2642:
691:, and a failure to develop plans that are executable by the client. As stated above, management consulting is an unregulated profession; anyone or any company can style themselves as management consultants. A number of critical books about management consulting argue that the mismatch between management consulting advice and the ability of executives to actually create the change suggested results in substantial damages to existing businesses. In his book,
3474:
162:, who in 1893 opened an independent consulting practice in Philadelphia. His business card read "Consulting Engineer – Systematizing Shop Management and Manufacturing Costs a Specialty". By inventing Scientific Management, also known as Taylor's method, Frederick Winslow Taylor invented the first method of organizing work, spawning the careers of many more management consultants. For example, one of Taylor's early collaborators,
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proactively, without significant external enforcement, and reactively, with external pressure. Proactive consultant engagement is engaged mainly with aim to find hidden weak spots and improve performance, while the reactive consultant engagement is mostly aimed at solving problems identified by external stakeholders.
271:
austerity drives hit consulting revenues hard. In some markets such as the UK there was a recession in the consulting industry, something which had never happened before or since. There has been a gradual recovery in the consulting industry's growth rate in the intervening years, with a current trend
670:
As with all client-contractor work, liability depends heavily on the subject of contract terms. While the management consulting service provider for obvious reasons has a business reputation to protect, legally there is little protection for the client. This is due to the scope of the contract being
706:
and coauthors also criticize the timing of consultant services. Client organizations, which are usually lacking the knowledge they want to obtain from the consultant, cannot correctly estimate the right timing for an engagement of consultants. Consultants are usually engaged too late when problems
674:
As with other client-contractor relationships, settling for liabilities that exist outside the scope of the contract deliverables has been proven to be of considerable difficulty, also in management consulting. For this reason, it is important that clients procuring management consulting services
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discussed the prevalent trends within the consulting industry to evolve. The authors noted that with knowledge being democratized and information becoming more and more accessible to anyone, the role of management consultants is rapidly changing. Moreover, with more online platforms that connect
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A period of significant growth in the early 1980s was driven by demand for strategy and organization consultancies. The wave of growth in the 1990s was driven by both strategy and information technology advice. In the second half of the 1980s, the big accounting firms entered the IT consulting
295:
The functions of consulting services are commonly broken down into eight task categories. Consultants can function as bridges for information and knowledge, and external consultants can provide these bridging services more economically than client firms themselves. Consultants can be engaged
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in the 1930s, and was driven by demand for advice on finance, strategy and organization. From the 1950s onwards, consultancies expanded their activities considerably in the United States, and also opened offices in Europe and later in Asia and South
America.
38:. Organizations may draw upon the services of management consultants for a number of reasons, including gaining external (and presumably objective) advice and accessing consultants' specialized expertise regarding concerns that call for additional oversight.
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1001:
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become visible to the top of the client's organizational pyramid. A proactive checkup, like a regular medical checkup, is recommended. On the other side, this opens additional danger for abuse from disreputable practitioners.
370:
Consultants have specialized skills on tasks that would involve high internal coordination costs for clients, such as organization-wide changes or the implementation of information technology. In addition, because of
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believes that much of the advice given today has real merit. However, a close examination shows that most advice given today contains gaps and inconsistencies that may prevent positive outcomes in the future.
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244:. By the mid-1990s these firms had outgrown those service providers focusing on corporate strategy and organization. While three of the Big Four legally divided the different service lines after the
240:) had always offered advice in addition to their traditional services, but after the late 1980s these activities became increasingly important in relation to the maturing market of accounting and
155:
Inc., founded in 1886 as a partnership, and later incorporated in 1909. Although Arthur D. Little later became a general management consultancy, it originally specialized in technical research.
360:
Management consulting often involves a mix of both of these categories. In the modern economic environment, management consulting firms are typically classified under the umbrella term of
256:. The name change was effective starting January 1, 2001, and Accenture is currently the largest consulting firm in the world in employee headcount. They are publicly traded on the
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2010:
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1980:
302:, McKinsey's long-term director, has mentioned the benefits of a consultant's externality, that they have varied experience outside the client company.
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2185:
1002:"CPAs Who Perform Management Consulting Services May Face Increased Expsoure to Controlling Person Liability under the Federal Securities Acts Note"
662:
offer management consulting services to nonprofits, philanthropies, and mission-driven organizations. Some, but not all, are nonprofits themselves.
