740:
British city, the sharp slope of fifty to the morass below it. On the northern and remaining side are several chasms in the original course of the ramparts. And in one of them about a hundred and seventy five yards from its commencement, was another gateway, opening into the station directly from the road to
Ribchester. The rest of the wall still rises above five and four feet in height, planted all the way with thorns above, and exhibiting a curious view of the rampart below. Various parts of it have been fleeced of their facing a turf and stone, and now show the inner structure of the whole, presenting to the eye the undressed stone of the quarry, the angular pieces of rock, and the round boulders of the river, all bedded in the mortar, and compacted into one. And the white and brown patches of mortar and stone on a general view of the wall stands strikingly contrasted with the green turf that entirely conceals the level line, and with the green moss that half reveals the projecting points of the rampart. The great foss of the British city, the Romans preserved along their northern side for more than thirty yards along the eastern end of it, and for the whole beyond the Western. And as the present appearances of the ground intimate, they closed the eastern point of it with a high bank, which was raised upon one part of the ditch and sloped away into the other.
305:. It appears that William Baxter invented this name in his âGlossarium Antiquitatum Britannicarumâ (1719) as a back-formation based on âMancuniumâ. âHistoria Brittonumâ (828-29) lists âCair Maunguidâ (fort of the peat trees) and it has been suggested that this might be the authentic Welsh name for âManchesterâ. In Modern Welsh, it would have been â*Caerfawnwyddâ. It should be stressed that the ancient name is unknown. However, if one is correct to equate the 9th-century name with âManchesterâ, the Proto-Celtic name would have been â*MÄniwidionâ. Roman authorities give both Mancunium and Mamucium, but it is not clear that either form is correct. Possibly neither is and they might be scribal errors for â*Maniuidiumâ.
44:
407:
727:
above, shews the mortar peeping here and there under the coat of turf, and near the south-eastern corner has a large buttress of earth continued several yards along it. The southern side, like the
Northern, is hundred and seventy five in length; and the rampart sinking immediately from its elevation at the eastern end, successively declines, till, about fifty yards off, it is reduced to the inconsiderable height of less than one . And about seventeen yards further, there appears to have been a second gateway, the ground rising up to the crest of the bank of a four or five at the point ...
785:
314:
502:
731:
slope of twenty yards in length at the southwestern angle. And all this side of the wall, which was from the beginning probably not much higher than it is at present, as it was sufficiently secured by the river and its banks, before it appears crested at first with a hedge of thorns, a young oak rising from the ridge and rearing its head considerably over the rest, and runs afterwards in a smooth line near the level for several yards with the ground about it, and just perceptible to the eye, in a rounded eminence of turf
830:
31:
549:
51:
759:
Mamucium was levelled as
Manchester expanded in the Industrial Revolution. The construction of the Rochdale Canal through the south western corner of the fort in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, and the building of viaducts for the Great Northern Railway over the site in the late 19th century,
730:
On the south side was particularly requisite ... in order to afford a passage to the river; but about fifty three yards beyond the gates, the ground betwixt both falling away briskly to the west, the rampart, which continues in a right line along the ridge, necessarily rises till it has a sharp
734:
As to the south-western point of the camp, the ground slopes away on the west towards the south, as well as on the south towards the West. On the third side still runs from it nearly as at first, having an even crest about seven feet in height, an even slope of turf for its whole extent, and the
739:
of the station, the ground visibly rising up the ascent of the bank in a large shelve of gravel, and running in a slight but perceivable ridge from it. And beyond a level of forty five yards, that still stretches on for the whole length of the side, it was bounded by the western boundary of the
726:
of the camp: the earth there running in a ridge, and mounting up to the top of the bank, about ten in breadth. Then, rising gradually as the wall falls away, it carries a height of more than three for as many as the south-eastern angle. And the whole of this wall, bears a broken line of thorns
583:
may have been abandoned by the mid-3rd century; this is supported by the excavated remains of some buildings that were demolished and the materials robbed for use elsewhere. Evidence from coins indicates that although the civilian settlement associated with the fort had declined by the mid-3rd
609:
It's the first Roman stone inscription to be found in
Manchester for 150 years and records only the second known Roman from Manchester ... The preservation of the stone is remarkable. On top of the stone is a shallow bowl which was used for offerings of wine or blood or perhaps to burn
840:
The fort measured 160 metres (175 yd) by 130 metres (140 yd) and was surrounded by a double ditch and wooden rampart. Around AD 200 the wooden rampart was replaced by stone ramparts, measuring between 2.1 metres (7 ft) and 2.7 metres (9 ft) thick. The
601:, "Fortune the Preserver", was found, probably dating to the early 3rd century. In 2008 an altar dating from the late 1st century was discovered near the Roman settlement. It was dedicated to two minor Germanic gods and described as being in "fantastic" condition. The
721:
The eastern side, like the
Western, is hundred and forty in length, and for eighty yards from the northern termination, the nearly perpendicular rampart carries a crest of more than two in height. It is then lowered to form the great entrance, the
703:
It is about a quarter of a mile out of the town, being south or south-west from it. The station now goes by the name of Giant's Castle or
Tarquin's Castle, and the field in which it stands is called Castle Field ... the ramparts are still very
820:
to further investigate the site before the area underwent any more regeneration or reconstruction. The archaeological investigation of
Mamucium Roman fort and its associated civilian settlement has, so far, provided approximately 10,000 artefacts.
