been a major power in West Africa subject to the Mali Empire's rule. 14436: 14389: 14266: 13644: 12769: 11764: 11726: 11696: 11582: 11567: 11462: 11334: 10184: 10125: 9865: 8840: 8647: 6578: 5288: 5284: 5253: 4917: 3454: 3442:. More than 90% of the population lives in the southern part of the country, especially in 3381: 3290: 2024:

During the first week of October 2019, two jihadist attacks in the towns of Boulikessi and

1768: 1507: 1394: 813: 618: 183: 9720:

The Ecology of Malnutrition in the French Speaking Countries of West Africa and Madagascar

5000:. Mali's population also suffers from a high rate of child malnutrition and a low rate of 2582:

at the 2nd International Parliamentary Conference “Russia-Africa” in Moscow, 19 March 2023

1868: 1864: 8: 13964: 13883: 13700: 12227: 12210: 11650: 11587: 11241: 11097: 10336: 9236: 8638:

Griffiths, Ieuan (July 1986). "The Scramble for Africa: Inherited Political Boundaries".

6911: 5876: 4954: 4868: 4802: 4539: 4201: 3842: 3112: 2233: 2229: 2069: 1985: 1857: 1637: 1449: 1240: 1192: 1031: 9015: 8844: 8651: 8316:

NPR: Islamic State group almost doubled its territory in Mali in under a year, U.N. says

6002: 5796:

Selon la Loi n°96- 049 du 23 août 1996, les langues nationales du Mali sont : (...)

5384: 4699: 4679: 4310: 3972: 2918: 2091:, began a mutiny on 18 August 2020. President Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta and Prime Minister 14697: 14191: 13888: 13685: 13020: 12973: 11253: 9745: 9691: 9620: 9406: 9241: 8871: 8828: 8804: 8769: 8671: 7201: 6672: 6600:"A STUDY OF PROVERBS IN THINGS FALL APART AND SUNDIATA: AN EPIC OF OLD MALI (SUNDIATA)" 6519: 6007: 5809: 5726: 5349: 5134: 5126: 5005: 4989: 2519: 2508: 2358: 2237: 2179: 2171: 1934: 1759:

announced on the radio that he had arrested the dictatorial president, Moussa Traoré.

1619: 1102: 115: 11858: 6272: 5138: 5122: 1544: 13690: 13427: 12807: 12506: 12412: 11985: 11774: 11721: 11706: 11665: 11572: 11482: 11422: 11382: 11183: 11164: 11131: 11017: 10984: 10854: 10696: 10070: 10046: 10039: 10007: 9938:"Mali's Other Crisis: Slavery Still Plagues Mali, And Insurgency Could Make It Worse" 9920: 9785: 9752: 9723: 9698: 9594: 9273: 8876: 8858: 8809: 8791: 8663: 8459:"Mali: France opposed to Assimi Goïta's junta demanding an end to defence agreements" 8373:"Thousands in Mali celebrate expulsion of French ambassador | Armed Groups News" 7193: 6861: 6683: 6638: 6547: 6485: 6226: 5225: 5170: 5118: 5085: 4892: 4735: 4711: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4660: 4646: 4638: 4630: 4622: 4584: 4524: 4434: 4374: 4359: 4325: 4186: 4096: 4036: 4021: 4006: 3794: 3358: 3204: 2870: 2504: 2354: 2339: 2241: 2211: 2080: 1955: 1926: 1887: 782: 485: 465: 460: 455: 450: 393: 373: 363: 325: 11158: 11076: 9003: 5295:) is also somewhat common, though popularity has declined in recent years. The game 3258:. Mali is connected with the French government by agreement since 1962 (creation of 1711: 163: 12486: 11789: 11731: 11599: 11555: 11541: 11511: 11427: 11264: 10874: 10654:"GENDER EQUALITY AND WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: MALI CASE STUDY" 9586: 9473: 8866: 8848: 8799: 8781: 8655: 7982: 7504: 7185: 6714: 6323: 6074: 5614: 5528: 5307: 5249: 5162: 5130: 4860:

are believed to be rare among Malians, most of whom practice their religion daily.

4757: 4747: 4731: 4723: 4683: 4667: 4656: 4642: 4634: 4626: 4618: 4598: 4594: 4464: 4340: 4265: 4126: 3987: 3927: 3838: 3726: 3690: 3470: 3339: 2806: 2733: 2680: 2655: 2650: 2507:". Executive power is vested in a president, who is elected to a five-year term by 2467: 2429: 2088: 1860: 1656: 1484: 1461: 1307:. It means "the place where the king lives" and carries a connotation of strength. 1276: 1165: 1146: 956: 625: 603: 490: 470: 445: 430: 403: 388: 368: 358: 348: 333: 214: 136: 100: 49: 9652: 5769: 5260:. Most towns and cities have regular games; the most popular teams nationally are 5221: 5073: 2934: 2715: 1688: 1343: 14324: 13832: 13482: 12405: 12314: 11901: 11813: 11751: 11736: 11660: 11638: 11531: 11500: 11437: 11369: 11316: 11303: 11287: 11271: 11248: 11211: 11083: 10894: 10475: 10440: 10398: 10323: 10304: 10218: 10098: 9994: 9974: 9792: 9566: 9509: 9100: 9010: 8755: 8736: 8609:"Le Mali rompt ses relations diplomatiques avec l'Ukraine à la suite d'une vidéo" 8398: 8137: 7526: 7326: 7142: 7037: 6883: 6857: 6848: 6435: 6410: 6343: 6330: 6281: 6260: 6148: 5972: 5937: 5707: 5653: 5593: 5471: 5356:, beef, or goat). Malian cuisine varies regionally. Other popular dishes include 5280: 5201: 5068: 4610: 4590: 4389: 4051: 3861: 3790: 3543: 3462: 3212:

Mali underwent economic reform, beginning in 1988 by signing agreements with the

3091: 2742: 2676: 2672: 2401: 2350: 1871:

joined Dioncounda Traoré in a public appearance in recently recaptured Timbuktu.

1664: 1488: 1473: 1367: 1323: 1315: 1248: 1232: 1188: 1164:. The country's southern part, where the majority of inhabitants live, is in the 1157: 737: 694: 547: 440: 422: 411: 383: 378: 11232: 10151:"Mali's military rulers say French ambassador has 72 hours to leave the country" 7030: 5755:[Article 31: The national languages are the official languages of Mali.] 4980:

Medical facilities in Mali are very limited, and medicines are in short supply.

3744: 3636: 2838: 2310: 2103:(ECOWAS) condemned the coup and demanded that Keïta be reinstated as president. 2092: 2076: 1683: 1288: 656: 14394: 13680: 12491: 12476: 12351: 12335: 11759: 11711: 11417: 11397: 10177:"4ème RECENSEMENT GENERAL DE LA POPULATION ET DE L'HABITAT DU MALI (RGPH-2009)" 8853: 7860: 5623: 5573: 5341: 5323: 5154: 4929: 4849: 4719: 4675: 4509: 4479: 4344: 4295: 4171: 4141: 3991: 3957: 3876: 3810: 3782: 3778: 3618: 3600: 3174: 2822: 2630: 2515: 2331: 1981: 1922: 1911: 1692: 1648: 1568: 1515: 1492: 1469: 1419: 1319: 1228: 1208: 637: 559: 531: 519: 495: 7189: 5753:

Article 31 : Les langues nationales sont les langues officielles du Mali.

5427:

include 869,600 mobile phones, 45,000 televisions and 414,985 Internet users.

5178: 3864:

in the region. An estimated 800,000 people in Mali are descended from slaves.

3166: 2318:

At 1,242,248 square kilometres (479,635 sq mi), Mali is the world's

1906:, conflict has escalated since 2015 between agricultural communities like the 1283:

were held on 28 July 2013, with a second-round run-off held on 11 August, and

14642: 14636: 14618: 14605: 14379: 14074: 13603: 13452: 13182: 12460: 12417: 12025: 11829: 11784: 11779: 11741: 11402: 11236: 11116: 10468: 9434:

https://arpdeveloppement.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/A_14_Theme_9_DGAT.pdf

8862: 8795: 8667: 8289:

BBC Africa Today: Islamic State Sahel Province fighters seize commune in Mali

7197: 5635: 5584: 5492: 5458: 5377: 5211: 5166: 5142: 5110: 5097: 4864: 4841: 4829: 4774: 4707: 4703: 4671: 4659:, which about 80 percent of the population can communicate in. Over 40 other 4651: 4614: 4606: 4602: 4419: 4404: 4280: 4081: 4066: 3942: 3853: 3849: 3826: 3814: 3806: 3766: 3386: 2730: 2723: 2596: 2417: 2405: 2327: 2185: 2009: 1965: 1826: 1724: 1704: 1511: 1427: 1339: 1173: 1150: 1074: 630: 597: 565: 537: 480: 475: 435: 353: 343: 338: 303: 290: 64: 11845: 9891: 8786: 8709: 8287: 4820: 3554: 2477: 1837:. The MNLA quickly took control of the north, declaring its independence as 1602:

in the region's recorded history occurred in the 18th century. According to

1354:

and the terminal vowel denasalizes and raises, leading "Manden" to shift to

14251: 14211: 14201: 14024: 13357: 13242: 13127: 12135: 12125: 11929: 11769: 11432: 11377: 10850: 8880: 8813: 5506: 5265: 5241: 5174: 5001: 4997: 4935: 3869: 3672: 3654: 2902: 2854: 2790: 2615: 2592: 2481: 2413: 2409: 2257: 2175: 2124: 2116: 2029: 1907: 1903: 1641: 1496: 1465: 1244: 1196: 1138: 1122: 720: 553: 510: 169: 10119:"4ème Recensement General de la Population et de L'Habitat du Mali (RGPH)" 7486:

French troops retake the last remaining Islamist urban stronghold in Mali.

6605:. University of Ghana, Legon – Institute of African Studies. p. 100. 3801:

group, constitute 50% of the population. Other significant groups are the

3786: 2709:

A clickable map of Mali exhibiting its eight regions and capital district.

2163: 14384: 14099: 13989: 13760: 13562: 13542: 13462: 13187: 12309: 12140: 12030: 11834: 11387: 10489:"Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update: Mali" 10237:. Pew Forum on Religious & Public life. 9 August 2012. Archived from 8582: 8549:"Mali demotes French, language of its former colonizer, in symbolic move" 6116:. United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. pp. 274–277. 5444: 5361: 5269: 5158: 5150: 4857: 4666:

According to the 2009 census, the languages spoken natively in Mali were

3880: 3802: 3774: 3685: 3391: 2607: 2496: 2265: 2005: 1918: 1915: 1874: 1580: 1556: 1552: 1540: 1438: 1402: 1382: 1311: 1304: 1204: 1169: 1126: 1106: 707: 571: 525: 10733: 10179:[4th GENERAL POPULATION CENSUS AND HABITAT OF MALI (RGPH-2009)] 9590: 4968: 2334:

zone. Mali is mostly flat, rising to rolling northern plains covered by

1448:

Mali was once part of three famed West African empires which controlled

1426:

which began from around 900 BC, and reached its peak around 600 BC, and

14261: 14231: 14159: 14149: 14119: 14109: 14064: 14014: 14004: 13735: 13730: 13624: 13557: 13497: 13487: 13477: 13382: 13212: 13167: 13132: 13015: 12216: 12120: 12085: 12070: 12055: 12010: 11944: 11296: 8716: 7205: 7173: 6674:

Introduction to the History of African Civilization: Precolonial Africa

6078: 5938:"Assimi Goïta: President gets sweeping powers in new Mali constitution" 5510: 5390: 5261: 4943: 4880: 3896: 3721: 3708: 3458: 3450: 3213: 3178: 2886: 2568: 2559: 2388: 2289: 2132: 2084: 1842: 1502: 1477: 1457: 1441:(by 1397) as Barmandana, and a few geographical details in the work of 1212: 1118: 541: 12293: 9806:"Mali transportation, roads, railways and airports | - CountryReports" 8770:"An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm" 8675: 7598:""We Used to Be Brothers" | Self-Defense Group Abuses in Central Mali" 3185: 2503:

branches of government. The system of government can be described as "

2458:

mean score of 7.16/10, ranking it 51st globally out of 172 countries.

1878:

Map showing the fullest extent of rebel-held territory in January 2013

14084: 13720: 13715: 13660: 13502: 12075: 10369:. Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. Archived from 9987: 9917:

Feeding Desire – Fatness, Beauty and Sexuality among a Saharan People

9693:

World and Its Peoples: Middle East, Western Asia, and Northern Africa

9070:"Mali's transition govt sets February 2024 for presidential election" 7892:"Britain 'sleepwalking' into deadly conflict in war-torn West Africa" 6141: 5146: 4985: 3739: 3321: 3317: 3255: 3124: 2641:, a village located in an especially unstable region of the country. 2396: 2392: 1442: 1423: 1264: 79: 7440:"Mali Possibilities and Challenges for Transitional Justice in Mali" 6749:

al-Bakri in Nehemiah Levtzion and J. F. Pl Hopkins, eds and trans.,

4897: 3197:

handles the financial affairs of Mali and additional members of the

3160: 1560: 1263:

took control of a territory in the north, and in April declared the

14678:

Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie

14334: 14226: 14179: 14139: 14134: 14049: 14034: 13862: 13786: 13755: 13750: 13417: 13412: 13372: 13367: 13352: 13152: 12175: 12150: 12000: 11995: 11974: 11939: 11924: 11452: 11275: 8659: 7689:"Everything you need to know about Mali 2018 presidential election" 5942: 5565: 5102: 3892: 3857: 3613: 3343: 3342:, consisting of over half of Mali's electrical power. In 2002, 700 2626: 2619: 2500: 2155: 2107: 1930: 1798: 1607: 1564: 1434: 1406: 1220: 1069: 1013: 13303: 10183:(in French). Mali National Institute of Statistics. Archived from 7918:"Sharp rise in number of children killed in Mali's deadly attacks" 6517:

Sasnett, Martena Tenney; Sepmeyer, Inez Hopkins (1 January 1967).

6449:"Mali – la France a mené une série de raids contre les islamistes" 6324:

Mali Empire (ca. 1200-) | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed

5695: 3798: 3761: 3631: 2299: 2224:

Mali is a landlocked country in West Africa, located southwest of

1954:. The government denies this. One such militia is the Dogon group 1377: 14241: 14216: 14206: 14169: 14154: 14124: 14044: 14009: 13999: 13994: 13770: 13765: 13740: 13695: 13675: 13665: 13582: 13577: 13572: 13552: 13532: 13517: 13507: 13472: 13397: 13362: 13342: 13337: 13332: 13327: 13262: 13247: 13237: 13227: 13217: 13197: 13162: 13147: 12382: 12361: 12330: 12288: 12160: 12130: 12115: 12100: 12090: 12080: 12045: 12040: 11990: 11959: 11934: 11909: 11115:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

9522: 9312: 8258:"Mali's military leader Goita sworn in as transitional president" 7442:. International Center for Transitional Justice. 9 January 2014. 6967:

Core document forming part of the reports of states parties: Mali

6877:

La guerre coloniale du Bani-Volta, 1915-1916 (Burkina Faso, Mali)

6166: 5877:"Africa: Mali – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency" 5345: 5300: 4993: 4981: 4939: 4853: 3865: 3830: 3595: 3569: 3365: 3221: 2611: 2304: 2281: 2225: 2199: 2159: 2025: 2013: 1728: 1660: 1536: 1437:

in 1068, the story of the conversion of an early ruler, known to

1227:, one of the oldest in the world and still active. The expanding 1134: 1110: 733: 613: 232: 12429: 11326: 10316: 10124:(in French). Institut National de la Statistique. Archived from 9184:"Al Qaeda Claims U.N. Peacekeeper Attack That Killed 10 in Mali" 8519:"Russian Foreign Minister visits Mali in sign of deepening ties" 8399:"Mali troops and suspected Russian fighters accused of massacre" 8110:[Understanding everything about the situation in Mali]. 7947: 7805:"UN to probe 'horrific' Mali attacks as death toll jumps to 160" 6284:, Table 3: Human and income poverty, p. 6. Retrieved 1 June 2009 5236: 4951:

International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics

3155: 1528: 14329: 14256: 14246: 14114: 14104: 14079: 14069: 14029: 13745: 13725: 13710: 13705: 13639: 13634: 13608: 13537: 13512: 13447: 13442: 13432: 13377: 13177: 13110: 12185: 12170: 12165: 12105: 12060: 12020: 11914: 11893: 11412: 9020: 8579:"Mali announces severance of diplomatic relations with Ukraine" 8168:"Mali: President Bah N'Daw decrees the dissolution of the CNSP" 7662:"Au Mali, les liaisons dangereuses entre l'Etat et les milices" 6041:"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Mali)" 5353: 5337: 4876: 4727: 4494: 4156: 3834: 3577: 3559: 3443: 3313: 3279: 2579: 2323: 2273: 1850: 1838: 1599: 1453: 1414: 1398: 1268: 1161: 1142: 1130: 500: 282: 14653:

Countries and territories where Arabic is an official language

8429:"Mali: Military government breaks defence accords with France" 8343:"Mali's junta deplores new sanctions imposed by regional bloc" 8198:"EU condemns 'grave and serious' kidnapping of Mali's leaders" 5328: 4961:, a healthy and nutritional version of the traditional recipe 2622:

and terrorism, remain troubling issues in regional relations.

2606:

Working to control and resolve regional conflicts, such as in

14287: 14271: 14221: 14196: 14164: 14129: 14059: 14054: 14019: 13947: 13629: 13527: 13522: 13457: 13437: 13422: 13347: 13252: 13222: 13202: 13192: 13172: 13157: 13122: 12832: 12356: 12145: 12095: 12050: 12035: 12015: 12005: 11979: 11919: 11281:

Possibilities and Challenges for Transitional Justice in Mali

9997:". National Geographic Adventure. December 2002/January 2003. 9786:

DEVELOPMENT OF THE CITIES OF MALI — Challenges and Priorities

8041:"Thousands in Mali's capital demand that president step down" 7087:. International Center on Nonviolent Conflict. Archived from 5537: 5365: 5296: 5114: 4973: 4833: 3822: 3818: 3667: 3649: 3439: 3306: 3283: 3259: 3244: 2387:

Mali has considerable natural resources, with gold, uranium,

2249: 2158:, occupying large swathes of territory in southeastern Mali. 2018: 1732: 1629: 1532: 1314:

reported that the capital of the empire was called Mali. One

1216: 1200: 1180:, (of which it is the third largest producer in Africa), and 1114: 1062: 142: 13961:

Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

8489:"UN experts: Malian military and 'white' soldiers killed 33" 7260:"Mali conflict puts freedom of 'slave descendants' in peril" 6540:

Imperato, Pascal James; Imperato, Gavin H. (25 April 2008).

3241:

Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa

2012:

of the conflict. By 2020, more than 600,000 people had been

1187:

Mali was part of three successive powerful and wealthy West

14236: 14174: 14094: 14089: 14039: 13567: 13467: 13392: 13257: 13142: 12155: 11954: 11291: 10916: 10898: 10457:

WHO | Female genital mutilation and other harmful practices

9231: 9101:"Mali coup: How junta got Ecowas economic sanctions lifted" 7948:"PUIC Secretary General condemns terrorist attacks in Mali" 5543: 5357: 4902: 2634: 2335: 2216: 2174:, Malian troops and suspected Russian mercenaries from the 1592: 1588: 1181: 1177: 1149:

is the most commonly spoken, although French is a frequent

10732:. Embassy of the Republic of Mali in Japan. Archived from 9795:. Africa Region Working Paper Series No. 104/a. World Bank 9368:"Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Mali" 9306:"Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Mali" 7381: 5193:

reciting or singing histories and stories known by heart.

5008:. An estimated 85%–91% of Mali's girls and women have had 4988:-borne diseases are prevalent in Mali, as are a number of 4934:

Mali faces numerous health challenges related to poverty,

4883:, which described the persecution in the north as severe. 2138: 1422:, along the middle Niger River in central Mali, including 1322:

changed himself into a hippopotamus upon his death in the

9751:. Uppsala, Sweden: Nordic African Institute. p. 43. 9697:. Tarrytown, New York: Marshall Cavendish. p. 1367. 9232: 8767: 7497:"Mali conflict: Timbuktu hails French President Hollande" 7340:"Post-coup Mali hit with sanctions by African neighbours" 3703: 1086: 14688:

Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

9342:"Régionalisation: Deux Nouvelles régions créées au Mali" 9092: 8826: 7527:"Ibrahim Boubacar Keita wins Mali presidential election" 7329:. News24 (22 February 2012). Retrieved 23 February 2012. 6634:

African Glory: The Story of Vanished Negro Civilizations

6205:

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

6171:

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

4593:

was dropped as an official language, becoming instead a

2595:. Mali was active in regional organizations such as the 11888: 11204: 10888:"Ruiz looks to strengthen Mali roster ahead of Beijing" 10716:. Fairfax County Public Schools. Retrieved 4 June 2008. 9722:. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. p. 291. 8071:"Kidnapped Mali politician and French aid worker freed" 6751:

Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History

2434:

Five terrestrial ecoregions lie within Mali's borders:

2028:

killed more than 25 Mali soldiers near the border with

10221:. State.gov (19 September 2008). Retrieved 4 May 2012. 8138:"Mali's coup is cheered at home but upsets neighbours" 7245:. USAID. Retrieved 15 May 2008. Retrieved 3 June 2008. 6762:

ibn Khaldun in Levtzion and Hopkins, eds, and transl.

4597:. At the same time, the 13 national languages, namely 3875:

Some mixed European/African descendants of Muslims of

3368:. A significant sum of the population is dependent on 1863:

at the request of the interim government of president

1160:'s northern borders reach deep into the middle of the 10845:

Hudgens, Jim, Richard Trillo, and Nathalie Calonnec.

8896:. Telegraph (22 March 2012). Retrieved 24 March 2013. 7489: 6438:. Telegraph (23 March 2012). Retrieved 24 March 2013. 2491:

Until the military coup of 22 March 2012, Mali was a

2349:

and is among the hottest countries in the world. The

2035: 1243:, France seized control of Mali, making it a part of 11130:. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Learner Publishing Group. 9512:. World Trade Organization. Retrieved 24 March 2013. 8894:

Video: US condemns Mali coup amid reports of looting

8761: 7749:"Incumbent President Keita wins re-election in Mali" 7466:"French Troops Retake Kidal Airport, Move into City" 7416:. Agence France-Presse. 20 June 2012. Archived from 6942:

Embassy of the Republic of Mali to the United States

6775:

al-Idrisi in Levtzion and Hopkins, eds. and transl,

6151:

Brian Lucas. August 2005. Retrieved 28 January 2009.

