Lion - Knowledge

1295: 2752: 1773:, where the cats have better access to water, prey and shelter (via vegetation). The area occupied by a pride is called a "pride area" whereas that occupied by a nomad is a "range". Males associated with a pride patrol the fringes. Both males and females defend the pride against intruders, but the male lion is better-suited for this purpose due to its stockier, more powerful build. Some individuals consistently lead the defense against intruders, while others lag behind. Lions tend to assume specific roles in the pride; slower-moving individuals may provide other valuable services to the group. Alternatively, there may be rewards associated with being a leader that fends off intruders; the rank of lionesses in the pride is reflected in these responses. The male or males associated with the pride must defend their relationship with the pride from outside males who may attempt to usurp them. 134: 2250: 1795: 2006: 2148:, perhaps because females do not become fertile and receptive until their cubs mature or die. Females often fiercely defend their cubs from a usurping male but are rarely successful unless a group of three or four mothers within a pride join forces against the male. Cubs also die from starvation and abandonment, and predation by leopards, hyenas and wild dogs. Male cubs are excluded from their maternal pride when they reach maturity at around two or three years of age, while some females may leave when they reach the age of two. When a new male lion takes over a pride, adolescents both male and female may be evicted. 2027:, lions subsist largely on kills stolen from hyenas, causing them to increase their kill rate. In Botswana's Chobe National Park, the situation is reversed as hyenas there frequently challenge lions and steal their kills, obtaining food from 63% of all lion kills. When confronted on a kill, hyenas may either leave or wait patiently at a distance of 30–100 m (98–328 ft) until the lions have finished. Hyenas may feed alongside lions and force them off a kill. The two species attack one another even when there is no food involved for no apparent reason. Lions can account for up to 71% of hyena deaths in 1703: 415: 17548: 9597: 1717: 2078: 1423: 3016: 2609: 1812: 1970:

leftovers. Large kills are shared more widely among pride members. An adult lioness requires an average of about 5 kg (11 lb) of meat per day while males require about 7 kg (15 lb). Lions gorge themselves and eat up to 30 kg (66 lb) in one session. If it is unable to consume all of the kill, it rests for a few hours before continuing to eat. On hot days, the pride retreats to shade with one or two males standing guard. Lions defend their kills from scavengers such as vultures and hyenas.

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lion cubs lack confidence when confronted with adults other than their mother. They soon begin to immerse themselves in the pride life, however, playing among themselves or attempting to initiate play with the adults. Lionesses with cubs of their own are more likely to be tolerant of another lioness's cubs than lionesses without cubs. Male tolerance of the cubs varies—one male could patiently let the cubs play with his tail or his mane, while another may snarl and bat the cubs away.

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prey fleeing from other lionesses. Males attached to prides do not usually participate in group hunting. Some evidence suggests, however, that males are just as successful as females; they are typically solo hunters who ambush prey in small bushland. They may join in the hunting of large, slower-moving prey like buffalo; and even hunt them on their own. Moderately-sized hunting groups generally have higher success rates than lone females and larger groups.

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competitors by hunting at different times and habitats. Leopards, by contrast, do not appear to be motivated by an avoidance of lions, as they use heavy vegetation regardless of whether lions are present in an area and both cats are active around the same time of day. In addition, there is no evidence that lions effect leopard abundance. Leopards take refuge in trees, though lionesses occasionally attempt to climb up and retrieve their kills.

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are born blind, their eyes opening around seven days after birth. They weigh 1.2–2.1 kg (2.6–4.6 lb) at birth and are almost helpless, beginning to crawl a day or two after birth and walking around three weeks of age. To avoid a buildup of scent attracting the attention of predators, the lioness moves her cubs to a new den site several times a month, carrying them one-by-one by the nape of the neck.

11480: 1315:, which fade as the cub reaches adulthood, although faint spots may still be seen on the legs and underparts. The tail of all lions ends in a dark, hairy tuft that, in some lions, conceals an approximately 5 mm (0.20 in)-long, hard "spine" or "spur" that is formed from the final, fused sections of tail bone. The functions of the spur are unknown. The tuft is absent at birth and develops at around 1281: 4506: 2388:

their numbers are rapidly decreasing, and fell by an estimated 30–50% in the late half of the 20th century. Primary causes of the decline include disease and human interference. In 1975, it was estimated that since the 1950s, lion numbers had decreased by half to 200,000 or fewer. Estimates of the African lion population range between 16,500 and 47,000 living in the wild in 2002–2004.

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decay, is not favoured by all researchers; an analysis of teeth and jaws of man-eating lions in museum collections suggests that while tooth decay may explain some incidents, prey depletion in human-dominated areas is a more likely cause of lion predation on humans. Sick or injured animals may be more prone to man-eating but the behaviour is not unusual, nor necessarily aberrant.

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and 52,000 years ago. Due to the expansion of the Sahara between 83,100 and 26,600 years ago, lion populations in West and North Africa became separated. As the rainforest decreased and thus gave rise to more open habitats, lions moved from West to Central Africa. Lions from North Africa dispersed to southern Europe and Asia between 38,800 and 8,300 years ago.

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equal chance of survival, and sucklings are not dominated by older cubs. Weaning occurs after six or seven months. Male lions reach maturity at about three years of age and at four to five years are capable of challenging and displacing adult males associated with another pride. They begin to age and weaken at between 10 and 15 years of age at the latest.

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48–59 km/h (30–37 mph) and need to be close to their prey before starting the attack. One study in 2018 recorded a lion running at a top speed of 74.1 km/h (46.0 mph). They take advantage of factors that reduce visibility; many kills take place near some form of cover or at night. The lion accelerates at the start of the chase by 9.5

2688:; although his designs were popular, the use of bars and caged enclosures prevailed in many zoos until the 1960s. In the late 20th century, larger, more natural enclosures and the use of wire mesh or laminated glass instead of lowered dens allowed visitors to come closer than ever to the animals; some attractions such as the Cat Forest/Lion Overlook of 2342:, meowing and roaring. Other sounds produced include purring, puffing, bleating and humming. Roaring is used to advertise its presence. Lions most often roar at night, a sound that can be heard from a distance of 8 kilometres (5 mi). They tend to roar in a very characteristic manner starting with a few deep, long roars that subside into grunts. 1466:

consistently interact with multiple males at once. Another hypothesis suggests that the mane also serves to protect the neck in fights, but this is disputed. During fights, including those involving maneless females and adolescents, the neck is not targeted as much as the face, back, and hindquarters. Injured lions also begin to lose their manes.

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acts as the central display of circus shows and entered public consciousness in the early 20th century with cinema. In demonstrating the superiority of human over animal, lion taming served a purpose similar to animal fights of previous centuries. The ultimate proof of a tamer's dominance and control

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Pride lionesses often synchronise their reproductive cycles and communal rearing and suckling of the young, which suckle indiscriminately from any or all of the nursing females in the pride. The synchronisation of births is advantageous because the cubs grow to being roughly the same size and have an

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of males to females. Males with darker manes appear to have greater reproductive success and are more likely to remain in a pride for longer. They have longer and thicker hair and higher testosterone levels, but they are also more vulnerable to heat stress. Unlike in other felid species, female lions

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Manuel, M. d.; Barnett, R.; Sandoval-Velasco, M.; Yamaguchi, N.; Vieira, F. G.; Mendoza, M. L. Z.; Liu, S.; Martin, M. D.; Sinding, M-S. S.; Mak, S. S. T.; Carøe, C.; Liu, S.; Guo, C.; Zheng, J.; Zazula, G.; Baryshnikov, G.; Eizirik, E.; Koepfli, K.-P.; Johnson, W. E.; Antunes, A.; Sicheritz-Ponten,

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Lions may live 12–17 years in the wild. Although adult lions have no natural predators, evidence suggests most die violently from attacks by humans or other lions. Lions often inflict serious injuries on members of other prides they encounter in territorial disputes or members of the home pride when

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Usually, the mother does not integrate herself and her cubs back into the pride until the cubs are six to eight weeks old. Sometimes the introduction to pride life occurs earlier, particularly if other lionesses have given birth at about the same time. When first introduced to the rest of the pride,

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up to around 15 years old in exceptional cases, with the victims being calves, juveniles, and even subadults. In typical hunts, each lioness has a favoured position in the group, either stalking prey on the "wing", then attacking, or moving a smaller distance in the centre of the group and capturing

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The male lion's mane is the most recognisable feature of the species. It may have evolved around 320,000–190,000 years ago. It grows downwards and backwards, covering most of the head, neck, shoulders, and chest. The mane is typically brownish and tinged with yellow, rust, and black hairs. It starts

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and started to diverge in sub-Saharan Africa during the Late Pleistocene. Lion populations in East and Southern Africa became separated from populations in West and North Africa when the equatorial rainforest expanded 183,500 to 81,800 years ago. They shared a common ancestor probably between 98,000

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were taken by lions over nine months during the construction of a bridge in Kenya. The hunter who killed the lions wrote a book detailing the animals' predatory behaviour; they were larger than normal and lacked manes, and one seemed to suffer from tooth decay. The infirmity theory, including tooth

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Lions are part of a group of exotic animals that have been central to zoo exhibits since the late 18th century. Although many modern zoos are more selective about their exhibits, there are more than 1,000 African and 100 Asiatic lions in zoos and wildlife parks around the world. They are considered

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Several large and well-managed protected areas in Africa host large lion populations. Where an infrastructure for wildlife tourism has been developed, cash revenue for park management and local communities is a strong incentive for lion conservation. Most lions now live in East and Southern Africa;

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days; the female gives birth to a litter of between one and four cubs in a secluded den, which may be a thicket, a reed-bed, a cave, or some other sheltered area, usually away from the pride. She will often hunt alone while the cubs are still helpless, staying relatively close to the den. Lion cubs

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Bertola, L. D.; Van Hooft, W. F.; Vrieling, K.; Uit De Weerd, D. R.; York, D. S.; Bauer, H.; Prins, H. H. T.; Funston, P. J.; Udo De Haes, H. A.; Leirs, H.; Van Haeringen, W. A.; Sogbohossou, E.; Tumenta, P. N. & De Iongh, H. H. (2011). "Genetic diversity, evolutionary history and implications

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Manuel, M. d.; Ross, B.; Sandoval-Velasco, M.; Yamaguchi, N.; Vieira, F. G.; Mendoza, M. L. Z.; Liu, S.; Martin, M. D.; Sinding, M.-H. S.; Mak, S. S. T.; Carøe, C.; Liu, S.; Guo, C.; Zheng, J.; Zazula, G.; Baryshnikov, G.; Eizirik, E.; Koepfli, K.-P.; Johnson, W. E.; Antunes, A.; Sicheritz-Ponten,

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Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O'Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.;

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Lion hunting has occurred since ancient times and was often a royal tradition, intended to demonstrate the power of the king over nature. Such hunts took place in a reserved area in front of an audience. The monarch was accompanied by his men and controls were put in place to increase their safety

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among primates. Head rubbing, nuzzling the forehead, face and neck against another lion appears to be a form of greeting and is seen often after an animal has been apart from others or after a fight or confrontation. Males tend to rub other males, while cubs and females rub females. Social licking

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when the opportunity arises, scavenging animals dead from natural causes such as disease or those that were killed by other predators. Scavenging lions keep a constant lookout for circling vultures, which indicate the death or distress of an animal. Most carrion on which both hyenas and lions feed

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accelerate by 5 m/s², 5.6 m/s² and 4.5 m/s², respectively; acceleration appears to be more important than steady displacement speed in lion hunts. The lion's attack is short and powerful; it attempts to catch prey with a fast rush and final leap, usually pulls it down by the rump, and kills with a

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Young lions first display stalking behaviour at around three months of age, although they do not participate in hunting until they are almost a year old and begin to hunt effectively when nearing the age of two. Single lions are capable of bringing down zebra and wildebeest, while larger prey like

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for the Asiatic lion to increase its chances of survival. In 1987, it was found that most lions in North American zoos were hybrids between African and Asiatic lions. Breeding programs need to note origins of the participating animals to avoid cross-breeding different subspecies and thus reducing

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revealed that nomadic coalitions gain residency at between 3.5 and 7.3 years of age. In Kruger National Park, dispersing male lions move more than 25 km (16 mi) away from their natal pride in search of their own territory. Female lions stay closer to their natal pride. Therefore, female

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In 2005, Lion Conservation Strategies were developed for West and Central Africa, and or East and Southern Africa. The strategies seek to maintain suitable habitat, ensure a sufficient wild prey base for lions, reduce factors that lead to further fragmentation of populations, and make lion–human

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occupy a similar ecological niche and compete for prey and carrion; a review of data across several studies indicates a dietary overlap of 58.6%. Lions typically ignore hyenas unless they are on a kill or are being harassed, while the latter tend to visibly react to the presence of lions with or

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The lion is one of the most widely recognised animal symbols in human culture. It has been extensively depicted in sculptures and paintings, on national flags, and in contemporary films and literature. It is considered to be the monarch of the beasts; symbolizing power, royalty and protection.

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was considered a lion stronghold in the 1990s. By 2014, no lions were recorded in the protected area so the population is considered locally extinct. The West African lion population is isolated from the one in Central Africa, with little or no exchange of breeding individuals. In 2015, it was

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and leopards, steal their kills and kill their cubs and even adults when given the chance. Cheetahs often lose their kills to lions or other predators. A study in the Serengeti ecosystem revealed that lions killed at least 17 of 125 cheetah cubs born between 1987 and 1990. Cheetahs avoid their

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Lions typically consume prey at the location of the hunt but sometimes drag large prey into cover. They tend to squabble over kills, particularly the males. Cubs suffer most when food is scarce but otherwise all pride members eat their fill, including old and crippled lions, which can live on

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Asiatic lion prides differ in group composition. Male Asiatic lions are solitary or associate with up to three males, forming a loose pride while females associate with up to 12 other females, forming a stronger pride together with their cubs. Female and male lions associate only when mating.

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near the Mozambican border. While the expansion of villages into bush country is one concern, the authors argue conservation policy must mitigate the danger because in this case, conservation contributes directly to human deaths. Cases in Lindi in which lions seize humans from the centres of

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Lions are not particularly known for their stamina. For instance, a lioness's heart comprises only 0.57% of her body weight and a male's is about 0.45% of his body weight, whereas a hyena's heart comprises almost 1% of its body weight. Thus, lions run quickly only in short bursts at about

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Nomadic lions range widely and move around sporadically, either in pairs or alone. Pairs are more frequent among related males. A lion may switch lifestyles; nomads can become residents and vice versa. Interactions between prides and nomads tend to be hostile, although pride females in

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Salis, Alexander T.; Bray, Sarah C. E.; Lee, Michael S. Y.; Heiniger, Holly; Barnett, Ross; Burns, James A.; Doronichev, Vladimir; Fedje, Daryl; Golovanova, Liubov; Harington, C. Richard; Hockett, Bryan; Kosintsev, Pavel; Lai, Xulong; Mackie, Quentin; Vasiliev, Sergei (December 2022).

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in lion samples from East and Southern Africa, which indicates that this group has a longer evolutionary history than genetically less diverse lion samples from Asia and West and Central Africa. A whole genome-wide sequence of lion samples showed that samples from West Africa shared

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often occurs in tandem with head rubbing; it is generally mutual and the recipient appears to express pleasure. The head and neck are the most common parts of the body licked; this behaviour may have arisen out of utility because lions cannot lick these areas themselves.

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According to Robert R. Frump, Mozambican refugees regularly crossing Kruger National Park, South Africa, at night are attacked and eaten by lions; park officials have said man-eating is a problem there. Frump said thousands may have been killed in the decades after

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with samples from Southern Africa, and samples from Central Africa shared alleles with samples from Asia. This phenomenon indicates that Central Africa was a melting pot of lion populations after they had become isolated, possibly migrating through corridors in the

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has been systematically examined. American and Tanzanian scientists report that man-eating behaviour in rural areas of Tanzania increased greatly from 1990 to 2005. At least 563 villagers were attacked and many eaten over this period. The incidents occurred near

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virus (CDV) since at least the mid-1970s. CDV is spread by domestic dogs and other carnivores; a 1994 outbreak in Serengeti National Park resulted in many lions developing neurological symptoms such as seizures. During the outbreak, several lions died from

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The presence of numerous human settlements close to Gir National Park resulted in conflict between lions, local people and their livestock. Some consider the presence of lions a benefit, as they keep populations of crop damaging herbivores in check.

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However, there seems to be some degree of overlap between both groups in northern Central Africa. DNA analysis from a more recent study indicates that Central African lions are derived from both northern and southern lions, as they cluster with

1737:. The average pride consists of around 15 lions, including several adult females and up to four males and their cubs of both sexes. Large prides, consisting of up to 30 individuals, have been observed. The sole exception to this pattern is the 9131:

Roelke-Parker, M. E.; Munson, L.; Packer, C.; Kock, R.; Cleaveland, S.; Carpenter, M.; O'Brien, S. J.; Pospischil, A.; Hofmann-Lehmann, R.; L., Hans; Mwanengele, G. L. M.; Mgasa, M. N.; Machange, G. A.; Summers, B. A.; Appel, M. J. G. (1996).

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Bertola, L. D.; Jongbloed, H.; Van Der Gaag, K. J.; De Knijff, P.; Yamaguchi, N.; Hooghiemstra, H.; Bauer, H.; Henschel, P.; White, P. A.; Driscoll, C. A.; Tende, T.; Ottosson, U.; Saidu, Y.; Vrieling, K. & de Iongh, H. H. (2016).

2379: 2050:, taking their kills and dispatching pups or adult dogs. Population densities of wild dogs are low in areas where lions are more abundant. However, there are a few reported cases of old and wounded lions falling prey to wild dogs. 1538:. Nevertheless, 17 births have been recorded in five prides between 2007 and 2015. White lions are selected for breeding in captivity. They have reportedly been bred in camps in South Africa for use as trophies to be killed during 1684:

Lions spend much of their time resting; they are inactive for about twenty hours per day. Although lions can be active at any time, their activity generally peaks after dusk with a period of socialising, grooming, and defecating.

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since 1996 because populations in African countries have declined by about 43% since the early 1990s. Lion populations are untenable outside designated protected areas. Although the cause of the decline is not fully understood,

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levels increase, and reach their full size at around four years old. Cool ambient temperatures in European and North American zoos may result in a heavier mane. On average, Asiatic lions have sparser manes than African lions.

2376: 1733:". Groups of male lions are called "coalitions". Females form the stable social unit in a pride and do not tolerate outside females. The majority of females remain in their birth prides while all males and some females will 937:

cluster genetically with those from Cameroon and Chad, while lions from other areas of Ethiopia cluster with samples from East Africa. Researchers, therefore, assume Ethiopia is a contact zone between the two subspecies.

10335:"Multi-institutional survey of social, management, husbandry and environmental factors for the SSP African lion Panthera leo population: examining the effects of a breeding moratorium in relation to reproductive success" 1352:

Among felids, the lion is second only to the tiger in size. The size and weight of adult lions vary across its range and habitats. Accounts of a few individuals that were larger than average exist from Africa and India.

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Coalitions of males hold territory for a longer time than single lions. Males in coalitions of three or four individuals exhibit a pronounced hierarchy, in which one male dominates the others and mates more frequently.

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Lions imported to Europe before the middle of the 19th century were possibly foremost Barbary lions from North Africa, or Cape lions from Southern Africa. Another 11 animals thought to be Barbary lions kept in

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and in Southwest Asia until the late 19th century. By the late 19th century, it had been extirpated in most of Turkey. The last live lion in Iran was sighted in 1942, about 65 km (40 mi) northwest of

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region and broader nasal openings than those of the tiger. Due to the amount of skull variation in the two species, usually only the structure of the lower jaw can be used as a reliable indicator of species.

2501:. By 2015, the population had grown to 523 individuals inhabiting an area of 7,000 km (2,700 sq mi) in Saurashtra. In 2017, about 650 individuals were recorded during the Asiatic Lion Census. 2327:, which a lion makes when sniffing chemical signals and involves an open mouth with bared teeth, raised muzzle, wrinkled nose, closed eyes and relaxed ears. Lions also use chemical and visual marking; males 539:

One of the most widely recognised animal symbols in human culture, the lion has been extensively depicted in sculptures and paintings, on national flags, and in literature and films. Lions have been kept in

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have traditionally viewed the killing of lions as a rite of passage. Historically, lions were hunted by individuals, however, due to reduced lion populations, elders discourage solo lion hunts. During the

4960:; Yamaguchi, N.; Higham, T. F. G.; Wheeler, H. T.; Rosendahl, W.; Sher, A. V.; Sotnikova, M.; Kuznetsova, T.; Baryshnikov, G. F.; Martin, L. D.; Harington, C. R.; Burns, J. A. & Cooper, A. (2009). 1037:

latest by 11,900 years ago. Bone fragments excavated in European, North Asian, Canadian and Alaskan caves indicate that it ranged from Europe across Siberia into western Alaska. It likely derived from

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Miller, J. R. B.; Pitman, R. T.; Mann, G. K. H.; Fuller, A. K.; Balme, G. A. (2018). "Lions and leopards coexist without spatial, temporal or demographic effects of interspecific competition".

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estimated that this population consists of about 400 animals, including fewer than 250 mature individuals. They persist in three protected areas in the region, mostly in one population in the

1294: 468:, forming groups called prides. A lion's pride consists of a few adult males, related females, and cubs. Groups of female lions usually hunt together, preying mostly on medium-sized and large 10654:

Hazzah, L.; Borgerhoof Mulder, M.; Frank, L. (2009). "Lions and warriors: Social factors underlying declining African lion populations and the effect of incentive-based management in Kenya".

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of England. The male's mane makes it a particularly recognisable feature and thus has been represented more than the female. Nevertheless, the lioness has also had importance as a guardian.

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Marciszak, A.; Ivanoff, D. V.; Semenov, Y. A.; Talamo, S.; Ridush, B.; Stupak, A.; Yanish, Y. & Kovalchuk, O. (2022). "The Quaternary lions of Ukraine and a trend of decreasing size in

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sealed the park and forced refugees to cross the park at night. For nearly a century before the border was sealed, Mozambicans had regularly crossed the park in daytime with little harm.