812:. In 1982 the fort, along with the rest of the Castlefield area, became the United Kingdom's first Urban Heritage Park, and partial reconstructions of the forts walls, including the ramparts and gateways, were opened in 1984. In 2001–05 the
539:
were strengthened. This might be because
Mamucium and the Roman fort at Slack – which neighboured Castleshaw – superseded the fort at Castleshaw in the 120s. Mamucium was demolished some time around AD 140. Although the first
800:, excavated the fort's western defences. A series of small-scale excavations were undertaken intermittently between 1912 and 1967, generally exploring the northern defences of the fort. In the mid-20th century, historian
544:
grew rapidly in the early 2nd century, it was abandoned some time between 120 and 160 – broadly coinciding with the demolition of the fort – before it was re-inhabited when the fort was rebuilt.
560:
The second phase was built around the year 160. Although it was again of turf and timber construction, it was larger than the previous fort, measuring 2 hectares (4.9 acres) to accommodate extra granaries
208:. The site is now part of the Castlefield Urban Heritage Park that includes renovated warehouses. A section of the fort's wall along with its gatehouse, granaries, and other ancillary buildings from the
1392:
567:). Around 200, the gatehouses of the fort were rebuilt in stone and the walls surrounding the fort were given a stone facing. The concentration of furnaces in sheds in part of the
867:
in
Yorkshire was rebuilt in stone in the 2nd century and covered an area of 2.2 hectares (5.5 acres), similar to Mamucium which covered 2.0 hectares (4.9 acres).
1798:
342:. The area became an important junction for at least two major military roads through this part of the country. One highway ran east to west between the
1793:
1099:
455:
was dredged from the River Irwell; this item was subsequently lost but detailed drawings survive which show it to have been very similar to the late
571:
associated with the fort has been described as an "industrial estate", which would have been the first in
Manchester. Mamucium was included in the
1369:
1386:
43:
1305:
1788:
579:. This and inscriptions on and repairs to buildings indicate that Mamucium was still in use in the first half of the 3rd century. The
1803:
1159:
881:
1783:
1517:
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919:
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indicate that Mamucium had administrative links not only with Castleshaw, but also with Ardotalia, the nearest fort (12 miles),
990:
205:
101:
1741:
1631:
1555:
1342:
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associated with Mamucium surrounded the site on the west, north, and east sides, with the majority lying to the north. The
796:
The first archaeological investigation of Mamucium was in 1906. Francis Bruton, who would later work on the Roman fort at
804:
called the surviving stretch of Roman wall "the least interesting Roman remains in Britain". The first excavation of the
200:
in the late 18th century. Most of the fort was levelled to make way for new developments such as the construction of the
513:
The first phase of the fort was built from turf and timber. Mamucium's dimensions indicate it was to be garrisoned by a
1751:
1730:
1711:
1654:
1612:
1593:
1574:
1000:
955:
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As well as Pagan worship, there is also evidence of early Christian worship. In the 1970s, a fragment of 2nd-century
1100:
https://archaeology.co.uk/articles/features/the-shropshire-bulla-bronze-age-beauty-and-a-mystery-from-manchester.htm
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damaged the remains and even destroyed some of the southern half of the fort. When the railway viaducts were built,
1271:
419:
There is no evidence that a prehistoric settlement occupied the site before the arrival of the Romans. However,
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1479:
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around 410, the area of Mamucium was used for agricultural purposes. It has sometimes been identified with the
641:
1685:
189:) containing soldiers' families, merchants and industry developed outside the fort. The area is a protected
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696:
522:
375:
94:
1420:
The name "Tarquin's Castle" refers to the legend that the fort had been occupied by a giant named Tarquin.
632:, is actually a Christian artefact, if so, it is one of the earliest examples of Christianity in Britain.