5667: 5540: 5434: 5256:, which became more prominent after Mali hosted the 4836:), approximately 5% are Christian (about two-thirds 2142:

Military situation in Mali. For a detailed map, see

72:

Republik bu Maali / 𞤈𞤫𞤨𞤵𞤦𞤤𞤭𞤳 𞤦𞤵 𞤃𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭

10583:"USAID MALI:ADDENDUM TO THE 2012 GENDER ASSESSMENT" 10298:

Report points to 100 million persecuted Christians.

10113: 10111: 10037:Fage, J. D.; Gray, Richard; Oliver, Roland (1975). 8820: 8228:"Mali's military detains president, prime minister" 7629:"Radical Islamists Have Opened a New Front in Mali" 6906: 6904: 6898:, Jean-Claude Flament, Société des écrivains, 2014. 5534: 5531: 3170:

A proportional representation of Mali exports, 2019

1968:

voting in Bamako, 2018 Malian presidential election

10712:Crabill, Michelle and Tiso, Bruce (January 2003). 10038: 10012:"Al-Qaeda complicating anti-slavery drive in Mali" 9744: 9690: 9272:. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. p. 134. 7357:"Tuareg rebels declare independence in north Mali" 6671: 6518: 6424: 6422: 5646: 4871:, and the government largely respects this right. 3856:nomad populations and the darker-skinned Bella or 2097:National Committee for the Salvation of the People 2062:National Committee for the Salvation of the People 1805:International Criminal Court investigation in Mali 1771:to be approved by a national referendum. In 1992, 1585:establishment of sea routes by the European powers 1145:. The country has 13 official languages, of which 14443:OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37 12849:Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention 10590:United States Agency of International Development 10212:International Religious Freedom Report 2008: Mali 6631:Graft-Johnson, John Coleman De (1 January 1986). 6404:"Mali Rebels Proclaim Independent State in North" 4663:are spoken by the various ethnic groups of Mali. 3473:, with 106 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2007. 1992:, and Keïta was re-elected with 67% of the vote. 1636:Mali fell under the control of France during the 1318:tradition tells that the legendary first emperor 794:1,241,238 km (479,245 sq mi) ( 14634: 10108: 7831:"Insiders Insight: Explaining the Mali massacre" 7384:"Islamists declare full control of Mali's north" 6901: 6539: 6402:Polgreen, Lydia and Cowell, Alan (6 April 2012) 6203:("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). 88: 85: 12890:African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights 10433:Nourishing communities through holistic farming 9747:Regulating Mining in Africa: For Whose Benefit? 8280: 7291:"Mali chaos gives rise to slavery, persecution" 6516: 6419: 6344:"Is Mansa Musa the richest man who ever lived?" 6253:Mali gold reserves rise in 2011 alongside price 5312:2018–2020 CAVB Beach Volleyball Continental Cup 2696: 1933:. While some Fula have joined Islamist groups, 1715:WWI Commemorative Monument to the "Armée Noire" 1452:in gold, salt, other precious commodities, and 1223:becoming a renowned place of learning with its 13305:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie 10291: 10143: 10036: 9892:"Mali: Regions, Major Cities & Localities" 9646: 9644: 9642: 9523:"OHADA.com: The business law portal in Africa" 9270:Managing Migration: The Promise of Cooperation 6192: 6190: 6188: 5382:In Mali, there are several newspapers such as 3848:In the far north, there is a division between 3346:of hydroelectric power were produced in Mali. 2633:base in Mali that killed 10 peacekeepers from 2357:. The vast northern desert part of Mali has a 2330:, which produces an extremely hot, dust-laden 1823:National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad 1813:Tuareg separatist rebels in Mali, January 2012 127: 121: 13933: 13812:Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique 13289: 13096: 12445: 11874: 11850: 11342: 10901:.com (13 March 2008). Retrieved 24 June 2008. 10459:. Who.int (6 May 2011). Retrieved 4 May 2012. 10326:. Worldwatchlist.us. Retrieved 24 March 2013. 9977:". National Geographic News. 5 December 2002. 9968:Kayaking to Timbuktu, Writer Sees Slave Trade 9560:Zone franc sur le site de la Banque de France 9062: 9004:Mali: "Résultats définitifs des Législatives" 8758:. World-nuclear.org. Retrieved 24 March 2013. 8693: 8691: 8689: 8687: 8685: 7458: 7414:"Mali Islamists want sharia not independence" 7382:Tiemoko Diallo; Adama Diarra (28 June 2012). 7048: 7046: 6630: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5628: 5577: 3506: 2322:and is comparable in size to South Africa or 1331:could have formerly been the name of a city. 206: 106: 55: 14463: 12885:African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights 12260:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 10092:Mali's conflict and a 'war over skin colour' 10006: 9684: 9682: 9680: 9678: 9585:. World Intellectual Property Organization. 9569:. Banque-france.fr. Retrieved 24 March 2013. 9227: 9225: 9223: 9221: 9219: 9217: 9215: 9213: 9211: 9209: 8728:Muller, CJ and Umpire, A (22 November 2012) 8719:. Wise-uranium.org. Retrieved 24 March 2013. 7952:Parliamentary Union of the OIC Member States 6597: 6035: 6033: 6031: 6029: 5936:Booty, Natasha; Pivac, Mark (23 July 2023). 5869: 5209: 3453:in 2014 was 45.53 births per 1,000, and the 3123:. There might be a discussion about this on 2131:, were being detained in a military base in 2002:24 March 2019 massacre of 160 Fula villagers 229: 196: 14418: 13853:Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie 13112:Community of Sahel–Saharan States (CEN-SAD) 11157:Milet, Eric & Manaud, Jean-Luc (2007). 10724: 10722: 9639: 9023:) (13 August 2007). Retrieved 24 June 2008. 7889: 6525:. University of California Press. pp. 6333:. The Black Past. Retrieved 8 October 2012. 6185: 5421:Office de Radiodiffusion-Télévision du Mali 5200:The best-known novel by a Malian writer is 3446:, which has over 2 million residents. 3352: 3228:), were expected to be privatized in 2008. 2326:. Most of the country lies in the southern 1897: 1231:absorbed the empire in 1468, followed by a 769:• Declaration of the Republic of Mali 14708:States and territories established in 1960 14431:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam 13940: 13926: 13807:Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie 13296: 13282: 13103: 13089: 12693:African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights 12452: 12438: 11881: 11867: 11349: 11335: 10691:Pye-Smith, Charlie & Rhéal Drisdelle. 10232:"The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity" 9582:Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition 9515: 8682: 8130: 8108:"TOUT COMPRENDRE SUR LA SITUATION AU MALI" 7078: 7076: 7043: 5967: 5965: 5935: 5714: 3773:Mali's population encompasses a number of 3513: 3499: 3457:(in 2012) was 6.4 children per woman. The 2629:claimed responsibility for an attack on a 2567:and Minister-president of the Netherlands 2461: 759:• Dissolution of the Mali Federation 262: 70: 10983:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 652–53. 10543:World Organisation Against Torture (OMCT) 10310: 10069:, 1600–1960. Cambridge University Press. 9688: 9675: 9468: 9466: 9464: 9462: 9460: 9458: 9456: 9454: 9452: 9286: 9206: 8870: 8852: 8803: 8785: 8637: 7253: 7251: 7171: 6484:. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 7. 6161: 6159: 6157: 6026: 5764: 5762: 5699:Académie N’Ko Mali ߡߊ߰ߟߌ ߒߞߏ ߟߏ߲ߞߏ߫ ߘߎ߲ߓߎ 3769:are nomadic inhabitants of northern Mali. 3476: 3199:Economic Community of West African States 3143:Learn how and when to remove this message 2541:agreed to lift sanctions on the country. 2314:Mali map of Köppen climate classification 2101:Economic Community of West African States 1835:Economic Community of West African States 1792: 1487:in 1235, culminated in a victory for the 1257:armed conflict broke out in northern Mali 208:"Mɔgɔ kelen, laɲini kelen, dannaya kelen" 10960: 10958: 10956: 10912:"Continental Cup Finals start in Africa" 10841: 10839: 10837: 10803: 10801: 10769: 10767: 10765: 10763: 10719: 10207: 10205: 9896:Population Statistics in Maps and Charts 9742: 9334: 8102: 8100: 8098: 8096: 6678:. University Press of America. pp. 6374:"Who is the richest person of all time?" 6142:Which side of the road do they drive on? 5639: 5629: 5588: 5578: 5327: 5235: 5101: 5072: 4967: 4896: 4819: 3860:people, due to the historical spread of 3760: 3385: 3265:Mali was ranked 129th out of 132 in the 3203: 3184: 3173: 3165: 3154: 2684: 2573: 2558: 2476: 2309: 2298: 2215: 2137: 2055: 1960: 1873: 1808: 1762: 1710: 1623: 1527: 1501: 1388: 1376: 57:Mali ka Fasojamana / ߡߊ߬ߟߌ ߞߊ ߝߊߛߏߖߊߡߊߣߊ 13817:Agence universitaire de la Francophonie 10976: 10943: 10941: 10939: 10824: 10822: 10820: 10818: 10816: 10788: 10786: 10784: 10782: 10687: 10685: 10648: 10646: 10644: 10642: 10640: 10638: 10636: 10634: 10530: 10528: 10526: 10524: 10522: 10520: 10281: 10279: 10067:A History of Race in Muslim West Africa 9140: 9138: 9136: 9134: 9132: 9130: 9128: 9126: 8971: 8969: 8967: 8965: 8963: 8961: 8912: 8910: 8908: 8906: 8904: 8902: 7686: 7073: 6067: 5962: 5496:spoken by around 80% of the population. 5306:Mali featured a men's national team in 5275:Basketball is another major sport; the 2075:Members of the military led by Colonel 1698: 1613: 1491:under the command of the exiled prince 1239:. In the late 19th century, during the 14635: 10632: 10630: 10628: 10626: 10624: 10622: 10620: 10618: 10616: 10614: 10577: 10575: 10573: 10571: 10569: 10567: 10415: 10413: 10411: 10409: 10407: 10277: 10275: 10273: 10271: 10269: 10267: 10265: 10263: 10261: 10259: 9935: 9449: 9267: 8768:Dinerstein, Eric; et al. (2017). 8051:from the original on 13 September 2020 8010:"How Much More Blood Must Be Spilled?" 7890:Giannangeli, Marco (1 November 2020). 7841:from the original on 18 September 2020 7446:from the original on 18 September 2016 7248: 7140: 6969:. United Nations Human Rights Website. 6896:14-18 Étions-nous bien défendus ? 6828: 6826: 6824: 6822: 6429:UN Security Council condemns Mali coup 6154: 5983:from the original on 11 September 2023 5759: 5240:Malian children playing football in a 5040: 4824:An entrance to the Djinguereber mosque 3912:Spoken Languages in Mali (2009 Census) 2666: 1847:Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) 1841:. However, Islamist groups, including 1372: 1310:Fourteenth-century Maghrebi traveller 13921: 13277: 13084: 12842:Specialised agencies and institutions 12433: 11862: 11849: 11330: 11144:from the original on 7 September 2015 10997:from the original on 6 September 2015 10953: 10834: 10798: 10760: 10670:from the original on 18 December 2018 10599:from the original on 5 September 2018 10367:"Université de Bamako – Bamako, Mali" 10202: 10157:from the original on 13 February 2022 9348:from the original on 22 February 2017 9322:from the original on 22 February 2017 9098: 8827:Grantham, H. S.; et al. (2020). 8340: 8093: 8038: 7898:from the original on 26 November 2020 7656: 7654: 7626: 7592: 7590: 7588: 7586: 7584: 7582: 7567:from the original on 13 November 2021 7320:Mali clashes force 120 000 from homes 7301:from the original on 29 November 2016 7109: 7005:"Liberation Day Commemorated in Mali" 6987: 6985: 6983: 6981: 6979: 6977: 6975: 6918:from the original on 19 November 2020 6860:. Cambridge University Press. p. 69. 6820: 6818: 6816: 6814: 6812: 6810: 6808: 6806: 6804: 6802: 6789: 6787: 6785: 6731:from the original on 13 February 2022 6706: 6593: 6591: 6477: 6233:from the original on 21 December 2020 5802: 5564: 5277:Mali women's national basketball team 5137:, the late roots and blues guitarist 5032:Religion, the patriarchal norms, and 3303:International Development Association 1691:, a day which is now commemorated as 12591:Permanent Representatives' Committee 11028:from the original on 5 November 2016 10936: 10813: 10779: 10748: 10682: 10661:United Nations Development Programme 10517: 10496:United Nations Development Programme 10224: 9948:from the original on 8 December 2014 9816:from the original on 14 October 2023 9650: 9607:from the original on 22 October 2023 9578: 9484:from the original on 22 January 2017 9380:from the original on 29 January 2017 9194:from the original on 21 January 2019 9123: 8958: 8899: 8529:from the original on 8 February 2023 8379:from the original on 7 February 2022 8353:from the original on 10 January 2022 7990:from the original on 22 October 2019 7958:from the original on 22 October 2019 7759:from the original on 16 January 2024 7537:from the original on 20 January 2022 7476:from the original on 30 January 2013 7288: 7257: 7212:from the original on 9 February 2023 7153:from the original on 17 October 2023 7011:from the original on 2 February 2019 6850:Africans: the history of a continent 6669: 6459:from the original on 20 October 2017 6113:United Nations Development Programme 6085:from the original on 8 December 2015 6055:from the original on 17 October 2023 5859: 5857: 5855: 5853: 5851: 5849: 5847: 5845: 5022:United Nations Development Programme 4250:Mother Tongues in Mali (2009 Census) 3301:In 1991, with the assistance of the 3250:Mali is a part of the "Franc Zone" ( 3095: 2544: 2452:West Saharan montane xeric woodlands 1990:Union for the Republic and Democracy 1940:Added a top Mali military commander: 1397:written in Sudani script (a form of 14693:Member states of the United Nations 13949:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 13000:Single African Air Transport Market 12995:African Continental Free Trade Area 11015: 10611: 10564: 10478:. (PDF). Retrieved 18 January 2013. 10445:Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 10404: 10256: 9872:from the original on 7 January 2015 9541: 9080:from the original on 18 August 2023 8323:from the original on 27 August 2023 8307: 8148:from the original on 21 August 2020 8118:from the original on 26 August 2020 7928:from the original on 31 August 2019 7394:from the original on 15 August 2020 7338:Callimachi, Rukmini (3 April 2012) 7289:York, Geoffrey (11 November 2012). 7270:from the original on 5 October 2013 7178:Review of African Political Economy 7082: 6637:. Black Classic Press. p. 92. 6560:from the original on 27 August 2021 5917:from the original on 13 August 2022 5657: 5597: 5027: 3481:For a more comprehensive list, see 3461:in 2007 was 16.5 deaths per 1,000. 3195:Central Bank of West African States 2528:Alliance for Democracy and Progress 2152:Islamic State in the Greater Sahara 1825:(MNLA). In March, military officer 1821:began in northern Mali, led by the 1495:, which led to the downfall of the 1207:(for which Mali is named), and the 13: 14683:Member states of the African Union 11310:Mali 2012 Trade Summary Statistics 11124:DiPiazza, Francesca Davis (2006). 10924:from the original on 7 August 2021 10552:from the original on 8 August 2019 10505:from the original on 25 March 2019 9529:from the original on 26 March 2009 9249:from the original on 30 March 2021 9164:from the original on 25 March 2012 9111:from the original on 5 August 2023 8559:from the original on 3 August 2023 8499:from the original on 6 August 2022 7871:from the original on 29 March 2019 7811:from the original on 29 March 2019 7785:from the original on 29 March 2019 7725:. 12 February 2018. Archived from 7668:from the original on 30 March 2019 7651: 7639:from the original on 30 March 2019 7579: 7224: 6972: 6799: 6782: 6651:from the original on 16 April 2021 6612:from the original on 20 March 2017 6598:Aku Adjandeh, Evelyn (July 2014). 6588: 6498:from the original on 16 April 2021 6478:Wolny, Philip (15 December 2013). 6384:from the original on 16 March 2022 6354:from the original on 10 March 2019 6105:"HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2023-24" 5950:from the original on 2 August 2023 5887:from the original on 30 March 2021 5826:from the original on 8 August 2023 5786:from the original on 3 August 2023 5743:from the original on 8 August 2023 5015: 3224:) and the Cotton Ginning Company ( 3208:GDP per capita development of Mali 2692: 2484:, interim president of Mali since 2448:South Saharan steppe and woodlands 2036:2020s coups and Assimi Goïta junta 1271:. The conflict was complicated by 1237:which defeated the Songhai in 1591 269:Location of Mali (green) 14: 14724: 14375:Economic Cooperation Organization 12459: 11356: 11198: 10018:from the original on 5 March 2014 9936:Fortin, Jacey (16 January 2013). 9771:African Development Bank, p. 186. 9663:from the original on 11 July 2018 8409:from the original on 6 April 2022 7699:from the original on 24 July 2018 7608:from the original on 2 April 2019 7503:. 2 February 2013. Archived from 7363:from the original on 8 April 2012 7141:Mohsin, Haroon (18 August 2022). 6712: 6167:"World Population Prospects 2022" 5911:United States Department of State 5842: 4957:, trained women's groups to make 4844:) and the remaining 5% adhere to 4649:, became official languages. The 3883:(1% of the nation's population). 2444:Inner Niger Delta flooded savanna 2380:. (Köppen climate classification 2052:List of terrorist attacks in Mali 1974:2018 Malian presidential election 1342:pronunciation of the name of the 220:"One people, one goal, one faith" 16:Landlocked country in West Africa 13902: 13901: 13403:Democratic Republic of the Congo 13065: 13064: 12915:African Union–Ethiopia relations 12596:Specialized Technical Committees 12411: 12400: 12399: 12207:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 12184: 11965:Democratic Republic of the Congo 11226: 11216: 11009: 10977:Murison, Katharine, ed. (2002). 10970: 10904: 10880: 10864: 10706: 10536:"Violence against Women in Mali" 10481: 10462: 10450: 10425: 10385: 10359: 10329: 10317:OPEN DOORS World Watch list 2012 10169: 10084: 10059: 10030: 10000: 9980: 9960: 9929: 9919:. Routledge, London. pp. 16–17. 9909: 9884: 9866:"Mali Demographics Profile 2014" 9858: 9846:from the original on 18 May 2024 9828: 9798: 9774: 9765: 9736: 9711: 9572: 9553: 9496: 9438: 9427: 9416: 9392: 9360: 9298: 9261: 9176: 9150: 9050: 9038: 9026: 8993: 8981: 8946: 8934: 8922: 8887: 8742: 8722: 8703: 8631: 8601: 8571: 8541: 8511: 8481: 8451: 8421: 8391: 8296:from the original on 11 May 2023 8268:from the original on 25 May 2023 8238:from the original on 25 May 2021 8208:from the original on 25 May 2021 8178:from the original on 26 May 2021 8081:from the original on 3 June 2021 8020:from the original on 31 May 2023 7687:Mumbere, Daniel (10 July 2018). 