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Mammals as predators: the proceedings of a symposium held by the Zoological Society of London and the Mammal Society, London. Volume 65 of Symposia of the Zoological Society of London

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coexistence sustainable. Lion depredation on livestock is significantly reduced in areas where herders keep livestock in improved enclosures. Such measures contribute to mitigating

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The evolution of sociability in lions was likely driven both by high population density and the clumped resources of savannah habitats. The larger the pride, the more high-quality

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Wilson, A. M.; Hubel, T. Y.; Wilshin, S. D.; Lowe, J. C.; Lorenc, M.; Dewhirst, O. P.; Bartlam-Brooks, H. L.; Diack, R.; Bennitt, E.; Golabek, K. A. & Woledge, R. C. (2018).

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The skeletal muscles of the lion make up 58.8% of its body weight and represent the highest percentage of muscles among mammals. The lion has a high concentration of glycolytic

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Tumenta, P. N.; Kok, J. S.; van Rijssel, J. C.; Buij, R.; Croes, B. M.; Funston, P. J.; de Iongh, H. H.; de Haes, H. A. Udo (2009). "Threat of rapid extermination of the lion (

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of Morocco. However, a genetic analysis showed that the captive lions at Addis Ababa Zoo were not Barbary lions, but rather closely related to wild lions in Chad and Cameroon.

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When resting, lion socialisation occurs through a number of behaviours; the animal's expressive movements are highly developed. The most common peaceful, tactile gestures are

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Extinction of lions in southern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East interrupted gene flow between lion populations in Asia and Africa. Genetic evidence revealed numerous

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Green, D. S.; Johnson-Ulrich, L.; Couraud, H. E.; Holekamp, K. E. (2018). "Anthropogenic disturbance induces opposing population trends in spotted hyenas and African lions".

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designed enclosures with concrete "rocks", more open space and a moat instead of bars, more closely resembling a natural habitat. Hagenbeck designed lion enclosures for both

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Rarely, lionesses (in the wild and in captivity) have been observed to grow manes. Increased testosterone may be the cause of maned lionesses reported in northern Botswana.

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an ambassador species and are kept for tourism, education and conservation purposes. Lions can live over twenty years in captivity; for example, three sibling lions at the

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fighting at a kill. Crippled lions and cubs may fall victim to hyenas and leopards or be trampled by buffalo or elephants. Careless lions may be maimed when hunting prey.

6368: 2562:. Wild-born lions were imported to American zoos from Africa between 1989 and 1995. Breeding was continued in 1998 in the frame of an African lion Species Survival Plan. 2907:

substantial villages have been documented. Another study of 1,000 people attacked by lions in southern Tanzania between 1988 and 2009 found that the weeks following the

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Barnett, R.; Mendoza, M. L. Z.; Soares, A. E. R.; Ho, S. Y. W.; Zazula, G.; Yamaguchi, N.; Shapiro, B.; Kirillova, I. V.; Larson, G. & Gilbert, M. T. P. (2016).

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in 2006 were of unknown origin; these animals might have carried genes that are extinct in the wild and may therefore be important to the maintenance of the overall

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The lion's repertoire of vocalisations is large; variations in intensity and pitch appear to be central to communication. Most lion vocalisations are variations of

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The lion is a muscular, broad-chested cat with a short, rounded head, a reduced neck, and round ears; males have broader heads. The fur varies in colour from light

11436: 11289: 10141:"Using ancient DNA techniques to identify the origin of unprovenanced museum specimens, as illustrated by the identification of a 19th century lion from Amsterdam" 5293:(PhD). Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. p. 8–10. 3913: 8746:

Pacifici, M.; Santini, L.; Di Marco, M.; Baisero, D.; Francucci, L.; Grottolo Marasini, G.; Visconti, P.; Rondinini, C. (2013). "Generation length for mammals".

2445:. These were the first sightings of lions in the country in 39 years. In the same year, a population of up to 200 lions that was previously thought to have been 6466:

Riggio, J.; Jacobson, A.; Dollar, L.; Bauer, H.; Becker, M.; Dickman, A.; Funston, P.; Groom, R.; Henschel, P.; de Iongh, H.; Lichtenfeld, L.; Pimm, S. (2013).

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O'Brien, S. J.; Joslin, P.; Smith, G. L. III; Wolfe, R.; Schaffer, N.; Heath, E.; Ott-Joslin, J.; Rawal, P. P.; Bhattacharjee, K. K.; Martenson, J. S. (1987).

4532: 2976:

which also means "aggressive", "king" and "strong". In parts of West and East Africa, the lion is associated with healing and provides the connection between

2485:

in Gujarat State, India. The population has risen from approximately 180 lions in 1974 to about 400 in 2010. It is geographically isolated, which can lead to

10059: 1203:

between the two lineages, indicating that they did not share the same geographic area. The Eurasian and American cave lions became extinct at the end of the

10439: 10408: 6240: 11384: 10494: 7210: 2727:

over a lion is demonstrated by the placing of the tamer's head in the lion's mouth. The now-iconic lion tamer's chair was possibly first used by American

10249: 8370: 1608:, around 8,000-6,000 years ago, the range of lions expanded into Southeastern and Eastern Europe, partially re-occupying the range of the now extinct 10209:

Bruche, S.; Gusset, M.; Lippold, S.; Barnett, R.; Eulenberger, K.; Junhold, J.; Driscoll, C. A.; Hofreiter, M. (2012). "A genetically distinct lion (

7931:

Mammals as Predators: The Proceedings of a Symposium Held by The Zoological Society of London and Mammal Society: London, 22nd and 23rd November 1991

7014:

Hanby, J. P. & Bygott, J. D. (1979). "Population changes in lions and other predators". In Sinclair, A. R. E. & Norton-Griffiths, M. (eds.).

10724: 7795: 7425:. Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki: US Agency for International Development, Conservation of Biodiverse Resource Areas Project, 623-0247-C-00-3002-00. 1888:

are the most common wild prey, while livestock contributes significantly to lion kills outside protected areas. It usually avoids fully grown adult

10377: 9729: 9515: 5394: 8321: 7736: 4531:

Burger, J.; Rosendahl, W.; Loreille, O.; Hemmer, H.; Eriksson, T.; Götherström, A.; Hiller, J.; Collins, M. J.; Wess, T. & Alt, K. W. (2004).

17219: 11517: 3436:

Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis

2437:, where between approximately 14 and 21 animals persisted as of 2009. In addition, 50 to 150 lions are estimated to be present in Burkina Faso's 9983:

Venkataraman, M. (2016). "Wildlife and human impacts in the Gir landscape". In Agrawal, P.K; Verghese, A.; Krishna, S.R.; Subaharan, K. (eds.).

3386:

Nicholson, S.; Bauer, H.; Strampelli, P.; Sogbohossou, E.; Ikanda, D.; Tumenta, P. F.; Venktraman, M.; Chapron, G. & Loveridge, A. (2024) .

2996:, lions were linked both with the sun and the waters of the Nile. Several gods were conceived as being partially lion including the war deities 16400: 6527: 2323:

Lions have an array of facial expressions and body postures that serve as visual gestures. A common facial expression is the "grimace face" or

1729:

The lion is the most social of all wild felid species, living in groups of related individuals with their offspring. Such a group is called a "

1332:

Its skull is very similar to that of the tiger, although the frontal region is usually more depressed and flattened and has a slightly shorter

9792: 17297: 17271: 16471: 10124:

Meena, V. (2016). "Wildlife and human impacts in the Gir landscape". In Agrawal, P.K.; Verghese, A.; Radhakrishna, S.; Subaharan, K. (eds.).

5294: 6306: 1852:

and is considered to be both an apex and keystone predator due to its wide prey spectrum. Its prey consists mainly of medium-sized to large

515:

period, the lion ranged throughout Africa and Eurasia, from Southeast Europe to India, but it has been reduced to fragmented populations in

9482: 7896: 5753:

Chellam, R. and A. J. T. Johnsingh (1993). "Management of Asiatic lions in the Gir Forest, India". In Dunstone, N.; Gorman, M. L. (eds.).

4165:

T.; Gopalakrishnan, S.; Larson, G.; Yang, H.; O'Brien, S. J.; Hansen, A. J.; Zhang, G.; Marques-Bonet, T. & Gilbert, M. T. P. (2020).

4036:

T.; Gopalakrishnan, S.; Larson, G.; Yang, H.; O’Brien, S. J.; Hansen, A. J.; Zhang, G.; Marques-Bonet, T. & Gilbert, M. T. P. (2020).

1757:

allow nomadic males to approach them. Males spend years in a nomadic phase before gaining residence in a pride. A study undertaken in the

10140: 2968:

In sub-Saharan Africa, the lion has been a common character in stories, proverbs and dances, but rarely featured in visual arts. In the

2477:

The last refuge of the Asiatic lion population is the 1,412 km (545 sq mi) Gir National Park and surrounding areas in the

6772: 5790: 4013: 17600: 6398:

Turner, J. A.; Vasicek, C. A.; Somers, M. J. (2015). "Effects of a colour variant on hunting ability: the white lion in South Africa".

5461: 8217:

Trinkel, M.; Kastberger, G. (2005). "Competitive interactions between spotted hyenas and lions in the Etosha National Park, Namibia".

17665: 17655: 17580: 9744: 4278: 3216:. In some medieval stories, lions were portrayed as allies and companions. Lions continue to appear in modern literature such as the 1689:

continue until dawn, when hunting most often takes place. They spend an average of two hours a day walking and fifty minutes eating.

9941:

Singh, H. S.; Gibson, L. (2011). "A conservation success story in the otherwise dire megafauna extinction crisis: The Asiatic lion (

2430:

revealed that lion occupancy is lowest in the W National Park, and higher in areas with permanent staff and thus better protection.

17457: 17193: 3494: 3063:

symbolized the power of the king and protection of the land against enemies, but was also invoked for good luck. The constellation

2566: 9052: 8416:"To kill, stay or flee: the effects of lions and landscape factors on habitat and kill site selection of cheetahs in South Africa" 2090:

Most lionesses reproduce by the time they are four years of age. Lions do not mate at a specific time of year and the females are

1526:. It is not albino; it has normal pigmentation in the eyes and skin. White lions have occasionally been encountered in and around 133: 17245: 11147:

Watanabe, C. E. (2015). "The symbolic role of animals in Babylon: a contextual approach to the lion, the bull and the mušḫuššu".

8637:

Schramm, Ralph Dee; Briggs, Michael B.; Reeves, Jerry J. (1994). "Spontaneous and induced ovulation in the lion (Panthera leo)".

2291: 9906:

Bauer, H.; de Iongh, H.; Sogbohossou, E. (2010). "Assessment and mitigation of human-lion conflict in West and Central Africa".

7674: 6376: 5977:

Yamaguchi, Nobuyuki; Cooper, A.; Werdelin, L.; MacDonald, David W. (2004). "Evolution of the mane and group-living in the lion (

4827: 4337: 3607: 1180:

ancestors possibly continued until about 2.1 million years ago. The lion-leopard clade was distributed in the Asian and African

17670: 17660: 17615: 6024: 2689: 2676:

until a larger lion house with roomier cages was built in the 1870s. Further changes took place in the early 20th century when

6345: 5876: 4595: 1311:

to silvery grey, yellowish red, and dark brown. The colours of the underparts are generally lighter. A new-born lion has dark

17635: 17289: 11430: 11337: 11318: 11283: 11089: 11022: 10960: 10755: 10614: 10569: 10310: 9325: 8946: 8718: 8675: 8177: 7946: 6986: 6766: 6447: 6422: 6097: 5961: 5870: 5832: 5784: 5630: 5568: 5433: 5324: 5264: 5075:

Barnett, R.; Yamaguchi, N.; Shapiro, B.; Ho, S. Y.; Barnes, I.; Sabin, R.; Werdelin, L.; Cuisin, J. & Larson, G. (2014).

4821: 4544: 4007: 3351: 17250: 11364: 8068: 4961: 2633:

The first European "zoos" spread among noble and royal families in the 13th century, and until the 17th century were called

2542:

with the aim of identifying and breeding Barbary lions in captivity for eventual reintroduction into a national park in the

17695: 17685: 17650: 17625: 9826: 4365:(Reichenau, 1906) (Felidae, Carnivora) from Za Hájovnou Cave (Moravia, The Czech Republic): A Fossil Record from 1987–2007" 3914:"A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group" 3236: 8122: 7479: 17705: 17645: 11570: 2839:

in the 19th century, the hunting of lions was encouraged because they were considered pests and lion skins were sold for

10089:

Saberwal, V. K.; Gibbs, J. P.; Chellam, R.; Johnsingh, A. J. T. (1994). "Lion-Human Conflict in the Gir Forest, India".

10002:): 50 Years Journey for Conservation of an Endangered Carnivore and its Habitat in Gir Protected Area, Gujarat, India". 4685:"Lions and brown bears colonized North America in multiple synchronous waves of dispersal across the Bering Land Bridge" 1635:

In Asia the lion once ranged in regions where climatic conditions supported an abundance of prey. It was present in the

1195:

Estimates for the divergence time of the modern and cave lion lineages range from 529,000 to 392,000 years ago based on

560:, and depictions have occurred in virtually all ancient and medieval cultures in the lion's historic and current range. 17640: 17610: 17180: 11358: 11195: 10990: 8997:

Sachs, R. (1969). "Untersuchungen zur Artbestimmung und Differenzierung der Muskelfinnen ostafrikanischer Wildtiere ".

8148: 5921: 2098:

that point backward. During withdrawal of the penis, the spines rake the walls of the female's vagina, which may cause

1624:, the modern lion was present from about 6,400 to 2,000 years Before Present. In Greece, it was common, as reported by 963: 17393: 3529:

Johnson, W. E.; Eizirik, E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; Murphy, W. J.; Antunes, A.; Teeling, E. & O'Brien, S. J. (2006).

17680: 17630: 12940: 11461: 11394: 9300: 8304: 7974:

Christiansen, P. & Wroe, S. (2007). "Bite forces and evolutionary adaptations to feeding ecology in carnivores".

2550: 1846: 729:

for the Asiatic lion population. In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the Cat Specialist Group revised lion

10837:

Packer, C.; Ikanda, D.; Kissui, B.; Kushnir, H. (2005). "Conservation biology: lion attacks on humans in Tanzania".

4577: 3329: 2031:. Hyenas have adapted by frequently mobbing lions that enter their home ranges. When the lion population in Kenya's 2843:

each. The widely reproduced imagery of the heroic hunter chasing lions would dominate a large part of the century.

17302: 13284: 4286: 2877:

Lions do not usually hunt humans but some (usually males) seem to seek them out. One well-publicised case is the

2864: 2710:, who both toured widely and whose techniques were copied by a number of followers. Van Amburgh performed before 1041:, and was genetically isolated and highly distinct from the modern lion in Africa and Eurasia. It is depicted in 357: 10789: 10772: 10447: 10416: 6248: 17620: 10502: 7163: 6621: 5225: 3673: 3576: 3047:

times, where it was strongly associated with kingship. The big cat was a symbol and steed of fertility goddess

2110:

and courtship activities. Males will also head-rub and roll around with each other before mounting each other.

1569:, the lion has been recorded up to an elevation of 3,600 m (11,800 ft) and close to the snow line on 1531: 7987: 5659: 2558:

their conservation value. Captive breeding of lions was halted to eliminate individuals of unknown origin and

2249: 17475: 15502: 7357: 4228:"Phylogeny of the great cats (Felidae: Pantherinae), and the influence of fossil taxa and missing characters" 2215: 10822: 10805: 5484: 1920:

and hippopotamus, and even uncommon cases of prides taking down an adult hippopotamus. Unusual prey include

10272: 6813: 3067:

was first recognised by the Sumerians around 4,000 years ago and is considered to be the fifth sign of the

2928: 2531: 553: 10714: 7754: 3786: 3052: 1794: 1561:

African lions live in scattered populations across sub-Saharan Africa. The lion prefers grassy plains and

17700: 17284: 17232: 15493: 12696: 10305:(Second ed.). Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid: Cambridge University Press. pp. 430–452. 3173:. Statues of the beast have guarded the entrances to the imperial palace and many religious shrines. The 3096: 2657:

in the 13th century; this was probably stocked with animals from an earlier menagerie started in 1125 by

2518: 2396: 2032: 1429: 17: 10385: 9500: 5526: 17490: 16958: 16614: 9610:

Henschel, P.; Petracca, L. S.; Hunter, L. T.; Kiki, M.; Sewadé, C.; Tehou, A.; Robinson, H. S. (2016).

7697: 5717:

Smuts, G. L.; Robinson, G. A.; Whyte, I. J. (1980). "Comparative growth of wild male and female lions (

3226: 3115: 2946: 1742: 898: 14980: 9193:

Bull, M. E.; Kennedy-Stoskopf, S.; Levine, J. F.; Loomis, M.; Gebhard, D. G.; Tompkins, W. A. (2003).

5353: 3891: 1978:

upon are killed by hyenas rather than lions. Carrion is thought to provide a large part of lion diet.

1534:

in eastern South Africa. They were removed from the wild in the 1970s, thus decreasing the white lion

1211:

descendants on other continents. The modern lion was probably widely distributed in Africa during the

17605: 13819: 11540: 8842:

Packer, C.; Pusey, A. E. (May 1983). "Adaptations of female lions to infanticide by incoming males".

5552: 3459: 2848: 2800: 2328: 2263: 950:. This result suggested that the taxonomic position of lions in Central Africa may require revision. 811: 381: 221: 9596: 7466: 6536: 2911:, when there was less moonlight, were a strong indicator of increased night-time attacks on people. 2005: 1139:. Results of analyses differ in the phylogenetic relationship of the lion; it was thought to form a 1061:

during the Late Pleistocene. It diverged from the cave lion around 165,000 years ago. A fossil from

17375: 16877: 16772: 15511: 13801: 13529: 13496: 13472: 13293: 12545: 10333:

Daigle, C. L.; Brown, J. L.; Carlstead, K.; Pukazhenthi, B.; Freeman, E. W.; Snider, R. J. (2015).

5563:]. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation. pp. 83–95. 4098:"Phylogeographic patterns in Africa and High Resolution Delineation of genetic clades in the Lion ( 3088: 2107: 1942: 1581:

in Gujarat, western India. Its habitat is a mixture of dry savannah forest and very dry, deciduous

1486: 5945: 5281: 3427: 2649:

to the rest of Europe. In England, although the seraglio tradition was less developed, lions were

1005:. Bone fragments were excavated in caves in the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy and Czech Republic. 17590: 16539: 15520: 15251: 14944: 14879: 14261: 13837: 13310: 12832: 11563: 9572:"The status of savanna carnivores in the Odzala-Kokoua National Park, northern Republic of Congo" 7849: 3464: 3241: 2980:

and the supernatural. In other East African traditions, the lion represents laziness. In much of

2790: 2458: 2427: 1836: 1758: 978: 142: 10190:

Yamaguchi, N.; Haddane, B. (2002). "The North African Barbary Lion and the Atlas Lion Project".

7926: 7131:"Landscape heterogeneity and behavioral traits drive the evolution of lion group territoriality" 3849: 3139:, erected by Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century CE, depicts four lions standing back to back. In 3100: 2172:

may also kill and eat lions, evidenced by the occasional lion claw found in crocodile stomachs.

17354: 17341: 17224: 17096: 17058: 16763: 16515: 16328: 16204: 15816: 15798: 15626: 15320: 15311: 14953: 13691: 12483: 11010: 10600: 9467: 7461: 3758: 3189: 3136: 2662: 2642: 2407: 1801: 1601:

desert. In the 1960s, it became extinct in North Africa, except in the southern part of Sudan.

1515: 1470: 1034: 993:, which was attributed to a lion. It is thought to have become extinct around 39,000 years ago. 818: 10298: 10168: 9468:"An acoustic analysis of lion roars. I: Data collection and spectrogram and waveform analyses" 9397: 8710: 8704: 5816: 5312: 4901:

Tseng, Z. J.; Wang, X.; Slater, G. J.; Takeuchi, G. T.; Li, Q.; Liu, J. & Xie, G. (2014).

3953: 3634:"Supermatrix and species tree methods resolve phylogenetic relationships within the big cats, 2984:, the lion is portrayed as having low intelligence and is easily tricked by other animals. In 2144:

When one or more new males oust the previous males associated with a pride, the victors often

1565:, scrub bordering rivers, and open woodlands with bushes. It rarely enters closed forests. On 17349: 17336: 16940: 16195: 16177: 16168: 16159: 15644: 15635: 15007: 13777: 13768: 13759: 13708: 13646: 13628: 13619: 13556: 13505: 13343: 13334: 11771: 9723: 8165: 6756: 5772: 5618: 5352:

Zhang, Z.; Chen, J.; Li, L.; Tao, M.; Zhang, C.; Qin, Q.; Xiao, J.; Liu, Y.; Liu, S. (2014).

3991: 3910: 3479: 3265: 2962: 2666: 2554: 2450: 2423: 2392: 2145: 1933: 1730: 926:

in mtDNA-based phylogenies whereas their genomic DNA indicates a closer relationship with P.

573: 336: 31: 17328: 14962: 14858: 11420: 11273: 11075: 9612:"Determinants of distribution patterns and management needs in a critically endangered lion 5496: 4002:(Second ed.). London, Oxford, New York, New Delhi, Sydney: Bloomsbury. pp. 46−47. 1958:. It can hold the prey's throat for up to 13 minutes, until the prey stops moving. It has a 17444: 17388: 17263: 17154: 17105: 16781: 16682: 16641: 16355: 15866: 15594: 14920: 13985: 13735: 13726: 13682: 13637: 13260: 12766: 12501: 12327: 11484: 10905: 10848: 10663: 10098: 9954: 9149: 8482: 8427: 8336: 8261: 8226: 7864: 7712: 7619: 7287: 7236: 7178: 6566: 6483: 6122: 6047: 5952:. In Kingdon, J.; Happold, D.; Butynski, T.; Hoffmann, M.; Happold, M.; Kalina, J. (eds.). 5199: 5152: 5092: 4982: 4771: 4696: 4644: 4553: 4409: 4232: 4180: 4113: 4094: 4049: 3711: 3649: 3544: 3341: 3260: 3127:

Indo-Persian chroniclers regarded the lion as keeper of order in the realm of animals. The

2707: 2650: 2028: 1946: 1734: 1527: 1482: 711: 683: 649:

The upper cladogram is based on the 2006 study, the lower one on the 2010 and 2011 studies.

