2817:
601:
2888:
176:
95:
2864:
2876:
81:
2556:
559:
534:
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2699:– In September 1898, General Emilio Aguinaldo made the Paroquia dela Inmaculada Concepcion, an Augustinian-built town church (now cathedral basilica) of Malolos, the executive palace while the nearby Barasoain Church served as the legislative house where the Malolos Constitution was written. When the Americans captured Malolos, Aguinaldo ordered General Antonio Luna to burn the Malolos Church, including its huge silver altar.
3193:, "Aguinaldo was taken prisoner in his bedroom on 23 March 1901 and informed that he was a prisoner of the U.S. Army. On 1 April 1901, Emilio Aganaldo took an oath of allegiance to the United States, and on 19 April he signed a manifesto calling on his countrymen to give up the fight. It read in part: ' By acknowledging and accepting the sovereignty of the United States throughout the entire archipelago, '"
2563:
2633:
2577:
2647:
2619:
2591:
2605:
1561:
1655:, ending the Spanish–American war. As part of the treaty, Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States. The treaty was not formally proclaimed until April 11, 1899, when mutual ratifications were exchanged. In the meantime, on January 23, 1899, the Malolos Constitution establishing the First Philippine Republic had been proclaimed and, on February 4, 1899,
2958:, signed a manifesto calling on his countrymen to give up the fight, as the ending date of the First Philippine Republic. Some ending dates seen in other sources are: March 23, 1901, the date of Aguinaldo's capture by U.S. forces; April 1, 1901, the date Aguinaldo took an oath of allegiance to the U.S.; April 9, 1902, the date General
2418:
short-lived republic. General Emilio
Aguinaldo also issued currency backed by the country's natural resources. Two types of two-centavo copper coins were struck at the Malolos arsenal. These were withdrawn from circulation and declared illegal currency after the surrender of General Aguinaldo to the Americans.
1927:
The Battle of Tirad Pass took place on
December 2, 1899. 52 men of del Pilar's 60-man force were killed, including del Pilar himself. However, the Filipinos under del Pilar held off the Americans long enough for Aguinaldo's party to escape. Aguinaldo, encamped with his party about 10 km south of
3021:
Article 99 – "Notwithstanding the general rule established in paragraph 2 of
Article 4, in the meantime that the country is fighting for its independence, the Government is empowered to resolve during the closure of the Congress all questions and difficulties not provided for in the laws, which give
1760:
The constitution written by the
Malolos Congress was proclaimed on January 22, 1899, creating what is known today as the First Philippine Republic, with Aguinaldo as its president. The constitution was approved by delegates to the Malolos Congress on January 20, 1899, and sanctioned by Aguinaldo the
3174:
n 24 March, Aguinaldo was captured in the mountain region of
Palanan, Isabela Province, and on 2 April 1901 he took an oath of allegiance to the United States. On 19 April 1901 he appealed to all Filipinos to accept the sovereignty of the United States. The existence of the revolutionary government
3051:
arrested
Paterno and some or all of the cabinet secretaries. At least one source asserts that the Mabini cabinet was reinstalled after the arrests. Another source asserts that those arrested were released on orders of President Aguinaldo, but does not provide any indication about whether the Mabini
1779:
When the First
Philippine Republic was constituted on January 22, 1899, in Malolos, that municipality became the seat of government of the Philippine Republic, and was serving as such when hostilities erupted between U.S. and Filipino forces in the Second Battle of Manila on February 4. On February
3013:
Article 4 – paragraph 1 lists three distinct powers: "the legislative, the executive, and the judicial", and paragraph 2 provides: "the legislative, the executive, and the judicial", specifies that any two or more of these powers shall never be vested in a single individual, and specifies that the
2413:
One of the important laws passed by the
Malolos Congress was the law providing for a national loan to buoy up the national budget in which the Republic was trying to balance. The loan, worth 20 million pesos, was to be paid in 40 years with an annual interest of six percent. The law was decreed by
2337:
Municipal and provincial governments under the
Republic had quickly reorganized upon Aguinaldo's decrees of June 18 and 20, 1898. Article 82 of the Malolos Constitution covered the organization and attributes of provincial and popular assemblies, and specified the principles governing local laws.
1799:
on
February 10. On March 29, as American forces threatened Malolos, the seat of government moved to San Isidro, Nueva Ecija. On March 31, American forces captured Malolos, the initial seat of the Philippine Republic government, which had been gutted by fires set by withdrawing Philippine Republic
1963:
Aguinaldo remained in Palanan until his capture there by American forces with the aid of the native scouts on March 23, 1901. Following his capture, Aguinaldo announced allegiance to the United States on April 19, 1901 and manifesting to the Philippine people to lay down their weapons, formally
2417:
Emilio Aguinaldo ordered the issuance of 1, 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100-peso banknotes which were signed by Messrs. Pedro A. Paterno, Telesforo Chuidan and Mariano Limjap to avoid counterfeiting. However, only the 1 and 5-peso banknotes had been printed and circulated to some areas by the end of the
2711:– On March 29, 1899, Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo arrived in Nueva Ecija and the town was made temporary capital of the First Philippine Republic. He stayed in this house which served as his executive office. When the Americans occupied San Isidro, the Sideco house served as the headquarters of Col.
2370:
Provisional Law on the Judiciary was issued on March 7, 1899, in accordance to the provisions of the 1899 Malolos Constitution providing that the Chief Justice shall be chosen by the National Assembly with the concurrence of the president and secretaries of the government. Aguinaldo appointed
3017:
Articles 54 and 55 – these mandate the election of seven legislators to a Permanent Commission which is to meet when convoked by its presiding officer during periods of legislative adjournment. This commission is mandated, among other things, "To act on pending matters which require proper
1869:. From that point on, distance and the localistic nature of the fighting prevented him from exercising a strong influence on revolutionary or military operations. Recognizing that American troops blocked his escape east, he turned north and west on November 15, crossing the mountains into
3259:
WHEREAS, Tuesday, April 16, 2002, marks the centennial celebration of the end of the Philippine-American War WHEREAS, the day also marks the day when General Miguel Malvar, a true-blooded Batangueño and the last President of the Philippine Revolutionary Government surrendered to the
1788:. That day President Aguinaldo issued a proclamation ordering and commanding that "peace and friendly relations with the Americans be broken and that the latter be treated as enemies, within the limits prescribed by the laws of war". The fighting quickly escalated into the
2887:
164:
163:
1944:, and arrived at Ambayuan the next morning. The party pushed on to Banane, pursued closely by American forces. At this point, Aguinaldo's party consisted of one field officer, 11 line officers, and 107 men. The remainder of December 1899 was spent in continuous trek.
1722:
the Spanish Naval force and blockaded Manila Bay. The American naval commander, lacking forces to conduct land operations following his unexpectedly complete victory, returned Aguinaldo and a number of other revolutionary exiles to the Philippines from Hong Kong.
2962:, who continued to fight and is seen by some as having unofficially taken up the presidency after Aguinaldo's capture, was captured; and July 4, 1902, the date of the full amnesty for those who had participated in the war was proclaimed by U.S. President
2875:
3525:
600:
1951:
provinces on Aguinaldo's 31st birthday on March 23, 1900. The trek from place to place continued until about May 22, 1900, when Aguinaldo established a new headquarters in Tierra Virgen. On August 27, 1900, after American forces landed at
175:
162:
2816:
1702:("Republic of the Philippines"). Unlike the founding documents of those governments, however, the Malolos Constitution was duly approved by a partially elected congress and called for a true representative democracy.
1932:, was apprised of the result of the battle by a rider, and moved on. The party reached Banane settlement on December 7, where Aguinaldo paused to consider plans for the future. On December 16, the party departed for
1889:, about 10 km south of the pass. After being notified by a rider of the outcome of the battle and the death of del Pilar, Aguinaldo ordered that camp be broken, and departed with his party for Cayan settlement.
2843:
2441:
as the Commanding General of the Republican Army. With such powers at hand, Luna attempted to transform the weak, undisciplined republican army into a disciplined regular army for the service of the Republic.
2940:
from November 2, 1897, to December 20, 1897, head of a dictatorial government from May 24, 1898, to June 23, 1898, and president of another revolutionary government from June 23, 1898, to January 22, 1899.
2705:– On March 17, 1899, General Emilio Aguinaldo transferred the seat of the First Philippine Republic to Angeles. It then became the site of celebrations for the first anniversary of Philippine independence.
1718:. In April 1898, the Spanish–American War broke out. The U.S. Navy's Asiatic Squadron, then in Hong Kong, sailed to the Philippines to engage the Spanish naval forces. On May 1, 1898, the U.S. Navy
2863:
2325:. It specified that assembly members would be chosen by election, but left the manner of the election to be later specified by law. The assembly was initially composed of the former members of the
160:
3700:
3670:
3631:
2382:
The Supreme Court included Gracio Gonzaga serving as president; Juan Arceo and Felix Ferrer as Chamber Presidents; and Deogracias Reyes, Juan Tongco, Pablo Tecson, and Ygnacio Villamor serving as
3022:
rise to unforeseen events, by the issuance of decrees, of which the Permanent Commission shall be duly apprised as well as the Assembly when it meets in accordance with this Constitution."
1674:
The First Philippine Republic is sometimes characterized as the first proper constitutional republic in Asia, although there were several Asian republics predating it – for example, the
311:
161:
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next day. The convention had earlier elected Aguinaldo president on January 1, 1899, leading to his inauguration on January 23. Parts of the constitution gave Aguinaldo the power to
3082:
3025:
In April 1899, the Permanent Commission was composed of Pedro A. Paterno, Felix Ferrer, Juan Nepomuceno, Arsenic Cruz Herrera, Joaquin Gonzales, Hugo Ilagan, and Alberto Barretto.
