Manatee - Knowledge

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narrow channels. Some are concerned that the current situation is inhumane, with upwards of 50 scars and disfigurements from vessel strikes on a single manatee. Often, the lacerations lead to infections, which can prove fatal. Internal injuries stemming from being trapped between hulls and docks and impacts have also been fatal. Recent testing shows that manatees may be able to hear speed boats and other watercraft approaching, due to the frequency the boat makes. However, a manatee may not be able to hear the approaching boats when they are performing day-to-day activities or distractions. The manatee has a tested frequency range of 8 to 32 kilohertz.

1299: 1521: 1247: 5688: 938: 167: 592: 607: 970: 889:, sea clover, and marine algae). Using their divided upper lip, an adult manatee will commonly eat up to 10%–15% of their body weight (about 50 kg) per day. Consuming such an amount requires the manatee to graze for up to seven hours a day. To be able to cope with the high levels of cellulose in their plant based diet, manatees utilize hindgut fermentation to help with the digestion process. Manatees have been known to eat small numbers of fish from nets. 138: 962: 780: 1771: 1610:. Born at the Miami Aquarium and Tackle Company on July 21, 1948, Snooty was one of the first recorded captive manatee births. Raised entirely in captivity, Snooty was never to be released into the wild. As such he was the only manatee at the aquarium, and one of only a few captive manatees in the United States that was allowed to interact with human handlers. That made him uniquely suitable for manatee research and education. 1315:

reducing calf production (and survival) in wounded females – observations also speak to the likely pain and suffering endured. In an example, they cited one case study of a small calf "with a severe dorsal mutilation trailing a decomposing piece of dermis and muscle as it continued to accompany and nurse from its mother ... by age 2 its dorsum was grossly deformed and included a large protruding rib fragment visible."

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lead to reconsideration of the West Indian Manatee as an endangered species. Manatee population in the United States reached a low in the 1970s, during which only a few hundred individuals lived in the nation. As of February 2016, 6,250 manatees were reported swimming in Florida's springs. It is illegal under federal and Florida law to injure or harm a manatee.

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without an accurate way to estimate numbers. In Florida in 1996, a winter survey found 2,639 manatees; in 1997, a January survey found 2,229, and a February survey found 1,706. A statewide synoptic survey in January 2010 found 5,067 manatees living in Florida, the highest number recorded to that time.

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Brazil outlawed hunting in 1973 in an effort to preserve the species. Deaths by boat strikes are still common. Although countries are protecting Amazonian manatees in the locations where they are endangered, as of 1994 there were no enforced laws, and the manatees were still being captured throughout

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Manatees have four rows of teeth. There are 6 to 8 high-crowned, open-rooted molars located along each side of the upper and lower jaw giving a total of 24 to 32 flat, rough-textured teeth. Eating gritty vegetation abrades the teeth, particularly the enamel crown; however, research indicates that the

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Manatee deaths in the state of Florida nearly doubled in 2021 from 637 (2020) to 1100. Although this number decreased to 800 in 2022, it is likely that current rate of development in Florida, climate change, and decreasing water quality, habitat range, and genetic diversity among this population may

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In the absence of any new management action, that is, if boat mortality rates continue to increase at the rates observed since 1992, the situation in the Atlantic and Southwest regions is dire, with no chance of meeting recovery criteria within 100 years. "Hurricanes, cold stress, red tide poisoning

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Accurate population estimates of the West Indian manatee in Florida are difficult. They have been called scientifically weak because they vary widely from year to year, with most areas showing decreases, and little strong evidence of increases except in two areas. Manatee counts are highly variable

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in downtown Memphis in 2006, and was later found dead 16 km (10 mi) downriver in McKellar Lake. Another manatee was found dead on a New Jersey beach in February 2020, considered especially unusual given the time of year. At the time of the manatee's discovery, the water temperature in the

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lips; the upper lip pad is split into left and right sides which can move independently. The lips use seven muscles to manipulate and tear at plants. Manatees use their lips and front flippers to move the plants into the mouth. The manatee does not have front teeth, however, behind the lips, on the

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Apart from mothers with their young, or males following a receptive female, manatees are generally solitary animals. Manatees spend approximately 50% of the day sleeping submerged, surfacing for air regularly at intervals of less than 20 minutes. The remainder of the time is mostly spent grazing in

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Snooty died suddenly two days after his 69th birthday, July 23, 2017, when he was found in an underwater area only used to access plumbing for the exhibit life support system. The South Florida Museum's initial press release stated, “Early indications are that an access panel door that is normally

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does not consider the West Indian manatee to be "endangered" anymore, having downgraded its status to "threatened" as of March 2017. They cite improvements to habitat conditions, population growth and reductions of threats as reasoning for the change. The reclassification was met with controversy,

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The severity of mutilations for some of these individuals can be astounding – including long term survivors with completely severed tails, major tail mutilations, and multiple disfiguring dorsal lacerations. These injuries not only cause gruesome wounds, but may also impact population processes by

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in front of the propellers like the smaller outboard and inboard-outboard recreational boats have. They are now even identified by humans based on their scar patterns. Many manatees have been cut in two by large vessels like ships and tug boats, even in the highly populated lower St. Johns River's

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studies conducted in 1997 found that decreasing adult survival and eventual extinction were probable future outcomes for Florida manatees unless they received more protection. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service proposed downgrading the manatee's status from endangered to threatened in January 2016

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are included by many naturalists among the whales. But as these pig-fish are a noisy, contemptible set, mostly lurking in the mouths of rivers, and feeding on wet hay, and especially as they do not spout, I deny their credentials as whales; and have presented them with their passports to quit the

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Manatees emit a wide range of sounds used in communication, especially between cows and their calves. Their ears are large internally but the external openings are small, and they are located four inches behind each eye. Adults communicate to maintain contact and during sexual and play behaviors.

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Manatees weigh 400 to 550 kg (880 to 1,210 lb), and average 2.8 to 3.0 m (9 ft 2 in to 9 ft 10 in) in length, sometimes growing to 4.6 m (15 ft 1 in) and 1,775 kg (3,913 lb) and females tend to be larger and heavier than males. At birth,

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While humans are allowed to swim with manatees in one area of Florida, there have been numerous charges of people harassing and disturbing the manatees. According to the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, approximately 99 manatee deaths each year are related to human activities. In January

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Their slow-moving, curious nature, coupled with dense coastal development, has led to many violent collisions with propeller-driven boats and ships, leading frequently to maiming, disfigurement, and even death. As a result, a large proportion of manatees exhibit spiral cutting propeller scars on

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enamel structure in manatee molars is weak. To compensate for this, manatee teeth are continually replaced. When anterior molars wear down, they are shed. Posterior molars erupt at the back of the row and slowly move forward to replace these like enamel crowns on a conveyor belt, similarly to

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and human objects. Their slow-moving, curious nature has led to violent collisions with propeller-driven boats and ships. Some manatees have been found with over 50 scars on them from propeller blades. Natural causes of death include adverse temperatures, predation by crocodiles on young, and

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In 1996, a red tide was responsible for 151 manatee deaths in Florida. The bloom was present from early March to the end of April and killed approximately 15% of the known population of manatees along South Florida's western coast. Other blooms in 1982 and 2005 resulted in 37 and 44 deaths

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de Souza, Érica Martinha Silva; Freitas, Lucas; da Silva Ramos, Elisa Karen; Selleghin-Veiga, Giovanna; Rachid-Ribeiro, Michelle Carneiro; Silva, Felipe André; Marmontel, Miriam; dos Santos, Fabrício Rodrigues; Laudisoit, Anne; Verheyen, Erik; Domning, Daryl P. (2021-02-11).

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expressing concerns that the change would have a detrimental effect on conservation efforts. The new classification will not affect current federal protections. West Indian manatees were originally classified as endangered with the 1967 class of endangered species.

924:. This process continues throughout the manatee's lifetime. The rate at which the teeth migrate forward depends on how quickly the anterior teeth abrade. Some studies indicate that the rate is about 1 cm/month although other studies indicate 0.1 cm/month. 1108:

In winter, manatees often gather near the warm-water outflows of power plants along the Florida coast, instead of migrating south as they once did. Some conservationists are concerned that these manatees have become too reliant on these artificially warmed areas.