7085:"Mali's March Revolution (1991)" 6546:. Scarecrow Press. p. 231. 6305:from the original on 2 July 2022 5527: 5451: 5437: 3756: 3563: 3553: 3254:), which means that it uses the 3100: 2747:and Capital District are : 2456:Forest Landscape Integrity Index 1997:Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue 1902:In the central Mali province of 1510:(yellow-striped) as part of the 986: 985: 943: 942: 924: 923: 891: 890: 872: 871: 749:• Independence from France 243: 176: 162: 14585:As the "Turkish Cypriot State". 11163:(in French). Editions Olizane. 11044: 10980:Africa South of the Sahara 2003 10347:from the original on 7 May 2021 10041:The Cambridge History of Africa 8710:Uranium Mine Ownership – Africa 8615:. 5 August 2024. Archived from 8585:. 5 August 2024. Archived from 8469:from the original on 9 May 2022 8439:from the original on 9 May 2022 8375:. Al Jazeera. 5 February 2022. 8365: 8341:Ahmed, Baba (10 January 2022). 8334: 8250: 8220: 8190: 8160: 8063: 8032: 8002: 7970: 7940: 7910: 7883: 7853: 7823: 7797: 7771: 7741: 7711: 7680: 7620: 7549: 7519: 7432: 7406: 7375: 7349: 7332: 7313: 7282: 7236: 7165: 7134: 7110:Bussa, Edward (26 March 2009). 7103: 7054:"Nonviolent Conflict Summaries" 7023: 6997: 6960: 6930: 6889: 6870: 6838: 6769: 6756: 6743: 6696: 6663: 6624: 6572: 6533: 6510: 6471: 6441: 6396: 6366: 6336: 6317: 6287: 6266: 6245: 6219: 6135: 6123:from the original on 1 May 2024 6097: 5995: 5929: 5696:https://twitter.com/NkoOfficiel 5640:𞤈𞤫𞤲𞥆𞤣𞤢𞥄𞤲𞤣𞤭 𞤃𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭 5605: 5520: 4863:The constitution establishes a 3522:Largest cities or towns in Mali 3375: 2423: 2372:(Köppen climate classification 1670: 1249:a brief federation with Senegal 839:11.7/km (30.3/sq mi) ( 14355:Moro National Liberation Front 13843:International Francophonie Day 10847:The Rough Guide to West Africa 10045:. Cambridge University Press. 9780:Farvacque-Vitkovic, Catherine 7627:Blake, James (29 March 2019). 7258:Tran, Mark (23 October 2012). 6481:Discovering the Empire of Mali 5899: 5688: 5499: 5484: 5467:Index of Mali-related articles 5303:variant, is a common pastime. 3825:, the Moors are also known as 3334:List of power stations in Mali 3272: 2599:until its suspension over the 2342:massif lies in the northeast. 1460:from c. 1312 – c. 1337. These 1303:is taken from the name of the 1219:, culture and knowledge, with 1: 14648:1960 establishments in Africa 13047:United States of Latin Africa 12741:Rural Economy and Agriculture 12518:Organisation of African Unity 11322:- Mali Population-Worldometer 11123: 10828: 9373:. MINUSMA. 30 December 2016. 9292: 9160:. Al Jazeera. 23 March 2012. 9158:"ion suspends Mali over coup" 8114:(in French). 19 August 2020. 7807:. Al-Jazeera. 26 March 2019. 6583:Sundiata: An Epic of Old Mali 6543:Historical Dictionary of Mali 6295:"Mansa Musa (Musa I of Mali)" 5779:(in French). 21 August 2017. 5681: 5515:traditional African religions 5184: 5133:the virtuoso of the electric 4846:traditional African religions 3239:Mali is also a member of the 2511:and is limited to two terms. 2472: 2363:Köppen climate classification 1579:of 1591 under the command of 1519: 1468:, which was dominated by the 1334:Another theory suggests that 12904:United States military bases 12900:United States Africa Command 10307:. Retrieved 10 January 2013. 9942:International Business Times 9689:Cavendish, Marshall (2007). 9651:Hale, Briony (13 May 1998). 9344:. Malijet. 21 January 2016. 7174:"Mali: People Topple Traoré" 6724:. Institute of Archaeology. 5423:is the state-owned service. 4886: 3902: 3895:who are trying to establish 3526:According to the 2009 Census 2578:Representatives of Mali and 2378:tropical wet and dry climate 2228:. It lies between latitudes 2205: 1659:. In January 1959, Mali and 1514:(outlined black) within the 1456:majorly during the reign of 1294: 1247:; as the Sudanese Republic, 719:• Establishment of the 198:"Un peuple, un but, une foi" 143: 122: 89: 7: 13599:French Community of Belgium 12731:HR, Sciences and Technology 11259:Central Intelligence Agency 11231:Geographic data related to 11177: 11058:(in French). Archived from 10947: 10792: 10754: 10090:Hirsch, Afua (6 July 2012) 9718:May, Jacques Meyer (1968). 9268:Martin, Phillip L. (2006). 9233:Central Intelligence Agency 9099:Melly, Paul (6 July 2022). 8039:Ahmed, Baba (5 June 2020). 7664:(in French). 24 July 2018. 7359:. France 24. 6 April 2012. 7112:"Mali's March to Democracy" 7040:". BBC News. 9 August 2005. 6299:National Geographic Society 6263:. Retrieved 17 January 2013 6049:International Monetary Fund 6013:Central Intelligence Agency 5819:(in French). 22 July 2023. 5736:(in French). 22 July 2023. 5668: 5647: 5430: 5258:2002 African Cup of Nations 5056:Beijing Platform for Action 4741: 3797:), all part of the broader 3218:International Monetary Fund 3075: 3064: 3050: 3036: 3022: 3008: 2994: 2980: 2966: 2952: 2938: 2922: 2906: 2890: 2874: 2858: 2842: 2826: 2810: 2794: 2778: 2644: 1769:new democratic constitution 10: 14729: 12985:African Economic Community 12790:Peace and Security Council 12497:African and Malagasy Union 11393:History of the Mali Empire 11297:Facebook group about Ngoni 11156: 11051: 10964: 10807: 10773: 10693:Mali: A Prospect of Peace? 9836:"Population, total | Data" 9056: 9044: 9032: 8987: 8952: 8940: 8928: 8854:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 7070:Mali March 1991 Revolution 6670:Fyle, C. Magbaily (1999). 5425:Telecommunications in Mali 5375: 5321: 5317: 5250:most popular sport in Mali 5095: 5066: 5062: 5049: 4927: 4890: 4745: 4582: 3552: 3491: 3480: 3379: 3356: 3331: 3089: 3085: 2689:Regions of Mali since 2023 2670: 2648: 2548: 2514:The president serves as a 2465: 2427: 2244:. Mali borders Algeria to 2209: 2049: 2039: 1802: 1796: 1647:In November 1915, a large 1628:Cotton being processed in 1617: 1555:later formed on the upper 1365: 1361: 128: 86: 18: 14673:Least developed countries 14581: 14528: 14456: 14411: 14363: 14343: 14303: 14296: 14280: 13982: 13973: 13956: 13897: 13876: 13825: 13799: 13779: 13653: 13617: 13592:National/regional members 13591: 13320: 13311: 13118: 13060: 13029: 13008: 12960: 12923: 12910:United States ambassadors 12870: 12861: 12841: 12788: 12762: 12726:Social Affairs and Health 12721:Infrastructure and Energy 12701: 12683: 12655: 12622: 12604: 12581: 12572: 12539: 12467: 12395: 12375: 12344: 12323: 12302: 12281: 12270: 12254: 12238: 12225: 12193: 12182: 11900: 11890:Countries and territories 11856: 11851:Links to related articles 11807: 11750: 11687: 11678: 11646: 11637: 11563: 11554: 11490: 11481: 11368: 11286:18 September 2016 at the 11102:Federal Research Division 11089: 11082:12 September 2012 at the 10419: 10285: 9993:22 September 2010 at the 9791:16 September 2012 at the 9743:Campbell, Bonnie (2004). 9547: 9144: 8975: 8916: 8697: 7230: 7190:10.1080/03056249108703927 7031:Mali's nomads face famine 6991: 6832: 6793: 6722:University College London 6274:Human Development Indices 5863: 5210: 5111:Malian musical traditions 5010:female genital mutilation 4923: 4811: 4801: 4796: 4788: 4783: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4756: 4574: 4566: 4561: 4553: 4548: 4538: 4533: 4523: 4518: 4508: 4503: 4493: 4488: 4478: 4473: 4463: 4458: 4448: 4443: 4433: 4428: 4418: 4413: 4403: 4398: 4388: 4383: 4373: 4368: 4358: 4353: 4339: 4334: 4324: 4319: 4309: 4304: 4294: 4289: 4279: 4274: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4236: 4228: 4223: 4215: 4210: 4200: 4195: 4185: 4180: 4170: 4165: 4155: 4150: 4140: 4135: 4125: 4120: 4110: 4105: 4095: 4090: 4080: 4075: 4065: 4060: 4050: 4045: 4035: 4030: 4020: 4015: 4005: 4000: 3986: 3981: 3971: 3966: 3956: 3951: 3941: 3936: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3327: 3296: 3293:of agricultural workers. 3189:Cotton processing at CMDT 3072: 2563:Former President of Mali 2551:Foreign relations of Mali 2454:. The country had a 2019 2017:attacks occurring around 1393:The pages above are from 1080: 1068: 1056: 1046: 1038: 1020: 1005: 975: 955: 936: 917: 903: 884: 865: 847: 833: 819: 812: 802: 788: 781: 777: 767: 757: 747: 730: 717: 704: 700: 693: 683: 679: 663: 647: 643: 624: 612: 586: 509: 421: 402: 319: 275: 261: 230: 224: 197: 192: 158: 135: 114: 99: 78: 71: 63: 56: 48: 30: 14426:Abuja Declaration (1989) 14320:Central African Republic 13388:Central African Republic 13138:Central African Republic 12685:African Court of Justice 12482:Decolonisation of Africa 11950:Central African Republic 11302:19 February 2022 at the 10877:. Retrieved 3 June 2008. 10341:datatopics.worldbank.org 10322:10 December 2019 at the 10153:. CNN. 31 January 2022. 10097:11 February 2017 at the 9915:Popenoe, Rebecca (2003) 9717: 9508:11 February 2013 at the 9009:29 December 2012 at the 8640:The Geographical Journal 7172:Turrittin, Jane (1991). 7036:24 February 2021 at the 6856:6 September 2015 at the 6434:28 November 2020 at the 6259:21 November 2015 at the 5477: 5371: 5231: 5091: 4901:High school students in 3353:Transport infrastructure 3234:World Trade Organization 2493:constitutional democracy 2195:conducted by the junta. 1898:Conflict in Central Mali 1856:On 11 January 2013, the 1787:Tuareg Rebellion of 2012 1749:March Revolution of 1991 1543:, Mali), 1890. Photo by 1512:Saadi dynasty of Morocco 384:Songhay, Koyraboro Senni 13848:Jeux de la Francophonie 13052:East African Federation 13042:United States of Africa 12780:African Investment Bank 11222:Wikimedia Atlas of Mali 11182:. Bradt Travel Guides. 11091:"Country profile: Mali" 10871:"Malian Men Basketball" 10443:, Impatient optimists, 10397:6 December 2018 at the 10217:18 January 2020 at the 9973:10 October 2017 at the 9565:20 January 2013 at the 7346:. Retrieved 4 May 2012. 7325:10 October 2017 at the 6882:29 October 2017 at the 6280:12 January 2012 at the 5710:. Retrieved 14 May 2024 5283:, competed at the 2008 3267:Global Innovation Index 2601:2012 Malian coup d'état 2486:2021 Malian coup d'état 2462:Politics and government 2436:Sahelian Acacia savanna 2220:Satellite image of Mali 2154:saw major gains in the 2046:2021 Malian coup d'état 2042:2020 Malian coup d'état 1995:In September 2018, the 1919:Fula (or Fulani) people 1890:in the second round of 1886:was elected as the new 320:Official languages 107: 87:جُمْهُورِيَّةْ مَالِي ( 14713:West African countries 14663:Former French colonies 14315:Bosnia and Herzegovina 14185:Pakistan-OIC relations 13838:UN French Language Day 13671:Bosnia and Herzegovina 12763:Financial institutions 12754:Cross-Cutting Programs 12657:Pan-African Parliament 11053:"Constitution of Mali" 10439:6 October 2018 at the 10337:"Education Statistics" 10065:Hall, Bruce S. (2011) 9810:www.countryreports.org 8735:24 August 2021 at the 7143:"Martyr's Day in Mali" 6329:5 January 2019 at the 5973:"Mali country profile" 5618: 5562:Bambara pronunciation: 5333: 5245: 5107: 5081: 5012:(2006 and 2001 data). 4977: 4905: 4825: 3889:Northern Mali conflict 3841:, one of the regional 3821:(10%). In Mali and in 3770: 3483:List of cities in Mali 3477:Largest cities in Mali 3395: 3291:temporary unemployment 3209: 3190: 3182: 3171: 3163: 2710: 2690: 2656:Mali's military forces 2589:with the United States 2583: 2571: 2488: 2315: 2307: 2221: 2150:In 2022 and 2023, the 2147: 2065: 2008:, warned of a growing 1978:Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta 1969: 1952:Northern Mali conflict 1947: 1884:Ibrahim Boubacar Keita 1879: 1814: 1793:Northern Mali conflict 1716: 1633: 1548: 1525: 1410: 1386: 1281:Presidential elections 1117:, to the northwest by 1010:West African CFA franc 928:$ 21.309 billion ( 876:$ 61.625 billion ( 207: 13548:São Tomé and Príncipe 13408:Republic of the Congo 13233:São Tomé and Príncipe 12803:African Standby Force 12775:African Monetary Fund 12111:São Tomé and Príncipe 11970:Republic of the Congo 11443:2012 Tuareg rebellion 11247:30 March 2021 at the 11178:Velton, Ross (2004). 11075:A student-translated 10714:Mali Resource Website 10474:26 April 2014 at the 10392:Life Expectancy ranks 9478:U.S. State Department 8833:Nature Communications 8787:10.1093/biosci/bix014 8754:17 April 2014 at the 8463:The Africa Report.com 8172:The Africa Report.com 7557:"The Sahel in flames" 6207:, Population Division 6173:, Population Division 6147:14 April 2012 at the 5331: 5310:that competed at the 5289:Traditional wrestling 5239: 5208:, which won the 1968 5206:Le devoir de violence 5113:are derived from the 5105: 5076: 5034:gender-based violence 4971: 4900: 4823: 3764: 3467:world's highest rates 3389: 3370:public transportation 3207: 3188: 3177: 3169: 3158: 2708: 2688: 2649:Further information: 2593:former colonial ruler 2577: 2562: 2555:France–Mali relations 2480: 2440:West Sudanian savanna 2370:hot semi-arid climate 2313: 2302: 2219: 2141: 2127:and Defence Minister 2059: 1964: 1942: 1877: 1812: 1763:Multi-party democracy 1714: 1663:united to become the 1627: 1531: 1505: 1392: 1380: 1285:legislative elections 1129:, and to the west by 804:• Water (%) 673:Choguel Kokalla Maïga 634:presidential republic 326:13 national languages 21:Mali (disambiguation) 14668:Landlocked countries 14437:OIC Resolution 10/11 14390:Non-Aligned Movement 14267:United Arab Emirates 13645:United Arab Emirates 12770:African Central Bank 11517:Environmental issues 11315:7 April 2014 at the 11270:24 June 2018 at the 11065:on 20 September 2018 10893:3 March 2016 at the 10420:Mali country profile 10401:. CIA World Factbook 10303:6 April 2015 at the 10286:Mali country profile 10010:(26 November 2012). 9653:"Mali's Golden Hope" 9548:Mali country profile 9145:Mali country profile 9057:Constitution of Mali 9045:Constitution of Mali 9033:Constitution of Mali 8988:Constitution of Mali 8976:Mali country profile 8953:Constitution of Mali 8941:Constitution of Mali 8929:Constitution of Mali 8917:Mali country profile 8698:Mali country profile 8047:. Associated Press. 8016:. 10 February 2020. 7561:The New Humanitarian 7231:Mali country profile 7083:Nesbitt, Katherine. 6992:Mali country profile 6948:on 20 September 2018 6914:. Britannica. 1946. 6833:Mali country profile 6794:Mali country profile 6409:28 July 2020 at the 5864:Mali country profile 5254:association football 4918:University of Bamako 3837:. They speak mainly 3455:total fertility rate 3382:Demographics of Mali 3113:confusing or unclear 2661:headed by a civilian 2565:Amadou Toumani Touré 2320:24th-largest country 1777:Amadou Toumani Touré 1757:Amadou Toumani Touré 1727:who had migrated to 1699:Moussa Traoré regime 1649:anti-French uprising 1614:French colonial rule 1508:Pashalik of Timbuktu 1413:The rock art in the 1395:Timbuktu Manuscripts 1255:In January 2012, an 1141:and largest city is 821:• 2024 estimate 19:For other uses, see 14658:Countries in Africa 14615: / 14516:Arab–Islamic (2023) 13965:Hissein Brahim Taha 13884:Francophone economy 12367:Plazas de soberanía 12271:African territories 12211:unclear sovereignty 12196:States with limited 11458:Ebola disease event 11210:9 June 2020 at the 11098:Library of Congress 9591:10.34667/tind.46596 9190:. 20 January 2019. 8990:, Art. 59 & 61. 8943:, Art. 29 & 46. 8845:2020NatCo..11.5978G 8652:1986GeogJ.152..204G 8525:. 8 February 2023. 7729:on 12 February 2018 7604:. 7 December 2018. 7472:. 30 January 2013. 7420:on 16 December 2012 6455:. 12 January 2013. 6051:. 10 October 2023. 5979:. 19 October 2023. 5706:14 May 2022 at the 5340:are the staples of 5218:Massa Makan Diabaté 5041:Area of opportunity 4990:infectious diseases 4955:Aga Khan Foundation 4869:freedom of religion 3843:varieties of Arabic 3777:ethnic groups. The 3400: 3399:Population in Mali 3121:clarify the section 2667:Regions and cercles 2246:the north-northeast 2129:Souleymane Doucouré 2111:initial agreement. 1958:, created in 2016. 1858:French Armed Forces 1638:Scramble for Africa 1450:trans-Saharan trade 1373:Before colonization 1241:Scramble for Africa 1193:trans-Saharan trade 732:• Merger with 300: / 13889:Senghor University 13686:Dominican Republic 13021:African Border Day 12736:Trade and Industry 12711:Peace and Security 12703:ECOSOCC Committees 12637:Deputy Chairperson 12275:non-African states 11656:Telecommunications 11408:Kénédougou Kingdom 11254:The World Factbook 11086:is also available. 10244:on 24 October 2012 10131:on 11 January 2020 10008:MacInnes-Rae, Rick 9840:data.worldbank.org 9242:The World Factbook 8144:. 21 August 2020. 8077:. 6 October 2020. 7986:. 7 October 2019. 7954:. 8 October 2019. 7924:. 13 August 2019. 7755:. 16 August 2018. 7602:Human Rights Watch 7533:. 13 August 2013. 7507:on 2 February 2013 7295:The Globe and Mail 7243:USAID Africa: Mali 6912:"Independent Mali" 6886:, Autrepart, 2003. 6415:The New York Times 6008:The World Factbook 5630:ߡߊߟߌ ߞߊ ߝߊߛߏߖߊߡߊߣߊ 5619:Mali ka Fasojamana 5334: 5246: 5121:virtuoso musician 5108: 5082: 5006:Sub-Saharan Africa 4978: 4953:(ICRISAT) and the 4906: 4826: 4655:in Mali is mainly 3870:French authorities 3829:, named after the 3771: 3398: 3396: 3210: 3191: 3183: 3172: 3164: 3159:A market scene in 2711: 2691: 2584: 2572: 2520:commander in chief 2509:universal suffrage 2489: 2359:hot desert climate 2316: 2308: 2222: 2180:Operation Barkhane 2172:Human Rights Watch 2148: 2079:and Colonel-Major 2066: 1970: 1935:Human Rights Watch 1880: 1819:a Tuareg rebellion 1815: 1773:Alpha Oumar Konaré 1717: 1634: 1620:French West Africa 1549: 1539:, king of Médina ( 1526: 1411: 1387: 1381:The extent of the 1121:, to the south by 1103:landlocked country 913:2023 estimate 861:2023 estimate 511:Ethnic groups 14703:Saharan countries 14598: 14597: 14592: 14591: 14524: 14523: 14452: 14451: 14407: 14406: 14403: 14402: 13915: 13914: 13795: 13794: 13780:Suspended members 13618:Associate members 13428:Equatorial Guinea 13271: 13270: 13078: 13077: 12956: 12955: 12880:Foreign relations 12857: 12856: 12808:Panel of the Wise 12716:Political Affairs 12586:Executive Council 12529:Secretary General 12507:Sirte Declaration 12427: 12426: 12391: 12390: 12266: 12265: 11986:Equatorial Guinea 11843: 11842: 11803: 11802: 11717:Human trafficking 11674: 11673: 11633: 11632: 11610:Political parties 11605:National Assembly 11578:Foreign relations 11550: 11549: 11423:Toucouleur Empire 11383:Pre-Imperial Mali 11189:978-1-84162-077-0 11170:978-2-88086-351-7 11137:978-0-8225-6591-8 11018:"Culture of Mali" 10990:978-1-85743-131-5 10886:Chitunda, Julio. 