9767: 6555:"Examining the Extinction of the Barbary Lion and Its Implications for Felid Conservation" 6535:. Paris, France: International Foundation for the Conservation of Wildlife. Archived from 4291: 4277:

Manamendra-Arachchi, K.; Pethiyagoda, R.; Dissanayake, R. & Meegaskumbura, M. (2005).

3438:. Vol. Tomus I (decima, reformata ed.). Holmiae: Laurentius Salvius. p. 41. 1762:

lions in an area are more closely related to each other than male lions in the same area.

1702: 942:-wide data of a wild-born historical lion sample from Sudan showed that it clustered with 460:; a short, rounded head; round ears; and a dark, hairy tuft at the tip of its tail. It is 8: 17435: 17021: 16967: 16739: 16186: 16072: 16054: 15899: 15748: 15653: 14903: 14849: 14598: 14340: 14331: 13595: 12868: 12850: 12705: 12554: 12057: 7938: 6283: 4854:"Phylogenomic evidence for ancient hybridization in the genomes of living cats (Felidae)" 3325: 3064: 2895: 2836: 2824: 2570: 2482: 2478: 1959: 1929: 1921: 1916:, however there have been several occasions of lions taking calves of African elephants, 1774: 1204: 1110: 934: 754: 686:

in 2005. They were distinguished mostly by the size and colour of their manes and skins.

679: 169: 14091: 10909: 10852: 10667: 10110: 10102: 9958: 9153: 8486: 8431: 8340: 8265: 8230: 7868: 7716: 7623: 7291: 7240: 7182: 6657: 6570: 6487: 6126: 6113:

Peyton, P. M.; Packer, C. (2002). "Sexual selection, temperature, and the lion's mane".

6051: 5203: 5156: 5096: 4986: 4966:

ssp.) reveals three distinct taxa and a late Pleistocene reduction in genetic diversity"

4775: 4700: 4684: 4648: 4557: 4413: 4184: 4117: 4053: 3868: 3715: 3653: 3548: 16836: 16063: 15585: 15275: 14998: 14971: 14234: 13976: 13828: 12931: 12823: 12723: 12663: 12048: 11984: 11661: 11556: 10928: 10891: 10872: 10719: 10230: 10160: 10043: 10022: 9923: 9678: 9238:

Poli, A.; Abramo, F.; Cavicchio, P.; Bandecchi, P.; Ghelardi, E.; Pistello, M. (1995).

9170: 9133: 9060: 9037: 8859: 8450: 8415: 8393: 8277: 7888: 7787: 7728: 7666: 7386: 7361: 7311: 7260: 7202: 7094: 7063: 6978: 6972: 6968: 6722: 6589: 6554: 6146: 6063: 5734: 5602: 5585: 5488: 5386: 5288: 5217: 5168: 5115: 5076: 5006: 4929: 4903:"Himalayan fossils of the oldest known pantherine establish ancient origin of big cats" 4902: 4878: 4853: 4787: 4762: 4259: 4203: 4166: 4134: 4097: 4072: 4037: 3820: 3734: 3699: 3568: 3009: 2703: 2658: 2442: 2434: 2404: 2351: 1766: 1657: 1640: 1594: 1341: 1263:

are relatively small compared to their parents because of reciprocal gene effects. The

1212: 1114: 1002: 769: 730: 524: 516: 461: 216: 184: 11534: 9192: 9108: 9083: 8348: 4276: 4163: 3387: 2706:. The practice began in the early 19th century by Frenchman Henri Martin and American 2178:

commonly infest the ears, neck and groin regions of the lions. Adult forms of several

414: 17690: 17595: 17323: 17128: 17110: 16715: 16632: 16412: 15908: 15875: 14799: 14306: 14028: 13810: 13664: 13538: 13422: 12775: 12605: 12563: 12510: 12290: 12272: 12030: 11457: 11426: 11390: 11354: 11333: 11314: 11279: 11191: 11085: 11079: 11018: 10986: 10956: 10933: 10864: 10751: 10715:"Killer of Cecil the lion finds out that he is a target now, of internet vigilantism" 10610: 10604: 10565: 10334: 10332: 10306: 10247: 10027:

and its survival in human-dominated landscape outside the Gir forest, Gujarat, India"

9664: 9436: 9321: 9296: 9261: 9240:"Lentivirus infection in an African lion: a clinical, pathologic and virologic study" 9220: 9175: 9113: 9006: 8979: 8942: 8824: 8714: 8671: 8665: 8550: 8529: 8498: 8455: 8300: 8238: 8173: 8166:"Interspecific competition and the population biology of extinction-prone carnivores" 8144: 8118: 7991: 7942: 7880: 7646: 7631: 7551: 7534: 7391: 7303: 7252: 7194: 7099: 6982: 6974:

The behavior guide to African mammals: including hoofed mammals, carnivores, primates

6762: 6726: 6594: 6443: 6418: 6287: 6138: 6093: 5957: 5917: 5866: 5828: 5780: 5690: 5626: 5564: 5492: 5429: 5378: 5320: 5260: 5247:

Benirschke, K. (1967). "Sterility and Fertility of Interspecific Mammalian Hybrids".

5164: 5120: 4998: 4994: 4973: 4934: 4883: 4817: 4809: 4749: 4730: 4722: 4628: 4569: 4436: 4309: 4251: 4246: 4227: 4208: 4139: 4077: 4003: 3739: 3665: 3599: 3560: 3535: 3357: 3347: 3185: 3169:. Though they were never native to the country, lions have played important roles in 3056: 3020: 2559: 2535: 2490: 2363: 2184: 2024: 1578: 1555: 1462: 1312: 996: 549: 477: 10250:"Evidence for African origins of founders of the Asiatic lion Species Survival Plan" 9927: 9682: 8863: 8281: 7791: 7670: 7264: 7206: 6150: 6071: 6067: 5675:

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology

5390: 5172: 5010: 4791: 4421: 4333: 4263: 3822: 3572: 3135:

signifies a lion as king of animals in general or deer in particular. In India, the

851: 480:; although some lions scavenge when opportunities occur and have been known to hunt 17133: 16994: 16827: 16105: 15535: 14825: 14607: 14357: 13547: 13446: 13230: 13221: 12805: 12596: 12587: 12381: 12372: 11930: 11224: 11156: 11129: 10923: 10913: 10876: 10856: 10839: 10817: 10784: 10671: 10346: 10264: 10222: 10164: 10152: 10106: 10038: 9962: 9915: 9709: 9668: 9660: 9627: 9583: 9426: 9251: 9210: 9165: 9157: 9103: 9095: 9033: 8851: 8646: 8578: 8545: 8490: 8445: 8435: 8389: 8344: 8269: 8234: 8114: 7983: 7934: 7892: 7872: 7777: 7769: 7732: 7720: 7658: 7627: 7546: 7513: 7471: 7423:

Living with lions: carnivore conservation and livestock in Laikipia District, Kenya

7381: 7373: 7315: 7299: 7295: 7244: 7186: 7142: 7089: 7079: 7042: 6924: 6714: 6675: 6638: 6630: 6584: 6574: 6491: 6337: 6279: 6223: 6130: 6055: 5990: 5857: 5730: 5682: 5597: 5480: 5368: 5252: 5221: 5207: 5160: 5110: 5100: 5052: 4990: 4924: 4914: 4873: 4865: 4779: 4712: 4704: 4662: 4652: 4561: 4496: 4486: 4417: 4376: 4329: 4241: 4198: 4188: 4129: 4121: 4067: 4057: 3949: 3886: 3844: 3729: 3719: 3657: 3552: 3385: 3015: 2981: 2969: 2446: 2359: 2324: 2202: 2047: 1917: 1716: 1629: 1609: 1523: 1173: 1080: 1026: 1009: 887: 803: 745: 374: 11213:"Animals with rich histories: the case of the lions of Gir Forest, Gujarat, India" 10234: 9099: 8567:"Predator–prey relationships among the larger mammals of the Kruger National Park" 7773: 7064:"Genetic insights into dispersal distance and disperser fitness of African lions ( 6695:

Schnitzler, A. & Hermann, L. (2019). "Chronological distribution of the tiger

5290:

Growth and Behaviour: Epigenetic and Genetic Factors Involved in Hybrid Dysgenesis

4396:

Stuart, A. J. & Lister, A. M. (2011). "Extinction chronology of the cave lion

2192:

meat. Lions in the Ngorongoro Crater were afflicted by an outbreak of stable fly (

17420: 17310: 17012: 17003: 16931: 16886: 16548: 16498: 16489: 16364: 16310: 16254: 16123: 16096: 15989: 15807: 15766: 15731: 15476: 14539: 14252: 14219: 14210: 13717: 13455: 12904: 12354: 12281: 12239: 11975: 11780: 11714: 11691: 11416: 11348: 10918: 10675: 9966: 9822: 8440: 6579: 5537:. Vol. Mammalia. Volume 1. London: Taylor and Francis Ltd. pp. 212–222. 5256: 4783: 3724: 3193: 3170: 3140: 3092: 3060: 2878: 2654: 2543: 2527: 2441:

ecosystem. In 2015, an adult male lion and a female lion were sighted in Ghana's

2401: 2111: 1865: 1857: 1811: 1246: 1118: 1030: 762: 734: 666: 657: 630: 611: 17367: 17276: 9081: 8060: 7061: 4900: 4565: 3661: 3453: 694: 17585: 17540: 17528: 17516: 16985: 16904: 16706: 16453: 16346: 16319: 15372: 14989: 14589: 14453: 14136: 13673: 13655: 13586: 13197: 13188: 12790: 12751: 11705: 11617: 9749:

Meyer, 1826, sightings in Mole National Park, Ghana, and possible first serval

8091: 7442: 6634: 5686: 4957: 4657: 4172:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3866: 3181: 3152: 3084: 3076: 2954: 2882: 2844: 2840: 2722:("the lions of Mysore"), an idea Amburgh quickly borrowed. These acts eclipsed 2711: 2677: 2267: 2169: 2063: 1877: 1849: 1617: 1255:

to create hybrids for the curiosity of visitors or for scientific purpose. The

1087: 970: 808:. Multiple authors referred to it as 'northern lion' and 'northern subspecies'. 465: 457: 389: 17146: 10226: 10156: 9714: 9431: 9410: 9291:

Sparks, J. (1967). "Allogrooming in primates: a review". In Morris, D. (ed.).

9256: 9239: 9215: 9194: 8745: 8273: 7475: 7084: 6496: 6467: 6059: 5994: 5373: 2077: 1991: 1439: 1422: 645: 464:; adult male lions are larger than females and have a prominent mane. It is a 17574: 17552: 17258: 16949: 16845: 16818: 16444: 16142: 16087: 15609: 15553: 15294: 14935: 14390: 13952: 13117: 13084: 12886: 12877: 12814: 12714: 12672: 12524: 12117: 11307: 8583: 8566: 7362:"Selfish partners: resource partitioning in male coalitions of Asiatic lions" 6705: 4726: 3877: 3835: 3396: 3337: 3246: 3221: 3217: 3120: 3072: 2993: 2831: 2804: 2778: 2774: 2723: 2681: 2608: 2598: 2498: 2355: 2103: 2095: 2019: 1963: 1686: 1673: 1474: 1308: 1208: 1196: 1189: 1048: 869: 840: 792: 718: 703: 661: 634: 597: 557: 528: 520: 473: 353: 189: 84: 38: 17185: 13574: 13386: 10892:"Fear of Darkness, the Full Moon and the Nocturnal Ecology of African Lions" 9632: 9611: 9237: 8494: 7850:"Biomechanics of predator–prey arms race in lion, zebra, cheetah and impala" 7377: 7345:. University of Edinburgh, UK: Department of Forestry and Natural Resources. 7248: 7190: 7147: 7130: 7047: 7030: 6928: 6658:

Daróczi-Szabó, M.; Kovács, Z. E.; Raczky, P. & Bartosiewicz, L. (2020).

6134: 5865:. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. pp. 17–21, 37–41. 5105: 5074: 4193: 4062: 3556: 3361: 2933: 2156: 2114:

of the lion is about seven years. The average gestation period is around 110

1134: 827:

and lion populations in East and Southern African regions. Synonyms include

17564: 17523: 17237: 16976: 16922: 16623: 16391: 16337: 16114: 16013: 15568: 15544: 15363: 15354: 15174: 15141: 15064: 15025: 14435: 14417: 14279: 14151: 13610: 13011: 12974: 12859: 12841: 12254: 12200: 12126: 11804: 11548: 11380: 11117: 10937: 10868: 10268: 9440: 9224: 8650: 8502: 8459: 8168:. In Gittleman, J. L.; Funk, S. M.; Macdonald, D. W.; Wayne, R. K. (eds.). 7995: 7884: 7395: 7307: 7103: 6598: 6291: 6142: 5694: 5382: 5124: 5002: 4953: 4938: 4919: 4887: 4734: 4573: 4255: 4212: 4143: 4081: 3821:

Breitenmoser, U.; Mallon, D. P.; Ahmad Khan, J. & Driscoll, C. (2008).

3743: 3698:

Mazák, J. H.; Christiansen, P.; Kitchener, A. C. & Goswami, A. (2011).

3669: 3564: 3110: 2977: 2942: 2903: 2899: 2872: 2812: 2786: 2746: 2740: 2728: 2627: 2539: 2415: 2271: 2211: 2188:

have been isolated from lion intestines, having been ingested as larvae in

1955: 1951: 1897: 1861: 1832: 1582: 1454: 1177: 1167: 1149: 1140: 1127: 765: 758: 545: 533: 504: 408:

Historical and present distribution of the lion in Africa, Asia and Europe

11133: 10773:"Tooth Breakage and Dental Disease as Causes of Carnivore–Human Conflicts" 9919: 9588: 9571: 9265: 9179: 9117: 9010: 8983: 8828: 7647:"Lion predation on elephants in the Savuti, Chobe National Park, Botswana" 7535:"Implications of diet composition of Asiatic lions for their conservation" 7518: 7497: 7256: 7198: 7068:) from the latitudinal extremes of the Kruger National Park, South Africa" 4869: 4381: 4360: 1160: 682:

were described and proposed as subspecies, of which 11 were recognised as

17504: 17429: 17315: 17206: 17090: 16590: 15781: 15698: 15671: 15420: 15334: 15266: 15192: 15183: 15150: 15108: 15073: 14790: 14683: 14515: 14055: 13967: 13875: 13520: 13093: 12913: 12578: 12492: 12475: 12452: 12415: 12299: 12263: 12108: 11897: 11752: 11631: 10748:

The Lions of Tsavo: Exploring the Legacy of Africa's Notorious Man-Eaters

7662: 7532: 6465: 4808:

Werdelin, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Johnson, W. E. & O'Brien, S. J. (2010).

3598:

Werdelin, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Johnson, W. E. & O'Brien, S. J. (2010).

3270: 3231: 3213: 3197: 3162: 3032: 2958: 2847:

of lions in recent years has been met with controversy, notably with the

2773:

and ease of killing. The earliest surviving record of lion hunting is an

2695: 2685: 2646: 2438: 2161: 2091: 1885: 1644: 1577:

forests in East Africa. The Asiatic lion now survives only in and around

1574: 1570: 1566: 1539: 1333: 1042: 675: 508: 303: 59: 17120: 11492: 11160: 7876: 7752: 7028: 6643: 5057: 5032: 4717: 1924:

and small reptiles. Lions kill other predators but seldom consume them.

1593:

In Africa, the range of the lion originally spanned most of the central

17462: 17198: 17081: 16799: 16045: 15976: 15963: 15930: 15716: 15454: 15214: 14762: 14739: 14625: 14616: 14565: 14530: 14506: 14270: 14169: 14118: 14064: 14046: 14019: 13926: 13876: 13275: 13248: 13176: 13159: 12922: 12895: 12741: 12645: 12629: 12465: 12345: 12185: 12021: 11888: 11680: 11648: 11632: 11504: 11229: 11212: 7755:"Lion hunting behaviour and vegetation structure in an African savanna" 7724: 4667: 4501: 3174: 2890: 2755: 2673: 2591: 2494: 2486: 2315: 2235: 2219: 2194: 1893: 1770: 1738: 1509: 1490: 1286:

A tuft at the end of the tail is a distinct characteristic of the lion.

1230: 1181: 986: 917:. It has been referred to as 'southern subspecies' and 'southern lion'. 707: 500: 283: 104: 69: 11514:"Rare desert lion killed in Angola after supplying unprecedented data" 10889: 10770: 10350: 10208: 9696:

Bauer, H.; Van Der Merwe, S. (2004). "Inventory of free-ranging lions

9673: 7782: 6718: 6553:

Black, S. A.; Fellous, A.; Yamaguchi, N. & Roberts, D. L. (2013).

4708: 4125: 4034: 1329:

months of age. It is readily identifiable at the age of seven months.

17211: 17167: 16730: 16665: 16278: 16218: 16004: 15825: 15440: 15432: 15381: 15231: 15117: 15099: 14813: 14647: 14480: 14322: 14288: 14100: 13792: 13066: 12536: 12012: 11580: 10126:

Human Animal Conflict in Agro-Pastoral Context: Issues & Policies

9985:

Human Animal Conflict in Agro-Pastoral Context: Issues & Policies

9501:"An acoustic analysis of lion roars. II: Vocal tract characteristics" 9161: 6915:

Milius, S. (2002). "Biology: Maneless lions live one guy per pride".

5459: 5212: 3961: 3166: 3144: 3044: 2916: 2908: 2820: 2715: 2638: 2207: 2099: 1625: 1535: 1200: 1058: 990: 824: 768:, and lion populations in West and northern parts of Central Africa. 738: 541: 512: 503:

than other wild cats, but when persecuted, it adapts to being active

496: 488: 273: 233: 109: 17052: 11533: 10860: 9987:. New Delhi: Indian Council of Agricultural Research. p. 32−40. 9905: 7062:

van Hooft, P.; Keet, D.F.; Brebner, D.K. & Bastos, A.D. (2018).

6814:"The past and present distribution of the lion in southeastern Asia" 6680: 6659: 5187: 5137: 3633: 3531:"The late miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment" 3530: 400: 17535: 17414: 17172: 17075: 16427: 15890: 15707: 15683: 15044: 14894: 14840: 14776: 14771: 14724: 14656: 14574: 14444: 14193: 14184: 14082: 14037: 13917: 13750: 13487: 13396: 13365: 13325: 13212: 13144: 13052: 13043: 12363: 12159: 11912: 11795: 11762: 11611: 11599: 11081:

Shamanism: An Encyclopedia of World Beliefs, Practices, and Culture

10896: 8855: 7164:"Complex cooperative strategies in group-territorial African lions" 4807: 3867:

Henschel, P.; Bauer, H.; Sogbohoussou, E. & Nowell, K. (2015).

3597: 3205: 3201: 3128: 2989: 2859: 2808: 2634: 2339: 2335: 2189: 2179: 1889: 1853: 1777:

do not appear to exist among individuals of either sex in a pride.

1636: 1605: 1562: 1234: 1220: 1185: 1062: 1022: 492: 469: 444: 313: 253: 160: 151: 99: 94: 79: 74: 64: 11386:

The Lion: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation of an Iconic Species

9551:

Bauer, H.; Van Der Merwe, S. (2002). "The African lion database".

8251: 6224:

Schoe, M.; Sogbohossou, E. A.; Kaandorp, J.; De Iongh, H. (2010).

5752: 5658:

Kohn, T. A.; Burroughs, R.; Hartman, M. J.; Noakes, T. D. (2011).

4491: 3528: 3240:. The lion's role as king of the beasts has been used in the 1994 3177:

has been performed in China and beyond for over a thousand years.

1745:, and members will split into subgroups that keep in contact with 1550: 1074: 17470: 16809: 16656: 16530: 16245: 15757: 15087: 14553: 14109: 14073: 13940: 13908: 13892: 13405: 13108: 12687: 12168: 12075: 11993: 11921: 11863: 11840: 11733: 10564:. Vol. 2: G–P. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 733–739. 9498: 9465: 8706:

Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity

7227:

Morell, V. (1995). "Cowardly lions confound cooperation theory".

5081:

using ancient DNA and a spatially explicit genealogical analysis"

3958:

The Illustrated Natural History <volume=((Mammalia, Volume 1))

3697: 3343:

Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference

3106: 3040: 3024: 2997: 2938: 2816: 2782: 2759: 2615: 2039: 1974: 1901: 1873: 1869: 1825: 1652:, although the corpse of a lioness was found on the banks of the 1621: 1613: 1519: 1225: 1199:

per generation time of the modern lion. There is no evidence for

1155: 1122: 1018: 958: 439: 293: 114: 89: 17449: 10384:. WAZA (World Association of Zoos and Aquariums). Archived from 9499:

Ananthakrishnan, G.; Eklund, R.; Peters, G.; Mabiza, E. (2011).

9466:

Eklund, R.; Peters, G.; Ananthakrishnan, G.; Mabiza, E. (2011).

8414:

Rostro-García, S.; Kamler, J. F. & Hunter, L. T. B. (2015).

8143:(2nd ed.). Echo Point Books & Media. pp. 128–138. 6226:

Progress Report—collaring operation Pendjari Lion Project, Benin

5976: 5716: 4279:"A second extinct big cat from the late Quaternary of Sri Lanka" 2513: 17159: 16913: 16860: 16605: 16293: 16027: 14747: 14408: 14243: 14000: 13437: 12209: 12135: 12084: 12066: 12039: 11960: 11822: 11605: 11593: 11479: 11120:(1981). "Le roi et le lion" [The king & the lion]. 9793:"Hidden population of up to 200 lions found in remote Ethiopia" 9082:

Myers, D. L.; Zurbriggen, A.; Lutz, H.; Pospischil, A. (1997).

