386:. Slaves were generally recruited where hereditary authority was weak, such as in the case of the Deccan, where a deadly and violent struggle between the two dominant and antagonistic factions within the Bahmani Sultanate, the Deccanis (Indian Muslims) and the Westerners (Persian migrants from the Gulf), caused a chronically unstable environment which created a market for culturally alien military labor. The interdependent relationship between the Deccanis and the Habshis engendered bonds of mutual trust, as the Deccanis had both kin and inherited authority, but lacked sufficient numbers, while the Habshis were able to provide support while lacking kin and inherited authority. This explained why high ranking army commanders were willing to entrust their most important official duties to their Habshi slaves. As the Habshi slaves became freemen on the death of their masters, continuing the military careers as freelancers, they generally allied themselves politically and culturally with the Deccani class in their rivalry against the Persians, embracing the Deccani Muslim identity and language.
590:
respect to any
African legacy. Others agree more with historians like Richard Eaton. He cites Ambar's military prowess as the reason he rose to such influence during his life, but claims that a string of decisive defeats at the end of his career instigated distrust and resentment amongst those in his close administration. Eaton and his proponents claim Ambar's journey is an impressive story of success, and gave Africans representation in India for a short while, but also believe his lack of positive leadership in the final years of his tenure prevented him from solidifying his influence, as his successors quickly worked to reverse many of Ambar's policies. Regardless of his posthumous impact on the Deccan, and Indian states generally, it cannot be disputed Ambar was an avid supporter of education and a patron of the arts. Historians Joseph E. Harris and Chand cite Ambar's patronship of the arts and learning as a shining achievement of his tenure as Malik of Deccan.
395:
44:
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459:, who had ambitions of seating her son-in-law on the throne. Malik Ambar had also restored some credibility to the Sultans of Ahmadnagar, who had been subdued by the earlier Mughals (Akbar had annexed Ahmadnagar). However, he was defeated later when Shah Jahan led a massive army against the dwindling Ahmednagar. Later Malik Ambar offered full control of Berar and Ahmadnagar to the Mughal as a sign of surrender.
217:, Malik was sold from place to place by many slave merchants and eventually brought to India, where he was bought by his last owner, the Peshwa of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate. Ambar rose through the ranks at Ahmadnagar, where he created a mercenary force numbering greater than 50,000 men. It was based in the Deccan region and was hired by local kings. Malik became a popular Prime Minister of the
433:'s attempts to take over the kingdom. Jahangir considered Malik Ambar his arch-nemesis and had publicly expressed his anger towards him. He criticized Ambar as "the ill-starred" and "the black fated". Abu'l Hasan, a chief painter at Emperor Jahangir's court, has created a painting, under Jahangir's commission in 1615, depicting Jahangir shooting arrows at the severed head of Ambar.
598:. In his memoirs, he never mentions his name without prefixing epithets like wretch, cursed fellow, Habshi, Ambar Siyari, black Ambar, and Ambar Badakhtur. Some historians believe that those words came out of frustration as Malik Ambar had resisted the powerful Mughals and kept them away from Deccan.
428:
and raised a large army. He raised a cavalry which grew from 150 to 7000 in a short period of time and revitalized the
Ahmadnagar sultanate by appointing puppet sultans to repel Mughal attacks from the North. By 1610, his army grew to include 10,000 Habshis and 40,000 Deccanis. Over the course of the
589:
There are conflicting perspectives on Ambar's long-term impact in Deccan, and its surrounding Indian states. Western historians have tried to project him as symbolic of Africa, even though his life had little to do with Africa. There was little impact he left in India and certainly zero impact with
276:
stated that Malik Ambar's "origin (is) in the
Kambata region of southern Ethiopia". Eaton also wrote that "Kambata, the region from which Malik Ambar appears to have come" might have influenced the names of places such as "Cumbala Hill a quarter in modern Mumbai whose name is probably derived from
662:
The canal was an impressive engineering feat as it consisted of a 7 feet (2.1 m) deep tunnel large enough for a man to walk through. The canal had 140 manholes and it worked efficiently without the need for any maintenance or cleaning for 321 years until it finally needed cleaning in 1931.