10190:on 19 August 2019 9784:(September 2007) 9758:978-0-7614-7571-2 9729:978-0-02-848960-5 9704:978-0-7614-7571-2 9600:978-92-805-3432-0 9315:. 28 March 2016. 9279:978-0-7391-1341-7 8749:Uranium in Africa 8715:15 April 2020 at 8555:. 4 August 2023. 8495:. 5 August 2022. 7894:. express.co.uk. 7867:. 28 March 2019. 7837:. 26 March 2019. 7835:African Arguments 6938:"Public Holidays" 6380:. December 2021. 6350:. 10 March 2019. 6301:. 14 April 2020. 6011:(2024 ed.). 5883:. 27 April 2021. 5666: 5645: 5490:Bambara serves a 5226:Fily Dabo Sissoko 5195:Amadou Hampâté Bâ 5171:Fatoumata Diawara 4938:, and inadequate 4893:Education in Mali 4867:and provides for 4816: 4815: 4661:African languages 4639:Songhay languages 4585:Languages of Mali 4579: 4578: 4241: 4240: 3753: 3752: 3435: 3434: 3359:Transport in Mali 3153: 3152: 3145: 3083: 3082: 2545:Foreign relations 2524:National Assembly 2505:semi-presidential 2412:, and inadequate 2355:Inner Niger Delta 2345:Mali lies in the 2340:Adrar des Ifoghas 2236:, and longitudes 2212:Geography of Mali 1956:Dan Na Ambassagou 1888:president of Mali 1869:François Hollande 1865:Dioncounda Traoré 1598:One of the worst 1577:Moroccan invasion 1462:Sahelian kingdoms 1113:, to the east by 1097:, officially the 1092: 1091: 969:medium inequality 938:• Per capita 886:• Per capita 773:22 September 1960 721:Sudanese Republic 688:National Assembly 254: 150: 149: 14720: 14630: 14629: 14627: 14626: 14625: 14620: 14616: 14613: 14612: 14611: 14608: 14461: 14460: 14416: 14415: 14301: 14300: 13980: 13979: 13942: 13935: 13928: 13919: 13918: 13905: 13904: 13318: 13317: 13298: 13291: 13284: 13275: 13274: 13105: 13098: 13091: 13082: 13081: 13068: 13067: 12980:Development Bank 12868: 12867: 12750:Women and Gender 12746:Economic Affairs 12675:Gallagher Estate 12579: 12578: 12487:Casablanca Group 12454: 12447: 12440: 12431: 12430: 12415: 12403: 12402: 12279: 12278: 12236: 12235: 12188: 11982:(partly in Asia) 11902:Sovereign states 11883: 11876: 11869: 11860: 11859: 11847: 11846: 11823: 11816: 11685: 11684: 11644: 11643: 11561: 11560: 11488: 11487: 11428:Wassoulou Empire 11351: 11344: 11337: 11328: 11327: 11230: 11229: 11220: 11219: 11205:Official website 11193: 11174: 11153: 11151: 11149: 11127:Mali in Pictures 11113: 11111: 11109: 11095: 11074: 11072: 11070: 11064: 11057: 11038: 11037: 11035: 11033: 11022:Best-Country.com 11016:Batvina, Iryna. 11013: 11007: 11006: 11004: 11002: 10974: 10968: 10962: 10951: 10945: 10934: 10933: 10931: 10929: 10920:. 22 June 2021. 10908: 10902: 10884: 10878: 10875:Africabasket.com 10868: 10862: 10843: 10832: 10826: 10811: 10805: 10796: 10790: 10777: 10771: 10758: 10752: 10746: 10745: 10743: 10741: 10726: 10717: 10710: 10704: 10689: 10680: 10679: 10677: 10675: 10669: 10658: 10650: 10609: 10608: 10606: 10604: 10598: 10587: 10579: 10562: 10561: 10559: 10557: 10551: 10540: 10532: 10515: 10514: 10512: 10510: 10504: 10493: 10485: 10479: 10466: 10460: 10454: 10448: 10447:. 30 April 2013. 10429: 10423: 10417: 10402: 10389: 10383: 10382: 10380: 10378: 10363: 10357: 10356: 10354: 10352: 10333: 10327: 10314: 10308: 10295: 10289: 10283: 10254: 10253: 10251: 10249: 10243: 10236: 10228: 10222: 10209: 10200: 10199: 10197: 10195: 10189: 10182: 10173: 10167: 10166: 10164: 10162: 10147: 10141: 10140: 10138: 10136: 10130: 10123: 10115: 10106: 10088: 10082: 10080: 10063: 10057: 10056: 10044: 10034: 10028: 10027: 10025: 10023: 10004: 9998: 9984: 9978: 9964: 9958: 9957: 9955: 9953: 9933: 9927: 9913: 9907: 9906: 9904: 9902: 9888: 9882: 9881: 9879: 9877: 9862: 9856: 9855: 9853: 9851: 9832: 9826: 9825: 9823: 9821: 9802: 9796: 9778: 9772: 9769: 9763: 9762: 9750: 9740: 9734: 9733: 9715: 9709: 9708: 9696: 9686: 9673: 9672: 9670: 9668: 9648: 9637: 9636: 9630: 9626: 9624: 9616: 9614: 9612: 9576: 9570: 9557: 9551: 9545: 9539: 9538: 9536: 9534: 9519: 9513: 9503:Mali and the WTO 9500: 9494: 9493: 9491: 9489: 9470: 9447: 9442: 9436: 9431: 9425: 9420: 9414: 9413: 9412:on 9 March 2012. 9411: 9404: 9396: 9390: 9389: 9387: 9385: 9379: 9372: 9364: 9358: 9357: 9355: 9353: 9338: 9332: 9331: 9329: 9327: 9321: 9310: 9302: 9296: 9290: 9284: 9283: 9265: 9259: 9258: 9256: 9254: 9229: 9204: 9203: 9201: 9199: 9180: 9174: 9173: 9171: 9169: 9154: 9148: 9142: 9121: 9120: 9118: 9116: 9096: 9090: 9089: 9087: 9085: 9066: 9060: 9054: 9048: 9042: 9036: 9030: 9024: 9001: 8997: 8991: 8985: 8979: 8973: 8956: 8950: 8944: 8938: 8932: 8926: 8920: 8914: 8897: 8891: 8885: 8884: 8874: 8856: 8824: 8818: 8817: 8807: 8789: 8765: 8759: 8746: 8740: 8726: 8720: 8707: 8701: 8695: 8680: 8679: 8635: 8629: 8628: 8626: 8624: 8619:on 5 August 2024 8605: 8599: 8598: 8596: 8594: 8589:on 5 August 2024 8575: 8569: 8568: 8566: 8564: 8545: 8539: 8538: 8536: 8534: 8515: 8509: 8508: 8506: 8504: 8485: 8479: 8478: 8476: 8474: 8455: 8449: 8448: 8446: 8444: 8425: 8419: 8418: 8416: 8414: 8405:. 5 April 2022. 8395: 8389: 8388: 8386: 8384: 8369: 8363: 8362: 8360: 8358: 8338: 8332: 8331: 8330: 8328: 8311: 8305: 8304: 8303: 8301: 8284: 8278: 8277: 8275: 8273: 8254: 8248: 8247: 8245: 8243: 8224: 8218: 8217: 8215: 8213: 8194: 8188: 8187: 8185: 8183: 8164: 8158: 8157: 8155: 8153: 8134: 8128: 8127: 8125: 8123: 8104: 8091: 8090: 8088: 8086: 8067: 8061: 8060: 8058: 8056: 8036: 8030: 8029: 8027: 8025: 8006: 8000: 7999: 7997: 7995: 7983:Japantimes.co.jp 7974: 7968: 7967: 7965: 7963: 7944: 7938: 7937: 7935: 7933: 7914: 7908: 7907: 7905: 7903: 7887: 7881: 7880: 7878: 7876: 7857: 7851: 7850: 7848: 7846: 7827: 7821: 7820: 7818: 7816: 7801: 7795: 7794: 7792: 7790: 7775: 7769: 7768: 7766: 7764: 7745: 7739: 7738: 7736: 7734: 7715: 7709: 7708: 7706: 7704: 7684: 7678: 7677: 7675: 7673: 7658: 7649: 7648: 7646: 7644: 7624: 7618: 7617: 7615: 7613: 7594: 7577: 7576: 7574: 7572: 7553: 7547: 7546: 7544: 7542: 7523: 7517: 7516: 7514: 7512: 7493: 7487: 7485: 7483: 7481: 7462: 7456: 7455: 7453: 7451: 7436: 7430: 7429: 7427: 7425: 7410: 7404: 7403: 7401: 7399: 7379: 7373: 7372: 7370: 7368: 7353: 7347: 7336: 7330: 7317: 7311: 7310: 7308: 7306: 7286: 7280: 7279: 7277: 7275: 7255: 7246: 7240: 7234: 7228: 7222: 7221: 7219: 7217: 7169: 7163: 7162: 7160: 7158: 7138: 7132: 7131: 7129: 7127: 7122:on 24 March 2012 7118:. Archived from 7107: 7101: 7100: 7098: 7096: 7080: 7071: 7069: 7067: 7065: 7056:. Archived from 7050: 7041: 7027: 7021: 7020: 7018: 7016: 7001: 6995: 6989: 6970: 6964: 6958: 6957: 6955: 6953: 6944:. Archived from 6934: 6928: 6927: 6925: 6923: 6908: 6899: 6893: 6887: 6874: 6868: 6842: 6836: 6830: 6797: 6791: 6780: 6773: 6767: 6760: 6754: 6747: 6741: 6740: 6738: 6736: 6730: 6719: 6710: 6704: 6700: 6694: 6693: 6677: 6667: 6661: 6660: 6658: 6656: 6628: 6622: 6621: 6619: 6617: 6611: 6604: 6595: 6586: 6576: 6570: 6569: 6567: 6565: 6537: 6531: 6530: 6524: 6514: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6503: 6475: 6469: 6468: 6466: 6464: 6445: 6439: 6426: 6417: 6400: 6394: 6393: 6391: 6389: 6370: 6364: 6363: 6361: 6359: 6340: 6334: 6321: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6310: 6291: 6285: 6270: 6264: 6249: 6243: 6242: 6240: 6238: 6223: 6217: 6216: 6214: 6212: 6202: 6194: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6178: 6163: 6152: 6139: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6122: 6109: 6101: 6095: 6094: 6092: 6090: 6071: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6060: 6037: 6024: 6023: 6021: 6019: 5999: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5988: 5969: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5955: 5933: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5903: 5897: 5896: 5894: 5892: 5873: 5867: 5861: 5840: 5839: 5833: 5831: 5825: 5814: 5806: 5800: 5799: 5793: 5791: 5785: 5774: 5766: 5757: 5756: 5750: 5748: 5742: 5731: 5723: 5712: 5692: 5675: 5671: 5669:Jumhūriyyāt Mālī 5661: 5659: 5650: 5648:Renndaandi Maali 5644:romanized: 5643: 5641: 5632: 5631: 5627: 5609: 5603: 5599: 5590: 5581: 5580: 5568: 5563: 5559: 5558: 5557: 5556: 5549: 5546: 5545: 5542: 5539: 5536: 5533: 5524: 5518: 5503: 5497: 5488: 5461: 5456: 5455: 5454: 5447: 5442: 5441: 5440: 5417: 5308:beach volleyball 5285:Beijing Olympics 5215: 5214: 5163:Amadou et Mariam 5157:artists such as 5131:Bassekou Kouyate 5106:Mali Dogon Dance 5028:Gender relations 4758:Religion in Mali 4754: 4753: 4748:Religion in Mali 4736:Malian languages 4734:) (0.3%), other 4619:Hassaniya Arabic 4595:working language 4311:Maraka / Soninké 4247: 4246: 3973:Maraka / Soninké 3917:Spoken Languages 3909: 3908: 3839:Hassaniya Arabic 3567: 3557: 3523: 3515: 3508: 3501: 3489: 3488: 3471:infant mortality 3401: 3397: 3340:hydroelectricity 3236:on 31 May 1995. 3148: 3141: 3137: 3134: 3128: 3104: 3103: 3096: 2775:Capital District 2750: 2749: 2695: 2681:Communes of Mali 2651:Military of Mali 2468:Politics of Mali 2430:Wildlife of Mali 2332:Sudanian savanna 2089:Koulikoro Region 2064:, September 2020 1882:In August 2013, 1829:seized power in 1817:In January 2012 1678:Independence Day 1657:French Community 1524: 1521: 1518:(outlined red), 1485:Battle of Kirina 1357: 1353: 1349: 1277:Operation Serval 1267:of a new state, 1191:that controlled 1166:Sudanian savanna 1099:Republic of Mali 1029: 996: 995: 989: 988: 982: 971: 970: 962: 946: 945: 927: 926: 910: 894: 893: 875: 874: 858: 825:21,990,607 ( 726:24 November 1958 423:Spoken languages 404:Working language 329: 315: 314: 312: 311: 310: 305: 304:12.650°N 8.000°W 301: 298: 297: 296: 293: 278:and largest city 266: 256: 255: 241: 237: 236: 218: 210: 204: 200: 199: 180: 166: 146: 131: 130: 125: 110: 95: 94: 92: 90:Jumhūriyyet Māli 74: 73: 59: 58: 46: 45: 40: 32:Republic of Mali 28: 27: 14728: 14727: 14723: 14722: 14721: 14719: 14718: 14717: 14633: 14632: 14623: 14621: 14617: 14614: 14609: 14606: 14604: 14602: 14601: 14599: 14594: 14593: 14588: 14577: 14520: 14448: 14399: 14368: 14366: 14359: 14348: 14346: 14339: 14325:Northern Cyprus 14308: 14307:and territories 14306: 14292: 14276: 13969: 13952: 13946: 13916: 13911: 13893: 13872: 13833:French language 13821: 13791: 13775: 13649: 13613: 13587: 13483:North Macedonia 13307: 13302: 13272: 13267: 13114: 13109: 13079: 13074: 13056: 13025: 13004: 12952: 12919: 12853: 12837: 12784: 12758: 12697: 12679: 12651: 12618: 12600: 12568: 12535: 12463: 12458: 12428: 12423: 12387: 12371: 12340: 12319: 12315:Pelagie Islands 12298: 12274: 12272: 12262: 12250: 12232: 12229: 12221: 12200: 12197: 12189: 12180: 11896: 11887: 11852: 11844: 11839: 11826: 11819: 11812: 11799: 11795:Public holidays 11746: 11670: 11629: 11595:Law enforcement 11546: 11477: 11438:Mali Federation 11364: 11355: 11317:Wayback Machine 11304:Wayback Machine 11288:Wayback Machine 11272:Wayback Machine 11249:Wayback Machine 11227: 11217: 11212:Wayback Machine 11201: 11196: 11190: 11171: 11147: 11145: 11138: 11107: 11105: 11093: 11084:Wayback Machine 11077:English version 11068: 11066: 11062: 11055: 11047: 11042: 11041: 11031: 11029: 11014: 11010: 11000: 10998: 10991: 10975: 10971: 10963: 10954: 10946: 10937: 10927: 10925: 10910: 10909: 10905: 10895:Wayback Machine 10885: 10881: 10869: 10865: 10844: 10835: 10827: 10814: 10806: 10799: 10791: 10780: 10772: 10761: 10753: 10749: 10739: 10737: 10728: 10727: 10720: 10711: 10707: 10690: 10683: 10673: 10671: 10667: 10656: 10652: 10651: 10612: 10602: 10600: 10596: 10585: 10581: 10580: 10565: 10555: 10553: 10549: 10545:. 7 July 2004. 10538: 10534: 10533: 10518: 10508: 10506: 10502: 10491: 10487: 10486: 10482: 10476:Wayback Machine 10467: 10463: 10455: 10451: 10441:Wayback Machine 10430: 10426: 10418: 10405: 10399:Wayback Machine 10390: 10386: 10376: 10374: 10365: 10364: 10360: 10350: 10348: 10335: 10334: 10330: 10324:Wayback Machine 10315: 10311: 10305:Wayback Machine 10296: 10292: 10284: 10257: 10247: 10245: 10241: 10234: 10230: 10229: 10225: 10219:Wayback Machine 10210: 10203: 10193: 10191: 10187: 10180: 10175: 10174: 10170: 10160: 10158: 10149: 10148: 10144: 10134: 10132: 10128: 10121: 10117: 10116: 10109: 10099:Wayback Machine 10089: 10085: 10078: 10064: 10060: 10053: 10035: 10031: 10021: 10019: 10005: 10001: 9995:Wayback Machine 9985: 9981: 9975:Wayback Machine 9965: 9961: 9951: 9949: 9934: 9930: 9914: 9910: 9900: 9898: 9890: 9889: 9885: 9875: 9873: 9864: 9863: 9859: 9849: 9847: 9834: 9833: 9829: 9819: 9817: 9804: 9803: 9799: 9793:Wayback Machine 9779: 9775: 9770: 9766: 9759: 9741: 9737: 9730: 9716: 9712: 9705: 9687: 9676: 9666: 9664: 9649: 9640: 9628: 9627: 9618: 9617: 9610: 9608: 9601: 9577: 9573: 9567:Wayback Machine 9558: 9554: 9546: 9542: 9532: 9530: 9521: 9520: 9516: 9510:Wayback Machine 9501: 9497: 9487: 9485: 9472: 9471: 9450: 9443: 9439: 9432: 9428: 9421: 9417: 9409: 9402: 9398: 9397: 9393: 9383: 9381: 9377: 9370: 9366: 9365: 9361: 9351: 9349: 9340: 9339: 9335: 9325: 9323: 9319: 9308: 9304: 9303: 9299: 9291: 9287: 9280: 9266: 9262: 9252: 9250: 9230: 9207: 9197: 9195: 9182: 9181: 9177: 9167: 9165: 9156: 9155: 9151: 9143: 9124: 9114: 9112: 9097: 9093: 9083: 9081: 9076:. 1 July 2022. 9068: 9067: 9063: 9055: 9051: 9043: 9039: 9031: 9027: 9011:Wayback Machine 8999: 8998: 8994: 8986: 8982: 8974: 8959: 8951: 8947: 8939: 8935: 8927: 8923: 8915: 8900: 8892: 8888: 8825: 8821: 8766: 8762: 8756:Wayback Machine 8747: 8743: 8737:Wayback Machine 8727: 8723: 8708: 8704: 8696: 8683: 8636: 8632: 8622: 8620: 8607: 8606: 8602: 8592: 8590: 8577: 8576: 8572: 8562: 8560: 8553:Washington Post 8547: 8546: 8542: 8532: 8530: 8517: 8516: 8512: 8502: 8500: 8487: 8486: 8482: 8472: 8470: 8457: 8456: 8452: 8442: 8440: 8427: 8426: 8422: 8412: 8410: 8397: 8396: 8392: 8382: 8380: 8371: 8370: 8366: 8356: 8354: 8339: 8335: 8326: 8324: 8313: 8312: 8308: 8299: 8297: 8286: 8285: 8281: 8271: 8269: 8256: 8255: 8251: 8241: 8239: 8226: 8225: 8221: 8211: 8209: 8204:. 25 May 2021. 8196: 8195: 8191: 8181: 8179: 8166: 8165: 8161: 8151: 8149: 8136: 8135: 8131: 8121: 8119: 8106: 8105: 8094: 8084: 8082: 8069: 8068: 8064: 8054: 8052: 8037: 8033: 8023: 8021: 8008: 8007: 8003: 7993: 7991: 7976: 7975: 7971: 7961: 7959: 7946: 7945: 7941: 7931: 7929: 7916: 7915: 7911: 7901: 7899: 7888: 7884: 7874: 7872: 7859: 7858: 7854: 7844: 7842: 7829: 7828: 7824: 7814: 7812: 7803: 7802: 7798: 7788: 7786: 7777: 7776: 7772: 7762: 7760: 7747: 7746: 7742: 7732: 7730: 7717: 7716: 7712: 7702: 7700: 7685: 7681: 7671: 7669: 7660: 7659: 7652: 7642: 7640: 7625: 7621: 7611: 7609: 7596: 7595: 7580: 7570: 7568: 7563:. 31 May 2019. 7555: 7554: 7550: 7540: 7538: 7525: 7524: 7520: 7510: 7508: 7495: 7494: 7490: 7479: 7477: 7464: 7463: 7459: 7449: 7447: 7438: 7437: 7433: 7423: 7421: 7412: 7411: 7407: 7397: 7395: 7380: 7376: 7366: 7364: 7355: 7354: 7350: 7337: 7333: 7327:Wayback Machine 7318: 7314: 7304: 7302: 7287: 7283: 7273: 7271: 7256: 7249: 7241: 7237: 7229: 7225: 7215: 7213: 7170: 7166: 7156: 7154: 7139: 7135: 7125: 7123: 7108: 7104: 7094: 7092: 7091:on 16 June 2011 7081: 7074: 7063: 7061: 7060:on 16 June 2011 7052: 7051: 7044: 7038:Wayback Machine 7028: 7024: 7014: 7012: 7003: 7002: 6998: 6990: 6973: 6965: 6961: 6951: 6949: 6936: 6935: 6931: 6921: 6919: 6910: 6909: 6902: 6894: 6890: 6884:Wayback Machine 6875: 6871: 6858:Wayback Machine 6843: 6839: 6831: 6800: 6792: 6783: 6774: 6770: 6761: 6757: 6748: 6744: 6734: 6732: 6728: 6717: 6713:Arazi, Noemie. 