3237:
3292:
3446:
2027:
The constitution established a Council of Government (Cabinet), composed of a President and seven Secretaries. The following individuals were appointed to Cabinet positions:
2831:
5085:
2316:
1965:
1739:
1633:
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539:
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In the Mabini cabinet, the Secretary of Welfare had responsibility for Public Instruction, Communications & Public Works, and Agriculture, Industry & Commerce.
1309:
2383:
1808:
during a brief ceasefire in April–May 1899 failed, and San Isidro fell to American forces on May 16. The Philippine Republic core government had moved by then to
2733:– Emilio Aguinaldo made Lubuagan the seat of government for 73 days, from 6 March 1900 to 18 May 1900 before his escape and eventual capture at Palanan, Isabela.
2291:
1187:
189:
2319:
and subsequently elected to four year terms and organized in the form and manner determined by law and referred to at various points in the constitution as the
6397:
1304:
2881:
Sideco house served as Emilio Aguinaldo's capitol from the fall of Malolos on March 31, 1899, until May 17, 1899, when San Isidro was taken by the Americans.
2434:
as Director or Assistant Secretary of War by September 28, 1898, and the Philippines first military school, the Academia Militar was established in Malolos.
2376:
1258:
1547:
451:
6392:
1924:, on November 23. General del Pilar decided to place a blocking force in Tirad Pass to delay pursuing American forces while Aguinaldo's party moved on.
627:
2660:
1409:
1444:
94:
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1846:. On October 12, an American offensive to the north forced the Philippine Republic to relocate its headquarters in November to Tarlac, and then to
355:
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2739:– On March 23, 1901, General Aguinlado was captured by American forces with the aid of the native scouts and eventually detained in a villa near
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5917:
5905:
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2300:
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1996:
initially assumed the presidency. Presidents were to be elected by the legislature to terms of four years and to be eligible for reelection.
1816:. Aguinaldo's party had already left Tarlac, the last capital of the Philippine Republic, by the time American troops occupied it on November
1640:
as president. It was unrecognized outside of the Philippines but remained active until April 19, 1901. Following the American victory at the
1335:
1327:
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100:
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1993:
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689:
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2358:. Both areas are represented in the Congress by representatives appointed by President Emilio Aguinaldo. Aguinaldo sent a letter to the
2018:
Preside over national solemnities, and welcome accredited envoys and representatives of foreign countries with relations to the Republic
5705:
5567:
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5440:
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1286:
1248:
1240:
1134:
928:
694:
368:
2721:– The Casa Real de Tarlac served as headquarters of the revolutionary capital after Nueva Ecija was captured by the Americans in 1899.
2715:
who would later capture General Aguinaldo in Palanan, Isabela. General Aguinaldo's capture is said to have been planned in this house.
2693:– The declaration of independence was first ratified in Cuenca House by 190 municipal presidents of different towns from 16 provinces.
2492:
5873:
5572:
5432:
5080:
5058:
1727:
1499:
1434:
999:
732:
4395:
939:
5700:
3454:
1540:
4502:
6149:
5990:
5579:
2499:
2296:
2287:
4749:
4530:
4083:
3420:
3275:
2936:. He had held positions as president of the revolutionary government from March 22, 1897, to November 2, 1897, president of the
1885:
action to delay the American advance and ensure his escape. At the time of the battle, Aguinaldo and his party were encamped in
6377:
5823:
5530:
5452:
5090:
2684:
1735:
1645:
1479:
1192:
1074:
642:
3685:
6154:
6012:
5888:
5503:
5038:
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4825:
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4738:
4717:
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4675:
4651:
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4485:
4431:
4261:
4231:
4134:
3930:
3487:
3218:
3167:
2282:
1710:
In 1896, the Philippine Revolution began against Spanish colonial rule. In 1897, Philippine forces led by Aguinaldo signed a
318:
6382:
6211:
6194:
6046:
6029:
5893:
5640:
5562:
5409:
4377:
2727:– In November 1899, Emilio Aguinaldo designated Bayambang as seat of government after Tarlac was captured by the Americans.
2506:
1494:
1439:
1404:
1385:
1227:
979:
714:
260:
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3374:
6226:
5983:
5936:
5749:
5693:
5404:
5399:
4937:
2272:
2245:
2015:
Pardon criminal offenders in accordance with the law, subject to the provisions relating to the Secretaries of Government
1533:
1484:
1459:
1414:
1212:
580:
224:
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4477:
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6034:
5550:
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252:
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4036:
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652:
6007:
6000:
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5853:
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5307:
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4992:
2992:
specifies that the Spanish language shall temporarily be used until laws regulating language usage are promulgated.
1454:
1449:
994:
17:
3225:
On 19 April 1901 Aguinaldo issued a farewell proclamation to his people, bringing the republic to an end: ...
2932:
January 23, 1899 was the date of Aguinaldo's inauguration as president of the First Philippine Republic under the
6315:
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6119:
6071:
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on June 12, 1898, and proclaimed successive revolutionary Philippine governments on June 18 and 23 of that year.
1182:
4875:
The Encyclopedia of the Spanish–American and Philippine–American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History
4126:
The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History
3754:
1992:
Executive power was exercised by the President, through his cabinet secretaries. The incumbent president of the
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5419:
5394:
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1835:
on May 5. This forced the seat of government to be shifted according to the demands of the military situation.
1429:
850:
719:
704:
610:
180:
Territory controlled by the Philippine Republic, most of which it occupied except Manila and parts of Mindanao.
4709:
The Enemy in Our Hands: America's Treatment of Enemy Prisoners of War from the Revolution to the War on Terror
1784:
between Philippine Republic forces and American forces occupying the city subsequent to the conclusion of the
6264:
6169:
5958:
5953:
5677:
5535:
5427:
5223:
5192:
3238:"Proclamation on U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt's pardon of the people of Philippine Archipelago, s. 1902"
2967:
2427:
1972:
1897:
1858:
in order to evade pursuing American forces. There, they joined a force of some 1200 armed men led by General
1009:
619:
4055:
is more comprehensive than other sources seen, listing information for both the Mabini and Paterno cabinets.
3254:
3175:
came to an end officially when, on 4 July 1901, U.S. Military government ceased to exist in the Philippines.
6091:
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6019:
5978:
5922:
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5715:
5635:
5486:
5115:
3315:
3240:. Government of the United States. July 4, 1901 – via Official Gazette of the Philippine Government.
2979:
The capital (Malolos) was held by enemy forces from March 31, 1899. There were numerous temporary capitals.
2047:
1474:
1464:
1014:
860:
1850:. On November 13, under pressure by American forces, Aguinaldo and a party departed Bayambang by rail for
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The Story of the Philippines and Our New Possessions, Including the Ladrones, Hawaii, Cuba and Porto Rico
2379:
on August 23, 1899; however, the appointment did not materialize because of the Philippine–American War.
1900:
and rear guard elements, with Aguinaldo and del Pilar in the vanguard. The vanguard force overnighted in
1774:
1660:
1340:
1094:
828:
768:
425:
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1999:
In addition to his basic powers, the 1899 Constitution assigned the following duties to the presidency:
1956:, Aguinaldo concluded that Tierra Virgan had become untenable as a headquarters and decided to march to
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589:
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3479:
Emilio Aguinaldo: Generalissimo and President of the First Philippine Republic--first Republic in Asia
2668:
of the First Philippine Republic designated by Aguinaldo in his attempt to escape the American forces.
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Whereas the insurrection against the authority and sovereignty of the United States is now at an end
1671:, he declared allegiance to the U.S. on April 19, 1901, effectively ending the Philippine Republic.
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requesting that the islands be part of the First Philippine Republic, but the letter was ignored.
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3001:
The First Philippine Republic officially declared war against the United States on June 2, 1899..
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2759:
2466:
1960:. On December 6, 1900, the party reached Dumasari, and arrived in Palanan the following morning.
1801:
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Pamintuan Mansion, where the first anniversary of Philippine independence was celebrated in 1899
1690:. Aguinaldo himself had led a number of governments prior to Malolos, like those established at
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Aguinaldo had decided in aa November 13 conference in Bayambang to disperse his army and begin
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province. Aguinaldo's party eluded pursuing American forces, passing through Tirad Pass near
1847:
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1609:
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1044:
949:
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Project Gutenberg – Panukala sa Pagkakana nang Repúblika nang Pilipinas by Apolinario Mabini
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Cuenca House served as the headquarters of the Philippine revolutionary government in 1898.
1878:
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forces. Emilio Aguinaldo and the core of the revolutionary government had by then moved to
1719:
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8:
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2012:
Ensure the swift and complete administration of justice in the entire national territory
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5002:
3047:
Several sources assert that shortly after installation of the Paterno cabinet, General
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1859:
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Encyclopedia of Minorities in American Politics: African Americans and Asian Americans
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1765:. The constitution was titled "Constitución política", and was written in Spanish.
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61:
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American forces pushing north from Manila after the outbreak of fighting captured
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on November 19, pushed on the next day, and arrived at the Tirad Pass, a natural
1901:
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276:
143:
4088:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library (published 1972). p.
3206:
Leadership in Asia: Persuasive Communication in the Making of Nations, 1850–1950
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3526:"Documentary Histories » Spanish-American War » Battle of Manila Bay"
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and had powers and responsibilities detailed in Title IV of the constitution.