584:
century, a small garrison may have remained at Mamucium into the late 3rd century and early 4th century.
1773:
190:
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covered about 26 hectares (64 acres) and the fort about 2 hectares (4.9 acres). Buildings within the
692:
776:, which developed into the main thoroughfare, follows the general line of Roman road to Ribchester.
1366:
813:
945:
628:. There has been discussion by academics whether the "word square", which is carved on a piece of
680:
1643:
Mellor: Living on the Edge. A Regional Study of an Iron Age and Romano-British Upland Settlement
406:
1445:
769:
514:
487:
370:). The fort was one of a chain of fortifications along the Eboracum to Deva Victrix road, with
180:
1646:
876:
438:
371:
221:
197:
602:
495:
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Roman Manchester: The University of Manchester's Excavations within the Vicus 2001–5
8:
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wall in all its original condition below. About a hundred yards beyond the angle was the
501:
313:
784:
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of construction: first AD 79, second around AD 160, and third in AD 200.
660:
588:
572:
158:
362:). In addition, Mamucium may also have overlooked a lesser road running north west to
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1726:
1707:
1673:
1650:
1627:
1608:
1589:
1570:
1551:
996:
951:
655:
383:
228:
394:; all the forts probably got the tegulae from the same place in Grimescar Wood near
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915:
688:
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459:
387:
292:
281:
255:
251:
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225:
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documented the remains that were uncovered in the process, including parts of the
1434:. County History Reprints. Wakefield, Yorkshire: S.R. Publishers Ltd. p. 22.
1396:
1373:
1353:
1334:
858:
801:
1649:, Greater Manchester Archaeological Unit, and the Mellor Archaeological Trust.
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536:
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168:
768:. Mills were all around the site. Castlefield became the south west corner of
474:, a sub-tribe of the Brigantes, when the Romans took control from the ancient
1767:
1677:
1664:
Philpott, Robert A. (2006). "The Romano-British Period Resource Assessment".
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The ruins were left undisturbed until Manchester expanded rapidly during the
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16:
Former Roman fort in the Castlefield area of Manchester in North West England
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construction. There may have been a cemetery to the south east of the fort.
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529:. By the late 1st and early 2nd centuries, a civilian settlement (called a
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Construction of Mamucium started around AD 79 during the campaigns of
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running through the area. Several sizeable civilian settlements (or
979:
The Antiquaries Journal (ISSN 0003-5815) 2004, vol. 84, pp. 353â357
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After lying derelict for centuries, the ruins were commented on by
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is possibly associated with the civilian settlement in modern
535:) had grown up around the fort. Around AD 90, the fort's
592:
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463:
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found in 2018. Although the area was in the territory of the
367:
335:
274:
1640:
410:
Reconstructed gateway to Roman fort (Mamucium), Castlefield
1388:
Lives of the English Saints: St. German, Bishop of Auxerre
1743:
Consumer Psychology of Tourism, Hospitality, and Leisure
1390:, Ch. X: "Britain in 429, A. D.", p. 92.
451:. In 1772 during work to widen a canal a D-shaped gold
717:
Whitaker described what remained of the fort in 1773:
1706:. Lancaster: Centre for North-West Regional Studies.
331:
The Romans built the fort on a naturally defensible
212:
have been reconstructed and are open to the public.
1689:
1477:
1512:
167:, which was founded c. AD 79 within the
914:
899:
575:, a 3rd-century register of roads throughout the
1765:
695:in the 18th century. In the early 18th century,
1330:
687:in the late 16th and early 17th centuries, and
382:) 18 miles (29 km) to the west. Stamps on
1723:Castleshaw: The Archaeology of a Roman Fortlet
1269:
1157:
1799:Former populated places in Greater Manchester
1430:Fishwick, Henry (1968) . "IV Roman remains".
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1082:
1080:
374:lying 16 miles (26 km) to the east, and
220:Mamucium is generally thought to represent a
1647:University of Manchester Archaeological Unit
1641:Nevell, Mike; Redhead, Norman, eds. (2005).
814:University of Manchester Archaeological Unit
517:, about 500 infantry. These troops were not
494:failed. Excavations show the fort had three
470:, it may have been under the control of the
423:activity has been recorded in the area. Two
1215:
1213:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
338:that overlooked a nearby crossing over the
297:
291:suffix denoting "place or city of ~"). The
1725:. Greater Manchester Archaeological Unit.