527:
Fateh Khan succeeded his father as the regent of the Nizam Shahs. However, he did not possess his predecessor's political and military prowess. Through a series of internal struggles within the nobility (which included Fateh Khan assassinating his nephew, Sultan
606:
He founded/inhabited the city of Khirki in 1610. After his death in 1626, the name was changed to
Fatehpur by his son and heir Fateh Khan. When Aurangzeb, the Mughal Emperor invaded Deccan in the year 1653, he made Fatehpur his capital and renamed it as
658:
water mill which drove the water down the canal from the Kham. The blades of the
Panchakki used to rotate by the water falling on them from that stream and with the aid of a wooden valve turn the flow into that canal for the city.
487:
and town from the
Mughals. But in one of the battles Malik Ambar was defeated by the Mughals and had to surrender the fort of Ahmadnagar. Many Maratha Chiefs and especially Lakhuji Jadhavrao joined the Mughals after this.
593:
Malik Ambar cherished strong love and ability for architecture. Aurangabad was Ambar's architectural achievement and creation. Malik Ambar the founder of the city was always referred to by harsh names by Sultan
519:
of Marwar in 1626 at the age of 77. Dadhiwadiya
Kuldeep was a military commander of the ruler of Marwar who was given the task of eliminating Malik Ambar. Malik Ambar had by his wife, Bibi Karima two sons;
679:
India. After its construction in 1567, the fort was key to the Sidis withstanding various invasion attempts by the
Marathas, Mughals, and Portuguese to capture Janjira.
1457:. Greensboro, NC; Ahmedabad: University of North Carolina Ethiopian and East African Studies Project; Ahmedabad Sidi Heritage and Educational Center. pp. 167–183.
339:
from traditional religion, educated him, and gave him the name Ambar, after recognizing his superior intellectual qualities. who eventually took him to the
1344:
Harris, Joseph E. "Malik Ambar: African Regent-Minister in India." The
African Presence in Asia, Northwestern University Press Evanston, 1971, pp. 91–99.
543:. The eldest and youngest daughters respectively were called Shahir Bano and Azija Bano, the latter of whom married a nobleman named Siddi Abdullah.
554:
and received the title Rustam Khan
Bahadur Firauz Jang. He became famous for his involvement in several important military campaigns, such as the
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413:" during this time. But Ambar quit this service in 1595 after citing insufficient support before entering service in the Nizam Shahi army.
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One of his daughters was married to a prince of the Ahmednagar royal family, who through Malik Ambar's aid was crowned as Sultan
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Once his master died, Malik Ambar was freed by his master's wife. He got married, and after getting freed, Ambar served the
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chiefs had gained great prominence during this period. With the help of these Maratha chiefs, Malik Ambar had captured
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651:. This city is situated on the banks of the Kham, a small perennial stream which rises in the neighbouring hills.
1627:
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Malik Ambar is said to be one of the proponents of guerrilla warfare in the Deccan region. Malik Ambar assisted
232:
of much of the Deccan, which formed the basis for subsequent settlements. He is a figure of veneration to the
1622:
1652:
1647:
1578:
The African Diaspora in the Indian Ocean World, Omar H. Ali, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture
17:
492:
once again laid a crushing blow to Malik Ambar in one of the battles and further decreased his power.
1607:
1100:"Malik Ambar: The African slave who built Aurangabad and ruined the game for Mughals in the Deccan"
801:
The architecture of a Deccan sultanate: courtly practice and royal authority in late medieval India
786:"Malik Ambar: The African king who built Aurangabad and ruined the game for Mughals in the Deccan"
926:
Malik Ambar: The African slave who built Aurangabad and ruined the game for Mughals in the Deccan
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307:, which were located to the south of their territory. Malik Ambar was among the people who were
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Malik Ambar defeated the Mughal General Khan Khanan many times and often attacked Ahmadnagar.
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states gathered many of their slaves from non-Abrahamic communities inhabiting regions like
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Jogindra Narji Chowdhuri, Malik Ambar, A Biography Based on original sources, 1940, page 70
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611:. In 2023 the city was renamed Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar. Two former imperial capitals -
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Malik Ambar was then purchased by Chengiz Khan, a former Habshi slave who served as the
1528:
1507:
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1306:
853:
688:
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578:
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The African Presence in Asia, Northwestern University Press Evanston, 1971, pp. 91–99.