1726:
Aguinaldo arrived in the Philippines on May 24 and on that date, proclaimed a
1576:
The Inauguration of the First Philippine Republic in Malolos, January 23, 1899
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308:
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244:
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1937:
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699:
3010:
The three parts of the constitution which are of particular interest are:
2897:, where the headquarters of the revolutionary republic transferred in 1899
1659:
in Manila between American and Filipino forces in what developed into the
5370:
4751:
The Laws of the First Philippine Republic (the laws of Malolos) 1898–1899
4618:. Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines. January 21, 1899
4382:
The laws of the first Philippine Republic (the laws of Malolos) 1898–1899
4085:
The laws of the first Philippine Republic (the laws of Malolos) 1898–1899
1941:
1921:
1842:
and the Philippine Republic was headquartered not far north of there, in
1813:
1121:
1106:
264:
4922:
5339:
5327:
2480: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1908:
by November 19, where word was received that American forces had taken
1882:
1734:(formally established by decree on June 18). On June 12, he issued the
1714:
with the Spanish authorities and Aguinaldo and other leaders went into
1380:
1217:
895:
4754:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library (published 2005)
4585:
Benjamin R. Beede; Richard L. Blanco (1994). Benjamin R. Beede (ed.).
4470:
Benjamin R. Beede; Richard L. Blanco (1994). Benjamin R. Beede (ed.).
3645:
Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain; December 10, 1898
1663:. Aguinaldo was captured by the American forces on March 23, 1901, in
5198:
2430:
was renamed the Philippine Republican Army. Aguinaldo then appointed
1034:
969:
637:
4817:
The U.S. Army and Counterinsurgency in the Philippine War, 1899–1902
2455:
2437:
When the Republic was inaugurated on January 23, Luna had succeeded
5007:
3381:. Pasig, Philippines: Kabayan Central Net Works Inc. Archived from
3375:"Aguinaldo's Proclamation of Formal Surrender to the United States"
2346:
The government claimed jurisdiction over the overseas territory of
1870:
1796:
1572:
1355:
870:
845:
813:
793:
748:
684:
4584:
4469:
4047:
Details of the composition of the cabinet differ between sources.
3296:
3155:
The War of 1898 and U.S. Interventions, 1898T1934: An Encyclopedia
1757:
and transferring the Philippines from Spain to the United States.
5228:
1948:
1664:
1605:
1601:
944:
905:
763:
271:
199:
2426:
When Philippine independence was declared on June 12, 1898, the
1792:, with Philippine Republic forces being driven out of the city.
1742:
on June 23, under which the partly-elected and partly-appointed
1560:
3351:. San Pablo City, Philippines: MSC Institute of Technology, Inc
3014:
legislative power shall never be vested in a single individual.
2009:
Direct diplomatic and commercial relations with other countries
1781:
788:
783:
773:
209:
6284:
6101:
4525:
4523:
4253:
Face of Empire: United States-Philippine relations, 1898-1946
4211:
4209:
2351:
2347:
2003:
Confer civil and military employment in accordance to the law
1940:. The party traveled on foot through a pass at the summit of
1892:
Aguinaldo's party, traveling with del Pilar's force, reached
1738:
from Spain at his ancestral home in Cavite. He established a
1621:
875:
3278:. Official Gazette of the Philippine Government. Article 68.
4865:
4307:"Greater Philippines: Captaincy General of the Philippines"
3649:
778:
4520:
4206:
3423:. Philippine Government. September 7, 2012. Archived from
3084:
Inaugural Address of President Aguinaldo, January 23, 1899
2954:
This article uses April 19, 1901, the date its president,
4688:
The Philippines: current issues and historical background
4007:
4005:
1651:
In December 1898, Spain and the United States signed the
3321:
4764:(published online 2005, University of Michigan Library)
4384:. Manilla: National Historical Commission. p. 172.
3307:
3305:
3052:
or the Paterno cabinet was in office after the release.
1971:
Fighting between the Americans and the remnants of the
4667:
Bound to empire: the United States and the Philippines
4440:
4215:
4002:
4553:
4216:
Constantino, Renato; Constantino, Letizia R. (1975).
3992:
3990:
3662:
3660:
3658:
2825:
where Philippine independence was declared from Spain
2377:
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines
1966:
sovereignty of the United States over the Philippines
1854:, from where they immediately proceeded eastwards to
3925:. University of the Philippines Press. p. 454.
3918:
3302:
3270:
3268:
2409:
The postage stamps of the First Philippine Republic.
1644:, Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines, issued the
4176:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4166:
3705:
3089:
Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines
312:
parliamentary republic with an executive presidency
4588:The War of 1898, and U.S. Interventions, 1898–1934
4473:The War of 1898, and U.S. Interventions, 1898-1934
4164:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4063:
4061:
3987:
3834:
3655:
3280:(Spanish, with a side-by-side English translation)
2332:
1746:convened on September 15 to write a constitution.
4535:National Historical Commission of the Philippines
4286:
4284:
4256:, Ateneo de Manila University Press, p. 50,
4118:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4106:
3265:
6354:
4378:"39B. The Judiciary During the Malolos Republic"
4375:
3812:
3810:
3759:
3369:
3119:Malacaňan Palace Presidential Museum and Library
2241:Secretary of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce
1896:on November 15. There, the force was split into
4396:"Coins and Notes - History of Philippine Money"
4143:
4058:
4026:
3851:
3849:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3617:
27:Self-proclaimed independent republic, 1899–1901
4281:
4103:
3690:
3503:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3031:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2683:– The hometown of General Aguinaldo where the
1964:ending the First Republic and recognizing the
6398:States and territories disestablished in 1902
5355:
4938:
4859:A history of the Spanish–American War of 1898
4503:"Mayor Sonia Lorenzo and historic San Isidro"
4278:(Title IX – On the Secretaries of Government)
3807:
3732:
2258:The following are the executive departments:
1541:
141:
113:
53:
39:
4855:
4245:
4243:
3846:
3822:
3795:
3614:
3590:
3075:
1904:, departed there on November 16, and was in
553:Insular Government of the Philippine Islands
129:"Kalayaan, Katarungan, at Kapantay-pantayan"
4899:Philippine history through selected sources
4182:"Master List of Cabinet Members since 1899"
3333:
3293:La Dinastía (Barcelona). 29/11/1898, page 3
3255:"Presidential Proclamation No. 173 S. 2002"
3028:
2943:
1634:Revolutionary Government of the Philippines
540:Revolutionary Government of the Philippines
6393:States and territories established in 1899
5362:
5348:
4945:
4931:
4494:
3571:
3569:
1768:
1596:and also referred to by historians as the
1548:
1534:
174:
5676:
4952:
4639:
4413:
4290:
4240:
4049:Master List of Cabinet Members since 1899
4023:Presidential Proclamation No. 173 S. 2002
4011:
3996:
3981:
3969:
3957:
3945:
3894:
3882:
3870:
3789:
3777:
3726:
3318:(English translation by Sulpicio Guevara)
2893:Historical marker located in present-day
2540:Learn how and when to remove this message
1975:continued until the surrender of General
1838:In October 1899, American forces were in
1000:Igorot resistance to Spanish colonization
474:298,719 km (115,336 sq mi)
5369:
4912:The First Philippine Republic at Malolos
4856:Titherington, Richard Handfield (1900).
4767:
4614:
4500:
4275:
4080:"Title IX The Secretaries of Government"
3750:
3209:. University of Delaware Press. p.
2404:
2392:
1947:The party was at the border of Abra and
1827:on April 27 and, moving north, captured
1571:
1559:
4834:
4747:
4646:. University of the Philippines Press.
4187:. Philippine Government. Archived from
4077:
4032:
3696:
3666:
3627:
3605:
3566:
3339:
3311:
2341:
1804:. Peace negotiations with the American
1628:(1898) through the promulgation of the
739:Historically documented states/polities
14:
6368:Former countries in Philippine history
6355:
5308:"Evolution of the Philippine Flag" set
4871:
4782:The Development of Philippine Politics
4660:
4501:Navasero, Mandy (September 29, 2001).
4448:"Capture of Aguinaldo, March 23, 1901"
3711:
3509:
3403:
3288:
3286:
3202:
2909:History of the Philippines (1898–1946)
2798:, from March 6, 1900, to May 18, 1900;
2445:
2311:Legislative power was exercised by an
1736:Philippine Declaration of Independence
1646:Philippine Declaration of Independence
5343:
4926:
4892:
4813:
4789:
4778:
4705:
4684:
4249:
3906:
3855:
3840:
3828:
3816:
3801:
3765:
3738:
3681:
3575:
3475:
3379:The Philippine-American War Documents
3349:The Philippine-American War Documents
3345:"Pedro Paterno's Proclamation of War"
3327:
3295:as returned in search results at the
3186:
3151:
3135:
2747:
2315:initially composed by members of the
2205:
2161:
2124:
2063:
4726:
4419:
3636:
3107:
2849:The Malolos Cathedral Basilica. The
2478:adding citations to reliable sources
2449:
1831:with little opposition on May 4 and
1632:on January 23, 1899, succeeding the
1592:), now officially remembered as the
1564:First President of the Philippines,
4643:Malolos: The Crisis of the Republic
4628:(includes original Spanish version)
4293:Malolos: The Crisis of the Republic
3922:Malolos: The Crisis of the Republic
3552:"General Emilio Aguinaldo in exile"
3283:
3257:. Official Gazette. April 9, 2002.
2562:
2022:
1780:4, 1899, armed conflict erupted in
1636:. It was formally established with
24:
5303:Flags of the Philippine Revolution
4459:Philippine-American War, 1899–1902
3091:. January 23, 1899. Archived from
2632:
2414:Aguinaldo on November 30, 1898.