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does not present a significant threat to manatees. When threatened, the manatee's response is to dive as deeply as it can, suggesting that threats have most frequently come from land dwellers such as humans rather than from other water-dwelling creatures such as

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The Columbus Zoo was a founding member of the Manatee Rehabilitation Partnership in 2001. Since 1999, the zoo's Manatee Bay facility has helped rehabilitate 20 manatees. The Cincinnati Zoo has rehabilitated and released more than a dozen manatees since 1999.

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One quarter of annual manatee deaths in Florida are caused by boat collisions with manatees. In 2009, of the 429 Florida manatees recorded dead, 97 were killed by commercial and recreational vessels, which broke the earlier record number of 95 set in 2002.

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Manatees use their flippers to "walk" along the bottom whilst they dig for plants and roots in the substrate. When plants are detected, the flippers are used to scoop the vegetation toward the manatee's lips. The manatee has

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effect results in low frequency propeller sounds not being discernible near the surface, where most accidents occur. Research indicates that when a boat has a higher frequency the manatees rapidly swim away from danger.

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Manatees hear on a higher frequency than would be expected for such large marine mammals. Many large boats emit very low frequencies, which confuse the manatee and explain their lack of awareness around boats. The

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The main causes of death for manatees are human-related issues, such as habitat destruction and human objects. Natural causes of death include adverse temperatures, predation by crocodiles on young, and disease.

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and visual studies. Social interactions between manatees are highly complex and intricate, which may indicate higher intelligence than previously thought, although they remain poorly understood by science.

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In the Georgetown Water and Sewerage Works, two manatees were introduced in 1952 to a canal In the 24 years since then, manatees have been used to keep this water (the city's municipal supply) weed-free.

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and a variety of other maladies threaten manatees, but by far their greatest danger is from watercraft strikes, which account for about a quarter of Florida manatee deaths," said study curator John Jett.

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West Indian manatees can move freely between fresh water and salt water. However, studies suggest that they are susceptible to dehydration if freshwater is not available for an extended period of time.

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baby manatees weigh about 30 kg (66 lb) each. The female manatee has two teats, one under each flipper, a characteristic that was used to make early links between the manatee and elephants.

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instead. As the sea grasses began to grow, manatees adapted to the changing environment by growing supernumerary molars. Sea levels lowered and increased erosion and silt runoff was caused by

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As of January 2016, the USFWS estimates the range-wide West Indian manatee population to be at least 13,000; as of January 2018, at least 6,100 are estimated to be in Florida.

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that predicted an extremely grave situation confronting the manatee in both the Southwest and Atlantic regions where the vast majority of manatees are found. It states,

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The manatee's tail is paddle-shaped, and is the clearest visible difference between manatees and dugongs; a dugong tail is fluked, similar in shape to that of a whale.

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there are 23 manatees between the Botanical Gardens and the National Park. They have been there for more than 129 years, and reports are that they came from the

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Generally, manatees swim at about 5 to 8 km/h (3 to 5 mph). However, they have been known to swim at up to 30 km/h (20 mph) in short bursts.

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rivers, whose headsprings are 22 °C (72 °F) all year. Between November and March each year, about 600 West Indian manatees gather in the rivers in

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There are a number of manatee rehabilitation centers in the United States. These include three government-run critical care facilities in Florida at

571:. The Sirenia are thought to have evolved from four-legged land mammals more than 60 million years ago, with the closest living relatives being the 1926: 4028: 1134:) found in Mexico's Caribbean coastal area. The best estimate for this population is 200-250. As of 2022, a new manatee habitat was discovered by 4046: 3608: 3334:"Management effectiveness in marine protected areas for conservation of Antillean manatees on the eastern coast of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico" 3044: 1858: 1054:

does not protect them in cold water. Prolonged exposure to water below 20 °C (68 °F) can cause "cold stress syndrome" and death.

694:, in which it can digest tough plant matter. Generally, the intestines are about 45 meters, unusually long for an animal of the manatee's size. 4839: 1439: 4223:"Manatee reclassified from endangered to threatened as habitat improves and population expands - existing federal protections remain in place" 2845: 5944: 5841: 5468: 3547: 4165:"FLORIDA FISH AND WILDLIFE CONSERVATION COMMISSION MARINE MAMMAL PATHOBIOLOGY LABORATORY Preliminary 2022 Manatee Mortality Table by County" 3977: 3175: 2756: 2088: 1540:. After initial treatment at these facilities, the manatees are transferred to rehabilitation facilities before release. These include the 2442: 482:). They measure up to 4.0 metres (13 ft 1 in) long, weigh as much as 590 kilograms (1,300 lb), and have paddle-like tails. 5648: 5408: 5261: 2111: 911:

roof of the mouth, there are dense, ridged pads. These horny ridges, and the manatee's lower jaw, tear through ingested plant material.

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Robles Herrejón, Juan Carlos; Morales-Vela, Benjamín; Ortega-Argueta, Alejandro; Pozo, Carmen; Olivera-Gómez, León David (June 2020).

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upper lip, used to gather food and eat and for social interaction and communication. Manatees have shorter snouts than their fellow

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Gaspard, Joseph C.; Bauer, Gordon B.; Reep, Roger L.; Dziuk, Kimberly; Cardwell, Adrienne; Read, Latoshia; Mann, David A. (2012).

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They are found in coastal marine and estuarine habitats, and in freshwater river systems along the west coast of Africa from the

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Flewelling, LJ; Naar, JP; Abbott, JP; Baden, DG; Barros, NB; Bossart, GD; Bottein, MY; Hammond, DG; et al. (9 June 2005).

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West Indian manatees prefer warmer temperatures and are known to congregate in shallow waters. They frequently migrate through

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Gerstein, E. R. (1994). "The manatee mind: Discrimination training for sensory perception testing of West Indian manatees (

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is a non-profit group and membership organization that works to protect manatees and their aquatic ecosystems. Founded by

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he overwhelming documentation of gruesome wounding of manatees leaves no room for denial. Minimization of this injury is

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in Guyana used manatees to keep their irrigation canals weed-free. Between the 1950s and 1970s, the Georgetown

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The lids of manatees' small, widely spaced eyes close in a circular manner. The manatee has a large, flexible,

3114: 1817: 1504:, were propelled only by water jets to protect the endangered manatee population that inhabits regions of the 5911: 5087: 4865: 4288: 2590: 2167: 1721: 1119: 4802: 4337: 3503:"Macro-habitat preferences by the African manatee and crocodiles – ecological and conservation implications" 653:, with new teeth growing at the rear as older teeth fall out from farther forward in the mouth, somewhat as 3212: 1912:

Domning, D.P., 1994, "Paleontology and evolution of sirenians: Status of knowledge and research needs", in

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Long Term Prospects for Manatee Recovery Look Grim, According To New Data Released By Federal Government

3292:(Marmontel, Humphrey, O'Shea 1997, "Population Variability Analysis of the Florida Manatee, 1976–1992", 1934: 710:. It is thought that they reached the isolated area of the South American continent and became known as 4025: 166: 5885: 4827: 3605: 2081:"Sticking Their Necks out for Evolution: Why Sloths and Manatees Have Unusually Long (or Short) Necks" 1866: 1704:) from small whales; stating, "I am aware that down to the present time, the fish styled Lamatins and 5898: 3978:"Florida wildlife officials are distributing 3,000 pounds of lettuce a day to save starving manatees" 1545: 4836: 3211:(Press release). Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. January 20, 2010. Archived from 1298: 5939: 5080: 1631: 31: 17: 657:' teeth do. At any time, a manatee typically has no more than six teeth in each jaw of its mouth. 3548:"Audiogram and auditory critical ratios of two Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris)" 2760: 2080: 1709: 1663: 1402:

began a feeding program to address the situation by distributing 3,000 pounds (1,361 kg) of

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were likely restricted in South American coastal rivers and they fed on many freshwater plants.

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Taste and smell, in addition to sight, sound, and touch, may also be forms of communication.

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shallow waters at depths of 1–2 m (3 ft 3 in – 6 ft 7 in). The

5859: 3665:"Conserving Manatees: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Intentions of Boaters in Tampa Bay, Florida" 5776: 5741: 4366:

Weber Rosas, F.C. (June 1994). "Biology, conservation, and status of the Amazonian Manatee

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folklore, they were considered sacred and thought to have been once human. Killing one was

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Hautier, Lionel; Weisbecker, V; Sánchez-Villagra, M. R.; Goswami, A; Asher, R. J. (2010).