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Commander of the Ahmednagar army, Muqarrab Khan, who later became a general under the
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and again in Baghdad to Mir Qasim al-Baghdadi. Bahdadi eventually converted Chapu to
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834:"From Africa to India: Music of the Sidis and the Indian Ocean Diaspora (review)"
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from 1600 to 1626. During this period he increased the strength and power of
323:, where he was sold again for 20 ducats and was taken to the slave market in
241:
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Malik Ambar changed the capital of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate from Paranda to
43:
500:
316:
198:(1548 – 13 May 1626) was a military leader and statesman who served as the
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676:
616:
563:
547:
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Kainthla, Anita (August 2011). "The Invincible Fort of Murud Janjira".
1462:
551:
489:
452:
421:
311:, and later dispatched abroad to serve as a warrior. According to the
1436:
Pakistan Historical Society.Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society
833:
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Tourism Potential in Aurangabad: With Ajanta, Ellora, Daulatabad Fort
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within fifteen months, spending a nominal sum of two and a half lakh
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of the city of Khadki (modern Aurangabad). Malik Ambar completed the
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521:
508:
456:
445:
168:
146:
99:
1230:"The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times"
1205:"The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times"
1530:
A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761 : Eight Indian Lives
595:
430:
382:
315:, Malik Ambar was sold into slavery by his parents. He ended up in
214:
990:
772:"Malik Ambar: The Ethiopian slave who became a kingmaker in India"
612:
324:
296:
237:
1572:
1281:
Sohoni, Pushkar (1 April 2018). "Imbrication and Implication".
516:
437:
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next decade, Malik Ambar would fight and defeat Mughal emperor
292:
199:
58:
1210:
1193:"Malik Ambar: Power and Slavery Across the Indian Ocean, p.44"
1080:
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and founded a new city, Khadki, which was later on renamed to
1573:
The Tribune, Chandigarh, 13 August 2006, India Online edition
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Salahuddin, Mirza (April 2012). "MALIK AMBAR AND HIS CANAL".
734:
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320:
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126:
328:
1326:
1032:"Malik Ambar: The Legacy of an Ethiopian Ruler in India"
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Vol. I:7), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999,
707:
Sheikh Chand, Malik Ambar,"Ehde Afreen; Hyderabad; 1929
29:
Military leader of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate (1548–1626)
48:
Portrait of Malik Ambar by Mughal court artist in 1620
1527:
Eaton, Richard M. (2008). "Malik Ambar (1548–1626)".
1403:
Aurangabad with Daulatabad, Khuldabad, and Ahmadnagar
671:
Malik Ambar is credited with the construction of the
376:, were recruited in the Deccan since the rule of the
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1002:
978:
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Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia
268:. Early sources claim he was from the now extinct
228:in the region. He is credited with carrying out a
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728:
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1171:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 112–113.
1498:
1453:Sohoni, Pushkar (2020). "The Fort of Janjira".
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996:
654:Water was supplied to the city from the famous
515:He died in a dual battle against a Dadhiwadiya
462:
380:, founded by North Indian Muslims known as the
1020:E. V. Donzel, "Slave-Trade in Ethiopia," p.185
766:
764:
723:
1148:"The Indomitable Marathas by Neria H. Hebbar"
952:. Bharatiya Kala Prakashan. 1999. p. 6.
872:Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates
570:during the Mughal War of succession in 1658.
248:and raised the low status of the Nizam Shah.
455:wrestle power in Delhi from his stepmother,
1568:Malik Ambar: A remarkable life B.N. Goswamy
1533:. Bloomington: Cambridge University Press.
831:
761:
601:
577:, near the shrine of the famous Sufi saint
1433:
1243:"The Cambridge History of India, Volume 1"
864:
832:Maciszewski, Amelia (Winter–Spring 2005).
634:
42:
1057:
1055:
1053:
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639:Malik Ambar is especially famous for the
546:His youngest daughter was married to the
351:from Abyssinia with a stern Roman face."
343:. He was described by the Dutch merchant
280:Between the 14th and 17th centuries, the
210:ruler from 1600 until his death in 1626.
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735:Kenneth X. Robbins; John McLeod (2006).
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803:. London: Bloomsbury. pp. xx–xxv.
365:
14:
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1405:. Mumbai: Deccan Heritage Foundation.
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870:Michell, George & Mark Zebrowski.