2059:January 23, 1899 – April 19, 1901
599:
25:
6409:
4423:The Rise and Fall of Antonio Luna
4335:
2857:from September 1898 – March 1899.
2401:of the First Philippine Republic.
2006:Appoint Secretaries of Government
940:Voyage of Miguel López de Legazpi
653:Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens
6335:
6334:
6323:
5187:American Anti-Imperialist League
4814:Linn, Brian McAllister (2000b).
4712:. University Press of Kentucky.
4591:. Taylor & Francis. p.
4476:. Taylor & Francis. p.
4351:Blocked from being chief justice
3158:. Taylor & Francis. p.
2886:
2874:
2862:
2842:
2830:
2815:
2808:
2687:was proclaimed on June 12, 1898.
2645:
2631:
2617:
2603:
2589:
2576:
2575:
2561:
2554:
2454:
2201:September 2, 1898 – May 7, 1899
1517:
557:
532:
158:
121:"Liberty, Justice, and Equality"
93:
79:
5162:Commonwealth of the Philippines
5157:Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916
4779:Kalaw, Maximo Manguiat (1927).
4616:"The 1899 Malolos Constitution"
4578:
4531:"The First Philippine Republic"
4463:
4388:
4369:
4355:
4344:
4329:
4311:Presidential Museum and Library
4299:
4269:
4051:in the Philippine Government's
4041:
4017:
3975:
3963:
3951:
3939:
3912:
3900:
3888:
3876:
3864:
3783:
3771:
3744:
3720:
3675:
3599:
3584:
3544:
3518:
3469:
3453:. June 12, 2019. Archived from
3439:
3421:"The First Philippine Republic"
3413:
3363:
3276:"The 1899 Malolos Constitution"
3203:Oliver, Robert Tarbell (1989).
3055:
3004:
2995:
2982:
2973:
2646:
2618:
2590:
2465:needs additional citations for
2333:Provincial and local government
1982:
1916:. Aguinaldo's force arrived in
115:Libertad, Justicia, y Igualidad
5193:Iglesia Filipina Independiente
4841:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
4799:. University Press of Kansas.
4748:Guevara, Sulpico, ed. (1972).
4640:Agoncillo, Teodoro A. (1997).
4376:Sulpicio Guevara, ed. (1972).
4363:"History of the Supreme Court"
4078:Guevara, Sulpico, ed. (2005).
3247:
3230:
3196:
3180:
3145:
2926:
2914:Sovereignty of the Philippines
2604:
2306:
2103:October 1, 1898 – May 7, 1899
1881:was fought on December 2 as a
1346:2000 campaign against the MILF
851:Laguna Copperplate Inscription
705:Maitum anthropomorphic pottery
13:
1:
6378:Former unrecognized countries
5224:Philippine Revolutionary Army
5039:Kapampangan Counterrevolution
4796:The Philippine War, 1899–1902
3919:Teodoro A. Agoncillo (1997).
3068:
2428:Philippine Revolutionary Army
1987:
1698:which both styled themselves
1010:Battles of La Naval de Manila
5829:Business process outsourcing
5116:Federal State of the Visayas
4902:. Alemar-Phoenix Pub. House.
4835:Schultz, Jeffrey D. (2000).
4219:A History of the Philippines
3482:. Phoenix Publishing House.
3371:Aguinaldo y Famy, Don Emilio
2853:and Office of the President
2365:
2174:July 15, 1898 – May 7, 1899
2092:Secretary of Foreign Affairs
1936:to join forces with General
1812:, and subsequently moved to
861:Limestone tombs of Kamhantik
7:
5091:Declaration of Independence
4872:Tucker, Spencer C. (2009).
4691:. Nova Science Publishers.
4670:. Oxford University Press.
4291:Agoncillo, Teodoro (1960).
3152:Beede, Benjamin R. (1994).
2902:
2685:declaration of independence
2489:"First Philippine Republic"
2421:
2388:
2313:Assembly of Representatives
2163:Secretary of War and Marine
1351:2nd People Power Revolution
1341:1997 Asian financial crisis
1075:Declaration of Independence
152:"Philippine National March"
10:
6414:
4862:. D. Appleton and Company.
4632:
2792:, until November 13, 1899;
2675:Capital of the Philippines
2672:
2251:May 7 – November 13, 1899
2236:May 7 – November 13, 1899
2226:May 7 – November 13, 1899
2186:May 7 – November 13, 1899
2157:May 7 – November 13, 1899
2147:May 7 – November 13, 1899
2086:May 7 – November 13, 1899
1973:Philippine Republican Army
1772:
1749:On December 10, 1898, the
1705:
1080:American capture of Manila
6363:First Philippine Republic
6306:
6225:
6110:
5944:
5935:
5814:
5805:
5621:
5612:
5494:
5485:
5418:
5387:
5378:
5295:
5237:
5179:
5129:
5101:First Philippine Republic
5016:
4993:Pre-revolutionary revolts
4985:
4978:
4960:
4706:Doyle, Robert C. (2010).
4507:Philippine Daily Inquirer
4276:Malolos Constitution 1899
4129:. ABC-CLIO. p. 496.
3297:National Library of Spain
2664:Provinces that served as
2240:
2190:
2109:Secretary of the Interior
2107:
2090:
2064:President of the Cabinet
2046:
2041:
2038:
2035:
1875:Sagada, Mountain Province
1823:American forces captured
1594:First Philippine Republic
960:Spanish capture of Manila
511:
501:
497:
487:
483:
478:
470:
465:
461:
448:
435:
431:
421:
411:
407:
394:
381:
377:
367:
363:
344:
331:
327:
317:
282:
270:
240:
230:
220:
205:
195:
185:
173:
151:
135:
120:
109:
75:
70:
34:
5733:House of Representatives
5626:Administrative divisions
5321:Marcha nacional filipina
5086:Revolutionary Government
5054:Republic of Biak-na-Bato
4768:Halstead, Murat (1898).
4685:Calit, Harry S. (2003).
4565:Municipality of Lubuagan
4250:Golay, Frank H. (1997),
4123:Tucker, Spencer (2009).
3341:Paterno, Pedro Alejandro
2919:
2784:Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
2317:Revolutionary Government
2214:January 2 – May 7, 1899
2137:January 2 – May 7, 1899
2120:January 2 – May 7, 1899
2074:January 2 – May 7, 1899
1740:revolutionary government
1420:Administrative divisions
1135:American colonial period
1055:Republic of Biak-na-Bato
891:Butuan Silver Paleograph
876:Batanes Ijang fortresses
819:Sultanate of Maguindanao
690:Cordillera Rice Terraces
144:Marcha Nacional Filipina
6383:Philippine–American War
5315:Flag of the Philippines
5219:Philippine Constabulary
5142:Philippine–American War
5034:Katagalugan (Bonifacio)
4420:Jose, Vicencio (1972).
3447:"Asia's First Republic"
2895:Tarlac State University
2766:Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija
2760:San Isidro, Nueva Ecija
2709:San Isidro, Nueva Ecija
1802:San Isidro, Nueva Ecija
1790:Second Battle of Manila
1775:Philippine–American War
1769:Philippine–American War
1753:was signed, ending the
1661:Philippine–American War
1315:People Power Revolution
1095:Philippine–American War
929:Spanish colonial period
426:Philippine–American War
297:constitutional republic
221:Official languages
55:Republica ng̃ Filipinas
6330:Philippines portal
5874:Science and technology
5081:Dictatorial Government
4791:Linn, Brian McAllister
4785:. Oriental commercial.
4733:. Rex Bookstore, Inc.
4338:Philippine Legislature
2968:Philippine Organic Act
2410:
2402:
1994:Revolutionary Republic
1840:San Fernando, Pampanga
1833:San Fernando, Pampanga
1728:dictatorial government
1700:República de Filipinas
1678:of ancient India, the
1589:
1577:
1569:
1524:Philippines portal
1500:Science and technology
1117:UST Baybayin Documents
1065:Treaty of Paris (1898)
643:Austronesian expansion
628:Early hominin activity
604:
142:
128:
114:
54:
40:
6388:Philippine Revolution
6285:Sport and martial art
5701:Executive departments
5253:Kartilya ng Katipunan
5121:Republic of Zamboanga
4954:Philippine Revolution
4662:Brands, Henry William
4453:May 16, 2020, at the
4222:. NYU Press. p.
3476:Saulo, A. B. (1983).
2938:Biak-na-Bato Republic
2804:until March 23, 1901.
2790:Bayambang, Pangasinan
2673:Further information:
2408:
2396:
2206:Secretary of Welfare
2191:Secretary of Justice
1930:Cervantes, Ilocos Sur
1912:and had proceeded to
1848:Bayambang, Pangasinan
1732:Philippine Revolution
1610:Philippine Revolution
1600:, was established in
1575:
1563:
1445:Cultural achievements
1269:Filipino First policy
1259:Mutual Defense Treaty
1213:Philippine resistance
1045:Philippine Revolution
1005:Spanish–Moro conflict
995:Revolts and uprisings
881:Golden Tara of Agusan
603:
301:military dictatorship
231:Common languages
6150:Fashion and clothing
5991:Environmental issues
5918:Water and sanitation
5755:Regional Trial Court
5600:World Heritage Sites
5279:Pact of Biak-na-Bato
5259:Malolos Constitution
5071:Spanish–American War
4907:The Malolos Republic
4730:Struggle for Freedom
3385:on February 28, 2009
3125:on November 4, 2012.