6711: 6707: 6701: 6697: 6690: 6668: 6664: 6654: 6652: 6645: 6629: 6625: 6615: 6613: 6609: 6602: 6596: 6589: 6577: 6573: 6563: 6561: 6554: 6538: 6534: 6515: 6511: 6501: 6499: 6492: 6476: 6472: 6462: 6460: 6447: 6446: 6442: 6436:Wayback Machine 6427: 6420: 6411:Wayback Machine 6401: 6397: 6387: 6385: 6372: 6371: 6367: 6357: 6355: 6342: 6341: 6337: 6331:Wayback Machine 6322: 6318: 6308: 6306: 6293: 6292: 6288: 6282:Wayback Machine 6271: 6267: 6261:Wayback Machine 6250: 6246: 6236: 6234: 6225: 6224: 6220: 6210: 6208: 6200: 6196: 6195: 6186: 6176: 6174: 6165: 6164: 6155: 6149:Wayback Machine 6140: 6136: 6126: 6124: 6120: 6107: 6103: 6102: 6098: 6088: 6086: 6073: 6072: 6068: 6058: 6056: 6039: 6038: 6027: 6017: 6015: 6001: 6000: 5996: 5986: 5984: 5971: 5970: 5963: 5953: 5951: 5934: 5930: 5920: 5918: 5905: 5904: 5900: 5890: 5888: 5875: 5874: 5870: 5862: 5843: 5829: 5827: 5823: 5812: 5808: 5807: 5803: 5789: 5787: 5783: 5772: 5768: 5767: 5760: 5746: 5744: 5740: 5729: 5725: 5724: 5715: 5708:Wayback Machine 5693: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5678: 5674: 5622: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5569: 5566:[ma.li] 5561: 5552: 5551: 5530: 5526: 5525: 5521: 5504: 5500: 5489: 5485: 5480: 5472:Outline of Mali 5457: 5452: 5450: 5443: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5411: 5380: 5374: 5326: 5320: 5281:Hamchetou Maiga 5234: 5202:Yambo Ouologuem 5187: 5139:Ali Farka Touré 5123:Toumani Diabaté 5100: 5094: 5078:Konoguel Mosque 5071: 5069:Culture of Mali 5065: 5052: 5043: 5030: 5018: 5016:Gender equality 4972:Village in the 4932: 4926: 4895: 4889: 4818: 4817: 4809: 4794: 4781: 4750: 4744: 4587: 4581: 4580: 4572: 4559: 4546: 4531: 4516: 4501: 4486: 4471: 4456: 4441: 4426: 4411: 4396: 4381: 4366: 4351: 4332: 4317: 4302: 4287: 4272: 4243: 4242: 4234: 4221: 4208: 4193: 4178: 4163: 4148: 4133: 4118: 4103: 4088: 4073: 4058: 4043: 4028: 4013: 3998: 3979: 3964: 3949: 3934: 3905: 3759: 3754: 3568: 3562: 3558: 3528: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3494: 3486: 3479: 3463:Life expectancy 3384: 3378: 3361: 3355: 3336: 3330: 3299: 3275: 3149: 3138: 3132: 3129: 3118: 3105: 3101: 3094: 3092:Economy of Mali 3088: 2774: 2763: 2707: 2683: 2677:Cercles of Mali 2673:Regions of Mali 2671:Main articles: 2669: 2653: 2647: 2625:In early 2019, 2557: 2549:Main articles: 2547: 2475: 2470: 2464: 2432: 2426: 2402:desertification 2351:thermal equator 2214: 2208: 2060:Members of the 2054: 2048: 2040:Main articles: 2038: 1900: 1807: 1801: 1795: 1765: 1701: 1673: 1665:Mali Federation 1622: 1616: 1545:Joannès Barbier 1522: 1375: 1370: 1368:History of Mali 1364: 1324:Sankarani River 1297: 1273:a military coup 1203:is named), the 1189:African empires 1158:sovereign state 1024: 993: 992: 991: 980: 968: 967: 966: 960: 939: 920: 908: 887: 868: 852: 836: 822: 805: 791: 770: 760: 750: 740: 738:Mali Federation 723: 710: 669: 653: 608: 590: 582: 505: 417: 398: 323: 308: 306: 302: 299: 294: 291: 289: 287: 286: 285: 279: 271: 270: 257: 244: 239: 219: 212: 205: 202: 188: 187: 186: 181: 173: 172: 167: 154: 153: 108:Mali Tɔgɔbadugu 42: 41: 38: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 14726: 14716: 14715: 14710: 14705: 14700: 14695: 14690: 14685: 14680: 14675: 14670: 14665: 14660: 14655: 14650: 14645: 14596: 14595: 14590: 14589: 14587: 14586: 14582: 14579: 14578: 14576: 14575: 14570: 14568:Largest cities 14565: 14560: 14559: 14558: 14553: 14548: 14546:GDP per capita 14543: 14532: 14530: 14526: 14525: 14522: 14521: 14519: 14518: 14513: 14508: 14503: 14498: 14493: 14488: 14483: 14478: 14473: 14467: 14465: 14458: 14454: 14453: 14450: 14449: 14447: 14446: 14440: 14434: 14428: 14422: 14420: 14413: 14409: 14408: 14405: 14404: 14401: 14400: 14398: 14397: 14395:United Nations 14392: 14387: 14382: 14377: 14371: 14369: 14364: 14361: 14360: 14358: 14357: 14351: 14349: 14344: 14341: 14340: 14338: 14337: 14332: 14327: 14322: 14317: 14311: 14309: 14304: 14298: 14294: 14293: 14291: 14290: 14284: 14282: 14278: 14277: 14275: 14274: 14269: 14264: 14259: 14254: 14249: 14244: 14239: 14234: 14229: 14224: 14219: 14214: 14209: 14204: 14199: 14194: 14189: 14188: 14187: 14177: 14172: 14167: 14162: 14157: 14152: 14147: 14142: 14137: 14132: 14127: 14122: 14117: 14112: 14107: 14102: 14097: 14092: 14087: 14082: 14077: 14072: 14067: 14062: 14057: 14052: 14047: 14042: 14037: 14032: 14027: 14022: 14017: 14012: 14007: 14002: 13997: 13992: 13986: 13984: 13977: 13971: 13970: 13968: 13967: 13957: 13954: 13953: 13945: 13944: 13937: 13930: 13922: 13913: 13912: 13910: 13909: 13898: 13895: 13894: 13892: 13891: 13886: 13880: 13878: 13874: 13873: 13871: 13870: 13865: 13860: 13855: 13850: 13845: 13840: 13835: 13829: 13827: 13823: 13822: 13820: 13819: 13814: 13809: 13803: 13801: 13797: 13796: 13793: 13792: 13790: 13789: 13783: 13781: 13777: 13776: 13774: 13773: 13768: 13763: 13758: 13753: 13748: 13743: 13738: 13733: 13728: 13723: 13718: 13713: 13708: 13703: 13698: 13693: 13688: 13683: 13681:Czech Republic 13678: 13673: 13668: 13663: 13657: 13655: 13651: 13650: 13648: 13647: 13642: 13637: 13632: 13627: 13621: 13619: 13615: 13614: 13612: 13611: 13606: 13601: 13595: 13593: 13589: 13588: 13586: 13585: 13580: 13575: 13570: 13565: 13560: 13555: 13550: 13545: 13540: 13535: 13530: 13525: 13520: 13515: 13510: 13505: 13500: 13495: 13490: 13485: 13480: 13475: 13470: 13465: 13460: 13455: 13450: 13445: 13440: 13435: 13430: 13425: 13420: 13415: 13410: 13405: 13400: 13395: 13390: 13385: 13380: 13375: 13370: 13365: 13360: 13355: 13350: 13345: 13340: 13335: 13330: 13324: 13322: 13315: 13309: 13308: 13301: 13300: 13293: 13286: 13278: 13269: 13268: 13266: 13265: 13260: 13255: 13250: 13245: 13240: 13235: 13230: 13225: 13220: 13215: 13210: 13205: 13200: 13195: 13190: 13185: 13180: 13175: 13170: 13165: 13160: 13155: 13150: 13145: 13140: 13135: 13130: 13125: 13119: 13116: 13115: 13108: 13107: 13100: 13093: 13085: 13076: 13075: 13073: 13072: 13061: 13058: 13057: 13055: 13054: 13049: 13044: 13039: 13033: 13031: 13027: 13026: 13024: 13023: 13018: 13012: 13010: 13006: 13005: 13003: 13002: 12997: 12992: 12987: 12982: 12977: 12966: 12964: 12958: 12957: 12954: 12953: 12951: 12950: 12945: 12940: 12935: 12929: 12927: 12921: 12920: 12918: 12917: 12912: 12907: 12897: 12892: 12887: 12882: 12877: 12871: 12865: 12859: 12858: 12855: 12854: 12852: 12851: 12845: 12843: 12839: 12838: 12836: 12835: 12830: 12825: 12820: 12815: 12810: 12805: 12800: 12794: 12792: 12786: 12785: 12783: 12782: 12777: 12772: 12766: 12764: 12760: 12759: 12757: 12756: 12751: 12748: 12743: 12738: 12733: 12728: 12723: 12718: 12713: 12707: 12705: 12699: 12698: 12696: 12695: 12689: 12687: 12681: 12680: 12678: 12677: 12672: 12667: 12661: 12659: 12653: 12652: 12650: 12649: 12644: 12639: 12634: 12628: 12626: 12620: 12619: 12617: 12616: 12610: 12608: 12602: 12601: 12599: 12598: 12593: 12588: 12582: 12576: 12570: 12569: 12567: 12566: 12561: 12556: 12554:Extreme points 12551: 12545: 12543: 12537: 12536: 12534: 12533: 12532: 12531: 12526: 12514: 12509: 12504: 12499: 12494: 12492:Monrovia Group 12489: 12484: 12479: 12477:Pan-Africanism 12473: 12471: 12465: 12464: 12457: 12456: 12449: 12442: 12434: 12425: 12424: 12422: 12421: 12409: 12396: 12393: 12392: 12389: 12388: 12386: 12385: 12379: 12377: 12373: 12372: 12370: 12369: 12364: 12359: 12354: 12352:Canary Islands 12348: 12346: 12342: 12341: 12339: 12338: 12336:Savage Islands 12333: 12327: 12325: 12321: 12320: 12318: 12317: 12312: 12306: 12304: 12300: 12299: 12297: 12296: 12291: 12285: 12283: 12276: 12268: 12267: 12264: 12263: 12258: 12256: 12255:United Kingdom 12252: 12251: 12249: 12248: 12242: 12240: 12233: 12226: 12223: 12222: 12220: 12219: 12214: 12203: 12201: 12194: 12191: 12190: 12183: 12181: 12179: 12178: 12173: 12168: 12163: 12158: 12153: 12148: 12143: 12138: 12133: 12128: 12123: 12118: 12113: 12108: 12103: 12098: 12093: 12088: 12083: 12078: 12073: 12068: 12063: 12058: 12053: 12048: 12043: 12038: 12033: 12028: 12023: 12018: 12013: 12008: 12003: 11998: 11993: 11988: 11983: 11977: 11972: 11967: 11962: 11957: 11952: 11947: 11942: 11937: 11932: 11927: 11922: 11917: 11912: 11906: 11904: 11898: 11897: 11886: 11885: 11878: 11871: 11863: 11857: 11854: 11853: 11841: 11840: 11838: 11837: 11832: 11825: 11824: 11817: 11809: 11808: 11805: 11804: 11801: 11800: 11798: 11797: 11792: 11787: 11782: 11777: 11772: 11767: 11762: 11756: 11754: 11748: 11747: 11745: 11744: 11739: 11734: 11729: 11724: 11719: 11714: 11709: 11704: 11699: 11694: 11692:Child marriage 11688: 11682: 11676: 11675: 11672: 11671: 11669: 11668: 11663: 11658: 11653: 11647: 11641: 11635: 11634: 11631: 11630: 11628: 11627: 11625:Vice President 11622: 11620:Prime Minister 11617: 11612: 11607: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11591: 11590: 11580: 11575: 11570: 11564: 11558: 11552: 11551: 11548: 11547: 11545: 11544: 11539: 11534: 11529: 11527:National parks 11524: 11519: 11514: 11509: 11504: 11497: 11491: 11485: 11479: 11478: 11476: 11475: 11470: 11465: 11460: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11440: 11435: 11430: 11425: 11420: 11418:Massina Empire 11415: 11410: 11405: 11400: 11398:Songhai Empire 11395: 11390: 11385: 11380: 11374: 11372: 11366: 11365: 11354: 11353: 11346: 11339: 11331: 11325: 11324: 11319: 11307: 11294: 11278: 11262: 11239: 11224: 11214: 11200: 11199:External links 11197: 11195: 11194: 11188: 11175: 11169: 11154: 11136: 11121: 11104:. January 2005 11087: 11048: 11046: 11043: 11040: 11039: 11008: 10989: 10969: 10952: 10935: 10903: 10879: 10863: 10833: 10812: 10797: 10778: 10759: 10747: 10736:on 8 July 2013 10718: 10705: 10695:Oxfam (1997). 10681: 10610: 10563: 10516: 10480: 10461: 10449: 10424: 10403: 10384: 10373:on 13 May 2013 10358: 10328: 10309: 10290: 10255: 10223: 10201: 10168: 10142: 10107: 10083: 10058: 10051: 10029: 9999: 9979: 9959: 9928: 9908: 9883: 9857: 9827: 9797: 9773: 9764: 9757: 9735: 9728: 9710: 9703: 9674: 9638: 9629:|website= 9599: 9571: 9552: 9540: 9514: 9495: 9448: 9437: 9426: 9415: 9391: 9359: 9333: 9297: 9285: 9278: 9260: 9205: 9175: 9149: 9122: 9091: 9061: 9049: 9037: 9025: 8992: 8980: 8957: 8945: 8933: 8921: 8898: 8886: 8819: 8780:(6): 534–545. 8760: 8741: 8721: 8702: 8681: 8660:10.2307/634762 8646:(2): 204–216. 8630: 8600: 8570: 8540: 8510: 8480: 8465:. 9 May 2022. 8450: 8420: 8390: 8364: 8333: 8306: 8279: 8249: 8219: 8189: 8159: 8129: 8092: 8062: 8031: 8001: 7969: 7939: 7909: 7882: 7852: 7822: 7796: 7770: 7740: 7710: 7693:Africanews.com 7679: 7650: 7633:Foreign Policy 7619: 7578: 7548: 7518: 7488: 7457: 7431: 7405: 7374: 7348: 7344:Globe and Mail 7331: 7312: 7281: 7247: 7235: 7223: 7184:(52): 97–103. 7164: 7147:National Today 7133: 7116:Threadster.com 7102: 7072: 7042: 7022: 6996: 6971: 6959: 6929: 6900: 6888: 6869: 6837: 6798: 6781: 6768: 6755: 6742: 6705: 6695: 6688: 6662: 6643: 6623: 6587: 6579:Niane, Djibril 6571: 6552: 6532: 6509: 6490: 6470: 6440: 6418: 6395: 6365: 6335: 6316: 6286: 6265: 6244: 6218: 6184: 6153: 6134: 6096: 6066: 6025: 5994: 5961: 5928: 5898: 5868: 5841: 5801: 5758: 5713: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5677: 5676: 5673: 5672: 5651: 5633: 5611: 5604: 5601: 5600: 5591: 5582: 5570: 5519: 5498: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5475: 5474: 5469: 5463: 5462: 5448: 5432: 5429: 5409:Le Républicain 5403:Nouvel Horizon 5376:Main article: 5373: 5370: 5342:Malian cuisine 5324:Malian cuisine 5322:Main article: 5319: 5316: 5233: 5230: 5186: 5183: 5153:, and several 5096:Main article: 5093: 5090: 5067:Main article: 5064: 5061: 5051: 5048: 5042: 5039: 5029: 5026: 5017: 5014: 4930:Health in Mali 4928:Main article: 4925: 4922: 4891:Main article: 4888: 4885: 4850:Dogon religion 4840:and one-third 4838:Roman Catholic 4814: 4813: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4799: 4798: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4786: 4785: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4771: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4761: 4760: 4752: 4751: 4746:Main article: 4743: 4740: 4583:Main article: 4577: 4576: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4564: 4563: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4551: 4550: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4536: 4535: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4521: 4520: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4506: 4505: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4476: 4475: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4446: 4445: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4416: 4415: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4401: 4400: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4386: 4385: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4371: 4370: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4356: 4355: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4337: 4336: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4322: 4321: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4277: 4276: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4262: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4255:Mother Tongues 4252: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4239: 4238: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4226: 4225: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4213: 4212: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4198: 4197: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4183: 4182: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4153: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4138: 4137: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4123: 4122: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4108: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4093: 4092: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4078: 4077: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4048: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4033: 4032: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4018: 4017: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4003: 4002: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3984: 3983: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3969: 3968: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3954: 3953: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3939: 3938: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3914: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3833:region of the 3758: 3755: 3751: 3750: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3733: 3732: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3715: 3714: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3697: 3696: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3679: 3678: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3661: 3660: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3643: 3642: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3625: 3624: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3607: 3606: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3589: 3588: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3572: 3550: 3549: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3533: 3530: 3529: 3525: 3520: 3518: 3517: 3510: 3503: 3495: 3492: 3487: 3478: 3475: 3433: 3432: 3429: 3425: 3424: 3421: 3417: 3416: 3413: 3409: 3408: 3405: 3394:girl in Bamako 3380:Main article: 3377: 3374: 3357:Main article: 3354: 3351: 3329: 3326: 3298: 3295: 3274: 3271: 3151: 3150: 3108: 3106: 3099: 3090:Main article: 3087: 3084: 3081: 3080: 3077: 3074: 3070: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3056: 3055: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3042: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3028: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3014: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3000: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2986: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2972: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2958: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2944: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2932: 2928: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2916: 2912: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2900: 2896: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2884: 2880: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2868: 2864: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2852: 2848: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2836: 2832: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2820: 2816: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2804: 2800: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2788: 2784: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2770: 2766: 2765: 2760: 2757: 2754: 2668: 2665: 2646: 2643: 2631:United Nations 2546: 2543: 2516:chief of state 2474: 2471: 2466:Main article: 2463: 2460: 2425: 2422: 2294:the north-west 2278:the south-west 2262:the south-east 2210:Main article: 2207: 2204: 2070:Soumaïla Cissé 2037: 2034: 1986:Soumaïla Cissé 1982:Rally for Mali 1923:climate change 1899: 1896: 1797:Main article: 1794: 1791: 1764: 1761: 1741:les évenements 1700: 1697: 1693:Liberation Day 1672: 1669: 1615: 1612: 1569:Songhai Empire 1516:Songhai Empire 1493:Sundiata Keita 1420:Soninke people 1374: 1371: 1366:Main article: 1363: 1360: 1320:Sundiata Keita 1296: 1293: 1229:Songhai Empire 1209:Songhai Empire 1090: 1089: 1084: 1078: 1077: 1072: 1066: 1065: 1060: 1054: 1053: 1050: 1044: 1043: 1040: 1036: 1035: 1022: 1018: 1017: 1007: 1003: 1002: 983: 973: 972: 963: 953: 952: 940: 937: 934: 933: 921: 918: 915: 914: 911: 901: 900: 888: 885: 882: 881: 869: 866: 863: 862: 859: 845: 844: 837: 835:• Density 834: 831: 830: 823: 820: 817: 816: 810: 809: 806: 803: 800: 799: 792: 789: 786: 785: 779: 778: 775: 774: 771: 768: 765: 764: 763:20 August 1960 761: 758: 755: 754: 751: 748: 745: 744: 741: 736:to create the 731: 728: 727: 724: 718: 715: 714: 711: 705: 702: 701: 698: 697: 691: 690: 685: 681: 680: 677: 676: 670: 667:Prime Minister 664: 661: 660: 654: 648: 645: 644: 641: 640: 638:military junta 628: 622: 621: 616: 610: 609: 607: 606: 600: 593: 591: 588: 584: 583: 581: 580: 574: 568: 562: 556: 550: 544: 534: 528: 522: 515: 513: 507: 506: 504: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 427: 425: 419: 418: 416: 415: 408: 406: 400: 399: 397: 396: 391: 386: 381: 379:Senufo, Senara 376: 371: 366: 361: 356: 351: 349:Dogon, Toro So 346: 341: 336: 330: 321: 317: 316: 309:12.650; -8.000 280: 277: 273: 272: 268: 267: 259: 258: 242: 222: 221: 190: 189: 182: 175: 174: 168: 161: 160: 159: 156: 155: 152: 151: 148: 147: 140: 133: 132: 129:ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⵉ 123:Tagduda n Mali 119: 112: 111: 104: 97: 96: 83: 76: 75: 68: 61: 60: 53: 39:Official names 37: 36: 35: 34: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14725: 14714: 14711: 14709: 14706: 14704: 14701: 14699: 14696: 14694: 14691: 14689: 14686: 14684: 14681: 14679: 14676: 14674: 14671: 14669: 14666: 14664: 14661: 14659: 14656: 14654: 14651: 14649: 14646: 14644: 14641: 14640: 14638: 14631: 14628: 14584: 14583: 14580: 14574: 14571: 14569: 14566: 14564: 14561: 14557: 14554: 14552: 14549: 14547: 14544: 14542: 14539: 14538: 14537: 14534: 14533: 14531: 14527: 14517: 14514: 14512: 14509: 14507: 14504: 14502: 14499: 14497: 14494: 14492: 14489: 14487: 14484: 14482: 14479: 14477: 14474: 14472: 14469: 14468: 14466: 14464:Extraordinary 14462: 14459: 14455: 14444: 14441: 14438: 14435: 14432: 14429: 14427: 14424: 14423: 14421: 14417: 14414: 14410: 14396: 14393: 14391: 14388: 14386: 14383: 14381: 14380:African Union 14378: 14376: 14373: 14372: 14370: 14367:organizations 14365:International 14362: 14356: 14353: 14352: 14350: 14342: 14336: 14333: 14331: 14328: 14326: 14323: 14321: 14318: 14316: 14313: 14312: 14310: 14302: 14299: 14295: 14289: 14286: 14285: 14283: 14279: 14273: 14270: 14268: 14265: 14263: 14260: 14258: 14255: 14253: 14250: 14248: 14245: 14243: 14240: 14238: 14235: 14233: 14230: 14228: 14225: 14223: 14220: 14218: 14215: 14213: 14210: 14208: 14205: 14203: 14200: 14198: 14195: 14193: 14190: 14186: 14183: 14182: 14181: 14178: 14176: 14173: 14171: 14168: 14166: 14163: 14161: 14158: 14156: 14153: 14151: 14148: 14146: 14143: 14141: 14138: 14136: 14133: 14131: 14128: 14126: 14123: 14121: 14118: 14116: 14113: 14111: 14108: 14106: 14103: 14101: 14098: 14096: 14093: 14091: 14088: 14086: 14083: 14081: 14078: 14076: 14075:Guinea-Bissau 14073: 14071: 14068: 14066: 14063: 14061: 14058: 14056: 14053: 14051: 14048: 14046: 14043: 14041: 14038: 14036: 14033: 14031: 14028: 14026: 14023: 14021: 14018: 14016: 14013: 14011: 14008: 14006: 14003: 14001: 13998: 13996: 13993: 13991: 13988: 13987: 13985: 13981: 13978: 13976: 13975:Member states 13972: 13966: 13962: 13959: 13958: 13955: 13950: 