6025:"Lost populations and preserving genetic diversity in the lion 5827:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 832–834. 3209: 3148: 3068: 3048: 3005: 3001: 2881:; in 1898, 28 officially recorded railway workers building the 2699: 1913: 1881: 1754: 1669: 1665: 1649: 1616:, the modern lion was present from about 4,500 to 3,200 years 1598: 1395:

118.37–143.52 kg (261.0–316.4 lb) in Southern Africa,

1264: 1192:

in Tanzania and are estimated to be up to 2 million years old.

1144: 983: 939: 536:

and conflicts with humans are the greatest causes for concern.

484:, lions typically do not actively seek out and prey on humans. 449: 263: 243: 10985:. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 254–560. 10953:

The Man-Eaters of Eden: Life and Death in Kruger National Park

10495:"Medieval Lion Skulls Reveal Secrets of Tower of London "Zoo"" 9508:

Speech, Music and Hearing Quarterly Progress and Status Report

9475:

Speech, Music and Hearing Quarterly Progress and Status Report

8172:(First ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 35–60. 5351: 4852:

Li, G.; Davis, B. W.; Eizirik, E. & Murphy, W. J. (2016).

4526: 4524: 2241:

Head rubbing among pride members is a common social behaviour.

2011:

Lioness stealing a kill from a leopard in Kruger National Park

1966:

at the canine tip and 2023.7 Newton at the carnassial notch.

1493:

lions often have little to no mane because the removal of the

678:

in 1816. Between the mid-18th and mid-20th centuries, 26 lion

17362: 16895: 16754: 16697: 16570: 16373: 16230: 15857: 15839: 15462: 15132: 14381: 14366: 13027: 12318: 11813: 10138: 10088: 9130: 8973: 8939:

Crocodiles: Their Natural History, Folklore, and Conservation

7533:

Meena, V.; Jhala, Y.V.; Chellam, R. & Pathak, B. (2011).

7018:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 249–262. 6614: 6307:"Five wild lionesses grow a mane and start acting like males" 4530: 3346:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 546. 3157: 3080: 3036: 2985: 2419: 2411: 2331:

and scrape plots of ground and objects within the territory.

1905: 1653: 1494: 1478: 1280: 1260: 1256: 1252: 714: 605: 600: 582: 481: 453: 206: 200: 10653: 10139:

Barnett, R.; Yamaguchi, N.; Shapiro, B.; Nijman, V. (2007).

8141:

The Spotted Hyena: A Study of Predation and Social Behaviour

7029:

Borrego, N.; Ozgul, A.; Slotow, R. & Packer, C. (2018).

6552: 6369:"No, those aren't male lions mating. One is likely a female" 6228:. The Dutch Zoo Conservation Fund (for funding the project). 6022: 1402:

186.55–225 kg (411.3–496.0 lb) in Southern Africa,

733:, and recognises two subspecies based on results of several 17380: 16269: 15165: 14490: 14426: 12099: 11689: 10983:

The Continuum Encyclopedia of Animal Symbolism in World Art

10790:

10.1644/1545-1542(2003)084<0190:TBADDA>2.0.CO;2

9024:

Fosbrooke, H. (1963). "The stomoxys plague in Ngorongoro".

7355: 6023:

Barnett, R.; Yamaguchi, N.; Barnes, I.; Cooper, A. (2006).

4521: 4322:

Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen

3501:(Revised and augmented ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. 2469: 2175: 1909: 1746: 1661: 1188:. The earliest fossils recognisable as lions were found at 10771:

Patterson, B. D.; Neiburger, E. J.; Kasiki, S. M. (2003).

9851:

Conservation Strategy for the Lion West and Central Africa

9689: 9609: 9408: 7753:

Loarie, S. R.; Tambling, C. J. & Asner, G. P. (2013).

7698:"Cooperative hunting in lions: the role of the individual" 6241:"Are Maneless Tsavo Lions Prone to Male Pattern Baldness?" 5657: 4369:

Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae, Series B, Historia Naturalis

3700:"Oldest known pantherine skull and evolution of the tiger" 2781:

killing 102 lions in ten years "with his own arrows". The

2035:

declined, the spotted hyena population increased rapidly.

17511: 14399: 14008: 12336: 11490: 10890:

Packer, C.; Swanson, A.; Ikanda, D.; Kushnir, H. (2011).

10836: 9874: 9847: 9815: 9646: 8413: 7988:

10.1890/0012-9658(2007)88[347:bfaeat]2.0.co;2

7013: 3787:"Untersuchungen zur Stammesgeschichte der Pantherkatzen ( 2102:. A lioness may mate with more than one male when she is 1741:

pride that always has just one adult male. Prides act as

17499: 11186:

Borowski, O. (2008). "Lion". In Sakenfeld, K. D. (ed.).

9823:"Lions rediscovered in Ethiopia's Alatash National Park" 9753:

Schreber, 1776 record after 39 years (Mammalia Felidae)"

5910:

Ecology of wildlife with special reference to the lion (

5757:. London: Zoological Society of London. pp. 409–23. 5557:

Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola

2953:

Several leaders have had "lion" in their name including

2714:

in 1838 when he toured Great Britain. Martin composed a

2255:

A male lion raises his tail while marking his territory.

946:

in mtDNA-based phylogenies, but with a high affinity to

10823:

10.2982/0012-8317(2001)90[1:TSOMAL]2.0.CO;2

9195:"Evaluation of T lymphocytes in captive African lions ( 6018: 6016: 5485:

10.1644/1545-1410(2005)762[0001:PL]2.0.CO;2

5030: 4907:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

4816:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 59–82. 4633:) in South America: Palaeobiogeographical implications" 4219: 3492: 1997:

Lioness chasing a spotted hyena in Kruger National Park

698:

Range map showing distribution of subspecies and clades

11422:

The Serengeti Lion: A Study of Predator–Prey Relations

11309:

The Ark in the Park: The Zoo in the Nineteenth Century

8472: 7847: 7496:

Mukherjee, S.; Goyal, S. P. & Chellam, R. (1994).

5535:

The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma

4951: 4464: 4167:"The evolutionary history of extinct and living lions" 4038:"The evolutionary history of extinct and living lions" 2777:

inscription dated circa 1380 BC that mentions Pharaoh

2692:

placed the den on ground level, higher than visitors.

2094:. Like those of other cats, the male lion's penis has 17488: 10296: 10128:. New Delhi: Indian Council of Agricultural Research. 9569: 7498:"Refined techniques for the analysis of Asiatic lion 7495: 6977:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 5970: 5859:

Wild Cats: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan

5586:"Allometric relationships in Lions vs. Domestic Cats" 5319:. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 120. 4812:. In Macdonald, D. W. & Loveridge, A. J. (eds.). 4593: 2863:

The Tsavo maneaters of East Africa on display in the

2672:

Lions were kept in cramped and squalid conditions at

548:

and have been a key species sought for exhibition in

15230: 12626: 10189: 9978: 9976: 9295:(2011 ed.). Chicago: Aldine. pp. 148–175. 8319: 8294: 7031:"Lion population dynamics: do nomadic males matter?" 6013: 5428:. New York: Taplinger Publishing. pp. 138–179. 4851: 4681: 2789:

had one of his lion hunts depicted on a sequence of

10713:Capecchi, Christina; Rogers, Katie (30 July 2015). 9320:(in German) (Second ed.). Berlin: Paul Parey. 8974:Yeoman, Guy Henry; Walker, Jane Brotherton (1967). 8636: 7128: 6397: 5956:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 150–159. 5660:"Fiber type and metabolic characteristics of lion ( 5354:"Research advances in animal distant hybridization" 5251:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 218––234. 3816: 3814: 3812: 1800:Male lion and cub feeding on an African buffalo in 11306: 11084:. Vol. 1. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 3–6. 10560:Grisham, J. (2001). "Lion". In Bell, C. E. (ed.). 10183: 9695: 9550: 9084:"Distemper: not a new disease in lions and tigers" 8941:. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. p. 195. 7933:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–13. 7343:The Asiatic lion: a study of ecology and behaviour 6440:Mystery of the White Lions—Children of the Sun God 5886: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5704: 5460:Haas, S. K.; Hayssen, V.; Krausman, P. R. (2005). 4471:(Goldfuss, 1810), resolve its position within the 4307: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4153: 3799:Veröffentlichungen der Zoologischen Staatssammlung 3452: 3155:. In Buddhist art, lions are associated with both 3019:Roaring and striding lion from the Throne Room of 2493:. Since 2008, the Asiatic lion has been listed as 1817:Four lionesses catching a buffalo in the Serengeti 576: 11511: 11190:. Vol. 3. Abingdon Press. pp. 669–670. 10060:"Lion population roars to 650 in Gujarat forests" 9973: 9785: 9570:Henschel, P.; Malanda, G.-A.; Hunter, L. (2014). 9365: 9363: 9361: 9134:"A canine distemper epidemic in Serengeti lions ( 8591: 8527: 8216: 7602:Joubert, D. (2006). "Hunting behaviour of lions ( 7161: 6694: 6521: 6519: 5415: 5413: 5411: 5409: 5407: 5070: 5068: 3892:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T68933833A54067639.en 3632:Davis, B. W.; Li, G. & Murphy, W. J. (2010). 2992:was associated with the flooding of the Nile. In 2565:About 77% of the captive lions registered in the 2136:Video of a lioness and her cubs in Phinda Reserve 1057:, ranged in the Americas from Canada to possibly 1001:was larger than the modern lion and lived in the 973:to the modern lion existed in prehistoric times: 17572: 13026: 11275:Zoo: A History of Zoological Gardens in the West 9982: 8978:. London: Commonwealth Institute of Entomology. 8007: 8005: 7973: 7349: 6610: 6608: 6461: 6459: 6106: 5914:) in Gir Wildlife Sanctuary, Saurashtra, Gujurat 3809: 1628:in 480 BC; it was considered rare by 300 BC and 1259:is bigger than a lion and a tiger, whereas most 10803: 8999:Zeitschrift für Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie 8930: 8790: 8788: 8786: 8620: 8618: 8534:. I. Diagnosing and treating causes of decline" 8320:O'Brien, S. J.; Wildt, D. E.; Bush, M. (1986). 8163: 8096:) and degree of dietary overlap with the lion ( 7436: 7434: 7432: 5848:Nowell, K.; Jackson, P. (1996). "African lion, 5701: 5550: 5077:"Revealing the maternal demographic history of 4803: 4801: 4626: 4150: 4042:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3912:Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z. & Tobe, S. (2017). 3862: 3860: 3769:. Jena: August Schmid & Comp. p. 1052. 2645:. They spread from France and Italy during the 2618:of a lion tamer in a cage with lions and tigers 2534:. WildLink International in collaboration with 2106:. Lions of both sexes may be involved in group 1045:cave paintings, ivory carvings, and clay busts. 11272:Baratay, E. & Hardouin-Fugier, E. (2002). 11210: 10712: 10583: 10581: 10297:Frankham, R.; Ballou, J.; Briscoe, D. (2009). 10202: 9934: 9447: 9358: 9199:) infected with feline immunodeficiency virus" 7924: 7441:Hayward, M. W. & Kerley, G. I. H. (2005). 6811: 6516: 6366: 6270:Munson, L. (2006). "Contraception in felids". 5770: 5748: 5746: 5744: 5561:Mammals of the Soviet Union, Volume II, Part 2 5404: 5246: 5065: 4533:"Molecular phylogeny of the extinct cave lion 4460: 4458: 3451: 3291:Populations of India are listed in Appendix I. 2053: 1473:are either maneless or have very short manes. 552:across the world since the late 18th century. 17676:National symbols of the Republic of the Congo 13890: 11731: 11564: 11258:, pp. 7, 96, 99, 103–105, 128, 135, 150, 197. 11073: 10976: 10974: 10972: 9742: 9651:) in Waza National Park, Northern Cameroon". 9346: 8918: 8906: 8299:. New York: Barnes & Noble. p. 198. 8157: 8002: 7829: 7645:Power, R. J. & Compion, R. X. S. (2009). 7440: 7129:Mosser, A. A.; Kosmala, M; Packer, C (2015). 6859: 6857: 6855: 6818:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 6605: 6456: 6217: 5847: 5524: 5185: 4627:Chimento, N. R. & Agnolin, F. L. (2017). 4301: 3989: 3985: 3983: 3631: 3524: 3522: 3520: 1769:they can defend; "hotspots" being near river 702:In the 19th and 20th centuries, several lion 11578: 11185: 9728:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 ( 9411:"Urinary volatile constituents of the lion, 9387: 9334: 8955: 8894: 8783: 8771: 8684: 8615: 8558: 8528:Woodroffe, R. & Ginsberg, J. R. (1999). 8509: 8198: 8186: 8041: 8017: 7906: 7644: 7583: 7429: 6739: 6546: 6112: 5907: 5892: 4847: 4845: 4798: 4620: 4395: 4318:Goldfuss, 1810 from the Bisnik Cave, Poland" 4310:"Two forms of cave lion: Middle Pleistocene 4225: 3857: 3693: 3691: 2270:, which have been compared with the role of 1722:A lioness (left) and two males in Masai Mara 962:Skull of an American lion on display at the 664:in 1758, who described the lion in his work 620: 615: 422:Lion distribution as of IUCN Red List, 2023 10804:Peterhans, J. C. K.; Gnoske, T. P. (2001). 10623: 10578: 10299:"Genetic management of Captive Populations" 10241: 10057: 10020: 9997: 9940: 9272: 8870: 8841: 8821:The management of wild animals in captivity 8761: 8759: 8757: 8603: 7334: 6886: 6884: 6840: 6828: 6805: 5939: 5937: 5935: 5933: 5766: 5764: 5741: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5449: 5447: 5445: 5249:Comparative Aspects of Reproductive Failure 5131: 4810:"Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)" 4747: 4455: 4088: 3850:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T15952A5327221.en 3627: 3625: 3600:"Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)" 3591: 3053:Processional Way leading to the Ishtar Gate 3031:The lion was a prominent symbol in ancient 2576: 1545: 1453:growing when lions enter adolescence, when 1406:160–190 kg (350–420 lb) in India 1404:174.9 kg (386 lb) in East Africa, 1399:110–120 kg (240–260 lb) in India 1397:119.5 kg (263 lb) in East Africa, 721:assessors used only two subspecific names: 591: 585: 11751: 11571: 11557: 10969: 10739: 10375: 10117: 9532:Myers, N. (1975). "The silent savannahs". 9409:Andersen, K. F. & Vulpius, T. (1999). 8936: 8835: 8362: 7489: 7414: 7340: 7278:Jahn, G. C. (1996). "Lioness Leadership". 6869: 6852: 6796: 6525: 5943: 5779:. London: Voyageur Press. pp. 50–67. 5518: 5506: 5419: 5304: 4434: 4428: 4389: 4308:Marciszak, A. & Stefaniak, K. (2010). 4000:The Field Guide to Carnivores of the World 3980: 3784: 3517: 3421: 3419: 3324: 2453:, Ethiopia, close to the Sudanese border. 1932:, large prides have been observed hunting 1461:This feature likely evolved to signal the 413: 399: 178: 150: 132: 15974: 12463: 11646: 11228: 11188:New Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible 11004: 11002: 10927: 10917: 10883: 10830: 10821: 10788: 10745: 10529: 10123: 10042: 9713: 9672: 9631: 9587: 9430: 9315: 9255: 9214: 9169: 9107: 9088:Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 9044: 9023: 8709:. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 8582: 8549: 8449: 8439: 8375:) and its consequences for maternal care" 8368: 8092:"Prey preferences of the spotted hyaena ( 7929:. In Dunstone, N.; Gorman, M. L. (eds.). 7781: 7610:) in the Chobe National Park, Botswana". 7550: 7517: 7465: 7385: 7146: 7093: 7083: 7046: 6966: 6679: 6668:International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 6660:"Pending danger: Recent copper age lion ( 6642: 6588: 6578: 6504: 6495: 5901: 5601: 5551:Heptner, V. G.; Sludskii, A. A. (1992) . 5372: 5211: 5114: 5104: 5056: 4928: 4918: 4894: 4877: 4842: 4748:King, L. M. & Wallace, S. C. (2014). 4716: 4666: 4656: 4500: 4490: 4380: 4352: 4245: 4202: 4192: 4133: 4071: 4061: 3890: 3848: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3733: 3723: 3688: 1880:despite it being much smaller. In India, 14320: 11425:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 11146: 11067: 10517: 8823:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 8818: 8754: 8702: 8164:Creel, S.; Spong, G.; Creel, N. (2001). 6962: 6960: 6958: 6956: 6954: 6952: 6950: 6881: 6792: 6790: 6748: 6468:"The size of savannah Africa: a lion's ( 6338:"The rare case of a lioness with a mane" 5930: 5897:. Johannesburg, South Africa: MacMillan. 5810: 5808: 5761: 5442: 5310: 4741: 4587: 4467:"Mitogenomics of the Extinct Cave Lion, 4290:(Supplement 12): 423–434. Archived from 3942: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3622: 3425: 3105: 3079:. Lions are frequently mentioned in the 3014: 2932: 2922: 2858: 2750: 2567:International Species Information System 2512: 2468: 2373: 2155: 2125: 1981: 1945:, whereas plains zebras, wildebeest and 1679: 1549: 1267:is a hybrid between a lion and leopard. 1073: 957: 693: 644: 13394: 12157: 11678: 10980: 10810:Journal of East African Natural History 10599: 10559: 10409:"Honolulu zoo's old lion roars no more" 9998:Singh, A.P. (2017). "The Asiatic Lion ( 9864:from the original on 19 September 2015. 9203:American Journal of Veterinary Research 8564: 8295:Denis-Hoot, C.; Denis-Hoot, M. (2003). 8089: 7695: 7601: 6412: 6238: 6092:. New Delhi: Dorling Kindersley India. 5625:. Courier Corporation. pp. 17–21. 5546: 5544: 5031:Argant, A. & Brugal, J.-P. (2017). 4945: 4814:Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids 3604:Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids 3493:Liddell, H. G. & Scott, R. (1940). 3416: 2945:, dated 1403–1365 BC, exhibited in the 2937:Granite statue of the Egyptian goddess 2637:. At that time, they came to be called 2581: 2151: 1831:A skeletal mount of a lion attacking a 1477:have also been reported in Senegal, in 14: 17573: 16487: 14723: 11116: 10999: 10750:. New York: McGraw Hill Professional. 10406: 9290: 9050: 8663: 8403:from the original on 20 November 2017. 8371:"High juvenile mortality in cheetahs ( 8132: 7226: 6914: 6754: 6437: 6336:Young, Lauren J. (23 September 2016). 6304: 6269: 5916:(PhD). Rajkot: Saurashtra University. 5616: 4830:from the original on 25 September 2018 4616:from the original on 29 December 2015. 4340:from the original on 25 September 2018 4314:Reichenau, 1906 and Upper Pleistocene 3791:) Teil 3. Zur Artgeschichte des Löwen 3773: 3610:from the original on 25 September 2018 3381: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3312: 2201:Captive lions have been infected with 1387:82.5–93.5 cm (32.5–36.8 in) 625:may also be related. The generic name 596:), which in turn was a borrowing from 17057: 17056: 15961: 15418: 14722: 13874: 13009: 12450: 11630: 11552: 11332:. Ringwood, Victoria: Penguin Books. 11008: 10950: 10541: 10369: 10357: 10303:Introduction to Conservation Genetics 10215:European Journal of Wildlife Research 9563: 9531: 8996: 8138: 8083: 8067:. African Wildlife Foundation. 1996. 7689: 7420: 7162:Heinsohn, R. & C. Packer (1995). 6947: 6787: 6348:from the original on 19 November 2023 6335: 6087: 6081: 5814: 5805: 5583: 5400:from the original on 30 October 2018. 4594:Packer, C. & Clottes, J. (2000). 4545:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 4358: 3990:Hunter, L. & Barrett, P. (2018). 3899: 3676:from the original on 21 November 2021 3642:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 3184:, the lion is featured in several of 2961:, who was called "Lion of Mali", and 2358:. The Indian population is listed on 2023:without the presence of food. In the 1692: 17476:DB265300-FB04-4DBA-B843-8DD236484EE4 10492: 10440:"Zoo puts end to 2 lions' suffering" 9829:from the original on 1 February 2016 9803:from the original on 1 February 2016 9521:from the original on 1 October 2011. 9488:from the original on 1 October 2011. 8670:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 8053: 7801:from the original on 16 August 2017. 7277: 7216:from the original on 10 August 2017. 6917:Society for Science & the Public 6284:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.03.016 5541: 3948: 3930:from the original on 17 January 2020 3767:Lehrbuch der Zoologie. 2. Abtheilung 3756: 3480:participating institution membership 3237:The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe 2803:. Lions were also hunted during the 2734: 2538:launched an ambitious International 2530:are descendants of animals owned by 1928:buffalo and giraffe are riskier. In 1639:until the 10th century. It lived in 1445:Young male in Pendjari National Park 1384:72–89.5 cm (28.3–35.2 in) 933:Lion samples from some parts of the 27:Large cat native to Africa and India 12941:South African small-spotted genet ( 11403:from the original on 28 August 2023 11017:. Infobase Publishing. p. 63. 10437: 10111:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08020501.x 9878:Conservation Strategy for the Lion 9743:Angelici, F. M.; Rossi, L. (2017). 8128:from the original on 30 April 2011. 8065:African Wildlife Foundation website 7705:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 7677:from the original on 31 August 2018 7016:Serengeti: dynamics of an ecosystem 5841: 5420:Guggisberg, C. A. W. (1975). "Lion 5279: 5273: 5020:from the original on 8 August 2017. 4758:, based on craniodental characters" 4509:from the original on 3 October 2020 3878:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3836:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3579:from the original on 4 October 2020 3397:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3368: 3309: 3151:, battles and slays the evil ruler 3099:where he is miraculously unharmed ( 2811:is said to have excelled at it. In 2508: 1784: 1588: 1503: 1497:inhibits testosterone production. 1251:In zoos, lions have been bred with 717:until 2017. Between 2008 and 2016, 710:, with about a dozen recognised as 616: 456:. It has a muscular, broad-chested 24: 10070:from the original on 8 August 2017 9895:from the original on 19 June 2015. 9875:IUCN Cat Specialist Group (2006). 9848:IUCN Cat Specialist Group (2006). 9620:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 9051:Nkwame, V. M. (9 September 2006). 9038:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1963.tb00190.x 8667:Patterns of mammalian reproduction 8394:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1994.tb04855.x 7939:10.1093/oso/9780198540670.003.0001 7927:"Legs and locomotion of carnivora" 7902:from the original on 5 March 2020. 7485:from the original on 27 June 2015. 6317:from the original on 11 April 2024 5793:from the original on 14 April 2021 5735:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1980.tb01433.x 5603:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1962.tb03240.x 5228:from the original on 26 March 2022 3505:from the original on 11 April 2008 3212:were also heroes slaying lions in 2815:, lions were kept by emperors for 2698:has been part of both established 2517:Two captive male Asiatic lions in 2433:A population occurs in Cameroon's 2410:protected area complex, shared by 2280: 1708:Lion pride in Etosha National Park 964:National Museum of Natural History 725:for African lion populations, and 25: 17717: 17601:Extant Pliocene first appearances 13285:Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose ( 11472: 11367:from the original on 5 March 2024 11122:Revue de l'Histoire des Religions 10727:from the original on 29 July 2015 10606:How Does Aspirin Find a Headache? 8530:"Conserving the African wild dog 8358:from the original on 13 May 2011. 8349:10.1038/scientificamerican0586-84 8071:from the original on 19 July 2019 7742:from the original on 18 May 2015. 5882:from the original on 29 May 2005. 5639:from the original on 5 March 2024 5300:from the original on 18 May 2019. 4016:from the original on 5 March 2024 2551:Association of Zoos and Aquariums 953: 17666:National symbols of South Africa 17656:National symbols of Sierra Leone 17581:IUCN Red List vulnerable species 17558: 17546: 17534: 17522: 17510: 17498: 13010: 11478: 11249: 11237: 11204: 11179: 11167: 11140: 11110: 11098: 11074:Hogarth, C.; Butler, N. (2004). 11055: 11043: 11031: 10944: 10797: 10764: 10706: 10694: 10682: 10647: 10635: 10593: 10562:Encyclopedia of the World's Zoos 10553: 10486: 10474: 10462: 10431: 10400: 10326: 10290: 10132: 10082: 10051: 10023:"Dispersion of the Asiatic lion 10014: 9991: 9899: 9888:. Pretoria, South Africa: IUCN. 9868: 9841: 9736: 9665:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01181.x 9640: 9603: 9595: 9544: 9525: 9492: 9459: 9402: 9375: 9309: 9284: 9231: 9186: 9124: 9075: 9053:"King of the jungle in jeopardy" 9017: 8990: 8967: 8882: 8812: 8800: 8739: 8727: 8696: 8657: 8630: 8551:10.1046/j.1365-3008.1999.00052.x 8521: 8466: 8407: 8313: 8288: 8245: 8239:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2005.00574.x 8210: 8119:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00183.x 8029: 7967: 7955: 7918: 7841: 7817: 7805: 7746: 7638: 7632:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2006.00626.x 7595: 7571: 7559: 7552:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00780.x 7526: 7402: 7322: 7271: 7220: 7155: 7122: 7110: 7055: 7022: 7007: 6995: 6703:in their common range in Asia". 6305:Gruber, Karl (24 October 2022). 5944:West, P. M.; Packer, C. (2013). 5852:(Linnaeus, 1758); Asiatic lion, 5623:Size, Function, and Life History 5165:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02500.x 4995:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04134.x 4247:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00226.x 2630:lived to the age of 22 in 2007. 2607: 2590: 2314:Problems playing this file? See 2296: 2248: 2234: 2225: 2076: 2062: 2004: 1990: 1824: 1810: 1793: 1715: 1701: 1518:with a genetic condition called 1438: 1421: 1376:184–208 cm (72–82 in) 1373:160–184 cm (63–72 in) 1293: 1279: 1098:Maximal range of the modern lion 220: 57: 15419: 12451: 11491:IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. 11439:from the original on 5 May 2024 11292:from the original on 5 May 2024 7443:"Prey preferences of the lion ( 6935: 6908: 6896: 6775:from the original on 5 May 2024 6761:. I. B. Tauris. pp. 5–67. 6733: 6688: 6651: 6431: 6406: 6400:Open Science Repository Biology 6391: 6360: 6329: 6298: 6263: 6232: 6205: 6193: 6181: 6169: 6157: 6090:A Field Guide to Indian Mammals 6001: 5651: 5610: 5577: 5345: 5333:from the original on 5 May 2024 5317:Carnivores: Meat-eating Mammals 5240: 5179: 5143:) in West and Central Africa". 5024: 4675: 4422:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.04.023 4287:The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 4270: 4028: 3968:from the original on 5 May 2024 3750: 2865:Field Museum of Natural History 2837:European colonisation of Africa 2422:. This population is listed as 2345: 1687:Intermittent bursts of activity 1065:dates to 11,355 ± 55 years ago. 706:were described and proposed as 15962: 11389:. Princeton University Press. 9882:in Eastern and Southern Africa 8322:"The Cheetah in Genetic Peril" 7300:10.1126/science.271.5253.1215a 6622:Journal of Mammalian Evolution 5139:for conservation of the lion ( 4437:"The story of the cave lion – 3486: 3445: 3285: 3055:in Babylon which was built by 2473:A lioness in Gir National Park 2362:and the African population on 1532:Timbavati Private Game Reserve 1522:, which is caused by a double 1270: 13: 1: 17671:National symbols of Sri Lanka 17661:National symbols of Singapore 17616:Mammals of Sub-Saharan Africa 12697:Malabar large-spotted civet ( 11452:Scott, J.; Scott, A. (2002). 11415: 10701:Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier 10588:Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier 10481:Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier 10469:Baratay & Hardouin-Fugier 10213:) population from Ethiopia". 9453: 9393: 9381: 9369: 9352: 9340: 9278: 9100:10.1128/CDLI.4.2.180-184.1997 9026:East African Wildlife Journal 8961: 8937:Guggisberg, C. A. W. (1972). 