2990:Malolos Constitution
2934:Malolos Constitution
2762:from March 29, 1899;
2756:from March 17, 1899;
2661:class=notpageimage|
2474:improve this article
2342:Overseas territories
2153:Severino de las Alas
2126:Secretary of Finance
1879:Battle of Tirad Pass
1786:Spanish–American War
1755:Spanish–American War
1751:1898 Treaty of Paris
1657:fighting had erupted
1653:1898 Treaty of Paris
1642:Battle of Manila Bay
1630:Malolos Constitution
1618:Spanish–American War
1616:(1896–1898) and the
1505:World Heritage Sites
1371:Territorial disputes
1274:North Borneo dispute
1264:Hukbalahap Rebellion
1228:Philippines campaign
1223:Battle of Leyte Gulf
1203:Battle of Corregidor
1178:Tydings–McDuffie Act
1070:Battle of Manila Bay
1060:Spanish–American War
668:Precolonial barangay
235:Philippine languages
6140:Cultural properties
5906:Tourist attractions
5453:Japanese occupation
5147:Katagalugan (Sakay)
4998:Propaganda Movement
4820:. UNC Press Books.
4194:on October 20, 2016
3457:on January 18, 2022
3330:, pp. 199–200.
3260:Americans; ...
2851:Palacio Presidencia
2786:from November 1899;
2780:from June 21, 1899;
2778:Tarlac City, Tarlac
2446:Seats of government
2301:Industries Commerce
2246:León María Guerrero
2169:Baldomero Aguinaldo
1979:on April 16, 1902.
1906:Naguilian, La Union
1894:Manaoag, Pangasinan
1806:Schurman Commission
1720:decisively defeated
1684:Republic of Formosa
1582:Philippine Republic
1366:Philippine drug war
1328:Contemporary period
1295:Communist rebellion
1193:Japanese occupation
1158:Military Government
1112:Doctrina Christiana
1020:Propaganda Movement
975:Spanish East Indies
965:Battle of Bangkusay
911:Magellan expedition
829:Sultanates of Lanao
824:Sultanate of Buayan
439:Republic proclaimed
261:Indigenous religion
36:Philippine Republic
6155:Historical markers
6013:Indigenous peoples
5889:Telecommunications
5663:Political families
5504:Biosphere reserves
5111:Republic of Negros
5049:Tejeros Convention
5024:Cry of Pugad Lawin
5003:Palmero Conspiracy
4541:on October 7, 2021
4446:Arnaldo Dumindin,
4014:, pp. 485–486
3984:, pp. 456–458
3948:, pp. 447–448
3843:, pp. 115–116
3780:, pp. 379–381
3427:on October 7, 2021
3373:(April 19, 1901).
3115:"Emilio Aguinaldo"
2988:Article 93 of the
2964:Theodore Roosevelt
2774:from June 6, 1899;
2748:Temporary capitals
2411:
2403:
2384:Associate Justices
2283:Public Instruction
1860:Gregorio del Pilar
1716:exile in Hong Kong
1590:República Filipina
1578:
1570:
1168:Insular Government
1153:Zamboanga Republic
1050:Tejeros Convention
1040:Cry of Pugad Lawin
1025:1872 Cavite mutiny
733:Precolonial period
673:Maritime Silk Road
648:Angono Petroglyphs
620:Prehistoric period
605:
190:Unrecognized state
41:República Filipina
6348:
6347:
6302:
6301:
6298:
6297:
6212:Traditional games
6047:Income inequality
6030:Human trafficking
5931:
5930:
5894:Telephone numbers
5801:
5800:
5797:
5796:
5668:Political parties
5641:Foreign relations
5608:
5607:
5481:
5480:
5466:Marcos presidency
5457:Postcolonial era
5337:
5336:
5246:El filibusterismo
5214:Magdiwang faction
5175:
5174:
5106:Negros Revolution
4885:978-1-85109-951-1
4848:978-1-57356-148-8
4827:978-0-8078-4948-4
4806:978-0-7006-1225-3
4740:978-971-23-5045-0
4727:Duka, C. (2008).
4719:978-0-8131-2589-3
4698:978-1-59033-576-5
4677:978-0-19-507104-7
4653:978-971-542-096-9
4602:978-0-8240-5624-7
4487:978-0-8240-5624-7
4433:978-971-17-0700-2
4263:978-971-550-254-2
4233:978-0-85345-394-9
4136:978-1-85109-951-1
3932:978-971-542-096-9
3591:Titherington 1900
3489:978-971-06-0720-4
3220:978-0-87413-353-0
3169:978-1-136-74690-1
2796:Lubuagan, Kalinga
2768:from May 9, 1899;
2754:Angeles, Pampanga
2741:Malacañang Palace
2713:Frederick Funston
2703:Angeles, Pampanga
2550:
2549:
2542:
2524:
2373:Apolinario Mabini
2322:National Assembly
2263:Foreign Relations
2255:
2254:
2221:Felipe Buencamino
2098:Apolinario Mabini
2069:Apolinario Mabini
1918:Balaoan, La Union
1825:Calumpit, Bulacan
1730:, rekindling the
1558:
1557:
1405:Ancient religions
1386:COVID-19 pandemic
1241:Post-independence
980:Captaincy General
856:Butuan Ivory Seal
834:Sultanate of Sulu
715:Prehistoric beads
573:
572:
569:
568:
565:
564:
545:
544:
416:National Assembly
388:Apolinario Mabini
346:• 1901–1902
333:• 1899–1901
253:Roman Catholicism
165:
16:(Redirected from
6405:
6373:Former republics
6338:
6337:
6328:
6327:
6326:
6108:
6107:
6062:Overseas workers
5984:Higher education
5942:
5941:
5812:
5811:
5750:Court of Appeals
5706:Executive office
5674:
5673:
5619:
5618:
5492:
5491:
5433:Pre-colonial era
5385:
5384:
5364:
5357:
5350:
5341:
5340:
5204:La Liga Filipina
5167:Treaty of Manila
5096:Malolos Congress
4983:
4982:
4947:
4940:
4933:
4924:
4923:
4903:
4889:
4864:(republished by
4863:
4852:
4831:
4810:
4786:
4775:
4763:
4761:
4759:
4744:
4723:
4702:
4681:
4657:
4627:
4625:
4623:
4607:
4606:
4582:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4557:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4546:
4537:. Archived from
4527:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4498:
4492:
4491:
4467:
4461:
4444:
4438:
4437:
4417:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4392:
4386:
4385:
4373:
4367:
4366:
4359:
4353:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4333:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4317:on July 16, 2014
4313:. Archived from
4303:
4297:
4296:
4288:
4279:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4247:
4238:
4237:
4213:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4193:
4186:
4178:
4141:
4140:
4120:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4075:
4056:
4053:Official Gazette
4045:
4039:
4030:
4024:
4021:
4015:
4009:
4000:
3994:
3985:
3979:
3973:
3967:
3961:
3955:
3949:
3943:
3937:
3936:
3916:
3910:
3904:
3898:
3892:
3886:
3880:
3874:
3868:
3862:
3853:
3844:
3838:
3832:
3826:
3820:
3814:
3805:
3799:
3793:
3787:
3781:
3775:
3769:
3768:, pp. 46–49
3763:
3757:
3748:
3742:
3736:
3730:
3724:
3718:
3709:
3703:
3694:
3688:
3679:
3673:
3664:
3653:
3652:
3640:
3634:
3625:
3612:
3603:
3597:
3588:
3582:
3573:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3530:history.navy.mil
3522:
3516:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3417:
3411:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3343:(June 2, 1899).