13943: 13938: 13936: 13931: 13929: 13924: 13923: 13920: 13908: 13900: 13899: 13896: 13890: 13887: 13885: 13882: 13881: 13879: 13875: 13869: 13866: 13864: 13861: 13859: 13856: 13854: 13851: 13849: 13846: 13844: 13841: 13839: 13836: 13834: 13831: 13830: 13828: 13824: 13818: 13815: 13813: 13810: 13808: 13805: 13804: 13802: 13798: 13788: 13785: 13784: 13782: 13778: 13772: 13769: 13767: 13764: 13762: 13759: 13757: 13754: 13752: 13749: 13747: 13744: 13742: 13739: 13737: 13734: 13732: 13729: 13727: 13724: 13722: 13719: 13717: 13714: 13712: 13709: 13707: 13704: 13702: 13699: 13697: 13694: 13692: 13689: 13687: 13684: 13682: 13679: 13677: 13674: 13672: 13669: 13667: 13664: 13662: 13659: 13658: 13656: 13652: 13646: 13643: 13641: 13638: 13636: 13633: 13631: 13628: 13626: 13623: 13622: 13620: 13616: 13610: 13607: 13605: 13604:New Brunswick 13602: 13600: 13597: 13596: 13594: 13590: 13584: 13581: 13579: 13576: 13574: 13571: 13569: 13566: 13564: 13561: 13559: 13556: 13554: 13551: 13549: 13546: 13544: 13541: 13539: 13536: 13534: 13531: 13529: 13526: 13524: 13521: 13519: 13516: 13514: 13511: 13509: 13506: 13504: 13501: 13499: 13496: 13494: 13491: 13489: 13486: 13484: 13481: 13479: 13476: 13474: 13471: 13469: 13466: 13464: 13461: 13459: 13456: 13454: 13453:Guinea-Bissau 13451: 13449: 13446: 13444: 13441: 13439: 13436: 13434: 13431: 13429: 13426: 13424: 13421: 13419: 13416: 13414: 13411: 13409: 13406: 13404: 13401: 13399: 13396: 13394: 13391: 13389: 13386: 13384: 13381: 13379: 13376: 13374: 13371: 13369: 13366: 13364: 13361: 13359: 13356: 13354: 13351: 13349: 13346: 13344: 13341: 13339: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13329: 13326: 13325: 13323: 13319: 13316: 13314: 13310: 13306: 13299: 13294: 13292: 13287: 13285: 13280: 13279: 13276: 13264: 13261: 13259: 13256: 13254: 13251: 13249: 13246: 13244: 13241: 13239: 13236: 13234: 13231: 13229: 13226: 13224: 13221: 13219: 13216: 13214: 13211: 13209: 13206: 13204: 13201: 13199: 13196: 13194: 13191: 13189: 13186: 13184: 13183:Guinea-Bissau 13181: 13179: 13176: 13174: 13171: 13169: 13166: 13164: 13161: 13159: 13156: 13154: 13151: 13149: 13146: 13144: 13141: 13139: 13136: 13134: 13131: 13129: 13126: 13124: 13121: 13120: 13117: 13113: 13106: 13101: 13099: 13094: 13092: 13087: 13086: 13083: 13071: 13063: 13062: 13059: 13053: 13050: 13048: 13045: 13043: 13040: 13038: 13035: 13034: 13032: 13028: 13022: 13019: 13017: 13014: 13013: 13011: 13007: 13001: 12998: 12996: 12993: 12991: 12988: 12986: 12983: 12981: 12978: 12975: 12974:Gold standard 12971: 12968: 12967: 12965: 12963: 12959: 12949: 12946: 12944: 12941: 12939: 12936: 12934: 12931: 12930: 12928: 12926: 12922: 12916: 12913: 12911: 12908: 12905: 12901: 12898: 12896: 12893: 12891: 12888: 12886: 12883: 12881: 12878: 12876: 12873: 12872: 12869: 12866: 12864: 12860: 12850: 12847: 12846: 12844: 12840: 12834: 12831: 12829: 12826: 12824: 12821: 12819: 12816: 12814: 12811: 12809: 12806: 12804: 12801: 12799: 12796: 12795: 12793: 12791: 12787: 12781: 12778: 12776: 12773: 12771: 12768: 12767: 12765: 12761: 12755: 12752: 12749: 12747: 12744: 12742: 12739: 12737: 12734: 12732: 12729: 12727: 12724: 12722: 12719: 12717: 12714: 12712: 12709: 12708: 12706: 12704: 12700: 12694: 12691: 12690: 12688: 12686: 12682: 12676: 12673: 12671: 12668: 12666: 12663: 12662: 12660: 12658: 12654: 12648: 12647:2025 election 12645: 12643: 12640: 12638: 12635: 12633: 12630: 12629: 12627: 12625: 12621: 12615: 12612: 12611: 12609: 12607: 12603: 12597: 12594: 12592: 12589: 12587: 12584: 12583: 12580: 12577: 12575: 12571: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12559:Member states 12557: 12555: 12552: 12550: 12547: 12546: 12544: 12542: 12538: 12530: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12521: 12520: 12519: 12515: 12513: 12510: 12508: 12505: 12503: 12500: 12498: 12495: 12493: 12490: 12488: 12485: 12483: 12480: 12478: 12475: 12474: 12472: 12470: 12466: 12462: 12461:African Union 12455: 12450: 12448: 12443: 12441: 12436: 12435: 12432: 12420: 12419: 12418:Africa portal 12414: 12410: 12408: 12407: 12398: 12397: 12394: 12384: 12381: 12380: 12378: 12374: 12368: 12365: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12355: 12353: 12350: 12349: 12347: 12343: 12337: 12334: 12332: 12329: 12328: 12326: 12322: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12308: 12307: 12305: 12301: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12286: 12284: 12280: 12277: 12273:fully part of 12269: 12261: 12257: 12253: 12247: 12244: 12243: 12241: 12237: 12234: 12231: 12224: 12218: 12215: 12212: 12208: 12205: 12204: 12202: 12199: 12192: 12187: 12177: 12174: 12172: 12169: 12167: 12164: 12162: 12159: 12157: 12154: 12152: 12149: 12147: 12144: 12142: 12139: 12137: 12134: 12132: 12129: 12127: 12124: 12122: 12119: 12117: 12114: 12112: 12109: 12107: 12104: 12102: 12099: 12097: 12094: 12092: 12089: 12087: 12084: 12082: 12079: 12077: 12074: 12072: 12069: 12067: 12064: 12062: 12059: 12057: 12054: 12052: 12049: 12047: 12044: 12042: 12039: 12037: 12034: 12032: 12029: 12027: 12026:Guinea-Bissau 12024: 12022: 12019: 12017: 12014: 12012: 12009: 12007: 12004: 12002: 11999: 11997: 11994: 11992: 11989: 11987: 11984: 11981: 11978: 11976: 11973: 11971: 11968: 11966: 11963: 11961: 11958: 11956: 11953: 11951: 11948: 11946: 11943: 11941: 11938: 11936: 11933: 11931: 11928: 11926: 11923: 11921: 11918: 11916: 11913: 11911: 11908: 11907: 11905: 11903: 11899: 11895: 11891: 11884: 11879: 11877: 11872: 11870: 11865: 11864: 11861: 11855: 11848: 11836: 11833: 11831: 11828: 11827: 11822: 11818: 11815: 11811: 11810: 11806: 11796: 11793: 11791: 11788: 11786: 11783: 11781: 11778: 11776: 11773: 11771: 11768: 11766: 11763: 11761: 11758: 11757: 11755: 11753: 11749: 11743: 11740: 11738: 11735: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11725: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11708: 11705: 11703: 11702:Ethnic groups 11700: 11698: 11695: 11693: 11690: 11689: 11686: 11683: 11681: 11677: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11648: 11645: 11642: 11640: 11636: 11626: 11623: 11621: 11618: 11616: 11613: 11611: 11608: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11589: 11586: 11585: 11584: 11581: 11579: 11576: 11574: 11571: 11569: 11566: 11565: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11553: 11543: 11540: 11538: 11535: 11533: 11530: 11528: 11525: 11523: 11520: 11518: 11515: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11503: 11502: 11498: 11496: 11493: 11492: 11489: 11486: 11484: 11480: 11474: 11471: 11469: 11466: 11464: 11463:2020 protests 11461: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11416: 11414: 11411: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11403:Bamana Empire 11401: 11399: 11396: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11381: 11379: 11376: 11375: 11373: 11371: 11367: 11363: 11359: 11352: 11347: 11345: 11340: 11338: 11333: 11332: 11329: 11323: 11320: 11318: 11314: 11311: 11308: 11305: 11301: 11298: 11295: 11293: 11289: 11285: 11282: 11279: 11277: 11273: 11269: 11266: 11263: 11260: 11256: 11255: 11250: 11246: 11243: 11240: 11238: 11237:OpenStreetMap 11234: 11225: 11223: 11215: 11213: 11209: 11206: 11203: 11202: 11191: 11185: 11181: 11176: 11172: 11166: 11162: 11161: 11155: 11143: 11139: 11133: 11129: 11128: 11122: 11120: 11118: 11117:public domain 11103: 11099: 11092: 11088: 11085: 11081: 11078: 11061: 11054: 11050: 11049: 11027: 11023: 11019: 11012: 10996: 10992: 10986: 10982: 10981: 10973: 10966: 10961: 10959: 10957: 10949: 10944: 10942: 10940: 10923: 10919: 10918: 10913: 10907: 10900: 10896: 10892: 10889: 10883: 10876: 10872: 10867: 10860: 10859:1-84353-118-6 10856: 10852: 10848: 10842: 10840: 10838: 10830: 10825: 10823: 10821: 10819: 10817: 10809: 10804: 10802: 10794: 10789: 10787: 10785: 10783: 10775: 10770: 10768: 10766: 10764: 10756: 10751: 10735: 10731: 10725: 10723: 10715: 10709: 10702: 10701:0-85598-334-5 10698: 10694: 10688: 10686: 10666: 10662: 10655: 10649: 10647: 10645: 10643: 10641: 10639: 10637: 10635: 10633: 10631: 10629: 10627: 10625: 10623: 10621: 10619: 10617: 10615: 10595: 10591: 10584: 10578: 10576: 10574: 10572: 10570: 10568: 10548: 10544: 10537: 10531: 10529: 10527: 10525: 10523: 10521: 10501: 10497: 10490: 10484: 10477: 10473: 10470: 10465: 10458: 10453: 10446: 10442: 10438: 10435: 10434: 10428: 10421: 10416: 10414: 10412: 10410: 10408: 10400: 10396: 10393: 10388: 10372: 10368: 10362: 10346: 10342: 10338: 10332: 10325: 10321: 10318: 10313: 10306: 10302: 10299: 10294: 10287: 10282: 10280: 10278: 10276: 10274: 10272: 10270: 10268: 10266: 10264: 10262: 10260: 10240: 10233: 10227: 10220: 10216: 10213: 10208: 10206: 10186: 10178: 10172: 10156: 10152: 10146: 10127: 10120: 10114: 10112: 10104: 10100: 10096: 10093: 10087: 10076: 10075:9781107002876 10072: 10068: 10062: 10054: 10052:9780521204132 10048: 10043: 10042: 10033: 10017: 10013: 10009: 10003: 9996: 9992: 9989: 9983: 9976: 9972: 9969: 9963: 9947: 9943: 9939: 9932: 9926: 9925:0-415-28096-6 9922: 9918: 9912: 9897: 9893: 9887: 9871: 9867: 9861: 9845: 9841: 9837: 9831: 9815: 9811: 9807: 9801: 9794: 9790: 9787: 9783: 9777: 9768: 9760: 9754: 9749: 9748: 9739: 9731: 9725: 9721: 9714: 9706: 9700: 9695: 9694: 9685: 9683: 9681: 9679: 9662: 9658: 9654: 9647: 9645: 9643: 9634: 9622: 9606: 9602: 9596: 9592: 9588: 9584: 9583: 9579:WIPO (2022). 9575: 9568: 9564: 9561: 9556: 9549: 9544: 9528: 9524: 9518: 9511: 9507: 9504: 9499: 9483: 9479: 9475: 9469: 9467: 9465: 9463: 9461: 9459: 9457: 9455: 9453: 9446: 9441: 9435: 9430: 9424: 9419: 9408: 9401: 9395: 9376: 9369: 9363: 9347: 9343: 9337: 9318: 9314: 9307: 9301: 9294: 9289: 9281: 9275: 9271: 9264: 9248: 9244: 9243: 9238: 9234: 9228: 9226: 9224: 9222: 9220: 9218: 9216: 9214: 9212: 9210: 9193: 9189: 9185: 9179: 9163: 9159: 9153: 9146: 9141: 9139: 9137: 9135: 9133: 9131: 9129: 9127: 9110: 9106: 9102: 9095: 9079: 9075: 9071: 9065: 9059:, Art. 83–94. 9058: 9053: 9046: 9041: 9034: 9029: 9022: 9018: 9017: 9012: 9008: 9005: 9002:Koné, Denis. 8996: 8989: 8984: 8977: 8972: 8970: 8968: 8966: 8964: 8962: 8954: 8949: 8942: 8937: 8930: 8925: 8918: 8913: 8911: 8909: 8907: 8905: 8903: 8895: 8890: 8882: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8864: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8846: 8842: 8838: 8834: 8830: 8823: 8815: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8797: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8779: 8775: 8771: 8764: 8757: 8753: 8750: 8745: 8738: 8734: 8731: 8725: 8718: 8714: 8711: 8706: 8699: 8694: 8692: 8690: 8688: 8686: 8677: 8673: 8669: 8665: 8661: 8657: 8653: 8649: 8645: 8641: 8634: 8618: 8614: 8611:(in French). 8610: 8604: 8588: 8584: 8580: 8574: 8558: 8554: 8550: 8544: 8528: 8524: 8520: 8514: 8498: 8494: 8490: 8484: 8468: 8464: 8460: 8454: 8438: 8434: 8433:AlJazeera.com 8430: 8424: 8408: 8404: 8400: 8394: 8378: 8374: 8368: 8352: 8348: 8344: 8337: 8322: 8319:, NPR, 2023, 8318: 8317: 8310: 8295: 8292:, BBC, 2023, 8291: 8290: 8283: 8267: 8263: 8262:AlJazeera.com 8259: 8253: 8237: 8233: 8232:AlJazeera.com 8229: 8223: 8207: 8203: 8199: 8193: 8177: 8173: 8169: 8163: 8147: 8143: 8139: 8133: 8117: 8113: 8109: 8103: 8101: 8099: 8097: 8080: 8076: 8072: 8066: 8050: 8046: 8042: 8035: 8019: 8015: 8011: 8005: 7989: 7985: 7984: 7979: 7973: 7957: 7953: 7949: 7943: 7927: 7923: 7919: 7913: 7897: 7893: 7886: 7870: 7866: 7862: 7856: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7826: 7810: 7806: 7800: 7784: 7780: 7774: 7758: 7754: 7750: 7744: 7728: 7724: 7720: 7714: 7698: 7694: 7690: 7683: 7667: 7663: 7657: 7655: 7638: 7634: 7630: 7623: 7607: 7603: 7599: 7593: 7591: 7589: 7587: 7585: 7583: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7552: 7536: 7532: 7528: 7522: 7506: 7502: 7498: 7492: 7475: 7471: 7467: 7461: 7445: 7441: 7435: 7419: 7415: 7409: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7378: 7362: 7358: 7352: 7345: 7341: 7335: 7328: 7324: 7321: 7316: 7300: 7296: 7292: 7285: 7269: 7265: 7261: 7254: 7252: 7244: 7239: 7232: 7227: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7183: 7179: 7175: 7168: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7137: 7121: 7117: 7113: 7106: 7090: 7086: 7079: 7077: 7059: 7055: 7049: 7047: 7039: 7035: 7032: 7026: 7010: 7006: 7000: 6993: 6988: 6986: 6984: 6982: 6980: 6978: 6976: 6968: 6963: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6933: 6917: 6913: 6907: 6905: 6897: 6892: 6885: 6881: 6878: 6873: 6867: 6866:0-521-68297-5 6863: 6859: 6855: 6852: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6834: 6829: 6827: 6825: 6823: 6821: 6819: 6817: 6815: 6813: 6811: 6809: 6807: 6805: 6803: 6795: 6790: 6788: 6786: 6778: 6772: 6765: 6759: 6752: 6746: 6727: 6723: 6716: 6709: 6699: 6691: 6689:9780761814566 6685: 6681: 6676: 6675: 6666: 6650: 6646: 6644:9780933121034 6640: 6636: 6635: 6627: 6608: 6601: 6594: 6592: 6584: 6580: 6575: 6559: 6555: 6553:9780810864023 6549: 6545: 6544: 6536: 6528: 6523: 6522: 6513: 6497: 6493: 6491:9781477718896 6487: 6483: 6482: 6474: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6444: 6437: 6433: 6430: 6425: 6423: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6405: 6399: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6369: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6339: 6332: 6328: 6325: 6320: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6290: 6283: 6279: 6276: 6275: 6269: 6262: 6258: 6255: 6254: 6248: 6232: 6228: 6222: 6206: 6199: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6172: 6168: 6162: 6160: 6158: 6150: 6146: 6143: 6138: 6119: 6115: 6114: 6106: 6100: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6070: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6036: 6034: 6032: 6030: 6014: 6010: 6009: 6004: 5998: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5968: 5966: 5949: 5945: 5944: 5939: 5932: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5902: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5872: 5865: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5854: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5846: 5837: 5822: 5818: 5811: 5805: 5797: 5782: 5778: 5771: 5765: 5763: 5754: 5739: 5735: 5728: 5722: 5720: 5718: 5711: 5709: 5705: 5700: 5697: 5691: 5687: 5670: 5664: 5655: 5652: 5649: 5637: 5634: 5625: 5620: 5616: 5613: 5612: 5608: 5595: 5592: 5586: 5583: 5575: 5572: 5571: 5567: 5555: 5548: 5523: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5502: 5495: 5494: 5493:lingua franca 5487: 5483: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5464: 5460: 5459:Africa portal 5449: 5446: 5435: 5428: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5404: 5399: 5398: 5393: 5392: 5387: 5386: 5379: 5378:Media of Mali 5369: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5330: 5325: 5315: 5313: 5309: 5304: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5273: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5243: 5238: 5229: 5227: 5223: 5222:Moussa Konaté 5219: 5213: 5212:Prix Renaudot 5207: 5203: 5198: 5196: 5192: 5182: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5167:Oumou Sangare 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5104: 5099: 5098:Music of Mali 5089: 5087: 5079: 5075: 5070: 5060: 5057: 5047: 5038: 5035: 5025: 5023: 5013: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4975: 4970: 4966: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4947: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4931: 4921: 4919: 4914: 4910: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4884: 4882: 4878: 4872: 4870: 4866: 4865:secular state 4861: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4822: 4806: 4804: 4800: 4791: 4787: 4778: 4776: 4772: 4766: 4762: 4759: 4755: 4749: 4739: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4664: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4653: 4652:lingua franca 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4586: 4569: 4565: 4556: 4554:Other Foreign 4552: 4543: 4541: 4540:Other African 4537: 4528: 4526: 4522: 4513: 4511: 4507: 4498: 4496: 4492: 4483: 4481: 4477: 4468: 4466: 4462: 4453: 4451: 4447: 4438: 4436: 4432: 4423: 4421: 4417: 4408: 4406: 4402: 4393: 4391: 4387: 4378: 4376: 4372: 4363: 4361: 4357: 4348: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4329: 4327: 4323: 4314: 4312: 4308: 4299: 4297: 4293: 4284: 4282: 4278: 4269: 4267: 4263: 4257: 4253: 4248: 4231: 4227: 4218: 4216:Other foreign 4214: 4205: 4203: 4202:Other African 4199: 4190: 4188: 4184: 4175: 4173: 4169: 4160: 4158: 4154: 4145: 4143: 4139: 4130: 4128: 4124: 4115: 4113: 4109: 4100: 4098: 4094: 4085: 4083: 4079: 4070: 4068: 4064: 4055: 4053: 4049: 4040: 4038: 4034: 4025: 4023: 4019: 4010: 4008: 4004: 3995: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3976: 3974: 3970: 3961: 3959: 3955: 3946: 3944: 3940: 3931: 3929: 3925: 3919: 3915: 3910: 3900: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3884: 3882: 3878: 3873: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3846: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3827:Azawagh Arabs 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3793:(also called 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3768: 3763: 3757:Ethnic groups 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3735: 3734: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3717: 3716: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3699: 3698: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3681: 3680: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3663: 3662: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3645: 3644: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3626: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3608: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3590: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3531: 3516: 3511: 3509: 3504: 3502: 3497: 3496: 3490: 3484: 3474: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3447: 3445: 3441: 3430: 3427: 3426: 3422: 3419: 3418: 3414: 3411: 3410: 3406: 3403: 3402: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3373: 3371: 3367: 3360: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3341: 3335: 3325: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3308: 3304: 3294: 