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1407:
1405:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1194:
1077:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1021:
1019:
982:
1794:Scheduled monuments in Greater Manchester
882:Scheduled Monuments in Greater Manchester
254:). Both meanings are preserved in modern
1739:
1704:Romans and Britons in North-West England
1663:
1429:
1359:
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783:
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1402:
1379:
1249:
1135:
1037:
1016:
1766:
1720:
1684:
1621:
1569:. Chichester: Phillimore and co. Ltd.
1564:
1182:Nevell and Redhead (2005), p. 59.
1173:Gregory (2007), pp. 22, 156.
853:would have generally been one storey,
671:
441:have been discovered. A shard of late
1602:
1522:Research records (formerly PastScape)
1320:
1144:
988:
943:
924:Research records (formerly PastScape)
1740:Woodside, Arch; et al. (2004).
1583:
1518:"Templeborough Roman Fort (316617)"
1468:Woodside et al. (2004), p. 286.
995:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
992:A Dictionary of British Place-Names
950:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
947:A Dictionary of British Place-Names
900:Rivet, A L F; Smith, Colin (1979).
808:was carried out in the 1970s under
13:
1482:. Government of the United Kingdom
1385:Newman, John Henry & al.
893:
624:was discovered with an anagram of
280:, particularly those representing
58:Location within Greater Manchester
14:
1815:
1789:Tourist attractions in Manchester
1607:. Stroud: Tempus Publishing Ltd.
1605:Roman Chester: City of the Eagles
1588:. Keele: Keele University Press.
1317:Shotter (2004), pp. 129â130.
552:View of the western wall and the
1804:Roman auxiliary forts in England
1446:"Mamucium investigation history"
1270:David Ottewell (10 April 2008).
1158:Norman Redhead (20 April 2008).
902:The Place-Names of Roman Britain
175:, was garrisoned by a cohort of
149:, is a former Roman fort in the
50:
49:
42:
29:
1784:Roman fortifications in England
1538:
1506:
1471:
1462:
1453:
1438:
1423:
1414:
1311:
1294:
1279:
1263:
1240:
1231:
1222:
1185:
1176:
1167:
1104:
1089:
1068:
1059:
816:carried out excavations in the
779:
1624:Manchester: The Hidden History
1546:Gregory, Richard, ed. (2007).
1338:
1028:
973:
964:
937:
908:
556:at the Roman fort, Castlefield
505:Illustration of Mamucium from
490:against the Brigantes after a
414:
354:(York) the other ran north to
1:
1141:Mason (2001), pp. 41â42.
1034:Gregory (2007), pp. 1â2.
887:
691:and the Manchester historian
642:Roman withdrawal from Britain
320:
247:("mother", in reference to a
1399:James Toovey (London), 1844.
1348:Composed after AD 830.
1308:Shotter (2004), p. 129.
1272:"Roman soldier's gift found"
1246:Shotter (2004), p. 153.
1228:Shotter (2004), p. 117.
1219:Philpott (2006), p. 66.
1207:Gregory (2007), p. 190.
1191:Gregory (2007), p. 183.
1086:Gregory (2007), p. 181.
664:traditionally attributed to
445:pottery has also been found
215:
7:
1237:Shotter (2004), p. 40.
870:
635:
308:
10:
1820:
1721:Walker, John, ed. (1989).
1603:Mason, David J.P. (2001).
1459:Nevell (2008), p. 19.
1450:Retrieved on 18 July 2008.
1291:Retrieved on 20 July 2008.
1276:Retrieved on 20 July 2008.
1274:. Manchester Evening News.
1164:Retrieved on 20 July 2008.
1132:Gregory (2007), p. 3.
1074:Walker (1999), p. 78.
1065:Walker (1999), p. 15.
1056:Gregory (2007), p. 2.
1025:Gregory (2007), p. 1.
401:
191:Scheduled Ancient Monument
1503:Hylton (2003), p. 2.
1478:Manchester City Council.
1411:Hylton (2003), p. 3.
1260:Hylton (2003), p. 4.
970:Hylton (2003), p. 6.
833:Surviving section of the
824:
132:
93:
82:
71:
66:
37:
28:
23:
1702:Shotter, David (2004) .
1367:The 28 Cities of Britain
1110:Kidd (1996), p. 12.
865:Templeborough Roman Fort
788:Foundation ruins of the
595:. An altar dedicated to
481:
1567:A History of Manchester
1565:Hylton, Stuart (2003).
1550:. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
1432:A History of Lancashire
904:. London: B T Batsford.
488:General Julius Agricola
1666:Archaeology North West
1287:"Offering up the past"
837:
793:
770:Manchester city centre
752:
715:
661:History of the Britons
618:
557:
510:
411:
328:
298:
239:", in reference to a "
206:Great Northern Railway
117:53.475962°N 2.250891°W
1779:History of Manchester
1626:. The History Press.