3337:
3331:
3325:
3319:
3309:
3300:
3290:
3281:
3279:
3272:
3263:
3262:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3200:
3194:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3149:
3143:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3121:. Archived from
3111:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3095:on June 24, 2023
3079:
3062:
3059:
3053:
3045:
3026:
3008:
3002:
2999:
2993:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2971:
2956:Emilio Aguinaldo
2952:
2941:
2930:
2890:
2878:
2866:
2855:Emilio Aguinaldo
2846:
2834:
2823:Aguinaldo Shrine
2819:
2802:Palanan, Isabela
2737:Palanan, Isabela
2697:Malolos, Bulacan
2649:
2648:
2635:
2634:
2621:
2620:
2607:
2606:
2593:
2592:
2579:
2578:
2565:
2564:
2558:
2545:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2525:
2523:
2482:
2458:
2450:
2356:Sulu archipelago
2327:Malolos Congress
2278:War and the Navy
2232:Maximino Paterno
2196:Gregorio Araneta
2054:Emilio Aguinaldo
2033:
2032:
2023:National cabinet
1958:Palanan, Isabela
1829:Apalit, Pampanga
1819:
1744:Malolos Congress
1680:Lanfang Republic
1638:Emilio Aguinaldo
1598:Malolos Republic
1566:Emilio Aguinaldo
1550:
1543:
1536:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1254:Treaty of Manila
1198:Battle of Bataan
1143:Tagalog Republic
1085:Malolos Congress
1030:La Liga Filipina
1015:British invasion
985:Tondo Conspiracy
955:Blockade of Cebu
916:Battle of Mactan
840:Events/Artifacts
743:(north to south)
679:Events/Artifacts
663:Sa Huỳnh culture
593:
575:
574:
561:
560:
549:
548:
536:
535:
529:
528:
513:
512:
444:January 23, 1899
338:Emilio Aguinaldo
214:February 5, 1899
178:
167:
166:
153:
147:
122:
117:
97:
83:
65:
57:
51:
43:
32:
31:
21:
18:Malolos Republic
6413:
6412:
6408:
6407:
6406:
6404:
6403:
6402:
6353:
6352:
6349:
6344:
6324:
6322:
6294:
6221:
6190:Public holidays
6106:
6035:Sex trafficking
5927:
5793:
5711:Law enforcement
5672:
5604:
5568:Protected areas
5477:
5446:American period
5414:
5374:
5368:
5338:
5333:
5291:
5272:Noli Me Tángere
5265:Mi último adiós
5233:
5209:Magdalo faction
5171:
5137:Treaty of Paris
5125:
5076:Hong Kong Junta
5012:
4974:
4956:
4951:
4921:
4886:
4866:openlibrary.org
4849:
4828:
4807:
4757:
4755:
4741:
4720:
4699:
4678:
4654:
4635:
4621:
4619:
4611:
4610:
4603:
4583:
4579:
4569:
4567:
4559:
4558:
4554:
4544:
4542:
4529:
4528:
4521:
4511:
4509:
4499:
4495:
4488:
4468:
4464:
4455:Wayback Machine
4445:
4441:
4434:
4418:
4414:
4404:
4402:
4394:
4393:
4389:
4374:
4370:
4361:
4360:
4356:
4349:
4345:
4334:
4330:
4320:
4318:
4305:
4304:
4300:
4289:
4282:
4274:
4270:
4264:
4248:
4241:
4234:
4214:
4207:
4197:
4195:
4191:
4184:
4180:
4179:
4144:
4137:
4122:
4121:
4104:
4094:
4092:
4076:
4059:
4046:
4042:
4031:
4027:
4022:
4018:
4010:
4003:
3995:
3988:
3980:
3976:
3968:
3964:
3956:
3952:
3944:
3940:
3933:
3917:
3913:
3905:
3901:
3893:
3889:
3881:
3877:
3869:
3865:
3854:
3847:
3839:
3835:
3827:
3823:
3815:
3808:
3800:
3796:
3788:
3784:
3776:
3772:
3764:
3760:
3749:
3745:
3737:
3733:
3725:
3721:
3710:
3706:
3695:
3691:
3680:
3676:
3665:
3656:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3626:
3615:
3604:
3600:
3589:
3585:
3574:
3567:
3557:
3555:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3535:
3533:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3508:
3504:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3474:
3470:
3460:
3458:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3430:
3428:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3402:
3398:
3388:
3386:
3368:
3364:
3354:
3352:
3338:
3334:
3326:
3322:
3310:
3303:
3291:
3284:
3274:
3273:
3266:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3221:
3201:
3197:
3185:
3181:
3170:
3150:
3146:
3134:
3130:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3098:
3096:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3046:
3029:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2974:
2953:
2944:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2905:
2898:
2891:
2882:
2879:
2870:
2867:
2858:
2847:
2838:
2835:
2826:
2820:
2811:
2750:
2681:Cavite El Viejo
2677:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2546:
2535:
2529:
2526:
2483:
2481:
2471:
2459:
2448:
2439:Artemio Ricarte
2424:
2391:
2368:
2344:
2335:
2309:
2257:
2115:Teodoro Sandico
2030:
2025:
1990:
1985:
1954:Aparri, Cagayan
1902:Tubao, La Union
1817:
1777:
1771:
1708:
1688:Republic of Ezo
1568:, in the field.
1554:
1518:
1516:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1450:Diet and health
1399:
1391:
1390:
1376:Siege of Marawi
1331:
1320:
1319:
1310:Fourth Republic
1290:
1279:
1278:
1244:
1233:
1232:
1208:Second Republic
1148:Negros Republic
1138:
1127:
1126:
932:
921:
920:
866:Kabayan Mummies
736:
725:
724:
633:Homo luzonensis
623:
592:the Philippines
591:
584:
558:
533:
490:
454:
441:
397:
384:
347:
334:
307:
303:
289:
259:
255:
251:
247:
181:
169:
168:
159:
155:
149:
118:
105:
104:
103:
98:
90:
89:
84:
66:
59:
52:
45:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6411:
6401:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6346:
6345:
6343:
6342:
6332:
6319:
6318:
6313:
6307:
6304:
6303:
6300:
6299:
6296:
6295:
6293:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6231:
6229:
6223:
6222:
6220:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6198:
6197:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6116:
6114:
6105:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6038:
6037:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6016:
6015:
6005:
6004:
6003:
5998:
5996:Climate change
5988:
5987:
5986:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5945:
5939:
5933:
5932:
5929:
5928:
5926:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5913:Transportation
5910:
5909:
5908:
5898:
5897:
5896:
5886:
5881:
5879:Stock exchange
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5815:
5809:
5803:
5802:
5799:
5798:
5795:
5794:
5792:
5791:
5786:
5785:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5759:
5758:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5737:
5736:
5735:
5730:
5720:
5719:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5697:
5696:
5682:
5680:
5671:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5654:
5653:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5622:
5616:
5610:
5609:
5606:
5605:
5603:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5576:
5575:
5573:National parks
5565:
5560:
5555:
5554:
5553:
5543:
5541:Extreme points
5538:
5533:
5528:
5527:
5526:
5521:
5519:Climate change
5511:
5506:
5501:
5495:
5489:
5483:
5482:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5475:
5474:
5473:
5471:Fifth Republic
5468:
5463:
5461:Third Republic
5455:
5450:
5449:
5448:
5443:
5441:Spanish period
5435:
5430:
5424:
5422:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5391:
5389:
5382:
5376:
5375:
5373: articles
5367:
5366:
5359:
5352:
5344:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5331:
5324:
5317:
5312:
5311:
5310:
5299:
5297:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5289:
5286:La Solidaridad
5282:
5275:
5268:
5261:
5256:
5249:
5241:
5239:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5189:
5183:
5181:
5177:
5176:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5152:Moro Rebellion
5149:
5144:
5139:
5133:
5131:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5067:
5066:
5061:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5029:Bonifacio Plan
5026:
5020:
5018:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4989:
4987:
4980:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4972:
4967:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4950:
4949:
4942:
4935:
4927:
4920:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4894:Zafra, Nicolas
4890:
4884:
4869:
4853:
4847:
4832:
4826:
4811:
4805:
4787:
4776:
4765:
4745:
4739:
4724:
4718:
4703:
4697:
4682:
4676:
4658:
4652:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4629:
4609:
4608:
4601:
4577:
4552:
4519:
4493:
4486:
4462:
4439:
4432:
4412:
4400:www.bsp.gov.ph
4387:
4368:
4354:
4343:
4336:Pobre, Cesar.
4328:
4298:
4280:
4268:
4262:
4239:
4232:
4205:
4142:
4135:
4102:
4057:
4040:
4025:
4016:
4012:Agoncillo 1997
4001:
3997:Agoncillo 1997
3986:
3982:Agoncillo 1997
3974:
3970:Agoncillo 1997
3962:
3958:Agoncillo 1997
3950:
3946:Agoncillo 1997
3938:
3931:
3911:
3909:, p. 148.
3899:
3895:Agoncillo 1997
3887:
3883:Agoncillo 1997
3875:
3871:Agoncillo 1997
3863:
3845:
3833:
3831:, p. 116.