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332:
Specialized management consulting, which concerns questions that are specific to a certain function or subset of the client organization, such as
263:
The industry stagnated in 2001 before recovering after 2003 and then enjoying a period of sustained double-digit annual revenue growth until the
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towards a clearer segmentation of management consulting firms. In recent years, management consulting firms actively recruit top graduates from
1039:
1181:
520:
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1905:
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and the ensuing breakdown of Arthur
Andersen, they are now back in the consulting business. In 2000, Andersen Consulting broke off from
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1272:
267:. As financial services and government were two of the largest spenders on consulting services, the financial crash and the resulting
1943:
1791:
1063:"The relationship between service quality, customer satisfaction and customer loyalty: a study on the management consulting industry"
576:
88:
or frameworks to guide the identification of problems and to serve as the basis for recommendations with a view to more effective or
329:, and so forth. It entails questions that are relevant to the entirety of the client organization as a whole, on a management level.
166:, opened his own management consultancy in 1905. Taylor's method was used worldwide until industry switched to a method invented by
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1867:
745:
1724:
Bessant, John; Rush, Howard (January 1995). "Building bridges for innovation: the role of consultants in technology transfer".
1512:
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The industry experienced significant growth in the 1980s and 1990s, gaining considerable importance in relation to national
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2002:
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Kipping, M. 2002. "Trapped in their wave: the evolution of management consultancies," in T. Clark and R. Fincham (eds.).
57:
functions and, for various legal and practical reasons, may not be seen as a replacement for internal management. Unlike
1670:"Determinants of perceived success in management consulting: An empirical investigation from the consultant perspective"
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As Arthur D. Little focused on technical research for the first few years, the first management consultancy was that of
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Rhodes
Scholars, Oxford, and the Creation of an American Elite – Thomas J. Schaeper, Kathleen Schaeper – Google Books
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think twice about what type of help they need, so that the scope, length and content of contract reflects such need.
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In more recent times, traditional management consulting firms have had to face increasing challenges from disruptive
264:
3010:
2943:
1415:"American Management Consulting Companies in Western Europe, 1920 to 1990: Products, Reputation, and Relationships"
925:
1576:
Bessant, J., and H. Rush 1995. "Building bridges for innovation: the role of consultants in technology transfer,"
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2504:
781:
741:
644:
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375:, consultants' focus on and experience in gathering information across markets and industries enables a higher
174:
49:". However, the specific nature of situations under consideration may limit the ability or appropriateness of
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2463:
1964:
1301:
84:
development, or operational improvement services. Management consultants often bring their own proprietary
3508:
2703:
2206:
Argyris, Chris. Flawed Advice and the
Management Trap. New York: Oxford University Press, USA, 2000. Print.
1592:"Timing of Proactive Organizational Consulting: Difference between Organizational Perception and Behaviour"
198:
3339:
3202:
2836:
2623:
2298:
2165:
376:
104:
2218:"Estimating consultant engagement in the corporate lifecycle: Study of the bias in South Eastern Europe"
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836:
3197:
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2448:
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business executives to relevant consultants, the role of the traditional 'firm' is being questioned.
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428:
364:
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that are aiming to cater to the increasing number of freelance management consulting professionals.
35:
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1185:
732:
This document represents the first international standard for the management consultancy industry.
604:
237:
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developed VBM approaches. Value-based management became prominent during the late 1980s and 1990s.
159:
53:
such practices from one organization to another. Management consulting is an additional service to
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3192:
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2731:
2721:
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2032:
811:
636:
591:
539:
411:
257:
206:
2217:
1897:
61:, management consultants do not become part of the organization to which they provide services.
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3015:
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821:
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341:
225:
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163:
132:
89:
31:
1385:"Andersen Consulting Announces New Name — Accenture — Effective 01.01.01 | Accenture Newsroom"
1360:
Customer Value, Shareholder Wealth, Community
Wellbeing: A Roadmap for Companies and Investors
1330:
Customer Value, Shareholder Wealth, Community
Wellbeing: A Roadmap for Companies and Investors
1112:
3441:
3227:
3124:
3025:
2978:
2939:
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2768:
2763:
2748:
2736:
2698:
2559:
1328:
1211:
856:
851:
831:
806:
632:
453:) have been working in the strategy consulting market since 2010. In 2013, Deloitte acquired
406:
349:
284:
202:
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3182:
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861:
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600:
2222:
Management: Journal of
Sustainable Business and Management Solutions in Emerging Economies
1927:
8:
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1234:
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917:
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372:
361:
136:
108:
100:
58:
54:
50:
1113:"The Role of Government in Developing the Management Consulting Industry in Countries"
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1972:
1935:
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65:
2176:(4). Scandinavian Journal of Management Volume 10, Issue 4, December 1994: 421–436.