1622:Nevell, Mike (2008).
1395:21 March 2016 at the
1376:" at Britannia. 2000.
1372:15 April 2016 at the
1289:. BBC. 10 April 2008.
1160:"A guide to Mamucium"
877:History of Manchester
832:
810:Professor Barri Jones
787:
755:Industrial Revolution
747:History of Manchester
719:
701:
683:in the 16th century,
607:
551:
504:
409:
372:Castleshaw Roman fort
316:
198:Industrial Revolution
1584:Kidd, Alan (1996) .
989:Mills, A.D. (2003).
944:Mills, A.D. (2003).
749:vol I (1773 edition)
650:listed among the 28
603:County Archaeologist
598:Fortuna Conservatrix
262:meaning "mother" in
122:53.475962; -2.250891
1746:. CABI Publishing.
1480:"Manchester firsts"
1448:. Pastscape.org.uk.
1365:Ford, David Nash. "
1096:Current Archaeology
920:"Mamucium (76731)"
672:16thâ18th centuries
525:who had joined the
523:foreign auxiliaries
317:A map of Mamucium (
113: /
72:Architectural style
67:General information
1344:Historia Brittonum
838:
794:
573:Antonine Itinerary
558:
511:
412:
329:
295:for Manchester is
159:North West England
1774:79 establishments
1633:978-0-7524-4704-9
1557:978-1-84217-271-1
1098:, March 11, 2019:
589:temple to Mithras
177:Roman auxiliaries
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689:William Stukeley
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507:Roman Manchester
460:Shropshire bulla
326:
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282:Common Brittonic
273:-ium is used in
256:Celtic languages
241:breast-like hill
145:, also known as
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1397:Wayback Machine
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1539:Bibliography
1525:. Retrieved
1521:
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1484:. Retrieved
1473:
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1006:. Retrieved
991:
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923:
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704:conspicuous.
702:
697:John Horsley
678:antiquarians
675:
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626:PATER NOSTER
619:
608:
596:
586:
580:
577:Roman Empire
568:
562:
559:
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512:
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485:
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430:and a flint
418:
396:Huddersfield
348:Deva Victrix
330:
296:
284:
259:
244:
232:
222:Latinisation
219:
209:
195:
184:
162:
146:
142:
141:
18:
1306:1979, 00387
929:29 December
681:John Leland
496:main phases
415:Prehistoric
324: 1900
249:local river
243:") or from
181:Roman roads
151:Castlefield
120: /
95:Coordinates
1768:Categories
1586:Manchester
1352:Hosted at
1350:(in Latin)
1008:7 November
888:References
798:Castleshaw
640:After the
527:Roman army
457:Bronze Age
443:Bronze Age
425:Mesolithic
360:Ribchester
300:Manceinion
293:Welsh name
278:placenames
155:Manchester
105:53°28â˛33âłN
87:Manchester
1678:0962-4201
1672:: 59â90.
857:, and of
774:Deansgate
468:Brigantes
436:Neolithic
421:Stone Age
392:Ebchester
380:Northwich
344:legionary
333:sandstone
226:Brittonic
216:Etymology
147:Mancunium
133:Completed
108:2°15â˛03âłW
89:, England
1688:(1900).
1393:Archived
1370:Archived
871:See also
743:â
707:â
636:Medieval
613:â
610:incense.
537:ramparts
472:Setantii
352:Eboracum
309:Location
289:genitive
204:and the
153:area of
143:Mamucium
83:Location
24:Mamucium
1527:20 June
1486:15 July
1331:attrib.
1327:Nennius
666:Nennius
658:by the
656:Britain
630:amphora
554:granary
476:Britons
448:in situ
439:scraper
402:History
384:tegulae
376:Condate
364:Coccium
252:goddess
164:castrum
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699:said:
652:cities
564:horrea
515:cohort
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492:treaty
466:tribe
464:Celtic
428:flints
271:suffix
268:neuter
266:. The
237:breast
161:. The
75:Roman
1346:, VI.
851:vicus
847:vicus
843:vicus
835:vicus
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806:vicus
790:vicus
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581:vicus
569:vicus
542:vicus
532:vicus
482:Roman
453:bulla
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388:Slack
368:Wigan
336:bluff
275:Latin
264:Welsh
245:mamma
233:mamm-
210:vicus
186:vicus
1748:ISBN
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1708:ISBN
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1651:ISBN
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1488:2008
1010:2013
997:ISBN
952:ISBN
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390:and
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287:(a
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157:in
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