3292: 3287: 3285: 3281: 3270: 3268: 3263: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3248: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3235: 3229: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3206: 3202: 3200: 3196: 3187: 3180: 3176: 3168: 3162: 3157: 3147: 3144: 3136: 3126: 3125:the talk page 3122: 3116: 3114: 3109:This section 3107: 3098: 3097: 3093: 3078: 3071: 3067: 3061: 3058: 3057: 3053: 3047: 3044: 3043: 3039: 3033: 3030: 3029: 3025: 3019: 3016: 3015: 3011: 3005: 3002: 3001: 2997: 2991: 2988: 2987: 2983: 2977: 2974: 2973: 2969: 2963: 2960: 2959: 2955: 2949: 2946: 2945: 2941: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2929: 2925: 2920: 2917: 2914: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2897: 2893: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2881: 2877: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2865: 2861: 2856: 2853: 2850: 2849: 2845: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2833: 2829: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2805: 2802: 2801: 2797: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2785: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2768: 2767: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2745: 2739: 2737: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2726: 2719: 2717: 2716:Ménaka Cercle 2687: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2664: 2662: 2657: 2652: 2642: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2623: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2604: 2602: 2598: 2597:African Union 2594: 2590: 2581: 2576: 2570: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2552: 2542: 2540: 2535: 2531: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2512: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2469: 2459: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2431: 2421: 2419: 2418:potable water 2415: 2411: 2407: 2406:deforestation 2403: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2385: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2328:Sahara Desert 2325: 2321: 2312: 2306: 2303:Landscape in 2301: 2297: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2218: 2213: 2203: 2201: 2196: 2194: 2189: 2187: 2186:Sergey Lavrov 2183: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2145: 2140: 2136: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2112: 2109: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2073: 2071: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2047: 2043: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2022: 2020: 2015: 2011: 2010:ethnicization 2007: 2003: 1998: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1967: 1966:Modibo Sidibe 1963: 1959: 1957: 1953: 1946: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1895: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1876: 1872: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1859: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1831:a coup d'état 1828: 1827:Amadou Sanogo 1824: 1820: 1811: 1806: 1800: 1790: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1760: 1758: 1752: 1750: 1744: 1742: 1737: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1721: 1713: 1709: 1706: 1696: 1694: 1690: 1689:Moussa Traoré 1685: 1681: 1679: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1653: 1650: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1500: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1446: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1431: 1429: 1428:Djenne-Djenno 1425: 1421: 1416: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1384: 1379: 1369: 1359: 1345: 1344:Mande peoples 1341: 1337: 1332: 1330: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1261:Tuareg rebels 1258: 1253: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1162:Sahara Desert 1159: 1154: 1152: 1151:lingua franca 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1070:ISO 3166 code 1067: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1008: 1004: 1000: 984: 978: 974: 964: 958: 954: 950: 941: 935: 931: 922: 916: 912: 906: 902: 898: 895:$ 2,639 ( 889: 883: 879: 870: 864: 860: 856: 850: 846: 842: 838: 832: 828: 824: 818: 815: 811: 807: 801: 797: 793: 787: 784: 780: 776: 772: 766: 762: 756: 752: 746: 742: 739: 735: 729: 725: 722: 716: 712: 709: 703: 699: 696: 692: 689: 686: 682: 678: 674: 671: 668: 662: 658: 655: 652: 646: 642: 639: 635: 632: 629: 627: 623: 620: 617: 615: 611: 605: 601: 599: 595: 594: 592: 585: 579: 575: 573: 569: 567: 563: 561: 557: 555: 551: 549: 545: 543: 539: 535: 533: 529: 527: 523: 521: 517: 516: 514: 512: 508: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 428: 426: 424: 420: 413: 410: 409: 407: 405: 401: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 331: 328: 327: 322: 318: 313: 284: 281: 274: 265: 260: 234: 227: 223: 216: 209: 195: 191: 185: 179: 171: 165: 157: 145: 141: 138: 134: 124: 120: 117: 113: 109: 105: 102: 98: 91: 84: 81: 77: 69: 66: 62: 54: 51: 47: 44: 43: 29: 26: 22: 14600: 14529:Demographics 14419:Declarations 14252:Turkmenistan 14212:Sierra Leone 14202:Saudi Arabia 14144: 14025:Burkina Faso 13800:Organization 13492: 13358:Burkina Faso 13243:Sierra Leone 13207: 13128:Burkina Faso 12516: 12502:Abuja Treaty 12416: 12404: 12246:Îles Éparses 12136:South Africa 12126:Sierra Leone 12065: 11930:Burkina Faso 11727:Prostitution 11697:Demographics 11583:Human rights 11568:Constitution 11499: 11433:French Sudan 11378:Ghana Empire 11357: 11265:Mali profile 11252: 11179: 11159: 11146:. Retrieved 11126: 11114: 11106:. Retrieved 11067:. Retrieved 11060:the original 11045:Bibliography 11032:18 September 11030:. Retrieved 11021: 11011: 10999:. Retrieved 10979: 10972: 10926:. Retrieved 10915: 10906: 10882: 10866: 10851:Rough Guides 10846: 10750: 10738:. Retrieved 10734:the original 10708: 10692: 10672:. Retrieved 10660: 10601:. Retrieved 10592:. May 2015. 10589: 10554:. Retrieved 10542: 10507:. Retrieved 10495: 10483: 10464: 10452: 10432: 10427: 10387: 10375:. Retrieved 10371:the original 10361: 10349:. Retrieved 10340: 10331: 10312: 10293: 10246:. Retrieved 10239:the original 10226: 10192:. Retrieved 10185:the original 10171: 10159:. Retrieved 10145: 10133:. Retrieved 10126:the original 10103:The Guardian 10102: 10086: 10066: 10061: 10040: 10032: 10020:. Retrieved 10014:. CBC News. 10002: 9982: 9962: 9950:. Retrieved 9941: 9931: 9916: 9911: 9899:. Retrieved 9895: 9886: 9874:. Retrieved 9860: 9848:. Retrieved 9839: 9830: 9820:16 September 9818:. Retrieved 9809: 9800: 9781: 9776: 9767: 9746: 9738: 9719: 9713: 9692: 9665:. Retrieved 9656: 9609:. Retrieved 9581: 9574: 9555: 9543: 9531:. Retrieved 9517: 9498: 9486:. Retrieved 9480:. May 2008. 9440: 9429: 9418: 9407:the original 9394: 9382:. Retrieved 9362: 9350:. Retrieved 9336: 9324:. Retrieved 9300: 9288: 9269: 9263: 9251:. Retrieved 9240: 9196:. Retrieved 9187: 9178: 9166:. Retrieved 9152: 9113:. Retrieved 9104: 9094: 9082:. Retrieved 9073: 9064: 9052: 9040: 9028: 9014: 8995: 8983: 8948: 8936: 8924: 8889: 8836: 8832: 8822: 8777: 8773: 8763: 8744: 8724: 8705: 8643: 8639: 8633: 8621:. Retrieved 8617:the original 8603: 8591:. Retrieved 8587:the original 8573: 8561:. Retrieved 8552: 8543: 8531:. Retrieved 8522: 8513: 8501:. Retrieved 8492: 8483: 8471:. Retrieved 8462: 8453: 8441:. Retrieved 8432: 8423: 8411:. Retrieved 8402: 8393: 8381:. Retrieved 8367: 8355:. Retrieved 8346: 8336: 8325:, retrieved 8315: 8309: 8298:, retrieved 8288: 8282: 8270:. Retrieved 8261: 8252: 8240:. Retrieved 8231: 8222: 8210:. Retrieved 8202:the Guardian 8201: 8192: 8182:16 September 8180:. Retrieved 8171: 8162: 8150:. Retrieved 8141: 8132: 8120:. Retrieved 8111: 8083:. Retrieved 8075:the Guardian 8074: 8065: 8053:. Retrieved 8044: 8034: 8022:. Retrieved 8013: 8004: 7992:. Retrieved 7981: 7972: 7960:. Retrieved 7942: 7930:. Retrieved 7922:The Guardian 7921: 7912: 7900:. Retrieved 7885: 7873:. Retrieved 7864: 7855: 7843:. Retrieved 7834: 7825: 7813:. Retrieved 7799: 7787:. Retrieved 7773: 7761:. Retrieved 7752: 7743: 7731:. Retrieved 7727:the original 7723:maliactu.net 7722: 7713: 7701:. Retrieved 7692: 7682: 7670:. Retrieved 7641:. Retrieved 7632: 7622: 7610:. Retrieved 7601: 7569:. Retrieved 7560: 7551: 7539:. Retrieved 7530: 7521: 7509:. Retrieved 7505:the original 7500: 7491: 7478:. Retrieved 7469: 7460: 7448:. Retrieved 7434: 7422:. Retrieved 7418:the original 7408: 7396:. Retrieved 7387: 7377: 7365:. Retrieved 7351: 7343: 7334: 7315: 7303:. Retrieved 7294: 7284: 7272:. Retrieved 7264:The Guardian 7263: 7238: 7226: 7214:. Retrieved 7181: 7177: 7167: 7157:16 September 7155:. Retrieved 7146: 7136: 7124:. Retrieved 7120:the original 7115: 7105: 7093:. Retrieved 7089:the original 7062:. Retrieved 7058:the original 7025: 7013:. Retrieved 6999: 6962: 6952:20 September 6950:. Retrieved 6946:the original 6941: 6932: 6920:. Retrieved 6895: 6891: 6872: 6849: 6840: 6776: 6771: 6763: 6758: 6750: 6745: 6733:. Retrieved 6721: 6708: 6698: 6673: 6665: 6653:. Retrieved 6633: 6626: 6614:. Retrieved 6582: 6574: 6562:. Retrieved 6542: 6535: 6520: 6512: 6500:. Retrieved 6480: 6473: 6461:. Retrieved 6452: 6443: 6414: 6398: 6386:. Retrieved 6377: 6368: 6356:. Retrieved 6347: 6338: 6319: 6307:. Retrieved 6298: 6289: 6273: 6268: 6252: 6247: 6235:. Retrieved 6221: 6209:. Retrieved 6175:. Retrieved 6137: 6125:. Retrieved 6111: 6099: 6087:. Retrieved 6075:"Gini Index" 6069: 6057:. Retrieved 6044: 6016:. Retrieved 6006: 5997: 5985:. Retrieved 5976: 5952:. Retrieved 5941: 5931: 5919:. Retrieved 5910: 5901: 5889:. Retrieved 5880: 5871: 5835: 5828:. Retrieved 5816: 5804: 5795: 5788:. Retrieved 5776: 5752: 5745:. Retrieved 5733: 5701: 5698: 5690: 5658:جمهورية مالي 5607: 5522: 5507:Christianity 5501: 5491: 5486: 5407: 5401: 5395: 5389: 5383: 5381: 5335: 5305: 5292: 5274: 5266:Stade Malien 5247: 5205: 5199: 5190: 5188: 5175:Rokia Traore 5109: 5083: 5053: 5044: 5031: 5019: 5002:immunization 4998:tuberculosis 4979: 4962: 4958: 4948: 4936:malnutrition 4933: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4873: 4862: 4848:such as the 4827: 4789:Christianity 4708:Tieyaxo Bozo 4665: 4650: 4588: 4525:Other Malian 4187:Other Malian 3885: 3874: 3847: 3772: 3448: 3436: 3376:Demographics 3362: 3348: 3337: 3311: 3300: 3288: 3276: 3264: 3251: 3249: 3238: 3230: 3211: 3192: 3139: 3130: 3119:Please help 3110: 2764:Census 2023 2743: 2740: 2734: 2724: 2720: 2712: 2654: 2624: 2616:Sierra Leone 2605: 2585: 2536: 2532: 2513: 2490: 2482:Assimi Goita 2433: 2424:Biodiversity 2410:soil erosion 2386: 2381: 2373: 2365: 2344: 2317: 2258:Burkina Faso 2223: 2197: 2193:a referendum 2190: 2184: 2176:Wagner Group 2168: 2149: 2125:Moctar Ouane 2117:Sadio Camara 2113: 2105: 2093:Boubou Cissé 2081:Ismaël Wagué 2077:Assimi Goïta 2074: 2067: 2030:Burkina Faso 2023: 1994: 1971: 1948: 1943: 1939: 1901: 1892:the election 1881: 1855: 1816: 1781: 1766: 1753: 1745: 1740: 1738: 1722: 1718: 1702: 1684:Modibo Keïta 1682: 1674: 1671:Independence 1654: 1646: 1642:French Sudan 1635: 1597: 1573: 1550: 1497:Sosso Empire 1482: 1466:Ghana Empire 1447: 1432: 1412: 1335: 1333: 1328: 1309: 1300: 1298: 1289:Assimi Goïta 1254: 1245:French Sudan 1197:Ghana Empire 1186: 1168:and has the 1155: 1123:Burkina Faso 1098: 1094: 1093: 1082:Internet TLD 1058:Calling code 919:• Total 867:• Total 790:• Total 753:20 June 1960 743:4 April 1959 657:Assimi Goïta 324: 225: 194:Motto: 193: 184:Coat of arms 25: 14622: / 14385:Arab League 14347:communities 14100:Ivory Coast 13990:Afghanistan 13868:LGBT rights 13761:South Korea 13563:Switzerland 13543:Saint Lucia 13463:Ivory Coast 13188:Ivory Coast 12895:Enlargement 12670:Secretariat 12632:Chairperson 12614:Chairperson 12524:Chairperson 12512:Lome Summit 12310:Pantelleria 12230:territories 12198:recognition 12141:South Sudan 12031:Ivory Coast 11651:Foreign aid 11588:LGBT rights 11388:Mali Empire 10674:24 November 10603:24 November 10556:24 November 10509:24 November 10351:19 November 10194:14 December 10161:14 February 9901:5 September 9876:14 December 9384:21 February 9352:21 February 9326:21 February 9000:(in French) 8839:(1): 5978. 8383:13 February 7932:1 September 7902:30 November 7305:4 September 7297:. Toronto. 7274:24 November 6845:John Iliffe 6378:The Week UK 5817:sgg-mali.ml 5777:sgg-mali.ml 5734:sgg-mali.ml 5624:N'Ko script 5574:N'Ko script 5511:no religion 5445:Mali portal 5412: [ 5362:jollof rice 5270:Real Bamako 5179:Habib Koité 5159:Salif Keita 5151:Khaira Arby 4858:agnosticism 3881:Arma people 3852:-descended 3775:sub-Saharan 3686:Kalabancoro 3273:Agriculture 3079:22 395 489 3034:Bandiagara 2756:Region name 2608:Ivory Coast 2497:legislative 2395:, salt and 2347:torrid zone 2266:Ivory Coast 2121:Modibo Kone 2006:Adama Dieng 1604:John Iliffe 1581:Judar Pasha 1557:Niger River 1553:Mali Empire 1541:Fula people 1523: 1591 1506:Map of the 1439:Ibn Khaldun 1403:Mali Empire 1401:) from the 1383:Mali Empire 1312:Ibn Battuta 1305:Mali Empire 1259:, in which 1205:Mali Empire 1199:(for which 1127:Ivory Coast 1107:West Africa 1039:Date format 990: 0.410 947:$ 912 ( 708:Mali Empire 684:Legislature 307: / 144:Mali Laamaa 14637:Categories 14563:Population 14262:Uzbekistan 14232:Tajikistan 14160:Mozambique 14150:Mauritania 14120:Kyrgyzstan 14110:Kazakhstan 14015:Bangladesh 14005:Azerbaijan 13736:Mozambique 13731:Montenegro 13558:Seychelles 13498:Mauritania 13488:Madagascar 13478:Luxembourg 13383:Cape Verde 13213:Mauritania 13133:Cape Verde 13016:Africa Day 12970:Currencies 12624:Commission 12217:Somaliland 12121:Seychelles 12086:Mozambique 12071:Mauritania 12056:Madagascar 12011:The Gambia 11945:Cape Verde 11775:Literature 10135:25 January 9952:16 January 9611:29 October 9253:12 January 9198:21 January 9074:AfricaNews 9047:, Art. 81. 9035:, Art. 65. 8955:, Art. 38. 8931:, Art. 30. 8774:BioScience 8739:. Minxcon. 8717:Archive-It 8563:9 February 8533:9 February 8493:Yahoo News 8357:10 January 7994:22 October 7962:22 October 7763:15 October 7541:15 October 7511:4 February 7480:30 January 7266:. London. 7216:9 February 7015:1 February 6922:21 January 6735:4 November 6463:13 January 6079:World Bank 6059:16 October 5987:17 October 5790:21 October 5682:References 5589:𞤃𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭 5397:Info Matin 5332:Malian tea 5262:Djoliba AC 5185:Literature 5161:, the duo 5135:jeli ngoni 4984:and other 4944:sanitation 4881:Open Doors 4842:Protestant 4803:Indigenous 4670:by 51.5%, 4567:Not Stated 4229:Not Stated 3897:sharia law 3813:(6%), and 3587:1,810,366 3459:death rate 3451:birth rate 3332:See also: 3252:Zone Franc 3214:World Bank 3179:Kalabougou 3115:to readers 3076:1,240,192 2998:1 169 882 2956:1 570 979 2871:Tombouctou 2846:2 455 263 2830:1 533 123 2814:2 255 157 2798:1 840 329 2782:4 227 569 2762:Population 2759:Area (km) 2569:Mark Rutte 2473:Government 2428:See also: 2389:phosphates 2290:Mauritania 2050:See also: 1929:linked to 1914:, and the 1861:intervened 1843:Ansar Dine 1803:See also: 1618:See also: 1478:Almoravids 1458:Mansa Musa 1350:shifts to 1225:university 1213:Mansa Musa 1119:Mauritania 1042:dd/mm/yyyy 814:Population 626:Government 614:Demonym(s) 414:(de facto) 14698:Republics 14573:Education 14305:Countries 14297:Observers 14281:Suspended 14192:Palestine 14085:Indonesia 13721:Louisiana 13716:Lithuania 13661:Argentina 13654:Observers 13503:Mauritius 12541:Geography 12228:Dependent 12076:Mauritius 11722:Languages 11707:Education 11666:Transport 11615:President 11573:Elections 11522:Mountains 11483:Geography 11473:2021 coup 11468:2020 coup 11448:2012 coup 11290:from the 11274:from the 10967:, p. 146. 10861:, p. 320. 10810:, p. 151. 10776:, p. 128. 9631:ignored ( 9621:cite book 9115:18 August 9084:18 August 9016:Les Echos 8863:2041-1723 8796:0006-3568 8668:0016-7398 8327:27 August 8152:21 August 8122:21 August 8055:21 August 7753:France 24 7470:USA Today 7450:25 August 7198:0305-6244 6779:, p. 108. 6766:, p. 333. 6655:24 August 6564:24 August 6502:24 August 5921:8 October 5663:romanized 5505:Includes 5385:Les Echos 5336:Rice and 5279:, led by 5147:Tinariwen 4986:arthropod 4887:Education 4732:Hassaniya 3903:Languages 3893:Islamists 3787:Khassonké 3727:Koulikoro 3691:Koulikoro 3322:limestone 3318:phosphate 3269:in 2023. 3256:CFA franc 3133:July 2021 3062:Douentza 2992:Koutiala 2950:Bougouni 2919:Taoudénit 2807:Koulikoro 2639:Anguelhok 2397:limestone 2393:kaolinite 2270:the south 2206:Geography 2164:Tidermène 2108:Bah N'daw 2014:displaced 1927:Islamists 1853:in Mali. 1443:al-Idrisi 1299:The name 1295:Etymology 1265:secession 1048:Drives on 1021:Time zone 909:(nominal) 695:Formation 675:(interim) 659:(interim) 651:President 587:Religion 359:Hassaniya 80:Hassaniya 14619:17°N 4°W 14457:Sessions 14335:Thailand 14227:Suriname 14180:Pakistan 14140:Maldives 14135:Malaysia 14050:Djibouti 14035:Cameroon 13907:Category 13863:TV5Monde 13787:Thailand 13756:Slovenia 13751:Slovakia 13418:Dominica 13413:Djibouti 13373:Cameroon 13368:Cambodia 13353:Bulgaria 13153:Djibouti 13070:Category 12948:Passport 12863:Politics 12606:Assembly 12406:Category 12324:Portugal 12176:Zimbabwe 12151:Tanzania 12001:Ethiopia 11996:Eswatini 11975:Djibouti 11940:Cameroon 11925:Botswana 11830:Category 11790:Polygamy 11732:Religion 11600:Military 11556:Politics 11542:Wildlife 11512:Communes 11453:Mali War 11362:articles 11313:Archived 11300:Archived 11284:Archived 11276:BBC News 11268:Archived 11245:Archived 11208:Archived 11142:Archived 11080:Archived 11026:Archived 10995:Archived 10950:, p. 30. 10928:7 August 10922:Archived 10891:Archived 10853:(2003). 10831:, p. 55. 10829:DiPiazza 10795:, p. 28. 10757:, p. 29. 10703:, p. 13. 10665:Archived 10663:. 2012. 10594:Archived 10547:Archived 10500:Archived 10472:Archived 10437:Archived 10395:Archived 10345:Archived 10320:Archived 10301:Archived 10215:Archived 10155:Archived 10095:Archived 10022:25 April 10016:Archived 9991:Archived 9971:Archived 9946:Archived 9870:Archived 9844:Archived 9842:. 2022. 9814:Archived 9789:Archived 9661:Archived 9657:BBC News 9605:Archived 9563:Archived 9533:22 March 9527:Archived 9506:Archived 9482:Archived 9375:Archived 9346:Archived 9317:Archived 9295:, p. 37. 9293:DiPiazza 9247:Archived 9235:(2009). 9192:Archived 9188:NY Times 9168:23 March 9162:Archived 9147:, p. 17. 