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is a reference to the species' slow, peaceful, herbivorous nature, reminiscent of that of

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and eat over 60 different freshwater and saltwater plants. Manatees inhabit the shallow,

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Luiselli, L.; Akani, G.C.; Ebere, N.; Angelici, F. M.; Amori, G.; Politano, E. (2012).

3333: 3038: 3017: 2919: 2828: 2722: 2714: 2648: 2535: 2527: 2466: 2434: 2315: 2279: 2238: 2057: 2022: 1776: 1623: 1607: 1576: 668: 564: 343: 275: 161: 3748:"Manatee Deaths From Boat Strikes Approach Record: Club Asks For Boaters' Urgent Help" 3444: 3152: 2611:

Lefebvre, Lynn W.; Provancha, Jane A.; Slone, Daniel H.; Kenworthy, W. Judson (2017).

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respectively, and a red tide killed 123 manatees between November 2022 and June 2023.

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Manatees typically breed once every two years; generally only a single calf is born.

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Manatees are capable of understanding discrimination tasks and show signs of complex

459: 311: 150: 4713: 3696: 3581: 2923: 2726: 2561: 2539: 2023:"Skeletal development in sloths and the evolution of mammalian vertebral patterning" 4881: 4873: 4529:"Guinness World Records names Snooty of Bradenton as 'Oldest Manatee in Captivity'" 4379: 3802: 3794: 3684: 3559: 3514: 3353: 2903: 2895: 2820: 2698: 2632: 2509: 2418: 2409: 2274: 2258: 2134: 2052: 2042: 1537: 1533: 1246: 1070: 1061:

Manatees can travel hundreds of miles annually, and have been seen as far north as

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the calf takes a further 12 to 18 months, although females may have more than one

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bolted shut had somehow been knocked loose and that Snooty was able to swim in.”

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is usually the northernmost range of the West Indian manatees because their low

5581: 5502: 5245: 4583:"Oldest living manatee in captivity dies a day after celebrating 69th birthday" 2422: 2393:(Marine Mammal Medicine, 2001, Leslie Dierauf & Frances Gulland, CRC Press) 2262: 1762: 1529: 1383: 1355: 1350: 1051: 1025: 986: 937: 676: 672: 535: 526: 498: 2881:"Osmoregulation in wild and captive West Indian manatees (Trichechus manatus)" 2702: 2514: 2497: 1463:

There are many conservation programs that have been created to help manatees.

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teeth, just a set of cheek teeth, which are not clearly differentiated into

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Hall, Alice J. (September 1984). "Man and Manatee: Can We Live Together?".

4639: 4104:"Manatees are no longer listed as endangered. Should we celebrate or fret?" 3816: 3573: 2430: 2288: 2146: 2066: 1914:

Proceedings of the 1st International Manatee and Dugong Research Conference

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The etymology of the name is unclear, with connections having been made to

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10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19990415)285:1<19::AID-JEZ3>3.0.CO;2-Z

969: 5815: 5735: 5628: 5458: 5398: 5388: 5330: 5231: 5181: 4625: 4314:"From Mermaids to Manatees: the Myth and the Reality | Smithsonian Ocean" 3270:. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. 2018. Archived from 3115:"Atlantic City (NJ) Water Temperature | United States | Sea Temperatures" 2907: 1674: 1199: 1010: 795:. They demonstrate discrimination and task-learning abilities similar to 572: 506: 63: 46: 4499:"Manatees move into world's largest freshwater aquarium at River Safari" 4252:"Record-breaking number of manatees counted during annual winter survey" 3416:"Manatees discovered in pristine but threatened underwater cave habitat" 2652: 2612: 2020: 1587:

in Arnhem, the Netherlands, where manatees have parented offspring. The

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The main causes of death for manatees are human-related issues, such as

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Manatees can also be crushed and isolated in water control structures (

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Manatees can also be viewed in a number of European zoos, such as the

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Skull of a West Indian manatee, the Museum of Osteology, Oklahoma City

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Aipanjiguly, Sampreethi; Jacobson, Susan K.; Flamm, Richard (2003).

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in the Recovery Plan, several state statutes, and federal laws, and

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Ecology and Conservation of the Sirenia : Dugongs and Manatees

1714: 1423: 1379: 1345: 1171: 1065:, and in 1995 and again in 2006, one was seen in New York City and 1062: 921: 882: 870: 862: 800: 654: 646: 576: 198: 103: 98: 83: 78: 68: 50: 5072: 4733:"Animal Crossing Fans Are Deeply In Love With Wardell The Manatee" 4280: 3209:"Exceptional weather conditions lead to record high manatee count" 2403:

Henaut, Yann; Charles, Aviva; Delfour, Fabienne (24 August 2022).

675:. All other mammals have seven cervical vertebrae, other than the 5906: 5781: 5340: 5171: 5154: 5103: 4905: 2953:"Manatee (Trichechus manatus) | U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service" 2405:"Cognition of the manatee: past research and future developments" 1838:

West Indian Manatee Facts and Pictures – National Geographic Kids

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Florida's manatees began dying at an alarming rate, largely from

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The West Indian manatee migrates into Florida rivers—such as the

1028: 821: 796: 756: 703: 664: 634: 623: 560: 455: 305: 290: 218: 118: 93: 4799: 2239:"The evolutionary history of manatees told by their mitogenomes" 897: 734:. This increased the tooth wear of the bottom-feeding manatees. 5608: 5128: 5116: 4979: 4970: 4918: 4824: 2864:. Melbourne, Florida: Florida Today. p. 1A. Archived from 2610: 1705: 1599: 1268:

their backs, usually caused by larger vessels that do not have

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Young manatees can be curious; this individual is inspecting a

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and eat over 60 different freshwater (e.g., floating hyacinth,

723: 707: 627: 568: 548: 208: 188: 3831:"Manatee death toll hits record in Florida, 'Red Tide' blamed" 3092: 1390:

left manatees without enough food to eat. As a result of this

416: 5880: 4047:"Monarch butterfly, manatee populations are on a big rebound" 3390: 3176:"Can manatees survive without warm waters from power plants?" 1678: 1549: 1251: 978: 691: 687: 580: 490: 435: 4071:"January 2016 Preliminary Manatee Mortality Table by County" 3861:"Scientists Say Toxin in Red Tide Killed Scores of Manatees" 3142: 1646:

used manatees in their storage canals for the same purpose.

726:

inhabited the West Atlantic and Caribbean waters and fed on

4869:– Dr. Domning's authoritative manatee research bibliography 3634:. Savethemanatee.org (2003-04-29). Retrieved on 2011-12-03. 1493: 1269: 1207: 1167: 559:

Manatees are three of the four living species in the order

410: 3500: 2807:

Powell, James (1978). "Evidence for carnivory in manatee (

961: 4656: 3775:"Brevetoxicosis: Red tides and marine mammal mortalities" 3772: 3615:. Scienceagogo.com (1999-07-30). Retrieved on 2011-12-03. 2613:"Manatee grazing impacts on a mixed species seagrass bed" 1756: 404: 4448:"Rescue, Rehabilitation and Release of Florida Manatees" 4197:"NO LONGER ENDANGERED, MANATEES NOW FACE ANOTHER CRISIS" 3662: 2396: 1302:

Manatee bearing scars on its back from a boat propeller.

2495: 1847:. Kids.nationalgeographic.com. Retrieved on 2011-12-03. 4227:

Southeast Region of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

4007:

Help End Manatee Harassment in Citrus County, Florida!

3724:. Fish and Wildlife Research Institute. Archived from 3445:"Amazonian Manatee - Facts, Information & Habitat" 3338:

Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems

2781: 4867:

Bibliography and Index of the Sirenia and Desmostylia

4646:. Georgetown, Guyana: National Academies. p. 13. 3653:. News.ufl.edu (2007-07-03). Retrieved on 2011-12-03. 3545: 1475:, this is today's leading manatee conservation club. 1451:

and groups such as the Save the Manatee Club and the

1430:

2016, there were 43 manatee deaths in Florida alone.