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1526:
1332:
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1008:
984:
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1455:African Rulers and Generals in India
1134:The Chronicle of an African Diaspora
1063:India Moving: A History of Migration
524:and Changiz Khan and two daughters.
409:as an officer and gained the title "
224:He is also regarded as a pioneer in
1603:People from Aurangabad, Maharashtra
1029:
627:, are located within the limits of
536:within ten years of Ambar's death.
327:, and was sold a third time to the
213:Originally a slave from modern day
24:
1633:Indian people of Ethiopian descent
1442:(2): 101–102 – via ProQuest.
1124:
877:The New Cambridge History of India
799:Sohoni, Pushkar (30 August 2018).
416:Malik Ambar was the regent of the
221:, showing administrative acumen.
25:
1664:
1556:
675:in the Murud Area of present-day
240:. He challenged the might of the
1484:(5): 56–57 – via ProQuest.
1355:Tourism Potential in Aurangabad,
1127:"The Siddhis of India – Part II"
256:Malik Ambar was born in 1548 in
1509:Slavery and South Asian History
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1378:Tourism Potential in Aurangabad
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1613:Early modern history of India
903:. Routledge. 6 October 2015.
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623:, the capital of Yadavas and
532:), the sultanate fell to the
251:
1512:. Indiana University Press.
1380:. Bharatiya Kala Prakashan.
463:Second conflict with Mughals
7:
1217:Chatterjee & Eaton 2006
1087:Chatterjee & Eaton 2006
997:Chatterjee & Eaton 2006
682:
573:Malik Ambar's tomb lies in
10:
1669:
1492:
1254:John Cadgwan Powell Price,
1165:Richards, John F. (1995).
562:. He was killed by Prince
1638:People from Harari Region
1618:Military history of India
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479:, Ranoji Wable and other
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358:or chief minister of the
272:tribe. However historian
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1401:Sohoni, Pushkar (2015).
1376:Qureshi, Dulari (1999).
1295:10.1215/00666637-4342393
619:(2nd BC to 3rd AD), and
602:Foundation of Aurangabad
495:
202:(Prime Minister) of the
185:Nizam Shah of Ahmednagar
737:African Elites in India
635:Aurangabad canal system
370:Muslim slaves known as
360:Sultanate of Ahmadnagar
1628:People from Marathwada
512:
402:
345:Pieter van den Broecke
1283:Archives of Asian Art
850:10.1353/amu.2005.0008
739:. Mapin. p. 50.
541:Murtaza Nizam Shah II
530:Burhan Nizam Shah III
503:
426:Murtaza Nizam Shah II
400:Murtaza Nizam Shah II
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313:Futuhat-i `Adil Shahi
246:Adil Shahs of Bijapur
88:Burhan Nizam Shah III
84:Murtaza Nizam Shah II
1623:Ahmadnagar Sultanate
1256:"A History of India"
1030:Ali, Omar H (2011).
625:Muhammad bin Tughluq
560:Shah Abbas of Persia
366:Political background
219:Ahmadnagar Sultanate
204:Ahmadnagar Sultanate
151:Ahmadnagar Sultanate
63:Ahmadnagar Sultanate
1653:17th-century slaves
1648:16th-century slaves
1563:Mentioned on page 9
1500:Chatterjee, Indrani
1335:, pp. 104–130.
999:, pp. 115–116.
629:Aurangabad District
264:. He was known as
1104:The Indian Express
689:Neher water system
641:Neher water system
568:Battle of Samugarh
513:
505:Malik Ambar's Tomb
418:Nizamshahi dynasty
403:
309:converted to Islam
282:Orthodox Christian
230:revenue settlement
1504:Eaton, Richard M.
1412:978-81-8495-702-0
1241:Edward J. Rapson,
1228:Shanti Sadiq Ali,
1203:Shanti Sadiq Ali,
1178:978-0-521-56603-2
1168:The Mughal Empire
959:978-81-86050-44-6
910:978-1-317-32127-9
810:978-1-83860-927-6
615:, the capital of
469:Lakhuji Jadhavrao
407:Sultan of Bijapur
378:Bahmani Sultanate
289:Solomonic dynasty
226:guerrilla warfare
193:
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144:(aged 77–78)
16:(Redirected from
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1154:on 20 July 2012.
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398:Malik Ambar and
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177:Military service
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448:in the 1650s.