2138:
3212:
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2743:
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2177:
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2084:
Dangerous
Company: The Consulting Powerhouses and the Businesses They Save and Ruin
2044:
1733:
1681:
1426:
1226:
1151:
1140:"The Market for Management Consulting in Britain: An Analysis of Supply and Demand"
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73:
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791:
277:
249:
128:
120:
42:
647:. Other for-profit firms have spun off nonprofit consulting organizations, e.g.
422:
151:, as a unique field of study. One of the first management consulting firms was
41:
As a result of their exposure to and relationships with numerous organizations,
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2529:
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2120:
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2108:
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The World's Newest
Profession: Management Consulting in the Twentieth Century
2243:
1976:
1939:
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696:
454:
268:
245:
173:
The initial period of growth in the consulting industry was triggered by the
124:
46:
1472:
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Schlegelmilch, Bodo B.; Diamantopoulos, Adamantios; Anne Moore, S. (1992).
740:
An international qualification for a management consulting practitioner is
703:
486:
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and French businesses of OC&C in 2016 and 2017, with all now under the
478:
470:
318:
299:
193:(VBM), or "managing for value", in the 1980s based on the academic work of
116:
27:
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948:
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the only thing subject to potential insurance claims as well as lawsuits.
3270:
2468:
85:
2033:"Risk under performance-based contracting in the UK construction sector"
921:
905:
99:
of management consulting firms is in general to help and facilitate the
16:
Consulting services that help organizations to improve their performance
3275:
2687:
2509:
2397:
1668:
Bronnenmayer, Matias; Wirtz, Bernd W.; Göttel, Vincent (January 2016).
1473:"ACN : Summary for Accenture plc Class A Ordinary - Yahoo Finance"
1438:
1260:
Critical
Consulting: New Perspectives on the Management Advice Industry
786:
628:
345:
273:
194:
148:
77:
23:
2216:
Adizes, Ichak Kalderon; Rodic, Dusanka; Cudanov, Mladen (2017-09-21).
2043:(7). Construction Management and Economics, Volume 25, 2007: 691–699.
1896:
Christensen, Clayton M.; Wang, Dina; Bever, Derek van (October 2013).
1534:
Christensen, Clayton M.; Wang, Dina; Bever, Derek van (October 2013).
3177:
3020:
1230:
1137:
719:
253:
1430:
949:"Knowledge transfer and management consulting: A look at "The firm""
2587:
726:
684:
683:
Management consultants are sometimes criticized for the overuse of
509:
438:
310:
241:
81:
69:
1184:. MIT Institute Archives & Special Collections. Archived from
473:. From 2010 to 2013, several Big Four firms have tried to acquire
2269:"ISO 20700:2017 - Guidelines for management consultancy services"
482:
337:
96:
1868:"French arm of strategy consultancy OC&C joins Parthenon-EY"
2355:
305:
Management consulting could be classified into two categories:
112:
3320:
Association of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering
2656:
2423:
2366:
1563:
Turner, A. N. 1982. "Consulting is more than giving advice,"
1273:"GSB | Chicago: The Distinguished Alumnus Awards: Joel Stern"
748:. Additional trainings and courses exist, often as part of a
615:
served. As such, the firms utilize their ability to serve as
423:
Big Four accounting firms in the management consulting market
2166:"Management consultants: Client and consultant perspectives"
1928:"A Nonprofit Consultant Offers Free Strategic Advice Online"
2597:
1761:"This Is What Being a Management Consultant Actually Means"
565:
462:
442:
229:
2602:
1225:(4). National Association for Business Economics: 59–68.
715:
446:
333:
2031:
Ancell, Debbie; Grunberg, Stephen; Hughes, Will (2007).
1667:
1590:
Adizes, Ichak; Cudanov, Mladen; Rodic, Dusanka (2017).