8924: 8912: 8900: 8876: 8794: 8777: 8733: 8690: 8624: 8609: 8597: 8515: 8254:Biodiversity and Conservation 8204: 8192: 8047: 8035: 8023: 8011: 7961: 7912: 7835: 7823: 7774:10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.01.018 7589: 7577: 7565: 7408: 7001: 6902: 6875: 6863: 6846: 6834: 6797:Guggisberg, C. A. W. (1961). 6664:L., 1758) finds from Hungary" 6510: 6442:. Mapumulanga: Npenvu Press. 6187: 5825:Walker's Mammals of the World 5512: 3298: 2854: 2793: 2763: 2690:Oklahoma City Zoological Park 2653:in a seraglio established by 2216:Feline immunodeficiency virus 1660:in 1944. It once ranged from 1100:and its prehistoric relatives 757:lion subspecies includes the 689: 17636:National symbols of Eswatini 16959:Indonesian mountain weasel ( 16615:North American river otter ( 15503:Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk ( 12557:Macrogalidia musschenbroekii 11456:. New York: Harper Collins. 11346: 11271: 11255: 11243: 11173: 11104: 11061: 11049: 11037: 10919:10.1371/journal.pone.0022285 10700: 10688: 10676:10.1016/j.biocon.2009.06.006 10641: 10629: 10587: 10499:National Geographic Magazine 10480: 10468: 10378:"Lion: In the Zoo (subpage)" 10044:10.18520/cs/v112/i05/933-940 9967:10.1016/j.biocon.2011.02.009 9766:(2): 749–752. Archived from 9244:Journal of Wildlife Diseases 8976:The ixodid ticks of Tanzania 8441:10.1371/journal.pone.0117743 6801:. Cape Town: Howard Timmins. 6580:10.1371/journal.pone.0060174 6529:Conservation of African lion 6417:. Johannesburg: E. Stanton. 6415:The White Lions of Timbavati 5668:) and human skeletal muscle" 5257:10.1007/978-3-642-48949-5_12 4956:; Barnes, I.; Ho, S. Y. W.; 4784:10.1080/08912963.2013.861462 4441:(Goldfuss, 1810) – A review" 3725:10.1371/journal.pone.0025483 3303: 3059:in the 6th century BCE. The 2929:Cultural depictions of lions 2702:and individual acts such as 2369: 2146:kill any existing young cubs 1069: 606: 563: 554:Cultural depictions of lions 7: 17696:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 17686:National symbols of Tunisia 17651:National symbols of Morocco 17626:National symbols of Burundi 13820:Somalian slender mongoose ( 11379: 11327: 11313:. London: Hamish Hamilton. 11076:"Animal Symbolism (Africa)" 10806:"The Science of Man-eating" 10609:. New York: HarperCollins. 10547: 10363: 9857:. Yaounde, Cameroon: IUCN. 9318:Verhaltensstudien an Katzen 8664:Asdell, Sydney A. (1993) . 7811: 7328: 7116: 6941: 6890: 6799:Simba: the life of the lion 6211: 6199: 6175: 6163: 6007: 5361:Science China Life Sciences 5282:"Hybrid dysgenesis effects" 5045:Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia 5039:Panthera spelaea intermedia 4629:"The fossil American lion ( 4566:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.07.020 4334:10.1127/0077-7749/2010/0117 3923:. Special Issue 11: 71–73. 3662:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.036 3253: 3113:meets the Cowardly Lion in 2651:kept at the Tower of London 2519:Sanjay Gandhi National Park 2397:Odzala-Kokoua National Park 2222:also affect captive lions. 2054:Reproduction and life cycle 2033:Masai Mara National Reserve 1876:. It also frequently takes 1430:Phinda Private Game Reserve 1029:. It became extinct due to 640: 621: 10: 17722: 17706:Vulnerable biota of Africa 17646:National symbols of Malawi 16773:Asian small-clawed otter ( 15512:American hog-nosed skunk ( 15494:Molina's hog-nosed skunk ( 13802:Angolan slender mongoose ( 13497:Ethiopian dwarf mongoose ( 12546:Small-toothed palm civet ( 11541:Collier's New Encyclopedia 11512:The Portugal News (2014). 11451: 11353:. London: Reaktion Books. 11304: 11278:. London: Reaktion Books. 11078:. In Walter, M. N. (ed.). 10535: 10523: 10339:International Zoo Yearbook 9653:African Journal of Ecology 8888: 8806: 8765: 8565:Pienaar, U. de V. (1969). 8219:African Journal of Ecology 7612:African Journal of Ecology 6758:The complete fauna of Iran 6635:10.1007/s10914-022-09635-3 6239:Trivedi, Bijal P. (2005). 5777:Big Cats: Kingdom of Might 5687:10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.02.006 4962:"Phylogeography of lions ( 4658:10.1016/j.crpv.2017.06.009 4402:Quaternary Science Reviews 3954:"Felidæ; or the Cat Tribe" 3873:West Africa subpopulation" 3227:The Wonderful Wizard of Oz 3116:The Wonderful Wizard of Oz 3095:and is forced to sleep in 2947:National Museum of Denmark 2926: 2870: 2758:of a wounded lioness from 2744: 2738: 2464: 2069:Lions mating at Masai Mara 1507: 1244: 1240: 601: 36: 29: 17641:National symbols of Kenya 17611:Mammals described in 1758 17404: 17065: 16858: 16807: 16798: 16752: 16728: 16695: 16678: 16654: 16603: 16586: 16569: 16540:Saharan striped polecat ( 16528: 16511: 16470: 16425: 16408: 16399: 16390: 16291: 16267: 16243: 16226: 16217: 16140: 16085: 16043: 16026: 16002: 15985: 15970: 15957: 15929: 15888: 15855: 15838: 15779: 15729: 15696: 15679: 15670: 15607: 15566: 15533: 15521:Striped hog-nosed skunk ( 15474: 15453: 15431: 15427: 15414: 15350: 15333: 15292: 15264: 15252:Mediterranean monk seal ( 15247: 15213: 15163: 15130: 15095: 15086: 15060: 15043: 15024: 14981:Juan Fernández fur seal ( 14945:South American fur seal ( 14933: 14916: 14892: 14880:South American sea lion ( 14875: 14838: 14821: 14812: 14788: 14760: 14738: 14734: 14718: 14682: 14655: 14646: 14587: 14561: 14552: 14528: 14504: 14489: 14478: 14379: 14353: 14305: 14262:South American gray fox ( 14232: 14206: 14182: 14165: 14150: 14135: 13998: 13965: 13948: 13939: 13906: 13886: 13870: 13838:Common slender mongoose ( 13790: 13748: 13704: 13608: 13582: 13573: 13518: 13485: 13468: 13435: 13418: 13385: 13364: 13323: 13311:Narrow-striped mongoose ( 13306: 13273: 13256: 13247: 13210: 13184: 13175: 13158: 13142: 13106: 13080: 13065: 13041: 13022: 13018: 13005: 12973: 12969: 12833:Crested servaline genet ( 12788: 12749: 12740: 12685: 12659: 12644: 12622: 12576: 12532: 12523: 12474: 12459: 12446: 12414: 12316: 12252: 12235: 12226: 12198: 12181: 12148: 12097: 12010: 11973: 11956: 11947: 11910: 11886: 11877: 11861: 11793: 11760: 11747: 11727: 11674: 11657: 11642: 11626: 11588: 10981:Werness, Hope B. (2007). 10746:Patterson, B. D. (2004). 10376:Dollinger, P.; Geser, S. 10227:10.1007/s10344-012-0668-5 10157:10.1163/18759866-07602002 9747:Panthera leo senegalensis 9715:10.1017/S0030605304000055 9257:10.7589/0090-3558-31.1.70 9216:10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.1293 8475:Journal of Animal Ecology 8369:Laurenson, M. K. (1994). 8274:10.1007/s10531-017-1469-7 7476:10.1017/S0952836905007508 7085:10.1186/s12863-018-0607-x 6497:10.1007/s10531-012-0381-4 6476:Biodiversity Conservation 6214:, pp. 133, 137, 145, 148. 6060:10.1007/s10592-005-9062-0 5995:10.1017/S0952836904005242 5374:10.1007/s11427-014-4707-1 4596:"When Lions Ruled France" 4312:Panthera spelaea fossilis 4226:Christiansen, P. (2008). 3460:Oxford English Dictionary 3165:and may be ridden by the 3147:, an avatar of the deity 3008:the goddess of moisture. 2849:killing of Cecil the lion 2801:Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal 2046:Lions similarly dominate 1514:The white lion is a rare 1469:Almost all male lions in 1184:since at least the early 969:Other lion subspecies or 421: 412: 407: 398: 370: 365: 342: 335: 217:Scientific classification 215: 198: 176: 167: 158: 149: 140: 131: 48: 17681:National symbols of Togo 17631:National symbols of Chad 16896:Stoat/Beringian ermine ( 16764:African clawless otter ( 16516:African striped weasel ( 16329:Yellow-throated marten ( 16205:Formosan ferret-badger ( 15909:Western mountain coati ( 15900:Eastern mountain coati ( 15817:Western lowland olingo ( 15799:Eastern lowland olingo ( 15627:Southern spotted skunk ( 15321:Southern elephant seal ( 15312:Northern elephant seal ( 15102:Pagophilus groenlandicus 13879:("dog-like" carnivorans) 13692:Stripe-necked mongoose ( 13313:Mungotictis decemlineata 12188:Herpailurus yagouaroundi 11635:("cat-like" carnivorans) 11505:"Lion Conservation Fund" 11264: 11246:, pp. 113, 119–122, 124. 11015:African Mythology A to Z 10145:Contributions to Zoology 9718:(inactive 31 July 2024). 8819:Crandall, L. S. (1964). 8703:Bagemihl, Bruce (1999). 8584:10.4102/koedoe.v12i1.753 5311:Rafferty, J. P. (2011). 5085:BMC Evolutionary Biology 4316:Panthera spelaea spelaea 3340:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). 3278: 2669:lions had been stocked. 2661:at his hunting lodge in 2577:Interactions with humans 2083:A lion cub in Masai Mara 1743:fission–fusion societies 1546:Distribution and habitat 1487:Tsavo East National Park 633:word 'panthēra' and the 523:. It has been listed as 37:Not to be confused with 16941:Yellow-bellied weasel ( 16196:Burmese ferret-badger ( 16178:Chinese ferret-badger ( 16169:Bornean ferret badger ( 16160:Vietnam ferret-badger ( 15645:Eastern spotted skunk ( 15636:Western spotted skunk ( 15366:Leptonychotes weddellii 15008:Subantarctic fur seal ( 14954:Australasian fur seal ( 13778:Black-footed mongoose ( 13760:Bushy-tailed mongoose ( 13709:White-tailed mongoose ( 13647:Indian brown mongoose ( 13629:Short-tailed mongoose ( 13620:Small Indian mongoose ( 13557:Flat-headed kusimanse ( 13530:Alexander's kusimanse ( 13506:Common dwarf mongoose ( 13473:Pousargues's mongoose ( 13335:Brown-tailed mongoose ( 13294:Grandidier's mongoose ( 12548:Arctogalidia trivirgata 11772:Sunda clouded leopard ( 11211:Rangarajan, M. (2013). 10656:Biological Conservation 9947:Biological Conservation 9633:10.3389/fevo.2016.00110 9432:10.1093/chemse/24.2.179 8495:10.1111/1365-2656.12883 8297:The Art of Being a Lion 8090:Hayward, M. W. (2006). 7925:McNeill, R. A. (1993). 7814:, p. 150, 153, 164–165. 7696:Stander, P. E. (1992). 7249:10.1126/science.7652566 7191:10.1126/science.7652573 6929:10.1002/scin.5591611614 6812:Kinnear, N. B. (1920). 6526:Chardonnet, P. (2002). 6367:Dell'Amore, C. (2016). 6135:10.1126/science.1073257 6029:: Implications for its 5771:Brakefield, T. (1993). 5145:Journal of Biogeography 5106:10.1186/1471-2148-14-70 4194:10.1073/pnas.1919423117 4063:10.1073/pnas.1919423117 3793:Panthera (Panthera) leo 3557:10.1126/science.1122277 3499:A Greek-English Lexicon 3465:Oxford University Press 3242:Disney animated feature 3023:, 6th century BC, from 2972:, the lion is known as 2791:Assyrian palace reliefs 2426:. Field surveys in the 2383:Video of a wild lioness 2038:Lions tend to dominate 1837:The Museum of Osteology 1759:Serengeti National Park 1428:A six-year-old male in 1412: 1347: 1135:11.75 to 0.97 1102:in the late Pleistocene 823:− includes the extinct 637:word πάνθηρ 'panther'. 577: 143:Serengeti National Park 16782:Congo clawless otter ( 16685:Hydrictis maculicollis 16683:Spotted-necked otter ( 16642:Southern river otter ( 16593:Pteronura brasiliensis 16356:European pine marten ( 15867:South American coati ( 15595:Palawan stink badger ( 14921:New Zealand sea lion ( 13986:Japanese raccoon dog ( 13683:Crab-eating mongoose ( 13638:Indian grey mongoose ( 13261:Ring-tailed vontsira ( 13072:(bone-crushing hyenas) 12767:Central African oyan ( 12328:Chinese mountain cat ( 11328:de Courcy, C. (1995). 10269:10.1002/zoo.1430060202 10192:International Zoo News 9534:International Wildlife 9316:Leyhausen, P. (1960). 8651:10.1002/zoo.1430130403 8170:Carnivore Conservation 7356:Chakrabarti, S. & 5773:"Lion: Sociable Simba" 5617:Calder, W. A. (1996). 5525:Pocock, R. I. (1939). 5426:Wild Cats of the World 5186:Pocock, R. I. (1898). 5035:Panthera (Leo) spelaea 4920:10.1098/rspb.2013.2686 4637:Comptes Rendus Palevol 3190:The Lion and the Mouse 3137:Lion Capital of Ashoka 3124: 3028: 3021:Nebuchadnezzar II 2949: 2889:Lions' proclivity for 2873:Man-eater § Lions 2868: 2769: 2663:Woodstock, Oxfordshire 2643:cabinet of curiosities 2641:, an extension of the 2532:Emperor Haile Selassie 2522: 2474: 2384: 2350:The lion is listed as 2306:A captive lion roaring 2285: 2164: 2137: 1934:African bush elephants 1802:Sabi Sand Game Reserve 1558: 1471:Pendjari National Park 1168:4.32 to 0.02 1150:3.46 to 1.22 1128:9.32 to 4.47 1103: 966: 699: 650: 592: 586: 544:since the time of the 519:and one population in 17621:Mammals of South Asia 17350:Paleobiology Database 17337:Paleobiology Database 17022:Back-striped weasel ( 16968:Black-footed ferret ( 16740:Smooth-coated otter ( 16518:Poecilogale albinucha 16187:Javan ferret-badger ( 16073:Sumatran hog badger ( 16055:Northern hog badger ( 15749:Crab-eating raccoon ( 15654:Pygmy spotted skunk ( 15375:Lobodon carcinophagus 15111:Histriophoca fasciata 14904:Australian sea lion ( 14850:California sea lion ( 14599:American black bear ( 14341:Black-backed jackal ( 14332:Side-striped jackal ( 14172:Chrysocyon brachyurus 13596:Long-nosed mongoose ( 12869:Rusty-spotted genet ( 12706:Large-spotted civet ( 12555:Sulawesi palm civet ( 12484:Owston's palm civet ( 12058:Andean mountain cat ( 11134:10.3406/rhr.1981.4828 11009:Lynch, P. A. (2004). 10951:Frump, R. R. (2006). 9920:10.1515/MAMM.2010.048 9589:10.1644/13-mamm-a-306 7519:10.4098/AT.arch.94-50 7421:Frank, L. G. (1998). 7378:10.1093/beheco/arx118 7148:10.1093/beheco/arv046 7048:10.1093/beheco/ary018 6740:Üstay, A. H. (1990). 6699:and the Asiatic lion 6040:Conservation Genetics 5908:Sinha, S. P. (1987). 5893:Smuts, G. L. (1982). 5815:Nowak, R. M. (1999). 5584:Davis, D. D. (1962). 4870:10.1101/gr.186668.114 4583:on 25 September 2007. 4382:10.14446/AMNP.2014.59 3638:(Carnivora: Felidae)" 3426:Linnaeus, C. (1758). 3266:Mapogo lion coalition 3200:is slain by the hero 3109: 3071:. In ancient Israel, 3051:. Lions decorate the 3018: 2963:Richard the Lionheart 2936: 2923:Cultural significance 2871:Further information: 2862: 2754: 2667:William of Malmesbury 2665:, where according to 2555:Species Survival Plan 2516: 2472: 2451:Alatash National Park 2424:Critically Endangered 2393:Republic of the Congo 2382: 2284: 2182:species of the genus 2160:Lions in a tree near 2159: 2135: 1982:Predatory competition 1950:clamping bite to the 1775:Dominance hierarchies 1680:Behaviour and ecology 1553: 1508:Further information: 1370:Head-and-body length 1245:Further information: 1161:3.1 to 1.95 1113:is estimated to have 1077: 961: 697: 648: 499:. It is usually more 32:Lion (disambiguation) 16837:Long-tailed weasel ( 16415:Lyncodon patagonicus 16064:Greater hog badger ( 15586:Sunda stink badger ( 15276:Hawaiian monk seal ( 14999:Guadalupe fur seal ( 14972:Antarctic fur seal ( 14963:Galápagos fur seal ( 14859:Galápagos sea lion ( 13977:Common raccoon dog ( 13829:Cape gray mongoose ( 13769:Jackson's mongoose ( 13729:Paracynictis selousi 13720:Cynictis penicillata 13344:Durrell's vontsira ( 12932:Giant forest genet ( 12724:Large Indian civet ( 12664:Small Indian civet ( 12273:Sunda leopard cat ( 12049:Southern tiger cat ( 11985:African golden cat ( 11662:African palm civet ( 11487:at Wikimedia Commons 11347:Jackson, D. (2010). 10777:Journal of Mammalogy 10388:on 29 September 2011 10091:Conservation Biology 10058:Kaushik, H. (2017). 10025:Panthera leo persica 10021:Singh, H.S. (2017). 10000:Panthera leo persica 9943:Panthera leo persica 9760:Biodiversity Journal 9576:Journal of Mammalogy 9063:on 29 September 2007 7663:10.3377/004.044.0104 7500:Panthera leo persica 6701:Panthera leo persica 6542:on 10 November 2013. 6413:McBride, C. (1977). 5912:Panthera leo persica 5854:Panthera leo persica 4535:Panthera leo spelaea 4439:Panthera Leo Spelaea 3843:: e.T15952A5327221. 3404:: e.T15951A259030422 3261:List of largest cats 3204:who wears its skin. 2582:In zoos and circuses 2540:Barbary Lion Project 2479:region of Saurashtra 2152:Health and mortality 2029:Etosha National Park 1900:and small prey like 1528:Kruger National Park 1483:Dinder National Park 1154:, but also with the 1115:genetically diverged 629:is traceable to the 30:For other uses, see 16880:M. aistoodonnivalis 16716:Hairy-nosed otter ( 16633:Neotropical otter ( 16413:Patagonian weasel ( 15876:White-nosed coati ( 15076:Cystophora cristata 15067:Erignathus barbatus 14800:Northern fur seal ( 14577:Helarctos malayanus 14213:Atelocynus microtis 13920:U. cinereoargenteus 13811:Egyptian mongoose ( 13738:Rhynchogale melleri 13736:Meller's mongoose ( 13727:Selous's mongoose ( 13711:Ichneumia albicauda 13665:Collared mongoose ( 13539:Angolan kusimanse ( 13423:Liberian mongoose ( 12776:West African oyan ( 12675:Civettictis civetta 12606:Golden palm civet ( 12564:Masked palm civet ( 12539:Arctictis binturong 12513:Hemigalus derbyanus 12511:Banded palm civet ( 12502:Hose's palm civet ( 12291:Rusty-spotted cat ( 11454:Big Cat Diary: Lion 11161:10.1017/irq.2015.17 11107:, pp. 107–108, 111. 10955:. The Lyons Press. 10910:2011PLoSO...622285P 10853:2005Natur.436..927P 10668:2009BCons.142.2428H 10444:Honolulu Advertiser 10419:on 25 December 2018 10413:Honolulu Advertiser 10407:Aguiar, E. (2007). 10278:on 25 February 2014 10103:1994ConBi...8..501S 9959:2011BCons.144.1753S 9154:1996Natur.379..441R 8844:American Naturalist 8748:Nature Conservation 8487:2018JAnEc..87.1709M 8432:2015PLoSO..1017743R 8341:1986SciAm.254e..84O 8329:Scientific American 8266:2018BiCon..27..871G 8231:2005AfJEc..43..220T 8061:"Behavior and Diet" 7877:10.1038/nature25479 7869:2018Natur.554..183W 7717:1992BEcoS..29..445S 7624:2006AfJEc..44..279J 7341:Joslin, P. (1973). 7292:1996Sci...271.1215J 7241:1995Sci...269.1216M 7235:(5228): 1216–1217. 7183:1995Sci...269.1260H 7177:(5228): 1260–1262. 7119:, pp. 195–196, 222. 6755:Firouz, E. (2005). 6571:2013PLoSO...860174B 6488:2013BiCon..22...17R 6438:Tucker, L. (2003). 6379:on 28 February 2021 6373:National Geographic 6245:National Geographic 6127:2002Sci...297.1339W 6121:(5585): 1339–1343. 6052:2006ConG....7..507B 5424:(Linnaeus, 1758)". 5204:1898Natur..58Q.200P 5188:"Lion-Tiger Hybrid" 5157:2011JBiog..38.1356B 5097:2014BMCEE..14...70B 5058:10.3409/azc.60_2.59 5037:and its evolution: 4987:2009MolEc..18.1668B 4776:2014HBio...26..827K 4701:2022MolEc..31.6407S 4649:2017CRPal..16..850C 4558:2004MolPE..30..841B 4435:Hemmer, H. (2011). 4414:2011QSRv...30.2329S 4185:2020PNAS..11710927D 4179:(20): 10927–10934. 4118:2016NatSR...630807B 4054:2020PNAS..11710927D 4048:(20): 10927–10934. 3964:. p. 129−148. 3785:Hemmer, H. (1974). 3716:2011PLoSO...625483M 3654:2010MolPE..56...64D 3549:2006Sci...311...73J 3463:(Online ed.). 3091:refuses to worship 2896:Selous Game Reserve 2720:Les Lions de Mysore 2704:Siegfried & Roy 2571:genetic variability 2483:Kathiawar Peninsula 2459:human–lion conflict 2195:Stomoxys calcitrans 1930:Chobe National Park 1205:last glacial period 935:Ethiopian Highlands 170:Conservation status 55:Pleistocene–Present 17701:Vulnerable animals 16995:European polecat ( 16828:Colombian weasel ( 16478:(African polecats) 16106:Caucasian badger ( 16034:(Eurasian badgers) 15484:(hog-nosed skunks) 15221:("southern seals") 15120:Halichoerus grypus 15051:("northern seals") 14923:Phocarctos hookeri 14828:Eumetopias jubatus 14826:Steller sea lion ( 14608:Asian black bear ( 14358:African wild dog ( 14312:(wolf-like canids) 13589:Atilax paludinosus 13548:Common kusimanse ( 13475:Dologale dybowskii 13447:Gambian mongoose ( 13231:Western falanouc ( 13222:Eastern falanouc ( 13191:Cryptoprocta ferox 13096:Parahyaena brunnea 12851:Johnston's genet ( 12806:Abyssinian genet ( 12758:(African linsangs) 12666:Viverricula indica 12597:Brown palm civet ( 12588:Asian palm civet ( 12495:Cynogale bennettii 12486:Chrotogale owstoni 12382:European wildcat ( 12373:Black-footed cat ( 11963:Leptailurus serval 11931:Asian golden cat ( 11697:(Asiatic linsangs) 11305:Blunt, W. (1975). 11230:10.1111/hith.10690 11217:History and Theory 11128:(198–4): 355–401. 10720:The New York Times 10505:on 5 November 2005 10450:on 6 November 2020 10064:The Times of India 9945:) of Gir forest". 9825:. BBC News. 2016. 9751:Leptailurus serval 8382:Journal of Zoology 8139:Kruuk, H. (2014). 8107:Journal of Zoology 7964:, p. 244, 263–267. 7838:, pp. 233, 247–248 7725:10.1007/BF00170175 7608:Loxodonta africana 7539:Journal of Zoology 7454:Journal of Zoology 7366:Behavioral Ecology 7135:Behavioral Ecology 7035:Behavioral Ecology 6967:Estes, R. (1991). 6088:Menon, V. (2003). 6077:on 24 August 2006. 5983:Journal of Zoology 5723:Journal of Zoology 4913:(1774): 20132686. 4763:Historical Biology 4750:"Phylogenetics of 4359:Sabol, M. (2014). 4106:Scientific Reports 3125: 3029: 2950: 2869: 2779:Amenhotep III 2770: 2523: 2475: 2449:was filmed in the 2443:Mole National Park 2435:Waza National Park 2385: 2286: 2165: 2138: 1973:Lions scavenge on 1693:Group organisation 1676:in central India. 