419: 407: 5664: 5654: 5644: 5634: 5624: 5614: 5597: 5587: 5577: 5567: 5557: 5547: 5537: 5499: 5484: 5474: 5464: 5454: 5444: 5434: 5424: 5414: 5404: 5394: 5384: 5374: 5336: 5326: 5288: 5242: 5212: 5197: 5187: 5177: 5167: 4903: 4837:

Reuters: Florida manatees may lose endangered status

4640:

National Science Research Council (Guyana). (1974).

4398:"Manatee Rescue, Rehabilitation and Release Program" 2878: 2402: 1752: 702:

Fossil remains of manatee ancestors - also known as

413: 4820:), (1872) London, Zoological Society of London Year 4026:

St. Petersburg Times – Manatee Abuse Caught on Tape

3113:Ltd, Copyright Global Sea Temperatures-A.-Connect. 2782:Castellini and Mellish, Michael and Jo-Ann (2016). 2554:"Manatee Ears Cause for Alarm? | Bird's Underwater" 401: 398: 4338:"New Study Shows Impact of Watercraft on Manatees" 3143:US Fish and Wildlife Service (November 14, 2017). 2879:Ortiz, RM; Worthy, GA; MacKenzie, DS (July 1998). 2465: 1989: 4825:Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission 4342:Florida Fish And Wildlife Conservation Commission 3921:Florida Fish And Wildlife Conservation Commission 3307:"Record 6,250 Manatees Spotted in Florida Waters" 1471:, former Florida governor, and singer/songwriter 1150:in 2024, who featured in a 10-minute short film. 873:leaves) and saltwater plants (e.g., sea grasses, 5926: 3893:. Local & State. April 9, 1996. p. 38. 3471: 2751: 2749: 2747: 1728:, managing and selling furniture to the player. 1285:In 2003, a population model was released by the 1210:, 2,000 km (1,200 mi) from the coast. 690:, the manatee has a simple stomach, but a large 4772:. Vol. 166, no. 3. pp. 400–418. 3149:Crystal River National Wildlife Refuge, Florida 3010: 2786:. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. 101. 1438:All three species of manatee are listed by the 671:, a number that may be due to mutations in the 4016:. Savethemanatee.org. Retrieved on 2011-12-03. 3975: 3309:. Discovery. February 26, 2016. Archived from 2850:– smithsonianmag.com. Accessed March 15, 2008. 2496:O'Shea, Thomas J.; Lynn B. Poché, Jr. (2006). 2304:"Evolution of Manatees: A Speculative History" 2202: 2109: 1887: 1126:There is a small population of the subspecies 5088: 4889: 3173: 2744: 1933:. The Amy H Remley Foundation. Archived from 1865:. Friends of the National Zoo. Archived from 1331:in our society's ethical and moral standards. 4643:An International Centre for Manatee Research 3013:"Massive Manatee Is Spotted in Hudson River" 1955: 774: 4365: 3536:. Cyber Diver News Network. 11 January 2006 3534:Florida boaters killing endangered manatees 3043:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2463: 1987: 1669:The manatee has been linked to folklore on 1218:In relation to the threat posed by humans, 1082:area was below 6.5 °C (43.7 °F). 529: 5095: 5081: 4896: 4882: 3944: 3232: 3230: 1442:as vulnerable to extinction. However, The 1406:per day to save the malnourished animals. 136: 5013: 4968: 4195:Jones Jr., Robert C. (February 2, 2022). 4194: 3806: 3563: 3518: 3467: 3465: 2862:"Winter is culprit in manatee death toll" 2513: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2278: 2056: 2046: 1988:Best, Robin (1984). Macdonald, D. (ed.). 1958:Elephants: Majestic Creatures of the Wild 763:) has been known to live up to 60 years. 4814:On the Form and Structure of the Manatee 4711: 4680: 2361: 1888:Walters, Martin; Johnson, Jinny (2003). 1859:"What's in a name? Manatees and Dugongs" 1720:A manatee called Wardell appears in the 1694:distinguishes manatees ("Lamatins", cf. 1653: 1519: 1426:float lines, box traps, and shark nets. 1297: 1245: 968: 960: 936: 896: 778: 741: 605: 590: 4691:. London: Aquarian Press. p. 157. 4307: 4305: 4044: 4035:. Sptimes.com. Retrieved on 2011-12-03. 3750:. Save the Manatee Club. Archived from 3227: 3085:"Dead manatee found along Jersey Shore" 2982:"TRAVELIN' MANATEE FAR FROM HOME AGAIN" 2676: 2301: 1638:. In the 1910s and again in the 1950s, 1162:) inhabits the Central Amazon Basin in 14: 5927: 4686: 4311: 3841:from the original on 24 September 2018 3462: 3065:from the original on 24 September 2016 3061:. Associated Press. 11 December 2006. 2806: 2800: 2457: 2378: 1856: 1103:Crystal River National Wildlife Refuge 595:A skeleton of a manatee and calf, the 5702: 5701: 5076: 4877: 4730: 4045:Tribune, Chicago (29 February 2016). 3988:from the original on 24 February 2022 3957:from the original on 24 February 2022 3494: 2759:. Journey North. 2003. Archived from 2198: 2196: 2194: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1558:Homosassa Springs Wildlife State Park 1409: 1230: 5945:Extant Pleistocene first appearances 5912:63D4BEED-DBD5-4CC3-8CE9-232F5C4F154E 5886:995352B0-5308-C8A4-06D3-722AF053FC4C 4765: 4302: 4136:"Endangered Species | Class of 1967" 4101: 3025:from the original on 9 November 2020 2859: 2445:from the original on 30 October 2022 1996:. New York: Facts on File. pp. 1598:The oldest manatee in captivity was 1444:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) 1344:Another cause of manatee deaths are 1319:These veterinarians go on to state: 932: 5102: 4608:"Abary Creek manatees under threat" 4526: 4496: 4203:from the original on March 24, 2023 3897:from the original on 27 August 2021 3891:"Mystery epidemic killing manatees" 3483:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3236: 2933:from the original on 15 August 2022 1542:Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden 1498:Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters 1362:that can have toxic effects on the 892: 651:repeatedly replaced throughout life 443:) are large, fully aquatic, mostly 24: 4849:A website with many manatee photos 4759: 4657:National Research Council (2002). 4535:. Bradenton Herald. Archived from 4473:"Adventure in the mangrove forest" 4384:10.1111/j.1365-2907.1994.tb00134.x 4116:from the original on April 7, 2020 3637: 3237:Service, U. S. Fish and Wildlife. 3198:U.S. Marine Mammal Commission 1999 3059:"Manatee found dead in Tenn. lake" 2587:Seaworld Parks & Entertainment 2191: 2091:from the original on 26 April 2019 1974: 1892:. Marks and Spencer. p. 229. 1198:. They live as far upriver on the 1158:The freshwater Amazonian manatee ( 25: 5966: 4793: 4714:"Footnote, Chapter 32 - Cetology" 4689:Symbolic and Mythological Animals 4663:. The Minerva Group. p. 35. 3413: 3174:Keith Morelli (January 7, 2011). 3011:Lee, Jennifer 8 (7 August 2006). 2468:Manatees and Dugongs of the World 1816:. Fossilworks.org. Archived from 1724:video game. He is part of a paid 5686: 3871:from the original on 11 May 2013 3689:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01452.x 2988:. 23 August 1995. Archived from 1769: 1755: 1660:Manatee at Blue Springs, Florida 981:coastal areas and rivers of the 831: 493:coastal areas and rivers of the 394: 165: 61: 4731:Fahey, Mike (18 October 2021). 4724: 4705: 4650: 4633: 4600: 4589:from the original on 2017-07-23 4575: 4551: 4520: 4509:from the original on 2013-05-19 4490: 4479:from the original on 2021-06-11 4465: 4454:from the original on 2017-01-01 4440: 4415: 4390: 4359: 4348:from the original on 2021-12-24 4330: 4291:from the original on 2021-11-23 4273: 4244: 4215: 4188: 4177:from the original on 2023-03-24 4157: 4128: 4102:Wang, Amy B. (March 31, 2017). 