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341:Deccan Plateau
262:Adal Sultanate
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250:
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28:
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556:Kandahar Wars
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347:as, "a black
346:
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329:Qadi al-Qudat
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1289:(1): 33–46.
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1229:
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1199:
1192:
1191:Omar H. Ali,
1187:
1167:
1160:
1152:the original
1142:
1133:
1120:
1108:. Retrieved
1103:
1094:
1082:
1070:
1065:(2019), p.29
1062:
1038:. Retrieved
1025:
1016:
1004:
992:
980:
968:
948:
942:
931:, retrieved
925:
919:
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841:
837:
827:
800:
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780:
736:
720:, July 1999,
717:
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673:Janjira Fort
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667:Janjira Fort
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381:
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355:
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312:
287:(led by the
279:
265:
255:
223:
212:
207:
195:
194:
172:Changiz Khan
142:(1626-05-13)
95:Succeeded by
70:
26:
1598:1626 deaths
1593:1549 births
1269:"Aurangzeb"
1040:7 September
838:Asian Music
677:Maharashtra
617:Satavahanas
613:Pratisthana
564:Murad Baksh
196:Malik Ambar
160:Bibi Karima
140:13 May 1626
36:Malik Ambar
18:Malik Amber
1587:Categories
1463:B08J4JLQG6
1333:Eaton 2008
1075:Eaton 2008
1009:Eaton 2008
985:Eaton 2008
973:Eaton 2008
819:1090743377
695:References
609:Aurangabad
548:Circassian
522:Fateh Khan
490:Shah Jahan
453:Shah Jahan
442:Aurangabad
422:Ahmednagar
277:Kambata."
252:Early life
182:Allegiance
169:Fateh Khan
1549:226973152
1421:907272072
1311:194963690
1303:0066-6637
1267:Muni Lal,
888:, p.11-12
858:191611760
755:701823920
656:Panchakki
575:Khuldabad
509:Khuldabad
457:Nur Jahan
446:Aurangzeb
147:Khuldabad
100:Fath Khan
75:1600–1626
71:In office
1506:(2006).
683:See also
649:Rupiyahs
621:Devagiri
596:Jahangir
558:against
431:Jahangir
383:Deccanis
317:al-Mukha
215:Ethiopia
208:de facto
206:and its
165:Children
80:Monarchs
1493:Sources
1110:30 June
566:in the
511:in 2022
481:Maratha
325:Baghdad
297:Kambata
242:Mughals
238:Gujarat
61:of the
1547:
1537:
1516:
1461:
1419:
1409:
1384:
1309:
1301:
1175:
956:
933:15 May
907:
884:
856:
817:
807:
753:
743:
585:Legacy
517:Charan
438:Junnar
390:Career
373:habshi
356:peshwa
293:Muslim
234:Siddis
200:Peshwa
157:Spouse
59:Peshwa
1307:S2CID
1258:p.313
1245:p.189
1232:p.104
1130:(PDF)
1035:(PDF)
854:S2CID
645:Neher
496:Death
411:Malik
349:kafir
337:Islam
333:Mecca
321:Yemen
305:Hadya
301:Damot
266:Chapu
258:Harar
127:Harar
121:Chapu
1545:OCLC
1535:ISBN
1514:ISBN
1459:ASIN
1417:OCLC
1407:ISBN
1382:ISBN
1299:ISSN
1271:p.93
1207:p.99
1173:ISBN
1112:2021
1042:2016
954:ISBN
935:2020
905:ISBN
882:ISBN
815:OCLC
805:ISBN
751:OCLC
741:ISBN
303:and
270:Maya
244:and
137:Died
124:1548
119:Wako
115:Born
1357:p.6
1291:doi
846:doi
507:at
444:by
420:of
331:of
319:in
236:of
1589::
1543:.
1502:;
1482:25
1480:.
1440:60
1438:.
1415:.
1305:.
1297:.
1287:68
1285:.
1132:.
1102:.
1050:^
852:.
842:36
840:.
836:.
813:.
763:^
749:.
725:^
631:.
581:.
475:,
471:,
362:.
299:,
260:,
149:,
129:,
1551:.
1522:.
1465:.
1423:.
1390:.
1313:.
1293::
1181:.
1136:.
1114:.
1044:.
962:.
913:.
874:(
860:.
848::
821:.
774:.
757:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