1658:Khuzestan province 1595:African rainforest 1559: 1342:fast-twitch muscle 1213:Middle Pleistocene 1104: 1003:Middle Pleistocene 967: 948:P. l. melanochaita 858:P. l. bleyenberghi 813:P. l. melanochaita 781:P. l. senegalensis 763:regionally extinct 700: 651: 556:were prominent in 550:zoological gardens 517:sub-Saharan Africa 487:The lion inhabits 462:sexually dimorphic 382:P. l. melanochaita 17486: 17485: 17324:Open Tree of Life 17059:Taxon identifiers 17050: 17049: 17046: 17045: 17042: 17041: 17038: 17037: 17034: 17033: 17013:Siberian weasel ( 17004:American ermine ( 16932:Japanese weasel ( 16887:Mountain weasel ( 16871: 16794: 16793: 16580: 16565: 16564: 16561: 16560: 16549:Striped polecat ( 16499:Marbled polecat ( 16481: 16466: 16465: 16438: 16386: 16385: 16365:Japanese marten ( 16311:American marten ( 16304: 16162:M. cucphuongensis 16153: 16136: 16135: 16124:European badger ( 16097:Japanese badger ( 16037: 15990:American badger ( 15953: 15952: 15949: 15948: 15925: 15924: 15921: 15920: 15849: 15808:Northern olingo ( 15792: 15767:Cozumel raccoon ( 15742: 15666: 15665: 15620: 15579: 15487: 15468: 15410: 15409: 15406: 15405: 15402: 15401: 15398: 15397: 15394: 15393: 15384:Ommatophoca rossi 15357:Hydrurga leptonyx 15344: 15341:(Antarctic seals) 15314:M. angustirostris 15305: 15288: 15287: 15254:Monachus monachus 15241: 15224: 15209: 15208: 15205: 15204: 15054: 15037: 15020: 15019: 14882:Otaria flavescens 14871: 14870: 14782: 14750:Odobenus rosmarus 14714: 14713: 14710: 14709: 14706: 14705: 14702: 14701: 14665: 14642: 14641: 14638: 14637: 14540:Spectacled bear ( 14498: 14474: 14473: 14470: 14469: 14466: 14465: 14314: 14301: 14300: 14220:Crab-eating fox ( 14211:Short-eared dog ( 14159: 14144: 14131: 14130: 14013: 13955:Otocyon megalotis 13899: 13866: 13865: 13862: 13861: 13858: 13857: 13854: 13853: 13850: 13849: 13718:Yellow mongoose ( 13569: 13568: 13456:Banded mongoose ( 13425:Liberiictus kuhni 13379: 13360: 13359: 13356: 13355: 13243: 13242: 13169: 13138: 13137: 13134: 13133: 13130: 13129: 13074: 13035: 13001: 13000: 12997: 12996: 12993: 12992: 12965: 12964: 12961: 12960: 12957: 12956: 12953: 12952: 12905:Servaline genet ( 12824:Bourlon's genet ( 12799: 12760: 12736: 12735: 12618: 12617: 12590:P. hermaphroditus 12442: 12441: 12438: 12437: 12434: 12433: 12410: 12409: 12406: 12405: 12402: 12401: 12398: 12397: 12394: 12393: 12355:African wildcat ( 12312: 12311: 12282:Flat-headed cat ( 12222: 12221: 12006: 12005: 11943: 11942: 11857: 11856: 11853: 11852: 11781:Clouded leopard ( 11740: 11715:Spotted linsang ( 11699: 11664:Nandinia binotata 11483:Media related to 11432:978-0-226-73639-6 11339:978-0-14-023919-5 11320:978-0-241-89331-9 11285:978-1-86189-111-2 11091:978-1-57607-645-3 11024:978-0-8160-4892-2 10962:978-1-59228-892-2 10816:(1&2): 1–40. 10757:978-0-07-136333-4 10662:(11): 2428–2437. 10616:978-0-06-016923-7 10571:978-1-57958-174-9 10493:Owen, J. (2005). 10351:10.1111/izy.12073 10312:978-0-521-70271-3 9327:978-3-489-71836-9 9209:(10): 1293–1300. 9148:(6564): 441–445. 8948:978-0-7153-5272-4 8720:978-0-312-19239-6 8677:978-0-8014-1753-5 8179:978-0-521-66232-1 7948:978-0-19-854067-0 7863:(7691): 183–188. 7506:Acta Theriologica 6988:978-0-520-08085-0 6768:978-1-85043-946-2 6742:Hunting in Turkey 6719:10.1111/mam.12166 6449:978-0-620-31409-1 6424:978-0-949997-32-6 6099:978-0-14-302998-4 5963:978-1-4081-8996-2 5954:Mammals of Africa 5872:978-2-8317-0045-8 5834:978-0-8018-5789-8 5786:978-0-89658-329-0 5632:978-0-486-69191-6 5619:"Skeletal muscle" 5570:978-90-04-08876-4 5473:Mammalian Species 5435:978-0-8008-8324-9 5326:978-1-61530-340-3 5266:978-3-642-48949-5 4974:Molecular Ecology 4823:978-0-19-923445-5 4709:10.1111/mec.16267 4695:(24): 6407–6421. 4689:Molecular Ecology 4363:Panthera fossilis 4297:on 7 August 2007. 4126:10.1038/srep30807 4009:978-1-4729-5080-2 3795:(Linnaeus, 1758)" 3757:Oken, L. (1816). 3478:(Subscription or 3353:978-0-8018-8221-0 3326:Wozencraft, W. C. 3083:, notably in the 3057:Nebuchadnezzar II 2767: 645–635 BC 2735:Hunting and games 2708:Isaac Van Amburgh 2536:Oxford University 2491:genetic diversity 2380: 2364:CITES Appendix II 2301: 2133: 2112:Generation length 2048:African wild dogs 2025:Ngorongoro crater 1947:Thomson's gazelle 1579:Gir National Park 1556:Gir National Park 1530:and the adjacent 1410: 1409: 1233:during the early 1176:between lion and 1170:million years ago 1163:million years ago 1152:million years ago 1137:million years ago 1130:million years ago 847:P. l. sabakiensis 829:P. l. somaliensis 670:. The genus name 568:The English word 478:keystone predator 472:. The lion is an 426: 425: 210: 193: 16:(Redirected from 17713: 17606:Felids of Africa 17563: 17562: 17561: 17551: 17550: 17549: 17539: 17538: 17527: 17526: 17515: 17514: 17503: 17502: 17494: 17479: 17478: 17466: 17465: 17453: 17452: 17440: 17439: 17438: 17425: 17424: 17423: 17397: 17396: 17384: 17383: 17371: 17370: 17358: 17357: 17345: 17344: 17332: 17331: 17319: 17318: 17306: 17305: 17293: 17292: 17280: 17279: 17267: 17266: 17254: 17253: 17241: 17240: 17228: 17227: 17215: 17214: 17202: 17201: 17189: 17188: 17176: 17175: 17163: 17162: 17150: 17149: 17137: 17136: 17124: 17123: 17114: 17113: 17101: 17100: 17099: 17086: 17085: 17084: 17054: 17053: 16986:Malayan weasel ( 16905:Steppe polecat ( 16878:Sichuan weasel ( 16870: 16869: 16865: 16805: 16804: 16742:L. perspicillata 16707:Eurasian otter ( 16584: 16583: 16579: 16578: 16574: 16485: 16484: 16480: 16479: 16475: 16454:Greater grison ( 16437: 16436: 16432: 16406: 16405: 16397: 16396: 16347:Nilgiri marten ( 16320:Pacific marten ( 16303: 16302: 16298: 16224: 16223: 16207:M. subaurantiaca 16152: 16151: 16150:(ferret-badgers) 16147: 16041: 16040: 16036: 16035: 16031: 15983: 15982: 15972: 15971: 15959: 15958: 15853: 15852: 15848: 15847: 15843: 15791: 15790: 15786: 15741: 15740: 15736: 15677: 15676: 15619: 15618: 15617:(spotted skunks) 15614: 15578: 15577: 15573: 15486: 15485: 15481: 15472: 15471: 15467: 15466: 15458: 15429: 15428: 15416: 15415: 15373:Crabeater seal ( 15348: 15347: 15343: 15342: 15338: 15304: 15303: 15302:(elephant seals) 15299: 15278:N. schauinslandi 15245: 15244: 15240: 15239: 15235: 15228: 15227: 15223: 15222: 15218: 15093: 15092: 15058: 15057: 15053: 15052: 15048: 15041: 15040: 15036: 15035: 15029: 14990:Brown fur seal ( 14965:A. galapagoensis 14852:Z. californianus 14819: 14818: 14786: 14785: 14781: 14780: 14766: 14736: 14735: 14728: 14720: 14719: 14664: 14663: 14659: 14653: 14652: 14568:Melursus ursinus 14559: 14558: 14502: 14501: 14497: 14494: 14487: 14486: 14454:Ethiopian wolf ( 14318: 14317: 14313: 14310: 14163: 14162: 14158: 14155: 14148: 14147: 14143: 14140: 14029:Blanford's fox ( 14012: 14005: 13946: 13945: 13904: 13903: 13898: 13895: 13888: 13887: 13880: 13872: 13871: 13674:Ruddy mongoose ( 13656:Javan mongoose ( 13587:Marsh mongoose ( 13580: 13579: 13559:C. platycephalus 13392: 13391: 13383: 13382: 13378: 13375: 13373: 13254: 13253: 13198:Malagasy civet ( 13182: 13181: 13173: 13172: 13168: 13163: 13156: 13155: 13151: 13078: 13077: 13073: 13070: 13039: 13038: 13034: 13031: 13024: 13023: 13020: 13019: 13007: 13006: 12971: 12970: 12798: 12795: 12759: 12756: 12747: 12746: 12657: 12656: 12653: 12642: 12641: 12637: 12624: 12623: 12530: 12529: 12472: 12471: 12461: 12460: 12448: 12447: 12242:Otocolobus manul 12233: 12232: 12155: 12154: 12031:Geoffroy's cat ( 11954: 11953: 11884: 11883: 11875: 11874: 11870: 11758: 11757: 11749: 11748: 11745: 11744: 11739: 11736: 11729: 11728: 11706:Banded linsang ( 11698: 11695: 11687: 11686: 11676: 11675: 11655: 11654: 11644: 11643: 11636: 11628: 11627: 11573: 11566: 11559: 11550: 11549: 11545: 11537: 11529: 11527: 11525: 11520:on 2 August 2018 11516:. Archived from 11508: 11500: 11482: 11467: 11448: 11446: 11444: 11412: 11410: 11408: 11376: 11374: 11372: 11343: 11324: 11312: 11301: 11299: 11297: 11259: 11253: 11247: 11241: 11235: 11234: 11232: 11208: 11202: 11201: 11183: 11177: 11171: 11165: 11164: 11144: 11138: 11137: 11114: 11108: 11102: 11096: 11095: 11071: 11065: 11059: 11053: 11047: 11041: 11035: 11029: 11028: 11006: 10997: 10996: 10978: 10967: 10966: 10948: 10942: 10941: 10931: 10921: 10887: 10881: 10880: 10847:(7053): 927–28. 10834: 10828: 10827: 10825: 10801: 10795: 10794: 10792: 10768: 10762: 10761: 10743: 10737: 10736: 10734: 10732: 10710: 10704: 10698: 10692: 10686: 10680: 10679: 10651: 10645: 10639: 10633: 10627: 10621: 10620: 10597: 10591: 10585: 10576: 10575: 10557: 10551: 10545: 10539: 10533: 10527: 10521: 10515: 10514: 10512: 10510: 10501:. Archived from 10490: 10484: 10478: 10472: 10471:, pp. 19–21, 42. 10466: 10460: 10459: 10457: 10455: 10446:. Archived from 10438:Lum, C. (2007). 10435: 10429: 10428: 10426: 10424: 10415:. Archived from 10404: 10398: 10397: 10395: 10393: 10373: 10367: 10361: 10355: 10354: 10330: 10324: 10323: 10321: 10319: 10294: 10288: 10287: 10285: 10283: 10277: 10271:. Archived from 10254: 10245: 10239: 10238: 10206: 10200: 10199: 10187: 10181: 10180: 10178: 10176: 10167:. Archived from 10136: 10130: 10129: 10121: 10115: 10114: 10086: 10080: 10079: 10077: 10075: 10055: 10049: 10048: 10046: 10018: 10012: 10011: 9995: 9989: 9988: 9980: 9971: 9970: 9953:(5): 1753–1757. 9938: 9932: 9931: 9903: 9897: 9896: 9894: 9887: 9872: 9866: 9865: 9863: 9856: 9845: 9839: 9838: 9836: 9834: 9819: 9813: 9812: 9810: 9808: 9789: 9783: 9782: 9780: 9778: 9773:on 10 March 2018 9772: 9757: 9740: 9734: 9733: 9727: 9719: 9717: 9693: 9687: 9686: 9676: 9649:Panthera leo leo 9644: 9638: 9637: 9635: 9607: 9601: 9600: 9599: 9593: 9591: 9567: 9561: 9560: 9548: 9542: 9541: 9529: 9523: 9522: 9520: 9505: 9496: 9490: 9489: 9487: 9472: 9463: 9457: 9451: 9445: 9444: 9434: 9406: 9400: 9391: 9385: 9379: 9373: 9367: 9356: 9350: 9344: 9338: 9332: 9331: 9313: 9307: 9306: 9293:Primate Ethology 9288: 9282: 9276: 9270: 9269: 9259: 9235: 9229: 9228: 9218: 9190: 9184: 9183: 9173: 9162:10.1038/379441a0 9128: 9122: 9121: 9111: 9079: 9073: 9072: 9070: 9068: 9059:. Archived from 9057:The Arusha Times 9048: 9042: 9041: 9021: 9015: 9014: 8994: 8988: 8987: 8971: 8965: 8959: 8953: 8952: 8934: 8928: 8922: 8916: 8910: 8904: 8898: 8892: 8886: 8880: 8874: 8868: 8867: 8839: 8833: 8832: 8816: 8810: 8804: 8798: 8792: 8781: 8775: 8769: 8763: 8752: 8751: 8743: 8737: 8731: 8725: 8724: 8700: 8694: 8688: 8682: 8681: 8661: 8655: 8654: 8634: 8628: 8622: 8613: 8607: 8601: 8595: 8589: 8588: 8586: 8562: 8556: 8555: 8553: 8525: 8519: 8513: 8507: 8506: 8481:(6): 1709–1726. 8470: 8464: 8463: 8453: 8443: 8411: 8405: 8404: 8402: 8379: 8373:Acinonyx jubatus 8366: 8360: 8359: 8357: 8326: 8317: 8311: 8310: 8292: 8286: 8285: 8249: 8243: 8242: 8214: 8208: 8202: 8196: 8190: 8184: 8183: 8161: 8155: 8154: 8136: 8130: 8129: 8127: 8104: 8087: 8081: 8080: 8078: 8076: 8057: 8051: 8045: 8039: 8033: 8027: 8021: 8015: 8009: 8000: 7999: 7971: 7965: 7959: 7953: 7952: 7922: 7916: 7910: 7904: 7903: 7901: 7854: 7845: 7839: 7833: 7827: 7821: 7815: 7809: 7803: 7802: 7800: 7785: 7762:Animal Behaviour 7759: 7750: 7744: 7743: 7741: 7702: 7693: 7687: 7686: 7684: 7682: 7642: 7636: 7635: 7606:) on elephants ( 7599: 7593: 7587: 7581: 7575: 7569: 7563: 7557: 7556: 7554: 7530: 7524: 7523: 7521: 7493: 7487: 7486: 7484: 7469: 7451: 7438: 7427: 7426: 7418: 7412: 7406: 7400: 7399: 7389: 7372:(6): 1532–1539. 7353: 7347: 7346: 7338: 7332: 7326: 7320: 7319: 7275: 7269: 7268: 7224: 7218: 7217: 7215: 7168: 7159: 7153: 7152: 7150: 7141:(4): 1051–1059. 7126: 7120: 7114: 7108: 7107: 7097: 7087: 7059: 7053: 7052: 7050: 7026: 7020: 7019: 7011: 7005: 6999: 6993: 6992: 6964: 6945: 6939: 6933: 6932: 6912: 6906: 6900: 6894: 6888: 6879: 6873: 6867: 6861: 6850: 6844: 6838: 6832: 6826: 6825: 6809: 6803: 6802: 6794: 6785: 6784: 6782: 6780: 6752: 6746: 6745: 6744:. Istanbul: BBA. 6737: 6731: 6730: 6692: 6686: 6685: 6683: 6655: 6649: 6648: 6646: 6617:Panthera spelaea 6612: 6603: 6602: 6592: 6582: 6550: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6534: 6523: 6514: 6508: 6502: 6501: 6499: 6463: 6454: 6453: 6435: 6429: 6428: 6410: 6404: 6403: 6395: 6389: 6388: 6386: 6384: 6375:. Archived from 6364: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6353: 6333: 6327: 6326: 6324: 6322: 6302: 6296: 6295: 6267: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6256: 6247:. Archived from 6236: 6230: 6229: 6221: 6215: 6209: 6203: 6197: 6191: 6185: 6179: 6173: 6167: 6161: 6155: 6154: 6110: 6104: 6103: 6085: 6079: 6078: 6076: 6070:. Archived from 6037: 6020: 6011: 6005: 5999: 5998: 5974: 5968: 5967: 5941: 5928: 5927: 5905: 5899: 5898: 5890: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5864: 5856:(Meyer, 1826)". 5845: 5839: 5838: 5812: 5803: 5802: 5800: 5798: 5768: 5759: 5758: 5750: 5739: 5738: 5714: 5699: 5698: 5672: 5655: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5644: 5614: 5608: 5607: 5605: 5581: 5575: 5574: 5548: 5539: 5538: 5522: 5516: 5510: 5504: 5503: 5502:on 28 July 2017. 5501: 5495:. Archived from 5470: 5457: 5440: 5439: 5417: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5376: 5358: 5349: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5338: 5308: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5286: 5280:Shi, W. (2005). 5277: 5271: 5270: 5244: 5238: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5215: 5213:10.1038/058200b0 5183: 5177: 5176: 5151:(7): 1356–1367. 5135: 5129: 5128: 5118: 5108: 5072: 5063: 5062: 5060: 5041:nov. subspecies" 5028: 5022: 5021: 5019: 4981:(8): 1668–1677. 4970: 4949: 4943: 4942: 4932: 4922: 4898: 4892: 4891: 4881: 4849: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4805: 4796: 4795: 4745: 4739: 4738: 4720: 4679: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4660: 4624: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4600: 4591: 4585: 4584: 4582: 4576:. Archived from 4541: 4528: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4504: 4494: 4469:Panthera spelaea 4462: 4453: 4452: 4432: 4426: 4425: 4398:Panthera spelaea 4393: 4387: 4386: 4384: 4356: 4350: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4283: 4274: 4268: 4267: 4249: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4206: 4196: 4161: 4148: 4147: 4137: 4092: 4086: 4085: 4075: 4065: 4032: 4026: 4025: 4023: 4021: 3987: 3978: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3946: 3940: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3929: 3918: 3908: 3897: 3896: 3894: 3864: 3855: 3854: 3852: 3818: 3807: 3806: 3782: 3771: 3770: 3754: 3748: 3747: 3737: 3727: 3695: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3629: 3620: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3595: 3589: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3526: 3515: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3456: 3449: 3443: 3442: 3439: 3423: 3414: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3383: 3366: 3365: 3322: 3292: 3289: 3143:, the half-lion 3075:represented the 2982:African folklore 2970:Swahili language 2821:gladiator fights 2807:, where Emperor 2798: 2795: 2775:ancient Egyptian 2768: 2765: 2611: 2594: 2509:Captive breeding 2381: 2360:CITES Appendix I 2325:flehmen response 2303: 2302: 2283: 2252: 2238: 2203:canine distemper 2134: 2117: 2080: 2066: 2008: 1994: 1918:white rhinoceros 1835:, on display at 1828: 1814: 1797: 1785:Hunting and diet 1719: 1705: 1589:Historical range 1524:recessive allele 1504:Colour variation 1442: 1425: 1356: 1355: 1328: 1327: 1323: 1320: 1297: 1283: 1171: 1164: 1153: 1138: 1131: 1081:Panthera spelaea 1027:Late Pleistocene 979:P. l. sinhaleyus 928:leo melanochaita 916: 915:(Zukowsky, 1964) 912:P. l. webbiensis 909: 902: 891: 883:P. l. hollisteri 880: 873: 865:P. l. roosevelti 862: 861:(Lönnberg, 1914) 855: 844: 833: 822: 807: 796: 785: 778: 752: 751:(Linnaeus, 1758) 737:studies on lion 624: 619: 618: 609: 604: 603: 595: 589: 580: 417: 403: 390:P. l. sinhaleyus 348: 225: 224: 204: 187: 182: 181: 154: 136: 126: 56: 52:Temporal range: 46: 45: 21: 17721: 17720: 17716: 17715: 17714: 17712: 17711: 17710: 17571: 17570: 17569: 17559: 17557: 17547: 17545: 17533: 17521: 17509: 17497: 17489: 17487: 17482: 17474: 17469: 17461: 17456: 17448: 17443: 17434: 17433: 17428: 17419: 17418: 17413: 17400: 17392: 17387: 17379: 17374: 17366: 17361: 17353: 17348: 17340: 17335: 17327: 17322: 17314: 17311:Observation.org 17309: 17301: 17296: 17288: 17283: 17275: 17270: 17262: 17257: 17249: 17244: 17236: 17231: 17223: 17218: 17210: 17205: 17197: 17192: 17184: 17179: 17171: 17166: 17158: 17153: 17145: 17140: 17132: 17127: 17119: 17117: 17109: 17104: 17095: 17094: 17089: 17080: 17079: 17074: 17061: 17051: 17030: 17006:M. richardsonii 16950:European mink ( 16867: 16866: 16864: 16854: 16846:American mink ( 16819:Amazon weasel ( 16790: 16748: 16724: 16691: 16674: 16650: 16599: 16576: 16575: 16573: 16557: 16524: 16507: 16477: 16476: 16474: 16462: 16445:Lesser grison ( 16434: 16433: 16431: 16421: 16382: 16300: 16299: 16297: 16287: 16263: 16239: 16213: 16149: 16148: 16146: 16132: 16081: 16033: 16032: 16030: 16022: 15998: 15979: 15966: 15945: 15917: 15884: 15845: 15844: 15842: 15834: 15788: 15787: 15785: 15775: 15738: 15737: 15735: 15725: 15692: 15662: 15629:S. angustifrons 15616: 15615: 15613: 15603: 15576:(stink badgers) 15575: 15574: 15572: 15562: 15554:Striped skunk ( 15529: 15523:C. semistriatus 15483: 15482: 15480: 15460: 15459: 15457: 15449: 15443:Ailurus fulgens 15423: 15390: 15340: 15339: 15337: 15329: 15301: 15300: 15298: 15284: 15260: 15237: 15236: 15234: 15220: 15219: 15217: 15201: 15159: 15126: 15082: 15050: 15049: 15047: 15033: 15031: 15030: 15028: 15016: 14929: 14912: 14888: 14867: 14834: 14808: 14775: 14770: 14768: 14767: 14765: 14761: 14756: 14730: 14726: 14698: 14678: 14661: 14660: 14634: 14583: 14548: 14524: 14495: 14493: 14483: 14462: 14391:Golden jackal ( 14375: 14349: 14311: 14309: 14297: 14228: 14222:Cerdocyon thous 14202: 14178: 14156: 14154: 14141: 14139: 14127: 14092:Rüppell's fox ( 14006: 14004: 13994: 13979:N. procyonoides 13961: 13953:Bat-eared fox ( 13935: 13900: 13896: 13882: 13878: 13846: 13831:H. pulverulenta 13786: 13744: 13700: 13667:U. semitorquata 13622:U. auropunctata 13604: 13565: 13514: 13481: 13464: 13431: 13414: 13376: 13374: 13369: 13368: 13352: 13319: 13302: 13269: 13263:Galidia elegans 13239: 13206: 13166: 13164: 13162: 13152: 13147: 13126: 13118:Spotted hyena ( 13102: 13085:Striped hyena ( 13071: 13069: 13061: 13032: 13030: 13014: 12989: 12949: 12887:Aquatic genet ( 12878:Pardine genet ( 12815:Angolan genet ( 12796: 12794: 12784: 12769:P. richardsonii 12757: 12755: 12732: 12715:Malayan civet ( 12681: 12673:African civet ( 12649: 12648: 12638: 12633: 12632: 12628: 12614: 12572: 12519: 12504:Diplogale hosei 12468: 12455: 12430: 12390: 12308: 12248: 12228: 12218: 12194: 12177: 12150: 12144: 12118:Eurasian lynx ( 12093: 12002: 11969: 11949: 11939: 11906: 11879: 11871: 11866: 11849: 11789: 11741: 11737: 11723: 11696: 11683: 11670: 11651: 11638: 11634: 11622: 11584: 11577: 11532: 11523: 11521: 11503: 11475: 11470: 11464: 11442: 11440: 11433: 11417:Schaller, G. B. 11406: 11404: 11397: 11370: 11368: 11361: 11340: 11321: 11295: 11293: 11286: 11267: 11262: 11254: 11250: 11242: 11238: 11209: 11205: 11198: 11184: 11180: 11176:, pp. 109, 115. 11172: 11168: 11145: 11141: 11115: 11111: 11103: 11099: 11092: 11072: 11068: 11060: 11056: 11048: 11044: 11036: 11032: 11025: 11007: 11000: 10993: 10979: 10970: 10963: 10949: 10945: 10888: 10884: 10861:10.1038/436927a 10835: 10831: 10802: 10798: 10769: 10765: 10758: 10744: 10740: 10730: 10728: 10711: 10707: 10699: 10695: 10687: 10683: 10652: 10648: 10640: 10636: 10628: 10624: 10617: 10598: 10594: 10586: 10579: 10572: 10558: 10554: 10546: 10542: 10534: 10530: 10522: 10518: 10508: 10506: 10491: 10487: 10479: 10475: 10467: 10463: 10453: 10451: 10436: 10432: 10422: 10420: 10405: 10401: 10391: 10389: 10374: 10370: 10362: 10358: 10331: 10327: 10317: 10315: 10313: 10295: 10291: 10281: 10279: 10275: 10252: 10246: 10242: 10207: 10203: 10188: 10184: 10174: 10172: 10137: 10133: 10122: 10118: 10087: 10083: 10073: 10071: 10056: 10052: 10031:Current Science 10019: 10015: 10010:(10): 993–1003. 10004:Indian Forester 9996: 9992: 9981: 9974: 9939: 9935: 9904: 9900: 9892: 9885: 9873: 9869: 9861: 9854: 9846: 9842: 9832: 9830: 9821: 9820: 9816: 9806: 9804: 9791: 9790: 9786: 9776: 9774: 9770: 9755: 9745:"Further lion, 9741: 9737: 9721: 9720: 9694: 9690: 9645: 9641: 9608: 9604: 9594: 9568: 9564: 9549: 9545: 9530: 9526: 9518: 9503: 9497: 9493: 9485: 9470: 9464: 9460: 9452: 9448: 9419:Chemical Senses 9407: 9403: 9392: 9388: 9380: 9376: 9368: 9359: 9351: 9347: 9339: 9335: 9328: 9314: 9310: 9303: 9289: 9285: 9277: 9273: 9236: 9232: 9191: 9187: 9129: 9125: 9080: 9076: 9066: 9064: 9049: 9045: 9022: 9018: 8995: 8991: 8972: 8968: 8960: 8956: 8949: 8935: 8931: 8923: 8919: 8911: 8907: 8899: 8895: 8887: 8883: 8875: 8871: 8840: 8836: 8817: 8813: 8805: 8801: 8793: 8784: 8776: 8772: 8764: 8755: 8744: 8740: 8732: 8728: 8721: 8701: 8697: 8689: 8685: 8678: 8662: 8658: 8635: 8631: 8623: 8616: 8608: 8604: 8596: 8592: 8563: 8559: 8526: 8522: 8514: 8510: 8471: 8467: 8426:(2): e0117743. 