9109:Archived 9078:Archived 9007:Archived 8978:, p. 15. 8919:, p. 14. 8881:33293507 8814:28608869 8752:Archived 8733:Archived 8713:Archived 8623:5 August 8593:5 August 8557:Archived 8527:Archived 8523:EuroNews 8503:6 August 8497:Archived 8467:Archived 8437:Archived 8407:Archived 8403:BBC News 8377:Archived 8351:Archived 8321:archived 8294:archived 8266:Archived 8236:Archived 8206:Archived 8176:Archived 8146:Archived 8116:Archived 8079:Archived 8049:Archived 8045:ABC News 8018:Archived 7988:Archived 7956:Archived 7926:Archived 7896:Archived 7875:30 March 7869:Archived 7845:30 March 7839:Archived 7815:29 March 7809:Archived 7789:30 March 7783:Archived 7757:Archived 7733:17 April 7697:Archived 7672:30 March 7666:Archived 7643:30 March 7637:Archived 7612:30 March 7606:Archived 7565:Archived 7535:Archived 7531:BBC News 7501:BBC News 7474:Archived 7444:Archived 7392:Archived 7361:Archived 7323:Archived 7299:Archived 7268:Archived 7210:Archived 7151:Archived 7034:Archived 7009:Archived 6916:Archived 6880:Archived 6854:Archived 6726:Archived 6649:Archived 6616:19 March 6607:Archived 6581:(1965). 6558:Archived 6496:Archived 6457:Archived 6453:Le Monde 6432:Archived 6407:Archived 6388:16 March 6382:Archived 6358:16 March 6352:Archived 6348:BBC News 6327:Archived 6309:16 March 6303:Archived 6278:Archived 6257:Archived 6237:14 April 6231:Archived 6145:Archived 6118:Archived 6083:Archived 6053:Archived 5981:Archived 5977:BBC News 5954:4 August 5948:Archived 5943:BBC News 5915:Archived 5885:Archived 5821:Archived 5781:Archived 5738:Archived 5704:Archived 5431:See also 5293:la lutte 5155:Afro-pop 4992:such as 4963:di-dèguè 4832:(mostly 4764:Religion 4742:Religion 4726:(0.4%), 4722:(0.4%), 4714:(1.1%), 4712:Kassonké 4710:(1.6%), 4706:(1.9%), 4698:(3.2%), 4696:Tamasheq 4694:(3.8%), 4692:Minianka 4690:(5.2%), 4688:Mandinka 4686:(5.3%), 4682:(5.7%), 4674:(8.3%), 4647:Tamasheq 4631:Minyanka 4623:Kassonke 4435:Kassonké 4375:Tamasheq 4360:Minianka 4326:Mandinka 4097:Kassonké 4037:Tamasheq 4022:Minyanka 4007:Mandinka 3858:Tamasheq 3795:Mandinka 3677:120,786 3659:126,319 3641:133,501 3623:141,444 3614:Koutiala 3605:226,618 3407:Million 3366:taxicabs 3316:, salt, 3216:and the 3068:170 189 3054:820 807 3040:868 916 3026:307 777 3012:681 671 2984:678 061 2970:675 965 2942:318 876 2926:100 358 2923:323,326 2907:151,430 2894:727 517 2878:974 278 2875:180,781 2862:935 579 2735:communes 2645:Military 2627:Al Qaeda 2620:banditry 2501:judicial 2414:supplies 2286:the west 2254:the east 2156:Mali War 1931:al-Qaeda 1916:pastoral 1910:and the 1799:Mali War 1608:Timbuktu 1565:Timbuktu 1489:Mandinka 1435:al-Bakri 1407:Timbuktu 1316:Mandinka 1221:Timbuktu 1006:Currency 636:under a 486:Kassonke 466:Tamasheq 461:Minyanka 456:Mandinka 394:Tamasheq 374:Minyanka 364:Kassonke 240:(French) 203:(French) 116:Tamasheq 14556:Imports 14551:Exports 14536:Economy 14501:Seventh 14412:History 14242:Tunisia 14217:Somalia 14207:Senegal 14170:Nigeria 14155:Morocco 14125:Lebanon 14045:Comoros 14010:Bahrain 14000:Algeria 13995:Albania 13983:Members 13877:Related 13826:Culture 13771:Uruguay 13766:Ukraine 13741:Ontario 13701:Ireland 13696:Hungary 13691:Georgia 13676:Croatia 13666:Austria 13583:Vietnam 13578:Vanuatu 13573:Tunisia 13553:Senegal 13533:Romania 13518:Morocco 13508:Moldova 13473:Lebanon 13398:Comoros 13363:Burundi 13343:Belgium 13338:Armenia 13333:Andorra 13328:Albania 13321:Members 13313:Members 13263:Tunisia 13248:Somalia 13238:Senegal 13228:Nigeria 13218:Morocco 13198:Liberia 13163:Eritrea 13148:Comoros 13009:Culture 12962:Economy 12925:Symbols 12564:Regions 12549:Borders 12469:History 12383:Socotra 12362:Melilla 12331:Madeira 12294:Réunion 12289:Mayotte 12161:Tunisia 12131:Somalia 12116:Senegal 12101:Nigeria 12091:Namibia 12081:Morocco 12046:Liberia 12041:Lesotho 11991:Eritrea 11960:Comoros 11935:Burundi 11910:Algeria 11814:Outline 11760:Cuisine 11752:Culture 11737:Slavery 11680:Society 11661:Tourism 11639:Economy 11532:Regions 11501:Cercles 11495:Borders 11370:History 11148:20 June 11108:30 July 11069:2 April 11001:20 June 10730:"Music" 10422:, p. 8. 10288:, p. 7. 9550:, p. 9. 9313:MINUSMA 8872:7723057 8841:Bibcode 8805:5451287 8700:, p. 5. 8648:Bibcode 8413:6 April 8272:6 April 7865:UN News 7703:28 July 7571:23 June 7424:28 July 7398:28 July 7388:Reuters 7367:28 July 7233:, p. 4. 7206:4005962 7126:1 March 7095:1 March 7064:1 March 6994:, p. 3. 6847:(2007) 6796:, p. 1. 6211:17 July 6177:17 July 6089:2 March 6045:IMF.org 6018:22 June 5881:CIA.gov 5866:, p. 6. 5830:26 July 5747:26 July 5665:: 5615:Bambara 5391:L'Essor 5346:spinach 5318:Cuisine 5301:mancala 5244:village 5086:boubous 5063:Culture 5050:Efforts 4994:cholera 4982:Malaria 4959:equinut 4940:hygiene 4854:Atheism 4808: 4793: 4780: 4769:Percent 4700:Sénoufo 4684:Songhai 4680:Soninké 4678:(6.6%) 4668:Bambara 4657:Bambara 4643:Soninke 4627:Maninke 4599:Bambara 4571: 4558: 4545: 4530: 4515: 4500: 4485: 4470: 4455: 4440: 4425: 4410: 4395: 4380: 4365: 4350: 4341:Songhai 4331: 4316: 4301: 4286: 4271: 4266:Bambara 4260:percent 4233: 4220: 4207: 4192: 4177: 4162: 4147: 4132: 4117: 4102: 4087: 4072: 4057: 4042: 4027: 4012: 3997: 3988:Songhai 3978: 3963: 3948: 3933: 3928:Bambara 3922:percent 3877:Spanish 3866:Slavery 3862:slavery 3831:Azawagh 3811:Songhai 3809:(12%), 3807:Voltaic 3805:(17%), 3791:Malinké 3783:Soninké 3779:Bambara 3749:66,967 3731:84,500 3713:86,353 3695:96,173 3619:Sikasso 3601:Sikasso 3596:Sikasso 3570:Sikasso 3440:nomadic 3222:SOTELMA 3181:potters 3111:may be 3086:Economy 3065:63,515 3051:15,516 3037:25,709 3023:26,213 3009:44,175 2995:14,739 2981:24,179 2967:12,984 2964:Dioila 2953:41,052 2939:81,040 2910:83 192 2891:89,532 2859:49,077 2843:31,996 2827:21,378 2823:Sikasso 2811:71,178 2795:62,914 2744:régions 2612:Liberia 2305:Hombori 2282:Senegal 2226:Algeria 2200:Ukraine 2160:Ansongo 2026:Mondoro 1988:of the 1980:of the 1972:In the 1912:Bambara 1783:Slavery 1729:Algeria 1725:Tuaregs 1705:drought 1661:Senegal 1600:famines 1537:Sambala 1470:Soninke 1385:'s peak 1362:History 1233:Saadian 1174:Senegal 1147:Bambara 1139:capital 1135:Senegal 1111:Algeria 1101:, is a 997: ( 734:Senegal 706:• 665:• 649:• 631:Unitary 560:Songhai 548:Malinke 532:Soninke 520:Bambara 451:Songhay 446:Soninke 431:Bambara 389:Soninke 369:Maninke 334:Bambara 292:12°39′N 276:Capital 233:Le Mali 226:Anthem: 215:Bambara 137:Songhai 101:Soninke 50:Bambara 14624:17; -4 14506:Eighth 14486:Fourth 14476:Second 14445:(2010) 14439:(2008) 14433:(1990) 14345:Muslim 14330:Russia 14257:Uganda 14247:Turkey 14115:Kuwait 14105:Jordan 14080:Guyana 14070:Guinea 14065:Gambia 14030:Brunei 13746:Poland 13726:Mexico 13711:Latvia 13706:Kosovo 13640:Serbia 13635:Cyprus 13625:Gambia 13609:Quebec 13538:Rwanda 13513:Monaco 13448:Guinea 13443:Greece 13433:France 13378:Canada 13178:Guinea 13168:Gambia 13030:Theory 12938:Emblem 12933:Anthem 12828:AMISOM 12813:UNAMID 12665:Bureau 12574:Organs 12282:France 12239:France 12171:Zambia 12166:Uganda 12106:Rwanda 12061:Malawi 12021:Guinea 11915:Angola 11894:Africa 11835:Portal 11712:Health 11537:Rivers 11507:Cities 11413:Kaarta 11360: 11186: 11167: 11134: 10987: 10948:Velton 10857: 10793:Velton 10755:Velton 10740:8 July 10699: 10377:8 July 10248:2 June 10079: 10073: 10049: 9923: 9850:31 May 9782:et al. 9755: 9726: 9701: 9667:4 June 9597: 9488:4 June 9474:"Mali" 9276: 9237:"Mali" 9021:Bamako 8879: 8869: 8861: 8812: 8802: 8794: 8676:634762 8674: 8666: 8473:10 May 8443:10 May 8347:SFGate 8300:31 May 8242:25 May 8212:25 May 8085:30 May 8024:31 May 7204: 7196: 6864: 6777:Corpus 6764:Corpus 6686: 6641: 6550: 6488: 6201:(XSLX) 6003:"Mali" 5907:"Mali" 5654:Arabic 5594:Arabic 5513:, and 5406:, and 5364:, and 5354:mutton 5350:baobab 5338:millet 5268:, and 5224:, and 5177:, and 5143:Tuareg 5141:, the 5125:, the 5115:griots 4976:region 4924:Health 4877:sharia 4830:Muslim 4728:Arabic 4724:Samogo 4720:Dafing 4718:(1%), 4702:(2%), 4637:, the 4635:Senufo 4591:French 4495:Arabic 4480:Dafing 4465:Samogo 4390:Senufo 4157:Arabic 4142:Dafing 4127:Samogo 4052:Senufo 3937:51.82% 3854:Tuareg 3850:Berber 3835:Sahara 3815:Tuareg 3789:, and 3767:Tuareg 3583:Bamako 3578:Bamako 3560:Bamako 3544:Region 3493: 3444:Bamako 3328:Energy 3320:, and 3314:kaolin 3297:Mining 3280:millet 3161:Djenné 3073:Total 2978:Nioro 2935:Ménaka 2773:Bamako 2725:cercle 2679:, and 2614:, and 2580:Russia 2539:ECOWAS 2499:, and 2450:, and 2338:. The 2324:Angola 2280:, and 2274:Guinea 1945:cover. 1851:sharia 1839:Azawad 1561:Djenné 1533:Griots 1454:slaves 1415:Sahara 1409:alone. 1399:Arabic 1356:/mali/ 1340:Fulani 1269:Azawad 1195:: the 1143:Bamako 1131:Guinea 981:(2022) 979: 961:(2010) 959: 907: 851: 619:Malian 589:(2021) 566:Tuareg 538:Senufo 524:13.3% 518:33.3% 501:Arabic 496:Dafing 491:Samogo 471:Senufo 412:French 283:Bamako 238: 228: 211: 201: 14511:Ninth 14496:Sixth 14491:Fifth 14481:Third 14471:First 14288:Syria 14272:Yemen 14222:Sudan 14197:Qatar 14165:Niger 14130:Libya 14060:Gabon 14055:Egypt 14020:Benin 13951:(OIC) 13858:AFFOI 13630:Ghana 13528:Qatar 13523:Niger 13458:Haiti 13438:Gabon 13423:Egypt 13348:Benin 13253:Sudan 13223:Niger 13203:Libya 13193:Kenya 13173:Ghana 13158:Egypt 13123:Benin 12990:NEPAD 12833:MISCA 12798:ACIRC 12376:Yemen 12357:Ceuta 12345:Spain 12303:Italy 12146:Sudan 12096:Niger 12051:Libya 12036:Kenya 12016:Ghana 12006:Gabon 11980:Egypt 11920:Benin 11821:Index 11785:Music 11780:Media 11765:Films 11742:Women 11094:(PDF) 11063:(PDF) 11056:(PDF) 10965:Milet 10808:Milet 10774:Milet 10668:(PDF) 10657:(PDF) 10597:(PDF) 10586:(PDF) 10550:(PDF) 10539:(PDF) 10503:(PDF) 10492:(PDF) 10242:(PDF) 10235:(PDF) 10188:(PDF) 10181:(PDF) 10129:(PDF) 10122:(PDF) 9410:(PDF) 9403:(PDF) 9378:(PDF) 9371:(PDF) 9320:(PDF) 9309:(PDF) 8672:JSTOR 8112:CNews 7202:JSTOR 6729:(PDF) 6718:(PDF) 6610:(PDF) 6603:(PDF) 6127:3 May 6121:(PDF) 6108:(PDF) 5891:1 May 5824:(PDF) 5813:(PDF) 5784:(PDF) 5773:(PDF) 5741:(PDF) 5730:(PDF) 5550: 5478:Notes 5416:] 5372:Media 5366:maafe 5242:Dogon 5232:Sport 5191:jalis 5145:band 5129:with 5127:ngoni 5092:Music 5080:tower 4974:Sahel 4834:Sunni 4775:Islam 4716:Maure 4676:Dogon 4611:Dogon 4575:0.69% 4562:0.08% 4549:0.31% 4534:0.55% 4519:0.04% 4510:Hausa 4504:0.34% 4489:0.46% 4450:Maure 4444:1.17% 4429:1.85% 4414:2.15% 4399:2.56% 4369:4.29% 4354:5.58% 4345:Zarma 4320:6.33% 4305:7.12% 4296:Dogon 4290:9.39% 4275:46.5% 4237:0.75% 4224:0.18% 4211:0.18% 4196:0.49% 4181:0.03% 4172:Hausa 4166:0.33% 4151:0.41% 4136:0.43% 4112:Maure 4106:1.07% 4091:1.58% 4076:1.89% 4061:2.03% 4046:3.18% 4031:3.77% 4016:5.12% 4001:5.27% 3992:Zarma 3982:5.69% 3967:6.48% 3958:Dogon 3952:8.29% 3823:Niger 3799:Mandé 3745:Ségou 3673:Mopti 3668:Mopti 3655:Kayes 3650:Kayes 3637:Ségou 3632:Ségou 3548:Pop. 3535:Rank 3431:21.9 3404:Year 3307:Ghana 3260:BCEAO 3245:OHADA 3020:Nara 3006:Kita 2903:Kidal 2855:Mopti 2839:Ségou 2791:Kayes 2250:Niger 2019:Mopti 1908:Dogon 1904:Mopti 1733:Libya 1630:Niono 1474:Mande 1338:is a 1235:army 1217:Islam 1201:Ghana 1170:Niger 1115:Niger 1052:right 1028: 999:188th 949:175th 930:123rd 897:174th 878:115th 841:215th 783:Area 604:other 598:Islam 578:other 576:4.5% 570:2.1% 564:3.5% 558:5.9% 554:Dogon 552:8.7% 546:8.8% 536:9.6% 530:9.6% 441:Dogon 295:8°0′W 14643:Mali 14607:17°N 14237:Togo 14175:Oman 14145:Mali 14095:Iraq 14090:Iran 14040:Chad 13568:Togo 13493:Mali 13468:Laos 13393:Chad 13258:Togo 13208:Mali 13143:Chad 13037:Afro 12943:Flag 12875:APRM 12823:AMIS 12818:AMIB 12642:AUCC 12156:Togo 12066:Mali 11955:Chad 11770:Flag 11358:Mali 11292:ICTJ 11242:Mali 11233:Mali 11184:ISBN 11180:Mali 11165:ISBN 11160:Mali 11150:2015 11132:ISBN 11110:2024 11071:2008 11034:2016 11003:2015 10985:ISBN 10930:2021 10917:FIVB 10899:FIBA 10855:ISBN 10742:2013 10697:ISBN 10676:2018 10605:2018 10558:2018 10511:2018 10379:2013 10353:2019 10250:2014 10196:2019 10163:2022 10137:2020 10071:ISBN 10047:ISBN 10024:2014 9954:2013 9921:ISBN 9903:2019 9878:2014 9852:2023 9822:2023 9753:ISBN 9724:ISBN 9699:ISBN 9669:2008 9633:help 9613:2023 9595:ISBN 9535:2009 9490:2008 9386:2017 9354:2017 9328:2017 9274:ISBN 9255:2010 9200:2019 9170:2012 9117:2023 9086:2023 8877:PMID 8859:ISSN 8810:PMID 8792:ISSN 8664:ISSN 8625:2024 8595:2024 8565:2023 8535:2023 8505:2022 8475:2022 8445:2022 8415:2022 8385:2022 8359:2022 8329:2023 8302:2023 8274:2022 8244:2021 8214:2021 8184:2023 8154:2020 8124:2020 8087:2021 8057:2020 8026:2023 7996:2019 7964:2019 7934:2019 7904:2020 7877:2019 7847:2019 7817:2019 7791:2019 7765:2022 7735:2018 7705:2018 7674:2019 7645:2019 7614:2019 7573:2019 7543:2022 7513:2013 7482:2013 7452:2016 7426:2012 7400:2012 7369:2012 7307:2017 7276:2012 7218:2023 7194:ISSN 7159:2023 7128:2012 7097:2012 7066:2012 7017:2019 6954:2018 6924:2021 6862:ISBN 6737:2021 6703:906. 6684:ISBN 6657:2020 6639:ISBN 6618:2017 6566:2020 6548:ISBN 6504:2020 6486:ISBN 6465:2013 6390:2022 6360:2022 6311:2022 6239:2019 6213:2022 6179:2022 6129:2024 6091:2011 6061:2023 6020:2023 5989:2023 5956:2023 5923:2022 5893:2021 5832:2023 5792:2023 5749:2023 5636:Fula 5598:مالي 5585:Fula 5579:ߡߊߟߌ 5358:fufu 5299:, a 5297:wari 5248:The 5119:kora 4996:and 4942:and 4903:Kati 4856:and 4704:Bobo 4672:Fula 4645:and 4615:Fula 4607:Bozo 4603:Bobo 4474:0.5% 4459:1.1% 4420:Bozo 4405:Bobo 4384:3.4% 4335:5.6% 4281:Fula 4082:Bozo 4067:Bobo 3943:Fula 3819:Moor 3817:and 3803:Fula 3765:The 3722:Kati 3539:Name 3428:2021 3420:2000 3415:4.7 3412:1950 3392:Bozo 3284:corn 3226:CMDT 3193:The 3048:San 2779:252 2741:The 2729:and 2635:Chad 2553:and 2518:and 2336:sand 2288:and 2240:and 2238:13°W 2234:25°N 2232:and 2162:and 2144:here 2133:Kati 2119:and 2085:Kati 2044:and 1984:and 1845:and 1731:and 1593:gold 1591:and 1589:salt 1563:and 1551:The 1483:The 1472:, a 1348:/nd/ 1336:Mali 1329:Mali 1301:Mali 1182:salt 1178:gold 1172:and 1156:The 1133:and 1125:and 1095:Mali 1063:+223 965:33.0 957:Gini 827:61st 796:23rd 713:1235 596:95% 572:Bobo 526:Fula 481:Bozo 476:Bobo 436:Fula 354:Fula 344:Bozo 339:Bobo 170:Flag 65:Fula 14610:4°W 14541:GDP 11892:of 11235:at 9587:doi 9105:BBC 8867:PMC 8849:doi 8800:PMC 8782:doi 8656:doi 8644:152 8613:RFI 8583:РБК 8142:BBC 8014:HRW 7186:doi 6527:673 5348:or 5252:is 5204:'s 4784:90% 3740:San 3709:Gao 3704:Gao 3469:of 3423:11 3344:GWh 3309:). 3059:19 3045:18 3031:17 3017:16 3003:15 2989:14 2975:13 2961:12 2947:11 2931:10 2915:09 2899:08 2887:Gao 2883:07 2867:06 2851:05 2835:04 2819:03 2803:02 2787:01 2769:00 2753:No 2731:815 2416:of 2374:BSh 2366:BWh 2292:to 2284:to 2276:to 2268:to 2260:to 2252:to 2242:5°E 2230:10° 2083:in 1644:. 1610:." 1535:of 1424:Dia 1352:/l/ 1105:in 1087:.ml 1032:GMT 1026:UTC 1014:XOF 994:low 977:HDI 905:GDP 855:PPP 849:GDP 808:1.6 602:5% 542:Bwa 14639:: 13963:: 11257:. 11251:. 11140:. 11100:– 11096:. 11024:. 11020:. 10993:. 10955:^ 10938:^ 10914:. 10897:. 10873:. 10849:. 10836:^ 10815:^ 10800:^ 10781:^ 10762:^ 10721:^ 10684:^ 10659:. 10613:^ 10588:. 10566:^ 10541:. 10519:^ 10498:. 10494:. 10406:^ 10343:. 10339:. 10258:^ 10204:^ 10110:^ 10101:, 9944:. 9940:. 9894:. 9868:. 9838:. 9812:. 9808:. 9677:^ 9659:. 9655:. 9641:^ 9625:: 9623:}} 9619:{{ 9603:. 9593:. 9525:. 9476:. 9451:^ 9311:. 9245:. 9239:. 9208:^ 9186:. 9125:^ 9107:. 9103:. 9072:. 9013:. 8960:^ 8901:^ 8875:. 8865:. 8857:. 8847:. 8837:11 8835:. 8831:. 8808:. 8798:. 8790:. 8778:67 8776:. 8772:. 8684:^ 8670:. 8662:. 8654:. 8642:. 8581:. 8551:. 8521:. 8491:. 8461:. 8435:. 8431:. 8401:. 8349:. 8345:. 8264:. 8260:. 8234:. 8230:. 8200:. 8174:. 8170:. 8140:. 8095:^ 8073:. 8043:. 8012:. 7980:. 7950:. 7920:. 7863:. 7833:. 7781:. 7751:. 7721:. 7695:. 7691:. 7653:^ 7635:. 7631:. 7600:. 7581:^ 7559:. 7529:. 7499:. 7468:. 7390:. 7386:. 7342:. 7293:. 7262:. 7250:^ 7208:. 7200:. 7192:. 7182:18 7180:. 7176:. 7149:. 7145:. 7114:. 7075:^ 7045:^ 7007:. 6974:^ 6940:. 6903:^ 6801:^ 6784:^ 6720:. 6682:. 6680:11 6647:. 6590:^ 6556:. 6494:. 6451:. 6421:^ 6413:, 6376:. 6346:. 6297:. 6229:. 6187:^ 6169:. 6156:^ 6110:. 6081:. 6077:. 6047:. 6043:. 6028:^ 6005:. 5975:. 5964:^ 5946:. 5940:. 5913:. 5909:. 5879:. 5844:^ 5834:. 5815:. 5794:. 5775:. 5761:^ 5751:. 5732:. 5716:^ 5702:] 5660:, 5656:: 5642:, 5638:: 5621:, 5617:: 5596:: 5587:: 5576:: 5560:; 5538:ɑː 5509:, 5419:. 5414:fr 5400:, 5394:, 5388:, 5368:. 5360:, 5314:. 5287:. 5264:, 5228:. 5220:, 5173:, 5169:, 5165:, 5149:, 4852:. 4812:5% 4797:5% 4641:, 4633:, 4629:, 4625:, 4621:, 4617:, 4613:, 4609:, 4605:, 4601:, 4343:/ 4121:1% 3990:/ 3899:. 3845:. 3785:, 3736:10 3390:A 3372:. 3324:. 3282:, 2738:. 2675:, 2663:. 2610:, 2603:. 2446:, 2442:, 2438:, 2420:. 2408:, 2404:, 2391:, 2382:Aw 2296:. 2272:, 2264:, 2256:, 2248:, 2202:. 2087:, 1894:. 1751:. 1695:. 1680:. 1667:. 1595:. 1520:c. 1499:. 1480:. 1445:. 1358:. 1291:. 1184:. 1153:. 1075:ML 540:/ 126:/ 13941:e 13934:t 13927:v 13297:e 13290:t 13283:v 13104:e 13097:t 13090:v 12976:) 12972:( 12906:) 12902:( 12453:e 12446:t 12439:v 12213:) 12209:( 11882:e 11875:t 11868:v 11350:e 11343:t 11336:v 11261:. 11192:. 11173:. 11152:. 11119:. 11112:. 11073:. 11036:. 11005:. 10932:. 10744:. 10678:. 10607:. 10560:. 10513:. 10381:. 10355:. 10252:. 10198:. 10165:. 10139:. 10105:. 10055:. 10026:. 9986:" 9966:" 9956:. 9905:. 9880:. 9854:. 9824:. 9761:. 9732:. 9707:. 9671:. 9635:) 9615:. 9589:: 9537:. 9492:. 9388:. 9356:. 9330:. 9282:. 9257:. 9202:. 9172:. 9119:. 9088:. 9019:( 8883:. 8851:: 8843:: 8816:. 8784:: 8678:. 8658:: 8650:: 8627:. 8597:. 8567:. 8537:. 8507:. 8477:. 8447:. 8417:. 8387:. 8361:. 8276:. 8246:. 8216:. 8186:. 8156:. 8126:. 8089:. 8059:. 8028:. 7998:. 7966:. 7936:. 7906:. 7879:. 7849:. 7819:. 7793:. 7767:. 7737:. 7707:. 7676:. 7647:. 7616:. 7575:. 7545:. 7515:. 7484:. 7454:. 7428:. 7402:. 7371:. 7309:. 7278:. 7220:. 7188:: 7161:. 7130:. 7099:. 7068:. 7029:" 7019:. 6956:. 6926:. 6739:. 6692:. 6659:. 6620:. 6585:. 6568:. 6529:. 6506:. 6467:. 6392:. 6362:. 6313:. 6241:. 6215:. 6181:. 6131:. 6093:. 6063:. 6022:. 5991:. 5958:. 5925:. 5895:. 5694:[ 5626:: 5547:/ 5544:i 5541:l 5535:m 5532:ˈ 5529:/ 5517:. 5291:( 4730:( 3718:9 3700:8 3682:7 3664:6 3646:5 3628:4 3610:3 3592:2 3574:1 3514:e 3507:t 3500:v 3485:. 3243:( 3146:) 3140:( 3135:) 3131:( 3127:. 3117:. 2727:s 2361:( 2146:. 1547:. 1034:) 1030:( 1016:) 1012:( 1001:) 951:) 932:) 899:) 880:) 857:) 853:( 843:) 829:) 798:) 235:" 231:" 217:) 213:( 139:: 118:: 103:: 93:) 82:: 67:: 52:: 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.