3821:
3806:
3794:
3790:Agoncillo 1997
3782:
3778:Agoncillo 1997
3770:
3758:
3743:
3731:
3727:Agoncillo 1997
3719:
3704:
3689:
3674:
3654:
3635:
3613:
3598:
3583:
3565:
3543:
3517:
3502:
3488:
3468:
3438:
3412:
3396:
3362:
3332:
3320:
3301:
3282:
3264:
3246:
3229:
3219:
3195:
3179:
3168:
3144:
3128:
3106:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3054:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3003:
2994:
2981:
2972:
2942:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2892:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2861:
2859:
2848:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2829:
2827:
2821:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2799:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2775:
2772:Bamban, Tarlac
2769:
2763:
2757:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2734:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2691:Bacoor, Cavite
2688:
2659:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2637:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2623:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2609:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2595:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2581:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2567:
2560:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2462:
2460:
2453:
2447:
2444:
2423:
2420:
2390:
2387:
2367:
2364:
2360:Sultan of Sulu
2343:
2340:
2334:
2331:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2294:
2292:Communications
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2210:Gracio Gonzaga
2207:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2065:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1856:Santa Barbaraa
1810:Bamban, Tarlac
1773:Main article:
1770:
1767:
1763:rule by decree
1707:
1704:
1614:Spanish Empire
1556:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1545:
1538:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1470:Historiography
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1435:Communications
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1415:Queen consorts
1412:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1361:Oakwood mutiny
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1336:Fifth Republic
1332:
1330:(1986–present)
1326:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1249:Third Republic
1245:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1163:Moro Rebellion
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1090:First Republic
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
990:Manila galleon
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
950:Treaty of Cebu
947:
942:
933:
927:
926:
923:
922:
919:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
886:Monreal Stones
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
837:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
737:
731:
730:
727:
726:
723:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
676:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
624:
618:
617:
614:
613:
607:
606:
596:
595:
586:
585:
578:
571:
570:
567:
566:
563:
562:
555:
546:
543:
542:
537:
525:
524:
519:
509:
508:
503:
499:
498:
495:
494:
491:
488:
485:
484:
481:
480:
476:
475:
472:
468:
467:
463:
462:
459:
458:
457:April 19, 1901
455:
449:
446:
445:
442:
436:
433:
432:
429:
428:
423:
422:Historical era
419:
418:
413:
409:
408:
405:
404:
398:
395:
392:
391:
385:
382:
379:
378:
375:
374:
371:
369:Prime Minister
365:
364:
361:
360:
348:
345:
342:
341:
335:
332:
329:
328:
325:
324:
321:
315:
314:
284:
280:
279:
274:
268:
267:
242:
238:
237:
232:
228:
227:
222:
218:
217:
207:
203:
202:
197:
193:
192:
187:
183:
182:
179:
171:
170:
157:
156:
133:
132:
107:
106:
99:
92:
91:
85:
78:
77:
76:
73:
72:
68:
67:
38:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6410:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6360:
6358:
6351:
6341:
6333:
6331:
6321:
6320:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6308:
6305:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6280:Sign language
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6232:
6230:
6228:
6224:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6196:
6193:
6192:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6117:
6115:
6113:
6109:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
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6088:
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6083:
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6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6036:
6033:
6032:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6014:
6011:
6010:
6009:
6008:Ethnic groups
6006:
6002:
6001:Deforestation
5999:
5997:
5994:
5993:
5992:
5989:
5985:
5982:
5981:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5946:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5934:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5907:
5904:
5903:
5902:
5899:
5895:
5892:
5891:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5859:National debt
5857:
5855:
5854:Fiscal policy
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5816:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5804:
5790:
5787:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5764:
5763:
5760:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5745:Supreme Court
5743:
5742:
5741:
5738:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5725:
5724:
5721:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5695:
5692:
5691:
5690:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5683:
5681:
5679:
5675:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5652:
5649:
5648:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5623:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5611:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5574:
5571:
5570:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5552:
5549:
5548:
5547:
5546:Island groups
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5516:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5496:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5484:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5458:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5438:
5437:Colonial era
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5425:
5423:
5421:
5417:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5377:
5372:
5365:
5360:
5358:
5353:
5351:
5346:
5345:
5342:
5330:
5329:
5325:
5322:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5304:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5294:
5288:
5287:
5283:
5280:
5276:
5274:
5273:
5269:
5266:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5254:
5250:
5248:
5247:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5236:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5194:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5180:Organizations
5178:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5128:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5044:Imus Assembly
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5015:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4984:
4981:
4977:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4962:
4959:
4955:
4948:
4943:
4941:
4936:
4934:
4929:
4928:
4925:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4901:
4900:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4881:
4877:
4876:
4870:
4867:
4861:
4860:
4854:
4850:
4844:
4840:
4839:
4833:
4829:
4823:
4819:
4818:
4812:
4808:
4802:
4798:
4797:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4783:
4777:
4773:
4772:
4766:
4753:
4752:
4746:
4742:
4736:
4732:
4731:
4725:
4721:
4715:
4711:
4710:
4704:
4700:
4694:
4690:
4689:
4683:
4679:
4673:
4669:
4668:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4649:
4645:
4644:
4638:
4637:
4617:
4613:
4612:
4604:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4589:
4581:
4566:
4562:
4556:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4526:
4524:
4508:
4504:
4497:
4489:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4474:
4466:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4449:
4443:
4435:
4429:
4425:
4424:
4416:
4401:
4397:
4391:
4383:
4379:
4372:
4364:
4358:
4352:
4347:
4339:
4332:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4302:
4294:
4287:
4285:
4277:
4272:
4265:
4259:
4255:
4254:
4246:
4244:
4235:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4220:
4212:
4210:
4190:
4183:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4138:
4132:
4128:
4127:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4091:
4087:
4086:
4081:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4054:
4050:
4044:
4038:
4034:
4029:
4020:
4013:
4008:
4006:
3999:, p. 460
3998:
3993:
3991:
3983:
3978:
3972:, p. 455
3971:
3966:
3960:, p. 449
3959:
3954:
3947:
3942:
3934:
3928:
3924:
3923:
3915:
3908:
3903:
3897:, p. 447
3896:
3891:
3885:, p. 446
3884:
3879:
3873:, p. 392
3872:
3867:
3861:
3857:
3852:
3850:
3842:
3837:
3830:
3825:
3819:, p. 109
3818:
3813:
3811:
3803:
3798:
3792:, p. 388
3791:
3786:
3779:
3774:
3767:
3762:
3756:
3752:
3751:Halstead 1898
3747:
3740:
3735:
3729:, p. 373
3728:
3723:
3717:
3713:
3708:
3702:
3698:
3693:
3687:
3683:
3678:
3672:
3668:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3651:
3647:
3646:
3639:
3633:
3629:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3611:
3607:
3602:
3596:
3592:
3587:
3581:
3577:
3572:
3570:
3553:
3547:
3531:
3527:
3521:
3515:
3511:
3506:
3491:
3485:
3481:
3480:
3472:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3442:
3426:
3422:
3416:
3409:
3405:
3400:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3366:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3336:
3329:
3324:
3317:
3313:
3308:
3306:
3298:
3294:
3289:
3287:
3277:
3271:
3269:
3261:
3256:
3250:
3243:
3239:
3233:
3226:
3222:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3207:
3199:
3192:
3188:
3183:
3176:
3171:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3148:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3085:
3078:
3074:
3058:
3050:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3007:
2998:
2991:
2985:
2976:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2960:Miguel Malvar
2957:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2939:
2935:
2929:
2925:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2896:
2889:
2884:
2877:
2872:
2865:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2845:
2840:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2818:
2813:
2812:
2809:Image gallery
2803:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2742:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2695:
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2689:
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2679:
2678:
2676:
2667:
2662:
2557:
2544:
2541:
2533:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2491: –
2490:
2486:
2485:Find sources:
2479:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2463:This section
2461:
2457:
2452:
2451:
2443:
2440:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2419:
2415:
2407:
2400:
2395:
2386:
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2349:
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2328:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
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2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2181:Mariano Trías
2178:
2177:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2132:Mariano Trías
2129:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2117:
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2081:Pedro Paterno
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2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
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2000:
1997:
1995:
1980:
1978:
1977:Miguel Malvar
1974:
1969:
1967:
1961:
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1907:
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1867:guerrilla war
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1676:Mahajanapadas
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1300:Moro conflict
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746:
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734:
729:
728:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
710:Manunggul Jar
708:
706:
703:
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688:
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683:
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410:
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402:
401:Pedro Paterno
399:
393:
389:
386:
380:
376:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
357:
352:
351:Miguel Malvar
349:
343:
339:
336:
330:
326:
322:
320:
316:
313:
310:
306:
302:
298:
295:
294:parliamentary
292:
288:
285:
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275:
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269:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
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245:Secular state
243:
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102:
96:
88:
82:
74:
69:
63:
56:
49:
42:
33:
30:
19:
6350:
6316:Bibliography
6245:Coat of arms
6217:Value system
6120:Architecture
6072:Prostitution
5969:Demographics
5839:Central bank
5782:Marine Corps
5762:Armed Forces
5646:Human rights
5631:Constitution
5580:Ramsar sites
5326:
5284:
5270:
5251:
5244:
5191:
5100:
4898:
4878:. ABC-CLIO.
4874:
4858:
4837:
4816:
4795:
4781:
4770:
4756:. Retrieved
4750:
4729:
4708:
4687:
4666:
4642:
4622:December 27,
4620:. Retrieved
4587:
4580:
4568:. Retrieved
4564:
4555:
4543:. Retrieved
4539:the original
4534:
4510:. Retrieved
4506:
4496:
4472:
4465:
4458:
4442:
4422:
4415:
4403:. Retrieved
4399:
4390:
4381:
4371:
4357:
4346:
4337:
4331:
4321:December 18,
4319:. Retrieved
4315:the original
4310:
4301:
4292:
4271:
4252:
4218:
4196:. Retrieved
4189:the original
4125:
4093:. Retrieved
4084:
4048:
4043:
4033:Guevara 1972
4028:
4019:
3977:
3965:
3953:
3941:
3921:
3914:
3902:
3890:
3878:
3866:
3836:
3824:
3804:, p. 99
3797:
3785:
3773:
3761:
3746:
3741:, p. 46
3734:
3722:
3707:
3697:Guevara 1972
3692:
3677:
3667:Guevara 1972
3644:
3638:
3628:Guevara 1972
3606:Guevara 1972
3601:
3586:
3556:. Retrieved
3546:
3534:. Retrieved
3529:
3520:
3505:
3493:. Retrieved
3478:
3471:
3459:. Retrieved
3455:the original
3450:
3441:
3429:. Retrieved
3425:the original
3415:
3399:
3389:December 25,
3387:. Retrieved
3383:the original
3378:
3365:
3355:December 25,
3353:. Retrieved
3348:
3335:
3323:
3312:Guevara 1972
3258:
3249:
3241:
3232:
3224:
3205:
3198:
3182:
3173:
3154:
3147:
3131:
3123:the original
3118:
3109:
3097:. Retrieved
3093:the original
3083:
3077:
3057:
3049:Antonio Luna
3006:
2997:
2984:
2975:
2966:through the
2928:
2850:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2690:
2680:
2536:
2530:January 2021
2527:
2517:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2484:
2472:Please help
2467:verification
2464:
2436:
2432:Antonio Luna
2425:
2416:
2412:
2381:
2369:
2350:(Modern day
2345:
2336:
2320:
2310:
2288:Public Works
2256:
2244:
2231:
2219:
2209:
2194:
2179:
2167:
2152:
2142:
2130:
2113:
2096:
2079:
2067:
2052:
2029:
2026:
1998:
1991:
1983:Organization
1970:
1962:
1946:
1938:Manuel Tinio
1928:the pass in
1926:
1891:
1864:
1844:Angeles City
1837:
1822:
1794:
1778:
1759:
1748:
1725:
1709:
1699:
1696:Biak-na-Bato
1673:
1650:
1612:against the
1597:
1593:
1581:
1579:
1188:World War II
1183:Commonwealth
1100:
1099:
1089:
934:
901:Barter rings
839:
838:
742:
741:
738:
700:Kalanay Cave
678:
677:
658:Jade culture
522:Succeeded by
521:
516:
489:• 1898
396:• 1899
383:• 1899
354:
304:
286:
256:
248:
206:Largest city
140:
136:
111:Motto:
110:
29:
6042:Immigration
5844:Child labor
5819:Agriculture
5789:Coast Guard
5723:Legislative
5658:Legal codes
5531:Earthquakes
5395:Archaeology
5371:Philippines
4512:January 20,
4198:October 20,
3714:, pp.