4095: 4063: 4038: 4019: 4000: 3969: 3938: 3927:from the original on 2024-04-04 3909: 3883: 3853: 3823: 3766: 3740: 3714: 3656: 3618: 3599: 3588:from the original on 2021-12-24 3552:Journal of Experimental Biology 3539: 3527: 3451:from the original on 2021-12-24 3437: 3426:from the original on 2024-02-26 3407: 3383: 3372:from the original on 2022-11-21 3325: 3299: 3286: 3260: 3249:from the original on 2021-05-08 3201: 3192: 3167: 3136: 3125:from the original on 2020-11-27 3112: 3106: 3077: 3051: 3004: 2974: 2963:from the original on 2023-09-13 2945: 2872: 2853: 2839: 2775: 2733:from the original on 2024-01-27 2670: 2659:from the original on 2024-01-27 2604: 2575: 2546: 2489: 2355: 2326: 2295: 2229: 2180:from the original on 2021-12-26 2160: 2119:Journal of Experimental Zoology 2103: 2073: 1453:Center for Biological Diversity 1433: 1287:United States Geological Survey 1262: 1181: 1073:. A manatee was spotted in the 811: 4497:Tan, Sue-Ann (13 March 2013). 4076:. January 2016. Archived from 3976:Amanda Jackson (17 Feb 2022). 3722:"Manatee Mortality Statistics" 2860:Basu, Rebecca (1 March 2010). 2617:Marine Ecology Progress Series 2014: 1949: 1929:Trichechus manatus latirostrus 1919: 1906: 1881: 1850: 1831: 1802: 1726:downloadable content expansion 1708:(Pig-fish and Sow-fish of the 1606:'s Parker Manatee Aquarium in 1524:A manatee at SeaWorld, Florida 1400:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1041: 977:Manatees inhabit the shallow, 586: 13: 1: 1795: 1722:Animal Crossing: New Horizons 1378:In 2021 a massive die-off of 1373: 820:lasts about 12 months and to 783:Manatee postures in captivity 766: 663:The manatee is unusual among 3091:. 2020-02-11. Archived from 2560:. 2017-08-01. Archived from 1515: 1213: 1153: 1140:Sian Ka'an Biosphere Reserve 941:Approximate distribution of 914: 746:Endangered Florida manatee ( 697: 520: 7: 5955:Taxa named by Theodore Gill 5950:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 4739:. G/O Media. Archived from 4660:Making Aquatic Weeds Useful 2583:"Animal Info Book: Manatee" 1992:The Encyclopedia of Mammals 1916:, Gainesville, Florida, 1–5 1748: 1508:where the ships are based. 1339: 1306:According to marine mammal 737: 554: 301:Trichechus hesperamazonicus 145:Clockwise from upper left: 10: 5971: 3268:"Manatee Synoptic Surveys" 2847:Trials of a Primatologist. 2679:"Sea Cows and Sea Grasses" 2677:Domning, Daryl P. (1981). 2423:10.1007/s10071-022-01676-8 2302:Domning, Daryl P. (1982). 2263:10.1038/s41598-021-82390-2 1956:Shoshani, J., ed. (2000). 1649: 1241: 1234: 1123:after more than 40 years. 1046:The coast of the state of 927: 29: 5710: 5684: 5528: 5498: 5370: 5361: 5317: 5287: 5278: 5241: 5211: 5163: 5152: 5111: 5059: 4996: 4951: 4913: 4854:USGS/SESC Sirenia Project 4712:Melville, Herman (1851). 4423:"Global Impact - Project" 3945:Greg Allen (2 Dec 2021). 3472:Keith Diagne, L. (2016). 2703:10.1017/S009483730002546X 2515:10.1644/06-MAMM-A-066R1.1 1857:Winger, Jennifer (2000). 1617: 1546:Columbus Zoo and Aquarium 1447:with Florida congressman 775:Intelligence and learning 380:Fischer von Waldheim 1803 349: 342: 296: 289: 273: 266: 162:Scientific classification 160: 144: 135: 41: 4718:Moby-Dick; or, The Whale 4561:. South Florida Museum. 3606:Manatees hard of hearing 2784:Marine Mammal Physiology 1863:National Zoological Park 1814:Linnaeus 1758 (manatee)" 1622:Since the 19th century, 1595:features seven of them. 1440:World Conservation Union 32:Manatee (disambiguation) 3476:Trichechus senegalensis 2334:"Manatee FAQ: Behavior" 2308:Journal of Paleontology 2203:Marsh, Helene. (2011). 2168:"Manatee Anatomy Facts" 2110:Frietson Galis (1999). 2048:10.1073/pnas.1010335107 1890:Encyclopedia of Animals 1739:(one of the stories in 1664:Milwaukee Public Museum 973:Mother manatee and calf 840: 633:Manatee adults have no 480:Trichechus senegalensis 336:(validity questionable) 326:Trichechus senegalensis 3119:World Sea Temperatures 2338:www.savethemanatee.org 1927:"The Florida Manatee ( 1681:and required penance. 1666: 1525: 1364:central nervous system 1333: 1317: 1303: 1296: 1255: 1138:within the cenotes of 1099:Citrus County, Florida 974: 966: 958: 902: 791:. They also have good 784: 751: 611: 603: 530: 5868:Paleobiology Database 5034:West Indian manatee ( 3799:10.1038/nature435755a 3520:10.5194/we-12-39-2012 2888:Physiological Zoology 2868:on February 22, 2014. 1710:Coffins of Nantucket) 1657: 1644:water treatment plant 1523: 1465:Save the Manatee Club 1321: 1312: 1301: 1291: 1249: 972: 964: 940: 900: 782: 745: 609: 594: 333:Trichechus "pygmaeus" 3669:Conservation Biology 3490:: e.T22104A97168578. 3313:on February 28, 2016 3215:on February 14, 2011 2813:Journal of Mammalogy 2502:Journal of Mammalogy 2464:Jeff Ripple (1999). 1937:on February 22, 2014 1632:its botanical garden 1628:West Indian manatees 1604:South Florida Museum 1554:South Florida Museum 1502:Kennedy Space Center 1398:. In early 2022 the 1237:Manatee conservation 1120:Population viability 1019:West African manatee 789:associative learning 563:. The fourth is the 476:West African manatee 30:For other uses, see 5025:Amazonian manatee ( 4769:National Geographic 4687:Cooper, JC (1992). 4614:. 30 September 2008 4368:Trichechus inunguis 4281:"Save The Manatees" 4109:The Washington Post 3791:2005Natur.435..755F 3681:2003ConBi..17.1098A 3350:2020ACMFE..30.1182R 3274:on 6 September 2015 3155:on October 30, 2020 2695:1981Pbio....7..417D 2629:2017MEPS..564...29L 2255:2021NatSR..11.3564D 2131:1999JEZ...285...19G 2039:2010PNAS..10718903H 2033:(44): 18903–18908. 1960:. Checkmark Books. 1869:on 30 December 2005 1392:ecological disaster 995:West Indian manatee 706:- date back to the 667:in having just six 597:Museum of Osteology 543:"breast". The term 514:habitat destruction 468:West Indian manatee 464:Trichechus inunguis 450:sometimes known as 312:Trichechus inunguis 147:West Indian manatee 4859:2010-05-27 at the 4842:2020-09-25 at the 4830:2018-12-12 at the 4818:Manatus americanus 4805:2013-05-10 at the 4743:on 27 October 2021 4720:. Richard Bentley. 4559:Snooty the Manatee 4312:Fairclough, Caty. 4051:chicagotribune.com 4031:2009-06-01 at the 4012:2007-04-30 at the 3649:2010-06-12 at the 3630:2007-07-12 at the 3611:2011-09-28 at the 3565:10.1242/jeb.065649 3145:"About the Refuge" 3018:The New York Times 2809:Trichechus manatus 2472:. Voyageur Press. 2364:Trichechus manatus 2243:Scientific Reports 1843:2011-06-26 at the 1777:Marine life portal 1700: 1667: 1624:Georgetown, Guyana 1608:Bradenton, Florida 1585:Royal Burgers' Zoo 1577:ZooParc de Beauval 1526: 1410:Additional threats 1304: 1256: 1231:Relation to humans 975: 967: 959: 903: 785: 752: 748:Trichechus manatus 669:cervical vertebrae 649:. These teeth are 612: 604: 579:) and Hyracoidea ( 565:Eastern Hemisphere 472:Trichechus manatus 319:Trichechus manatus 276:Trichechus manatus 5922: 5921: 5855:Open Tree of Life 5704:Taxon identifiers 5695: 5694: 5682: 5681: 5678: 5677: 5357: 5356: 5070: 5069: 5055: 5054: 5043:African manatee ( 5007: 4992: 4991: 4962: 4908:species by family 4670:978-0-89499-180-6 4568:978-1-56944-441-2 4527:Aronson, Claire. 4503:The Straits Times 4285:Save The Manatees 3785:(7043): 755–756. 3395:www.waterbear.com 3245:(Press release). 3180:The Tampa Tribune 2992:on 1 January 2016 2793:978-1-4822-4267-6 2763:on April 29, 2014 2637:10.3354/meps11986 2479:978-1-61060-443-7 2214:978-1-139-15887-9 2087:. Science Daily. 