2329:
1788:"The Big Three: meet the world's top consulting firms"
1501:
Schaeper, Thomas J.; Schaeper, Kathleen (2010-01-15).
1061:
Wang, I-Ming; Shieh, Chich-Jen; Hsiao, Juimin (2005).
387:
379:
than if clients were to perform research themselves.
2030:
1895:
1533:
1843:"Limitless? Big Four strategic moves in consulting"
947:Beyerlein, Michael M.; Lahti, Ryan K. (July 2000).
619:within each market segment and industry addressed.
607:of industry-specific branches, with one branch per
123:. However, the exact nature of the value of such a
2215:
1589:
398:Three consulting firms are widely regarded as the
2338:
2081:
953:Vezetéstudomány - Management and Business Journal
744:(CMC) available in the United States through the
3490:
1500:
1067:Journal of Information and Optimization Sciences
987:Management Consulting: A Guide to the Profession
754:Master of Business Administration § Content
1356:
1326:
181:The management consulting firms Stern Stewart,
2163:
1060:
946:
723:Guidelines for Management Consultancy Services
477:. EY followed the trend, with acquisitions of
309:General management consulting, which concerns
2672:
2382:
906:"The Origins of Modern Management Consulting"
735:
323:environmental social and corporate governance
1633:The Oxford Handbook of Management Consulting
1629:
147:Management consulting grew with the rise of
2164:Poulfelt, Flemming; Paynee, Adrian (1994).
2109:"Consultant liability and client relations"
1723:
1306:. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 817.
1073:(2). Taylor & Francis Online: 371–384.
2679:
2665:
2389:
2375:
2003:"Helping Make Clients' Philanthropy Count"
1790:. No. 72. The Gateway. Archived from
1630:Clark, Timothy; Kipping, Matthias (2012).
1425:(2). Cambridge University Press: 190–220.
710:
2233:
1357:Kilroy, Denis; Schneider, Marvin (2017).
1327:Kilroy, Denis; Schneider, Marvin (2017).
1212:"The Global Management Consulting Sector"
1209:
899:
897:
881:In other words, subject to market demand.
2082:Madigan, Charles; O'Shea, James (1997).
1785:
916:(1). Cambridge University Press: 51–58.
622:
1412:
1299:
1210:Gross, Andrew C.; Poor, Jozsef (2008).
1205:
1203:
903:
746:Institute of Management Consultants USA
3491:
2303:Professional Development | Harvard DCE
2000:
1925:
1898:"Consulting on the Cusp of Disruption"
1767:from the original on 14 September 2022
1536:"Consulting on the Cusp of Disruption"
1352:
1350:
1333:. Springer. pp. 5, 12–16, 24–25.
1295:
1293:
1174:
1042:from the original on 14 September 2022
989:. Geneva: International Labour Office.
980:
978:
894:
599:Large management consulting firms and
280:, and students from top MBA programs.
2660:
2370:
2106:
2037:Construction Management and Economics
1758:
718:published the international standard
693:Flawed Advice and the Management Trap
64:Consultancies provide organizational
34:or in any way to assist in achieving
2279:from the original on 16 January 2018
1814:"Consultancy firms: Strategic moves"
1200:
984:
928:from the original on 4 November 2022
767:Big Three (management consultancies)
394:Big Three (management consultancies)
3356:Bachelor of Business Administration
2619:List of management consulting firms
1759:Lande, Samantha (8 December 2017).
1636:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1347:
1290:
1182:"Scatter Acorns That Oaks May Grow"
975:
201:. Other consulting firms including
13:
3457:Organizational behavior management
2323:
2170:Scandinavian Journal of Management
1692:from the original on 11 April 2023
1162:from the original on 11 April 2023
1119:from the original on 11 April 2023
1093:from the original on 11 April 2023
388:Big Three management consultancies
14:
3520:
3371:Doctor of Business Administration
3361:Master of Business Administration
2454:Information technology consulting
2348:
2145:from the original on 4 April 2023
2063:from the original on 5 April 2023
999:
963:from the original on 25 June 2022
959:(7–8). Corvinus Research: 91–99.
687:, reliance on and propagation of
643:at subsidized rates as a form of
220:segment. The then Big Eight, now
45:are typically aware of industry "
3472:
2641:
2640:
2354:
2235:10.7595/management.fon.2017.0015
2188:from the original on 21 May 2022
1786:Szczerba, Marta (5 March 2014).