3712:Tucker 2009
3630:, pp.
3608:, pp.
3593:, pp.
3578:, pp.
3510:Tucker 2009
3495:January 18,
3461:January 18,
3404:Brands 1992
3314:, pp.
3138:, pp.
2569:Nueva Ecija
2307:Legislature
2297:Agriculture
2143:Hugo Ilagan
1942:Mount Polis
1922:choke point
1910:Santo Tomas
1814:Tarlac town
1608:during the
1430:Archaeology
1425:Agriculture
1305:Martial law
1289:(1965–1986)
1243:(1946–1965)
1137:(1898–1946)
1122:Velarde map
1107:Boxer Codex
931:(1565–1898)
720:Shell tools
695:Grave goods
590:History of
517:Preceded by
412:Legislature
265:Sunni Islam
6357:Categories
6265:Great Seal
6202:Psychology
6165:Literature
6160:Inventions
5959:Corruption
5954:Censorship
5824:Automotive
5685:Executive
5678:Government
5536:Ecoregions
5428:Prehistory
5420:Chronology
5328:Spoliarium
5017:Concurrent
4570:August 23,
4545:August 23,
4035:, p.
3907:Linn 2000a
3858:, p.
3856:Linn 2000b
3841:Linn 2000a
3829:Linn 2000a
3817:Linn 2000a
3802:Linn 2000a
3766:Linn 2000a
3753:, p.
3739:Linn 2000a
3699:, p.
3684:, p.
3682:Zafra 1967
3669:, p.
3576:Kalaw 1927
3558:August 20,
3536:August 20,
3512:, p.
3431:August 18,
3406:, p.
3328:Kalaw 1927
3189:, p.
3187:Doyle 2010
3136:Doyle 2010
3087:(Speech).
3069:References
2725:Pangasinan
2639:Pangasinan
2500:newspapers
2375:to be the
2354:) and the
1988:Presidency
1883:rear guard
1877:where the
1381:Bangsamoro
1287:Marcos era
1218:Hukbalahap
896:Piloncitos
735:(900–1565)
479:Population
356:unofficial
305:1899–1901:
283:Government
272:Demonym(s)
150:(English:
119:(English:
6195:Festivals
6180:Mythology
6092:Squatting
6087:Sexuality
6057:Languages
5979:Education
5923:ZIP codes
5767:Air Force
5716:President
5636:Elections
5590:Volcanoes
5563:Mountains
5487:Geography
5410:Political
5388:Overviews
5238:Documents
5229:Pulajanes
5199:Katipunan
5059:Elections
4793:(2000a).
4758:March 26,
4561:"History"
4426:. Solar.
4095:August 8,
2366:Judiciary
2048:President
1887:Cervantes
1712:ceasefire
1686:, or the
1475:Languages
1465:Geography
1455:Education
1440:Conflicts
1173:Jones Law
1101:Artifacts
1035:Katipunan
970:New Spain
638:Tabon Man
622:(pre-900)
493:7,832,719
452:Dissolved
319:President
257:Minority:
249:Majority:
241:Religion
71:1899–1901
6340:Category
6270:Language
6082:Religion
6077:Refugees
6020:Genetics
5949:Abortion
5884:Taxation
5740:Judicial
5614:Politics
5595:Wildlife
5524:Typhoons
5405:Military
5130:Epilogue
5008:Gomburza
4896:(1967).
4664:(1992).
4451:Archived
4405:June 19,
3099:June 24,
3018:action."
2903:See also
2583:Pampanga
2422:Military
2397:The one
2389:Finances
2268:Interior
1898:vanguard
1871:La Union
1852:Calasiao
1797:Caloocan
1624:and the
1620:between
1495:Politics
1485:Military
1480:Medicine
1398:By topic
1356:EDSA III
871:Baybayin
846:Maragtas
814:Sanmalan
794:Madja-as
749:Caboloan
685:Balangay
611:Timeline
581:a series
579:Part of
502:Currency
299:under a
277:Filipino
6311:Outline
6227:Symbols
6135:Cuisine
6112:Culture
6067:Poverty
6052:Kinship
5974:Divorce
5937:Society
5901:Tourism
5807:Economy
5689:Cabinet
5551:islands
5514:Climate
5509:Borders
5400:Economy
5380:History
5296:Symbols
4986:Prelude
4965:Battles
4633:Sources
3716:364–365
3632:104–119
3595:357–358
3580:423–427
3316:104–119
3140:155-156
2731:Kalinga
2666:capital
2653:Isabela
2625:Kalinga
2597:Bulacan
2514:scholar
2273:Finance
2036:Office
1949:Cagayan
1914:Aringay
1706:History
1692:Tejeros
1669:Isabela
1665:Palanan
1606:Bulacan
1602:Malolos
1586:Spanish
1460:Economy
945:Sandugo
906:Luzones
799:Dapitan
769:Maynila
764:Namayan
450:•
437:•
390:(first)
353:(last;
340:(first)
309:Unitary
291:Unitary
225:Spanish
212:(until
200:Malolos
196:Capital
137:Anthem:
125:Tagalog
62:Tagalog
48:Spanish
6255:Flower
6235:Anthem
6207:Sports
6130:Cinema
6025:Health
5849:Energy
5834:Census
5728:Senate
5585:Rivers
4979:Events
4970:People
4882:
4845:
4824:
4803:
4737:
4716:
4695:
4674:
4650:
4599:
4484:
4430:
4260:
4230:
4133:
3929:
3486:
3451:Mantle
3217:
3166:
2719:Tarlac
2611:Tarlac
2516:
2509:
2502:
2495:
2487:
2348:Palaos
1818:
1782:Manila
1682:, the
1410:Rulers
935:Events
809:Butuan
789:Sandao
784:Pulilu
774:Ibalon
754:Cainta
583:on the
403:(last)
373:
323:
210:Manila
186:Status
139:
101:Emblem
58:
44:
6275:Motto
6175:Music
6170:Media
6145:Dance
6102:Pinoy
6097:Women
5964:Crime
5864:Labor
5694:lists
5558:Lakes
4192:(PDF)
4185:(PDF)
3610:10–12
3554:. n.d
3532:. n.d
2920:Notes
2521:JSTOR
2507:books
2352:Palau
2042:Term
2039:Name
1622:Spain
1490:Names
759:Tondo
287:1899:
6290:Tree
6250:Flag
6240:Bird
6185:Name
6125:Arts
5869:Peso
5777:Navy
5772:Army
5651:LGBT
5499:Bays
5064:Pact
4880:ISBN
4843:ISBN
4822:ISBN
4801:ISBN
4760:2008
4735:ISBN
4714:ISBN
4693:ISBN
4672:ISBN
4648:ISBN
4624:2022
4597:ISBN
4572:2021
4547:2021
4514:2016
4482:ISBN
4428:ISBN
4407:2024
4323:2017
4258:ISBN
4228:ISBN
4200:2016
4131:ISBN
4097:2016
3927:ISBN
3650:Yale
3560:2024
3538:2024
3497:2022
3484:ISBN
3463:2022
3433:2021
3391:2016
3357:2016
3215:ISBN
3164:ISBN
3101:2023
2493:news
2399:peso
2299:and
2290:and
1934:Abra
1820:13.
1694:and
1580:The
804:Cebu
779:Ma-i
506:Peso
471:1898
466:Area
87:Flag
6260:Gem
4593:281
4478:281
4224:223
4090:115
4037:115
3755:318
3686:239
3671:104
3514:364
3211:169
3191:155
3160:419
2476:by
6359::
4595:.
4563:.
4533:.
4522:^
4505:.
4480:.
4457:,
4398:.
4380:.
4309:.
4283:^
4242:^
4226:.
4208:^
4145:^
4105:^
4082:.
4060:^
4004:^
3989:^
3860:16
3848:^
3809:^
3701:88
3657:^
3648:,
3616:^
3568:^
3528:.
3449:.
3408:59
3377:.
3347:.
3304:^
3285:^
3267:^
3223:.
3213:.
3172:.
3162:.
3117:.
3030:^
2945:^
1968:.
1862:.
1667:,
1604:,
1588::
263:,
127::
123:)(
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4888:.
4868:)
4851:.
4830:.
4809:.
4774:.
4762:.
4743:.
4722:.
4701:.
4680:.
4656:.
4626:.
4605:.
4574:.
4549:.
4516:.
4490:.
4436:.
4409:.
4365:.
4340:.
4325:.
4295:.
4236:.
4202:.
4139:.
4099:.
3935:.
3562:.
3540:.
3499:.
3465:.
3435:.
3410:.
3393:.
3359:.
3299:.
3142:.
3103:.
2970:.
2743:.
2543:)
2537:(
2532:)
2528:(
2518:·
2511:·
2504:·
2497:·
2470:.
1584:(
1549:e
1542:t
1535:v
359:)
216:)
154:)
131:)
64:)
60:(
50:)
46:(
20:)
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