1790:Manatee of Helena 1698: 1636:its national park 1583:in Italy and the 1581:Aquarium of Genoa 1144:Yucatán Peninsula 1128:Antillean manatee 1079:Mississippi River 1007:Amazonian manatee 933:Range and habitat 761:T. m. latirostris 681:three-toed sloths 460:Amazonian manatee 387: 386: 262: 151:Amazonian manatee 47:Early Pleistocene 16:(Redirected from 5962: 5915: 5914: 5902: 5901: 5889: 5888: 5876: 5875: 5863: 5862: 5850: 5849: 5837: 5836: 5824: 5823: 5811: 5810: 5798: 5797: 5785: 5784: 5772: 5771: 5759: 5758: 5746: 5745: 5744: 5731: 5730: 5729: 5699: 5698: 5690: 5666: 5656: 5646: 5636: 5626: 5616: 5599: 5589: 5579: 5569: 5559: 5549: 5539: 5501: 5486: 5476: 5466: 5456: 5446: 5436: 5426: 5416: 5406: 5396: 5386: 5376: 5368: 5367: 5338: 5328: 5290: 5285: 5284: 5244: 5214: 5199: 5189: 5179: 5169: 5161: 5160: 5097: 5090: 5083: 5074: 5073: 5011: 5010: 5006: 5005: 5001: 4966: 4965: 4961: 4960: 4956: 4898: 4891: 4884: 4875: 4874: 4800:Save the Manatee 4789: 4753: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4728: 4722: 4721: 4709: 4703: 4702: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4637: 4631: 4630: 4621: 4619: 4604: 4598: 4597: 4595: 4594: 4585:. 23 July 2017. 4579: 4573: 4572: 4555: 4549: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4524: 4518: 4517: 4515: 4514: 4494: 4488: 4487: 4485: 4484: 4469: 4463: 4462: 4460: 4459: 4444: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4434: 4425:. Archived from 4419: 4413: 4412: 4410: 4409: 4400:. Archived from 4394: 4388: 4387: 4363: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4353: 4334: 4328: 4327: 4325: 4324: 4309: 4300: 4299: 4297: 4296: 4277: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4267: 4258:. Archived from 4248: 4242: 4241: 4239: 4238: 4229:. Archived from 4219: 4213: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4192: 4186: 4185: 4183: 4182: 4176: 4169: 4161: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4151: 4142:. Archived from 4132: 4126: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4099: 4093: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4083:on March 6, 2016 4082: 4075: 4067: 4061: 4060: 4058: 4057: 4042: 4036: 4023: 4017: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3973: 3967: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3932: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3887: 3881: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3867:. July 5, 1996. 3857: 3851: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3810: 3770: 3764: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3744: 3738: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3709: 3708: 3699:. Archived from 3675:(4): 1098–1105. 3660: 3654: 3641: 3635: 3622: 3616: 3603: 3597: 3596: 3594: 3593: 3567: 3558:(9): 1442–1447. 3543: 3537: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3522: 3498: 3492: 3491: 3469: 3460: 3459: 3457: 3456: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3432: 3431: 3411: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3401: 3387: 3381: 3380: 3378: 3377: 3358:10.1002/aqc.3323 3344:(6): 1182–1193. 3329: 3323: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3303: 3297: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3254: 3234: 3225: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3205: 3199: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3187: 3186: 3171: 3165: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3151:. Archived from 3140: 3134: 3133: 3131: 3130: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3101: 3100: 3081: 3075: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3042: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3008: 3002: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2978: 2972: 2971: 2969: 2968: 2949: 2943: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2932: 2885: 2876: 2870: 2869: 2857: 2851: 2843: 2837: 2836: 2804: 2798: 2797: 2779: 2773: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2753: 2742: 2741: 2739: 2738: 2674: 2668: 2667: 2665: 2664: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2599: 2598: 2589:. Archived from 2579: 2573: 2572: 2570: 2569: 2558:Birds Underwater 2550: 2544: 2543: 2517: 2508:(6): 1061–1071. 2493: 2487: 2486: 2471: 2461: 2455: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2417:(5): 1049–1058. 2410:Animal Cognition 2400: 2394: 2391: 2376: 2375: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2350: 2349: 2340:. Archived from 2330: 2324: 2323: 2299: 2293: 2292: 2282: 2233: 2227: 2226: 2200: 2189: 2188: 2186: 2185: 2179: 2172: 2164: 2158: 2157: 2155: 2149:. Archived from 2116: 2107: 2101: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2077: 2071: 2070: 2060: 2050: 2018: 2012: 2011: 1995: 1985: 1972: 1971: 1953: 1947: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1923: 1917: 1910: 1904: 1903: 1885: 1879: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1854: 1848: 1835: 1829: 1828: 1826: 1825: 1806: 1779: 1774: 1773: 1772: 1765: 1760: 1759: 1538:SeaWorld Orlando 1534:Miami Seaquarium 1492:, ships used by 1416:navigation locks 1077:harbor near the 1071:Narragansett Bay 893:Feeding behavior 865:, water celery, 793:long-term memory 728:seagrass meadows 533: 426: 425: 422: 421: 418: 415: 412: 409: 406: 403: 400: 381: 373: 365: 357: 254: 170: 169: 140: 130: 60: 45:Temporal range: 39: 38: 27:Genus of mammals 21: 5970: 5969: 5965: 5964: 5963: 5961: 5960: 5959: 5940:Mammal families 5925: 5924: 5923: 5918: 5910: 5905: 5897: 5892: 5884: 5879: 5871: 5866: 5858: 5853: 5845: 5840: 5832: 5827: 5819: 5814: 5806: 5801: 5793: 5788: 5780: 5775: 5767: 5762: 5754: 5749: 5740: 5739: 5734: 5725: 5724: 5719: 5706: 5696: 5691: 5674: 5524: 5494: 5353: 5313: 5274: 5237: 5207: 5157: 5148: 5107: 5101: 5071: 5066: 5051: 5045:T. senegalensis 5003: 5002: 5000: 4988: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4947: 4909: 4902: 4861:Wayback Machine 4844:Wayback Machine 4832:Wayback Machine 4807:Wayback Machine 4796: 4762: 4760:Further reading 4757: 4756: 4746: 4744: 4729: 4725: 4710: 4706: 4699: 4685: 4681: 4671: 4655: 4651: 4638: 4634: 4617: 4615: 4606: 4605: 4601: 4592: 4590: 4581: 4580: 4576: 4569: 4557: 4556: 4552: 4542: 4540: 4539:on 28 June 2015 4525: 4521: 4512: 4510: 4495: 4491: 4482: 4480: 4471: 4470: 4466: 4457: 4455: 4446: 4445: 4441: 4432: 4430: 4421: 4420: 4416: 4407: 4405: 4396: 4395: 4391: 4364: 4360: 4351: 4349: 4336: 4335: 4331: 4322: 4320: 4310: 4303: 4294: 4292: 4279: 4278: 4274: 4265: 4263: 4256:Tampa Bay Times 4250: 4249: 4245: 4236: 4234: 4221: 4220: 4216: 4206: 4204: 4193: 4189: 4180: 4178: 4174: 4167: 4163: 4162: 4158: 4149: 4147: 4134: 4133: 4129: 4119: 4117: 4100: 4096: 4086: 4084: 4080: 4073: 4069: 4068: 4064: 4055: 4053: 4043: 4039: 4033:Wayback Machine 4024: 4020: 4014:Wayback Machine 4005: 4001: 3991: 3989: 3974: 3970: 3960: 3958: 3943: 3939: 3930: 3928: 3915: 3914: 3910: 3900: 3898: 3889: 3888: 3884: 3874: 3872: 3859: 3858: 3854: 3844: 3842: 3829: 3828: 3824: 3771: 3767: 3757: 3755: 3746: 3745: 3741: 3731: 3729: 3728:on 1 April 2011 3720: 3719: 3715: 3706: 3704: 3661: 3657: 3651:Wayback Machine 3642: 3638: 3632:Wayback Machine 3623: 3619: 3613:Wayback Machine 3604: 3600: 3591: 3589: 3544: 3540: 3532: 3528: 3499: 3495: 3470: 3463: 3454: 3452: 3443: 3442: 3438: 3429: 3427: 3412: 3408: 3399: 3397: 3389: 3388: 3384: 3375: 3373: 3330: 3326: 3316: 3314: 3305: 3304: 3300: 3296:., 11: 467–481) 3291: 3287: 3277: 3275: 3266: 3265: 3261: 3252: 3250: 3235: 3228: 3218: 3216: 3207: 3206: 3202: 3197: 3193: 3184: 3182: 3172: 3168: 3158: 