1453:from the original on 21 May 2022
1032:"What is Management Consulting?"
1012:from the original on 4 July 2022
904:McKenna, Christopher D. (1995).
107:and optimization of the various
2505:Certified management consultant
2330:Christopher D. McKenna (2006).
2309:from the original on 2021-09-27
2291:
2261:
2250:from the original on 2018-04-27
2209:
2200:
2157:
2100:
2075:
2024:
2013:from the original on 2020-01-03
2001:Dagher, Veronica (2011-04-13).
1994:
1983:from the original on 2020-01-03
1957:
1946:from the original on 2020-01-03
1919:
1908:from the original on 2016-03-03
1889:
1878:from the original on 2017-09-25
1860:
1849:from the original on 2019-03-27
1835:
1824:from the original on 2015-03-23
1806:
1779:
1752:
1717:
1704:
1680:(6). Emerald Insight: 706–738.
1661:
1650:from the original on 2022-05-13
1623:
1612:from the original on 2018-11-04
1583:
1570:
1557:
1546:from the original on 2016-03-15
1527:
1494:
1483:from the original on 2017-02-02
1465:
1406:
1395:from the original on 2017-02-03
1377:
1320:
1265:
1252:
782:Business process re-engineering
742:Certified Management Consultant
645:corporate social responsibility
639:, offer consulting services to
338:financial management consulting
92:ways of performing work tasks.
3335:Chartered Management Institute
2686:
2396:
1845:. Beaton Capital. 2014-04-14.
1131:
1105:
1079:10.1080/02522667.2005.10699655
1054:
1024:
993:
940:
875:
197:, Bill Alberts, and Professor
1:
2464:Risk and strategic consulting
2334:. Cambridge University Press.
910:Business and Economic History
888:
342:digital management consulting
265:financial crisis of 2007–2008
252:and announced their new name
22:is the practice of providing
2704:Index of management articles
2182:10.1016/0956-5221(94)90028-0
2086:. New York: Crown Business.
1738:10.1016/0048-7333(93)00751-e
1275:. 2013-01-23. Archived from
678:
665:
631:consulting firms, including
7:
3340:Critical management studies
3203:Full range leadership model
2624:List of IT consulting firms
1926:Krauss, Alan (2008-11-10).
1262:. Oxford: Blackwell, 28–49.
759:
725:on June 1, 2017, replacing
584:
290:
68:assistance, development of
10:
3525:
3330:Certified Business Manager
2343:. Oxford University Press.
2299:"The Consultant's Toolkit"
2121:10.1109/SOUTHC.1994.498160
2115:. IEEE. pp. 525–527.
2113:Conference Record Southcon
1674:Management Research Review
1413:Kipping, Matthias (1999).
1300:Chandra, Prasanna (2007).
837:Organizational development
736:Training and certification
658:Many firms outside of the
426:
391:
175:Glass–Steagall Banking Act
142:
3470:
3379:
3348:
3312:
3284:
3256:
3198:Evidence-based management
3168:
3142:
3070:
3044:
3001:
2969:
2925:
2914:
2860:
2795:
2788:
2777:
2712:
2694:
2636:
2611:
2578:
2550:
2543:
2477:
2449:Human resource consulting
2404:
2049:10.1080/01446190601164097
1965:"Virtue's intermediaries"
1156:10.1108/00251749210011197
842:Organizational psychology
772:Big Four accounting firms
429:Big Four accounting firms
382:
36:organizational objectives
3452:Organization development
3208:Management by objectives
2459:Public sector consulting
2439:Environmental consulting
2429:Biotechnology consulting
1714:. New York: McGraw-Hill.
1686:10.1108/MRR-06-2014-0145
868:
238:Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu
160:Frederick Winslow Taylor
3233:Social entrepreneurship
3193:Earned value management
2565:Boston Consulting Group
1902:Harvard Business Review
1565:Harvard Business Review
1540:Harvard Business Review
1419:Business History Review
1363:. Springer. p. 5.
1036:managementconsulted.com
1008:. Law Journal Library.
812:Institute of Consulting
711:International standards
592:Harvard Business Review
589:In 2013, an article in
412:Boston Consulting Group
348:management consulting,
336:management consulting,
3504:Management occupations
3479:Systems science portal
3422:Management development
3417:Management cybernetics
3402:Executive compensation
3238:Sustainable management
3100:Information technology
3080:Environmental resource
2560:McKinsey & Company
2434:Engineering consulting
2361:Management consultants
2341:Management Consultancy
2339:Joe O'Mahoney (2006).
1389:newsroom.accenture.com
1150:(2). Emerald Insight.
847:Organizational studies
822:Management cybernetics
802:Industrial engineering
528:PricewaterhouseCoopers
481:in 2014, and both the
407:McKinsey & Company
226:PricewaterhouseCoopers
214:gross domestic product
191:value-based management
164:Morris Llewellyn Cooke
3499:Management consulting
3442:Managerial psychology
3407:Management consulting
3228:Scientific management
3011:Customer relationship
2699:Outline of management
2414:Management consulting
2107:Tutle, E. G. (1994).
1619:– via ECONSTOR.
857:Outline of management
852:Outline of consulting
832:Operations management
807:Industrial psychology
623:Nonprofit consultants
601:professional networks
350:operations management
20:Management consulting
3437:Managerial economics
3397:Corporate governance
3304:Oliver E. Williamson
3183:Collaborative method
2525:Fixed-price contract
2363:at Wikimedia Commons
1874:. 6 September 2017.
1303:Financial Management
1038:. 25 December 2019.
985:Kubr, Milan (2002).
862:Strategic management
777:Business development
461:—while PwC acquired
224:, accounting firms (
3509:Market intelligence
3299:Eliyahu M. Goldratt
2495:Business networking
2490:Business consultant
1794:on 4 September 2014
1599:Amfiteatru Economic
1144:Management Decision
479:The Parthenon Group
327:risk and compliance
285:online marketplaces
55:internal management
3462:Pointy-haired Boss
3412:Management control
3248:Virtual management
2570:Bain & Company
2485:Accounting network
2419:Assurance services
1932:The New York Times
1872:www.consultancy.uk
1712:The Will to Manage
1507:. Berghahn Books.
1219:Business Economics
827:Management science
467:Booz & Company
417:Bain & Company
373:economies of scale
183:Marakon Associates
111:pertaining to the
59:interim management
3486:
3485:
3432:Management system
3366:PhD in management
3138:
3137:
2997:
2996:
2910:
2909:
2878:Product lifecycle
2654:
2653:
2632:
2631:
2593:Ernst & Young
2535:Shareholder value
2520:Strategy+Business
2444:Financial adviser
2359:Media related to
1514:978-0-85745-369-3
1477:finance.yahoo.com
817:Knowledge economy
617:knowledge brokers
582:
581:
547:Ernst & Young
451:Ernst & Young
362:corporate service
315:corporate finance
260:with ticker ACN.
234:Ernst & Young
168:W. Edwards Deming
127:may vary greatly
97:economic function
66:change management
30:to improve their
3516:
3476:
3213:Management style
2923:
2922:
2793:
2792:
2786:
2785:
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2019:
2018:
1998:
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1961:
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1917:
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1799:
1783:
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1756:
1750:
1749:
1721:
1715:
1710:Bower, M. 1982.
1708:
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1231:10.2145/20080408
1216:
1207:
1198:
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1195:
1193:
1188:on 12 March 2017
1178:
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1000:Vines, James K.
997:
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879:
492:
491:
459:Monitor Deloitte
354:Executive search
352:consulting, and
199:Alfred Rappaport
153:Arthur D. Little
113:geographic areas
80:implementation,
74:process analysis
43:consulting firms
3524:
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3517:
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3325:Business school
3308:
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3266:Decision-making
3258:
3252:
3223:Micromanagement
3218:Macromanagement
3170:
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3090:Human resources
3085:Field inventory
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2515:Consulting firm
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2324:Further reading
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2280:
2275:. 30 May 2017.
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1726:Research Policy
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1605:(44): 232–248.
1594:
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1578:Research Policy
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792:Consulting firm
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689:management fads
681:
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603:have adopted a
587:
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377:cost-efficiency
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278:Rhodes Scholars
250:Arthur Andersen
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105:rationalization
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2532:
2530:MECE principle
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2507:
2502:
2500:Case interview
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2349:External links
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1971:. 2006-02-25.
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276:universities,
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129:across markets
119:in which they
47:best practices
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3447:Managerialism
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