3156: 3141: 3137: 3128: 3126: 3111: 3107: 3098: 3096: 3083: 3082: 3078: 3068: 3066: 3057: 3056: 3052: 3036: 3035: 3028: 3026: 3009: 3005: 2995: 2993: 2980: 2979: 2975: 2966: 2964: 2951: 2950: 2946: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2883: 2877: 2873: 2858: 2854: 2844: 2840: 2825:10.2307/1379938 2805: 2801: 2794: 2780: 2776: 2766: 2764: 2755: 2754: 2745: 2736: 2734: 2675: 2671: 2662: 2660: 2609: 2605: 2596: 2594: 2581: 2580: 2576: 2567: 2565: 2552: 2551: 2547: 2494: 2490: 2480: 2462: 2458: 2448: 2446: 2401: 2397: 2392: 2379: 2360: 2356: 2347: 2345: 2332: 2331: 2327: 2300: 2296: 2234: 2230: 2215: 2201: 2192: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2170: 2166: 2165: 2161: 2153: 2114: 2108: 2104: 2094: 2092: 2079: 2078: 2074: 2019: 2015: 2008: 1986: 1975: 1968: 1954: 1950: 1940: 1938: 1925: 1924: 1920: 1911: 1907: 1900: 1886: 1882: 1872: 1870: 1855: 1851: 1845:Wayback Machine 1836: 1832: 1823: 1821: 1808: 1807: 1803: 1798: 1775: 1770: 1768: 1761: 1754: 1751: 1742:The Jungle Book 1733:Rudyard Kipling 1692:Herman Melville 1662:diorama at the 1652: 1620: 1579:in France, the 1575:in Germany, in 1569:Tierpark Berlin 1518: 1436: 1412: 1376: 1342: 1265: 1244: 1239: 1233: 1216: 1184: 1170:, southeastern 1156: 1044: 1015:T. senegalensis 955:T. senegalensis 935: 930: 917: 895: 843: 834: 814: 777: 769: 740: 700: 589: 557: 523: 397: 393: 379: 372:Rafinesque 1815 371: 363: 355: 285: 279: 253: 164: 155:African manatee 131: 129: 128: 127: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 55: 54: 53: 43: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5968: 5958: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5920: 5919: 5917: 5916: 5903: 5890: 5877: 5864: 5851: 5838: 5825: 5812: 5799: 5786: 5773: 5760: 5747: 5732: 5716: 5714: 5708: 5707: 5693: 5692: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5679: 5676: 5675: 5673: 5672: 5662: 5652: 5642: 5632: 5622: 5612: 5605: 5595: 5585: 5582:Culebratherium 5575: 5565: 5555: 5545: 5534: 5532: 5526: 5525: 5523: 5522: 5515: 5507: 5505: 5503:Hydrodamalinae 5496: 5495: 5493: 5492: 5482: 5472: 5462: 5452: 5442: 5432: 5422: 5412: 5402: 5392: 5382: 5371: 5365: 5359: 5358: 5355: 5354: 5352: 5351: 5344: 5334: 5323: 5321: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5311: 5304: 5296: 5294: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5272: 5265: 5258: 5250: 5248: 5246:Protosirenidae 5239: 5238: 5236: 5235: 5228: 5220: 5218: 5209: 5208: 5206: 5205: 5195: 5185: 5175: 5164: 5158: 5153: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5146: 5137: 5131: 5125: 5119: 5112: 5109: 5108: 5100: 5099: 5092: 5085: 5077: 5068: 5067: 5060: 5057: 5056: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5049: 5040: 5031: 5021: 5019: 5008: 4994: 4993: 4990: 4989: 4987: 4986: 4976: 4974: 4963: 4949: 4948: 4946: 4945: 4939: 4933: 4927: 4921: 4914: 4911: 4910: 4901: 4900: 4893: 4886: 4878: 4872: 4871: 4863: 4851: 4846: 4834: 4822: 4809: 4795: 4794:External links 4792: 4791: 4790: 4761: 4758: 4755: 4754: 4723: 4704: 4697: 4679: 4669: 4649: 4632: 4599: 4574: 4567: 4550: 4519: 4489: 4464: 4439: 4414: 4389: 4358: 4329: 4301: 4272: 4243: 4214: 4187: 4156: 4127: 4094: 4062: 4037: 4018: 3999: 3968: 3937: 3908: 3882: 3865:New York Times 3852: 3822: 3765: 3739: 3713: 3655: 3636: 3617: 3598: 3538: 3526: 3493: 3461: 3436: 3414:Stock, David. 3406: 3382: 3324: 3298: 3285: 3259: 3226: 3200: 3191: 3166: 3135: 3105: 3076: 3050: 3003: 2973: 2944: 2900:10.1086/515427 2871: 2852: 2838: 2799: 2792: 2774: 2743: 2689:(4): 417–420. 2669: 2603: 2574: 2545: 2488: 2478: 2456: 2395: 2377: 2368:Marine Mammals 2354: 2325: 2314:(3): 599–619. 2294: 2228: 2213: 2190: 2159: 2156:on 2004-11-10. 2102: 2072: 2013: 2006: 1973: 1966: 1948: 1918: 1905: 1898: 1880: 1849: 1830: 1800: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1793: 1792: 1787: 1781: 1780: 1766: 1763:Mammals portal 1750: 1747: 1737:The White Seal 1651: 1648: 1619: 1616: 1530:Lowry Park Zoo 1517: 1514: 1435: 1432: 1411: 1408: 1375: 1372: 1356:dinoflagellate 1351:Karenia brevis 1341: 1338: 1279:Lloyd's mirror 1264: 1261: 1243: 1240: 1235:Main article: 1232: 1229: 1215: 1212: 1183: 1180: 1155: 1152: 1095:Chassahowitzka 1052:metabolic rate 1043: 1040: 1026:brackish water 987:Gulf of Mexico 965:Three manatees 934: 931: 929: 926: 916: 913: 894: 891: 855:alligator weed 842: 839: 833: 830: 813: 810: 776: 773: 768: 765: 739: 736: 699: 696: 673:homeotic genes 588: 585: 556: 553: 534:"hand" and to 522: 519: 499:Gulf of Mexico 448:marine mammals 385: 384: 383: 382: 374: 366: 358: 347: 346: 340: 339: 338: 337: 329: 322: 315: 308: 294: 293: 287: 286: 280: 271: 270: 264: 263: 246: 242: 241: 236: 232: 231: 226: 222: 221: 216: 212: 211: 206: 202: 201: 196: 192: 191: 186: 182: 181: 176: 172: 171: 158: 157: 142: 141: 133: 132: 124: 123: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 44: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5967: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5932: 5930: 5913: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5752: 5748: 5743: 5737: 5733: 5728: 5722: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5700: 5689: 5671: 5670: 5663: 5661: 5660: 5653: 5651: 5650: 5643: 5641: 5640: 5633: 5631: 5630: 5623: 5621: 5620: 5613: 5611: 5610: 5606: 5604: 5603: 5596: 5594: 5593: 5592:Dioplotherium 5586: 5584: 5583: 5576: 5574: 5573: 5566: 5564: 5563: 5556: 5554: 5553: 5552:Callistosiren 5546: 5544: 5543: 5536: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5527: 5521: 5520: 5516: 5514: 5513: 5509: 5508: 5506: 5504: 5497: 5491: 5490: 5483: 5481: 5480: 5473: 5471: 5470: 5463: 5461: 5460: 5453: 5451: 5450: 5449:Paralitherium 5443: 5441: 5440: 5439:Metaxytherium 5433: 5431: 5430: 5423: 5421: 5420: 5413: 5411: 5410: 5403: 5401: 5400: 5393: 5391: 5390: 5383: 5381: 5380: 5373: 5372: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5360: 5350: 5349: 5345: 5343: 5342: 5335: 5333: 5332: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5316: 5310: 5309: 5305: 5303: 5302: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5293: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5277: 5271: 5270: 5266: 5264: 5263: 5259: 5257: 5256: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5240: 5234: 5233: 5229: 5227: 5226: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5216:Prorastomidae 5210: 5204: 5203: 5202:Sobrarbesiren 5196: 5194: 5193: 5186: 5184: 5183: 5176: 5174: 5173: 5166: 5165: 5162: 5159: 5156: 5151: 5145: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5132: 5130: 5126: 5124: 5120: 5118: 5114: 5113: 5110: 5105: 5098: 5093: 5091: 5086: 5084: 5079: 5078: 5075: 5065: 5064: 5058: 5048: 5046: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5017: 5012: 5009: 4999: 4995: 4985: 4983: 4978: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4972: 4967: 4964: 4954: 4950: 4944: 4940: 4938: 4934: 4932: 4928: 4926: 4922: 4920: 4916: 4915: 4912: 4907: 4899: 4894: 4892: 4887: 4885: 4880: 4879: 4876: 4870: 4868: 4864: 4862: 4858: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4841: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4829: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4815: 4812:Murie, James 4810: 4808: 4804: 4801: 4798: 4797: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4770: 4764: 4763: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4727: 4719: 4715: 4708: 4700: 4698:1-85538-118-4 4694: 4690: 4683: 4676: 4672: 4666: 4662: 4661: 4653: 4645: 4644: 4636: 4629: 4627: 4613: 4612:Stabroek News 4609: 4603: 4588: 4584: 4578: 4570: 4564: 4560: 4554: 4538: 4534: 4533:bradenton.com 4530: 4523: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4493: 4478: 4474: 4468: 4453: 4449: 4443: 4429:on 2015-09-05 4428: 4424: 4418: 4404:on 2017-01-01 4403: 4399: 4393: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4372:Mammal Review 4369: 4362: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4333: 4319: 4315: 4308: 4306: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4276: 4262:on 2016-03-05 4261: 4257: 4253: 4247: 4233:on 2020-05-29 4232: 4228: 4224: 4218: 4202: 4198: 4191: 4173: 4166: 4160: 4146:on 2020-05-24 4145: 4141: 4137: 4131: 4115: 4111: 4110: 4105: 4098: 4079: 4072: 4066: 4052: 4048: 4041: 4034: 4030: 4027: 4022: 4015: 4011: 4008: 4003: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3972: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3941: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3912: 3896: 3892: 3886: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3856: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3826: 3818: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3769: 3754:on 2011-02-08 3753: 3749: 3743: 3727: 3723: 3717: 3703:on 2021-11-26 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3659: 3652: 3648: 3645: 3640: 3633: 3629: 3626: 3621: 3614: 3610: 3607: 3602: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3542: 3535: 3530: 3521: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3497: 3489: 3485: 3484: 3479: 3477: 3468: 3466: 3450: 3446: 3440: 3425: 3421: 3420:New Scientist 3417: 3410: 3396: 3392: 3386: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3328: 3312: 3308: 3302: 3295: 3294:Conserv. biol 3289: 3273: 3269: 3263: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3233: 3231: 3214: 3210: 3204: 3195: 3181: 3177: 3170: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3139: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3109: 3095:on 2020-02-13 3094: 3090: 3089:ABC7 New York 3086: 3080: 3064: 3060: 3054: 3046: 3040: 3024: 3020: 3019: 3014: 3007: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2977: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2948: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2908:1969.1/182579 2905: 2901: 2897: 2894:(4): 449–57. 2893: 2889: 2882: 2875: 2867: 2863: 2856: 2849: 2848: 2842: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2803: 2795: 2789: 2785: 2778: 2762: 2758: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2673: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2607: 2593:on 2017-10-07 2592: 2588: 2584: 2578: 2564:on 2017-10-07 2563: 2559: 2555: 2549: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2492: 2485: 2481: 2475: 2470: 2469: 2460: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2411: 2406: 2399: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2358: 2344:on 2016-09-19 2343: 2339: 2335: 2329: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2298: 2290: 2286: 2281: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2232: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2210: 2206: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2176: 2169: 2163: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2113: 2106: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2076: 2068: 2064: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2017: 2009: 2007:0-87196-871-1 2003: 1999: 1994: 1993: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1969: 1967:0-87596-143-6 1963: 1959: 1952: 1936: 1932: 1930: 1922: 1915: 1909: 1901: 1899:1-84273-964-6 1895: 1891: 1884: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1853: 1846: 1842: 1839: 1834: 1820:on 2023-06-05 1819: 1815: 1813: 1805: 1801: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1785:Dwarf manatee 1783: 1782: 1778: 1767: 1764: 1758: 1753: 1746: 1744: 1743: 1738: 1734: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1718: 1716: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1702: 1693: 1689: 1688: 1684:In the novel 1682: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1665: 1661: 1656: 1647: 1645: 1641: 1640:sugar estates 1637: 1634:, and later, 1633: 1629: 1625: 1615: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1573:Nuremberg Zoo 1570: 1565: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1552:'s The Seas, 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1522: 1513: 1512:their range. 1509: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1490: 1484: 1483: 1476: 1474: 1473:Jimmy Buffett 1470: 1466: 1461: 1457: 1454: 1450: 1449:Vern Buchanan 1445: 1441: 1431: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1371: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1352: 1347: 1337: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1320: 1316: 1311: 1309: 1308:veterinarians 1300: 1295: 1290: 1288: 1283: 1280: 1274: 1271: 1260: 1253: 1248: 1238: 1228: 1226: 1221: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1190:south to the 1189: 1188:Senegal River 1179: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1151: 1149: 1148:New Scientist 1145: 1141: 1137: 1136:Klaus Thymann 1133: 1132:T. m. manatus 1129: 1124: 1121: 1117: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1083: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1059: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1030: 1027: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 983:Caribbean Sea 980: 971: 963: 956: 952: 948: 944: 939: 925: 923: 912: 909: 901:Manatee plate 899: 890: 888: 887:widgeon grass 884: 880: 879:manatee grass 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 859:water lettuce 856: 852: 851:pickerel weed 848: 845:Manatees are 838: 832:Communication 829: 827: 826:estrous cycle 823: 819: 809: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 781: 772: 764: 762: 758: 749: 744: 735: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 695: 693: 689: 684: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 661: 658: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 631: 629: 625: 621: 616: 608: 602: 601:Oklahoma City 598: 593: 584: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 552: 550: 546: 542: 541: 537: 532: 528: 518: 515: 510: 508: 504: 500: 496: 495:Caribbean Sea 492: 488: 485:Manatees are 483: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 446: 442: 441: 437: 433: 430: 424: 391: 378: 375: 370: 367: 364:Brunnich 1772 362: 359: 354: 351: 350: 348: 345: 341: 335: 334: 330: 328: 327: 323: 321: 320: 316: 314: 313: 309: 307: 303: 302: 298: 297: 295: 292: 288: 283: 278: 277: 272: 269: 265: 261: 257: 252: 251: 247: 244: 243: 240: 237: 234: 233: 230: 227: 224: 223: 220: 217: 214: 213: 210: 207: 204: 203: 200: 197: 194: 193: 190: 187: 184: 183: 180: 177: 174: 173: 168: 163: 159: 156: 152: 148: 143: 139: 134: 120: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 59: 52: 48: 40: 37: 33: 19: 5711: 5667: 5657: 5647: 5637: 5627: 5617: 5607: 5600: 5590: 5580: 5572:Corystosiren 5570: 5562:Crenatosiren 5560: 5550: 5542:Bharatisiren 5540: 5519:Hydrodamalis 5517: 5510: 5487: 5477: 5467: 5457: 5447: 5437: 5429:Kaupitherium 5427: 5419:Lentiarenium 5417: 5407: 5397: 5387: 5377: 5347: 5346: 5339: 5329: 5319:Trichechinae 5306: 5301:Anomotherium 5299: 5292:Miosireninae 5280:Trichechidae 5267: 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