8412: 8408: 8400: 8377: 8367: 8363: 8355: 8324: 8318: 8314: 8307: 8293: 8289: 8250: 8246: 8215: 8211: 8203: 8199: 8191: 8187: 8180: 8162: 8158: 8151: 8137: 8133: 8125: 8102: 8094:Crocuta crocuta 8088: 8084: 8074: 8072: 8059: 8058: 8054: 8046: 8042: 8034: 8030: 8022: 8018: 8010: 8003: 7972: 7968: 7960: 7956: 7949: 7923: 7919: 7911: 7907: 7899: 7852: 7846: 7842: 7834: 7830: 7822: 7818: 7810: 7806: 7798: 7757: 7751: 7747: 7739: 7700: 7694: 7690: 7680: 7678: 7651:African Zoology 7643: 7639: 7600: 7596: 7588: 7584: 7576: 7572: 7564: 7560: 7531: 7527: 7494: 7490: 7482: 7467:10.1.1.611.8271 7449: 7439: 7430: 7419: 7415: 7407: 7403: 7354: 7350: 7339: 7335: 7327: 7323: 7276: 7272: 7225: 7221: 7213: 7166: 7160: 7156: 7127: 7123: 7115: 7111: 7060: 7056: 7027: 7023: 7012: 7008: 7000: 6996: 6989: 6965: 6948: 6940: 6936: 6913: 6909: 6901: 6897: 6889: 6882: 6874: 6870: 6862: 6853: 6845: 6841: 6833: 6829: 6810: 6806: 6795: 6788: 6778: 6776: 6769: 6753: 6749: 6738: 6734: 6697:Panthera tigris 6693: 6689: 6681:10.1002/oa.2875 6656: 6652: 6613: 6606: 6551: 6547: 6539: 6532: 6524: 6517: 6509: 6505: 6464: 6457: 6450: 6436: 6432: 6425: 6411: 6407: 6396: 6392: 6382: 6380: 6365: 6361: 6351: 6349: 6342:Popular Science 6334: 6330: 6320: 6318: 6303: 6299: 6268: 6264: 6254: 6252: 6237: 6233: 6222: 6218: 6210: 6206: 6198: 6194: 6186: 6182: 6174: 6170: 6166:, pp. 137, 145. 6162: 6158: 6111: 6107: 6100: 6086: 6082: 6074: 6035: 6021: 6014: 6006: 6002: 5975: 5971: 5964: 5942: 5931: 5924: 5906: 5902: 5891: 5887: 5879: 5873: 5862: 5846: 5842: 5835: 5813: 5806: 5796: 5794: 5787: 5769: 5762: 5751: 5742: 5715: 5702: 5670: 5666:Caracal caracal 5656: 5652: 5642: 5640: 5633: 5615: 5611: 5582: 5578: 5571: 5549: 5542: 5523: 5519: 5511: 5507: 5499: 5468: 5458: 5443: 5436: 5418: 5405: 5397: 5356: 5350: 5346: 5336: 5334: 5327: 5309: 5305: 5297: 5284: 5278: 5274: 5267: 5245: 5241: 5231: 5229: 5184: 5180: 5136: 5132: 5073: 5066: 5033:"The cave lion 5029: 5025: 5017: 4968: 4950: 4946: 4899: 4895: 4858:Genome Research 4850: 4843: 4833: 4831: 4824: 4806: 4799: 4746: 4742: 4680: 4676: 4625: 4621: 4613: 4603:Natural History 4598: 4592: 4588: 4580: 4539: 4529: 4522: 4512: 4510: 4479:Open Quaternary 4463: 4456: 4433: 4429: 4408:(17): 2329–40. 4394: 4390: 4357: 4353: 4343: 4341: 4306: 4302: 4294: 4281: 4275: 4271: 4224: 4220: 4162: 4151: 4093: 4089: 4033: 4029: 4019: 4017: 4010: 3988: 3981: 3971: 3969: 3947: 3943: 3933: 3931: 3927: 3916: 3909: 3900: 3865: 3858: 3819: 3810: 3783: 3774: 3755: 3751: 3696: 3689: 3679: 3677: 3630: 3623: 3613: 3611: 3596: 3592: 3582: 3580: 3543:(5757): 73–77. 3527: 3518: 3508: 3506: 3491: 3487: 3477: 3469: 3467: 3450: 3446: 3440: 3424: 3417: 3407: 3405: 3384: 3369: 3354: 3323: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3295: 3290: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3256: 3214:medieval Europe 3194:Greek mythology 3171:Chinese culture 3141:Hindu mythology 3087:, in which the 3061:Lion of Babylon 2988:, The lion-god 2931: 2925: 2879:Tsavo maneaters 2875: 2857: 2799:, known as the 2796: 2766: 2749: 2743: 2737: 2623: 2622: 2621: 2620: 2619: 2612: 2603: 2602: 2601: 2595: 2584: 2579: 2544:Atlas Mountains 2528:Addis Ababa Zoo 2511: 2467: 2374: 2372: 2348: 2321: 2320: 2312: 2310: 2309: 2308: 2307: 2304: 2297: 2294: 2287: 2281: 2260: 2259: 2258: 2257: 2256: 2253: 2244: 2243: 2242: 2239: 2228: 2170:Nile crocodiles 2154: 2126: 2115: 2088: 2087: 2086: 2085: 2084: 2081: 2072: 2071: 2070: 2067: 2056: 2016: 2015: 2014: 2013: 2012: 2009: 2000: 1999: 1998: 1995: 1984: 1866:African buffalo 1858:blue wildebeest 1856:, particularly 1843: 1842: 1841: 1840: 1839: 1829: 1820: 1819: 1818: 1815: 1806: 1805: 1804: 1798: 1787: 1727: 1726: 1725: 1724: 1723: 1720: 1711: 1710: 1709: 1706: 1695: 1682: 1668:in Pakistan to 1604:During the mid- 1591: 1548: 1512: 1506: 1450: 1449: 1448: 1447: 1446: 1443: 1434: 1433: 1432: 1426: 1415: 1405: 1403: 1398: 1396: 1350: 1325: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1305: 1304: 1303: 1302: 1301: 1298: 1289: 1288: 1287: 1284: 1273: 1249: 1247:Panthera hybrid 1243: 1166: 1159: 1148: 1133: 1126: 1119:common ancestor 1101: 1099: 1097: 1096: 1091: 1084: 1072: 1035:human expansion 1031:climate warming 956: 914: 908:(Roberts, 1948) 907: 896: 885: 878: 867: 860: 849: 838: 831: 816: 801: 790: 783: 776: 750: 735:phylogeographic 692: 667:Systema Naturae 658:scientific name 643: 631:classical Latin 572:is derived via 566: 361: 350: 344: 331: 219: 211: 194: 183: 179: 172: 127: 125: 124: 123: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 54: 53: 50: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 17719: 17709: 17708: 17703: 17698: 17693: 17688: 17683: 17678: 17673: 17668: 17663: 17658: 17653: 17648: 17643: 17638: 17633: 17628: 17623: 17618: 17613: 17608: 17603: 17598: 17593: 17591:Apex predators 17588: 17583: 17568: 17567: 17555: 17543: 17531: 17519: 17507: 17484: 17483: 17481: 17480: 17467: 17454: 17441: 17426: 17410: 17408: 17402: 17401: 17399: 17398: 17385: 17372: 17359: 17346: 17333: 17320: 17307: 17294: 17281: 17268: 17255: 17242: 17229: 17216: 17203: 17190: 17177: 17164: 17151: 17138: 17125: 17115: 17102: 17087: 17071: 17069: 17063: 17062: 17048: 17047: 17044: 17043: 17040: 17039: 17036: 17035: 17032: 17031: 17029: 17028: 17024:M. strigidorsa 17019: 17010: 17001: 16992: 16983: 16977:Least weasel ( 16974: 16965: 16956: 16947: 16938: 16929: 16923:Haida ermine ( 16920: 16911: 16907:M. eversmannii 16902: 16893: 16884: 16874: 16872: 16856: 16855: 16853: 16852: 16843: 16834: 16825: 16815: 16813: 16802: 16796: 16795: 16792: 16791: 16789: 16788: 16779: 16770: 16760: 16758: 16750: 16749: 16747: 16746: 16736: 16734: 16726: 16725: 16723: 16722: 16713: 16703: 16701: 16693: 16692: 16690: 16689: 16679: 16676: 16675: 16673: 16672: 16662: 16660: 16652: 16651: 16649: 16648: 16639: 16635:L. longicaudis 16630: 16624:Marine otter ( 16621: 16611: 16609: 16601: 16600: 16598: 16597: 16587: 16581: 16567: 16566: 16563: 16562: 16559: 16558: 16556: 16555: 16546: 16536: 16534: 16526: 16525: 16523: 16522: 16512: 16509: 16508: 16506: 16505: 16495: 16493: 16482: 16468: 16467: 16464: 16463: 16461: 16460: 16451: 16441: 16439: 16423: 16422: 16420: 16419: 16409: 16403: 16394: 16388: 16387: 16384: 16383: 16381: 16380: 16371: 16362: 16353: 16344: 16338:Beech marten ( 16335: 16326: 16317: 16307: 16305: 16289: 16288: 16286: 16285: 16275: 16273: 16265: 16264: 16262: 16261: 16251: 16249: 16241: 16240: 16238: 16237: 16227: 16221: 16215: 16214: 16212: 16211: 16202: 16193: 16184: 16175: 16166: 16156: 16154: 16138: 16137: 16134: 16133: 16131: 16130: 16121: 16115:Asian badger ( 16112: 16103: 16093: 16091: 16083: 16082: 16080: 16079: 16070: 16061: 16057:A. albogularis 16051: 16049: 16038: 16024: 16023: 16021: 16020: 16014:Honey badger ( 16010: 16008: 16000: 15999: 15997: 15996: 15986: 15980: 15975: 15968: 15967: 15955: 15954: 15951: 15950: 15947: 15946: 15944: 15943: 15942: 15941: 15935: 15933: 15927: 15926: 15923: 15922: 15919: 15918: 15916: 15915: 15906: 15896: 15894: 15886: 15885: 15883: 15882: 15873: 15863: 15861: 15850: 15836: 15835: 15833: 15832: 15823: 15814: 15805: 15795: 15793: 15777: 15776: 15774: 15773: 15764: 15755: 15751:P. cancrivorus 15745: 15743: 15727: 15726: 15724: 15723: 15719:B. sumichrasti 15714: 15704: 15702: 15694: 15693: 15691: 15690: 15680: 15674: 15668: 15667: 15664: 15663: 15661: 15660: 15651: 15642: 15633: 15623: 15621: 15605: 15604: 15602: 15601: 15592: 15582: 15580: 15564: 15563: 15561: 15560: 15551: 15545:Hooded skunk ( 15541: 15539: 15531: 15530: 15528: 15527: 15518: 15509: 15500: 15490: 15488: 15469: 15451: 15450: 15448: 15447: 15437: 15435: 15425: 15424: 15412: 15411: 15408: 15407: 15404: 15403: 15400: 15399: 15396: 15395: 15392: 15391: 15389: 15388: 15379: 15370: 15364:Weddell seal ( 15361: 15355:Leopard seal ( 15351: 15345: 15331: 15330: 15328: 15327: 15318: 15308: 15306: 15290: 15289: 15286: 15285: 15283: 15282: 15272: 15270: 15262: 15261: 15259: 15258: 15248: 15242: 15225: 15211: 15210: 15207: 15206: 15203: 15202: 15200: 15199: 15190: 15181: 15175:Caspian seal ( 15171: 15169: 15161: 15160: 15158: 15157: 15148: 15142:Spotted seal ( 15138: 15136: 15128: 15127: 15125: 15124: 15115: 15106: 15096: 15090: 15084: 15083: 15081: 15080: 15071: 15065:Bearded seal ( 15061: 15055: 15038: 15034:or true seals) 15032:(earless seals 15022: 15021: 15018: 15017: 15015: 15014: 15005: 14996: 14987: 14978: 14969: 14960: 14951: 14941: 14939: 14931: 14930: 14928: 14927: 14917: 14914: 14913: 14911: 14910: 14900: 14898: 14890: 14889: 14887: 14886: 14876: 14873: 14872: 14869: 14868: 14866: 14865: 14856: 14846: 14844: 14836: 14835: 14833: 14832: 14822: 14816: 14810: 14809: 14807: 14806: 14796: 14794: 14783: 14758: 14757: 14755: 14754: 14744: 14742: 14732: 14731: 14716: 14715: 14712: 14711: 14708: 14707: 14704: 14703: 14700: 14699: 14697: 14696: 14695: 14694: 14688: 14686: 14680: 14679: 14677: 14676: 14675: 14674: 14668: 14666: 14650: 14644: 14643: 14640: 14639: 14636: 14635: 14633: 14632: 14623: 14614: 14605: 14595: 14593: 14585: 14584: 14582: 14581: 14572: 14562: 14556: 14550: 14549: 14547: 14546: 14536: 14534: 14526: 14525: 14523: 14522: 14518:A. melanoleuca 14512: 14510: 14499: 14484: 14479: 14476: 14475: 14472: 14471: 14468: 14467: 14464: 14463: 14461: 14460: 14451: 14442: 14436:Eastern wolf ( 14433: 14424: 14418:African wolf ( 14415: 14406: 14400:Domestic dog ( 14397: 14387: 14385: 14377: 14376: 14374: 14373: 14364: 14354: 14351: 14350: 14348: 14347: 14338: 14328: 14326: 14315: 14303: 14302: 14299: 14298: 14296: 14295: 14286: 14280:Sechuran fox ( 14277: 14273:L. gymnocercus 14268: 14259: 14253:Darwin's fox ( 14250: 14240: 14238: 14230: 14229: 14227: 14226: 14217: 14207: 14204: 14203: 14201: 14200: 14190: 14188: 14180: 14179: 14177: 14176: 14166: 14160: 14145: 14133: 14132: 14129: 14128: 14126: 14125: 14116: 14107: 14098: 14089: 14080: 14071: 14062: 14053: 14044: 14035: 14026: 14022:V. bengalensis 14016: 14014: 13996: 13995: 13993: 13992: 13983: 13973: 13971: 13963: 13962: 13960: 13959: 13949: 13943: 13937: 13936: 13934: 13933: 13924: 13914: 13912: 13901: 13891: 13884: 13883: 13868: 13867: 13864: 13863: 13860: 13859: 13856: 13855: 13852: 13851: 13848: 13847: 13845: 13844: 13835: 13826: 13817: 13808: 13798: 13796: 13788: 13787: 13785: 13784: 13775: 13766: 13762:B. crassicauda 13756: 13754: 13746: 13745: 13743: 13742: 13733: 13724: 13715: 13705: 13702: 13701: 13699: 13698: 13689: 13680: 13671: 13662: 13653: 13644: 13635: 13626: 13616: 13614: 13606: 13605: 13603: 13602: 13593: 13583: 13577: 13571: 13570: 13567: 13566: 13564: 13563: 13554: 13545: 13536: 13526: 13524: 13516: 13515: 13513: 13512: 13503: 13493: 13491: 13483: 13482: 13480: 13479: 13469: 13466: 13465: 13463: 13462: 13453: 13443: 13441: 13433: 13432: 13430: 13429: 13419: 13416: 13415: 13413: 13412: 13402: 13400: 13389: 13380: 13362: 13361: 13358: 13357: 13354: 13353: 13351: 13350: 13341: 13331: 13329: 13321: 13320: 13318: 13317: 13307: 13304: 13303: 13301: 13300: 13296:G. grandidieri 13291: 13281: 13279: 13271: 13270: 13268: 13267: 13257: 13251: 13245: 13244: 13241: 13240: 13238: 13237: 13228: 13218: 13216: 13208: 13207: 13205: 13204: 13195: 13185: 13179: 13170: 13153: 13143: 13140: 13139: 13136: 13135: 13132: 13131: 13128: 13127: 13125: 13124: 13114: 13112: 13104: 13103: 13101: 13100: 13091: 13081: 13075: 13063: 13062: 13060: 13059: 13049: 13047: 13036: 13016: 13015: 13003: 13002: 12999: 12998: 12995: 12994: 12991: 12990: 12988: 12987: 12986: 12985: 12979: 12977: 12967: 12966: 12963: 12962: 12959: 12958: 12955: 12954: 12951: 12950: 12948: 12947: 12938: 12929: 12920: 12911: 12902: 12893: 12884: 12875: 12866: 12860:Letaba genet ( 12857: 12848: 12842:Common genet ( 12839: 12830: 12821: 12812: 12802: 12800: 12786: 12785: 12783: 12782: 12773: 12763: 12761: 12744: 12738: 12737: 12734: 12733: 12731: 12730: 12721: 12712: 12703: 12693: 12691: 12683: 12682: 12680: 12679: 12670: 12660: 12654: 12639: 12627: 12620: 12619: 12616: 12615: 12613: 12612: 12608:P. zeylonensis 12603: 12594: 12584: 12582: 12574: 12573: 12571: 12570: 12566:Paguma larvata 12561: 12552: 12543: 12533: 12527: 12521: 12520: 12518: 12517: 12508: 12499: 12490: 12480: 12478: 12469: 12464: 12457: 12456: 12444: 12443: 12440: 12439: 12436: 12435: 12432: 12431: 12429: 12428: 12427: 12426: 12420: 12418: 12412: 12411: 12408: 12407: 12404: 12403: 12400: 12399: 12396: 12395: 12392: 12391: 12389: 12388: 12379: 12370: 12361: 12352: 12343: 12337:Domestic cat ( 12334: 12324: 12322: 12314: 12313: 12310: 12309: 12307: 12306: 12297: 12293:P. rubiginosus 12288: 12279: 12270: 12266:P. bengalensis 12260: 12258: 12250: 12249: 12247: 12246: 12240:Pallas's cat ( 12236: 12230: 12224: 12223: 12220: 12219: 12217: 12216: 12206: 12204: 12196: 12195: 12193: 12192: 12182: 12179: 12178: 12176: 12175: 12165: 12163: 12152: 12146: 12145: 12143: 12142: 12133: 12127:Iberian lynx ( 12124: 12115: 12105: 12103: 12095: 12094: 12092: 12091: 12082: 12073: 12064: 12055: 12046: 12037: 12028: 12018: 12016: 12008: 12007: 12004: 12003: 12001: 12000: 11991: 11981: 11979: 11971: 11970: 11968: 11967: 11957: 11951: 11945: 11944: 11941: 11940: 11938: 11937: 11928: 11918: 11916: 11908: 11907: 11905: 11904: 11894: 11892: 11881: 11872: 11862: 11859: 11858: 11855: 11854: 11851: 11850: 11848: 11847: 11838: 11829: 11820: 11811: 11805:Snow leopard ( 11801: 11799: 11791: 11790: 11788: 11787: 11778: 11768: 11766: 11755: 11742: 11732: 11725: 11724: 11722: 11721: 11712: 11702: 11700: 11684: 11679: 11672: 11671: 11669: 11668: 11658: 11652: 11647: 11640: 11639: 11624: 11623: 11621: 11620: 11618:Laurasiatheria 11614: 11608: 11602: 11596: 11589: 11586: 11585: 11576: 11575: 11568: 11561: 11553: 11547: 11546: 11530: 11509: 11501: 11488: 11474: 11473:External links 11471: 11469: 11468: 11462: 11449: 11431: 11413: 11395: 11377: 11360:978-1861896551 11359: 11344: 11338: 11325: 11319: 11302: 11284: 11268: 11266: 11263: 11261: 11260: 11248: 11236: 11223:(4): 109–127. 11203: 11197:978-0687333653 11196: 11178: 11166: 11139: 11109: 11097: 11090: 11066: 11054: 11042: 11030: 11023: 10998: 10992:978-0826419132 10991: 10968: 10961: 10943: 10882: 10829: 10796: 10783:(1): 190–196. 10763: 10756: 10738: 10705: 10693: 10681: 10646: 10634: 10622: 10615: 10592: 10577: 10570: 10552: 10540: 10528: 10516: 10485: 10473: 10461: 10430: 10399: 10368: 10356: 10345:(1): 198–213. 10325: 10311: 10289: 10240: 10221:(2): 215–225. 10201: 10182: 10171:on 22 May 2011 10131: 10116: 10097:(2): 501–507. 10081: 10050: 10037:(5): 933–940. 10013: 9990: 9972: 9933: 9914:(4): 363–367. 9898: 9867: 9840: 9814: 9784: 9735: 9688: 9639: 9602: 9582:(4): 882−892. 9562: 9543: 9524: 9491: 9458: 9456:, pp. 103–113. 9446: 9425:(2): 179–189. 9401: 9386: 9374: 9372:, pp. 103–117. 9357: 9345: 9333: 9326: 9308: 9301: 9283: 9271: 9230: 9185: 9123: 9094:(2): 180–184. 9074: 9043: 9032:(6): 124–126. 9016: 8989: 8966: 8954: 8947: 8929: 8917: 8905: 8893: 8881: 8869: 8856:10.1086/284097 8834: 8811: 8799: 8782: 8770: 8753: 8738: 8726: 8719: 8695: 8683: 8676: 8656: 8645:(4): 301–307. 8629: 8614: 8602: 8590: 8577:(1): 108–176. 8557: 8544:(2): 132–142. 8520: 8508: 8465: 8406: 8388:(3): 387–408. 8361: 8312: 8305: 8287: 8260:(4): 871–889. 8244: 8225:(3): 220–224. 8209: 8197: 8185: 8178: 8156: 8150:978-1626549050 8149: 8131: 8113:(4): 606–614. 8082: 8052: 8040: 8028: 8016: 8001: 7982:(2): 347–358. 7966: 7954: 7947: 7917: 7905: 7840: 7828: 7816: 7804: 7768:(5): 899–906. 7745: 7711:(6): 445–454. 7688: 7637: 7618:(2): 279–281. 7594: 7582: 7580:, pp. 220–221. 7570: 7558: 7525: 7512:(4): 425–430. 7488: 7460:(3): 309–322. 7428: 7413: 7401: 7348: 7333: 7321: 7286:(5253): 1215. 7270: 7219: 7154: 7121: 7109: 7054: 7041:(3): 660–666. 7021: 7006: 6994: 6987: 6946: 6934: 6907: 6895: 6880: 6868: 6851: 6839: 6827: 6804: 6786: 6767: 6747: 6732: 6713:(4): 340–353. 6687: 6674:(4): 469–481. 6650: 6629:(1): 109–135. 6604: 6545: 6515: 6503: 6455: 6448: 6430: 6423: 6405: 6390: 6359: 6328: 6297: 6278:(1): 126–134. 6272:Theriogenology 6262: 6251:on 5 June 2002 6231: 6216: 6204: 6192: 6180: 6168: 6156: 6105: 6098: 6080: 6046:(4): 507–514. 6012: 6000: 5989:(4): 329–342. 5981:): a review". 5969: 5962: 5929: 5923:978-3844305456 5922: 5900: 5885: 5871: 5840: 5833: 5804: 5785: 5760: 5740: 5729:(3): 365–373. 5700: 5681:(2): 125–133. 5650: 5631: 5609: 5596:(4): 505–514. 5576: 5569: 5540: 5517: 5505: 5441: 5434: 5403: 5367:(9): 889–902. 5344: 5325: 5303: 5272: 5265: 5239: 5178: 5130: 5064: 5023: 4944: 4893: 4841: 4822: 4797: 4770:(6): 827–833. 4756:Panthera atrox 4740: 4674: 4643:(8): 850–864. 4631:Panthera atrox 4619: 4586: 4552:(3): 841–849. 4520: 4454: 4427: 4388: 4375:(1–2): 59–70. 4351: 4328:(3): 339–351. 4300: 4269: 4240:(6): 977–992. 4218: 4149: 4087: 4027: 4008: 3979: 3941: 3898: 3856: 3808: 3772: 3749: 3710:(10): e25483. 3687: 3621: 3590: 3516: 3485: 3444: 3415: 3367: 3352: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3294: 3293: 3283: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3274: 3268: 3263: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3186:Aesop's fables 3182:ancient Greece 3153:Hiranyakashipu 3097:the lions' den 3089:eponymous hero 3085:Book of Daniel 3077:tribe of Judah 2955:Sundiata Keita 2927:Main article: 2924: 2921: 2883:Uganda Railway 2856: 2853: 2845:Trophy hunting 2739:Main article: 2736: 2733: 2712:Queen Victoria 2678:Carl Hagenbeck 2613: 2606: 2605: 2604: 2596: 2589: 2588: 2587: 2586: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2510: 2507: 2466: 2463: 2371: 2368: 2347: 2344: 2311: 2305: 2295: 2290: 2289: 2288: 2279: 2278: 2277: 2268:social licking 2254: 2247: 2246: 2245: 2240: 2233: 2232: 2231: 2230: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2153: 2150: 2082: 2075: 2074: 2073: 2068: 2061: 2060: 2059: 2058: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2020:spotted hyenas 2010: 2003: 2002: 2001: 1996: 1989: 1988: 1987: 1986: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1878:common warthog 1850:hypercarnivore 1845:The lion is a 1830: 1823: 1822: 1821: 1816: 1809: 1808: 1807: 1799: 1792: 1791: 1790: 1789: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1721: 1714: 1713: 1712: 1707: 1700: 1699: 1698: 1697: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1681: 1678: 1618:Before Present 1590: 1587: 1547: 1544: 1505: 1502: 1475:Maneless lions 1444: 1437: 1436: 1435: 1427: 1420: 1419: 1418: 1417: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1400: 1393: 1389: 1388: 1385: 1382: 1378: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1367: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1349: 1346: 1299: 1292: 1291: 1290: 1285: 1278: 1277: 1276: 1275: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1242: 1239: 1158:that diverged 1147:that diverged 1088:Panthera atrox 1071: 1068: 1067: 1066: 1046: 1006: 994: 971:sister species 955: 954:Fossil records 952: 919: 918: 879:(Heller, 1914) 836:P. l. massaica 809: 799:P. l. azandica 704:type specimens 691: 688: 674:was coined by 642: 639: 565: 562: 466:social species 424: 423: 419: 418: 410: 409: 405: 404: 396: 395: 394: 393: 385: 378: 368: 367: 363: 362: 351: 340: 339: 333: 332: 325: 323: 319: 318: 311: 307: 306: 301: 297: 296: 291: 287: 286: 281: 277: 276: 271: 267: 266: 261: 257: 256: 251: 247: 246: 241: 237: 236: 231: 227: 226: 213: 212: 199: 196: 195: 177: 174: 173: 168: 165: 164: 156: 155: 147: 146: 138: 137: 129: 128: 120: 119: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 51: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17718: 17707: 17704: 17702: 17699: 17697: 17694: 17692: 17689: 17687: 17684: 17682: 17679: 17677: 17674: 17672: 17669: 17667: 17664: 17662: 17659: 17657: 17654: 17652: 17649: 17647: 17644: 17642: 17639: 17637: 17634: 17632: 17629: 17627: 17624: 17622: 17619: 17617: 17614: 17612: 17609: 17607: 17604: 17602: 17599: 17597: 17594: 17592: 17589: 17587: 17584: 17582: 17579: 17578: 17576: 17566: 17556: 17554: 17544: 17542: 17537: 17532: 17530: 17525: 17520: 17518: 17513: 17508: 17506: 17501: 17496: 17495: 17492: 17477: 17472: 17468: 17464: 17459: 17455: 17451: 17446: 17442: 17437: 17431: 17427: 17422: 17416: 17412: 17411: 17409: 17407: 17403: 17395: 17390: 17386: 17382: 17377: 17373: 17369: 17364: 17360: 17356: 17351: 17347: 17343: 17338: 17334: 17330: 17325: 17321: 17317: 17312: 17308: 17304: 17299: 17295: 17291: 17286: 17282: 17278: 17273: 17269: 17265: 17260: 17256: 17252: 17247: 17243: 17239: 17234: 17230: 17226: 17221: 17217: 17213: 17208: 17204: 17200: 17195: 17191: 17187: 17182: 17178: 17174: 17169: 17165: 17161: 17156: 17152: 17148: 17143: 17139: 17135: 17130: 17126: 17122: 17116: 17112: 17107: 17103: 17098: 17092: 17088: 17083: 17077: 17073: 17072: 17070: 17068: 17064: 17060: 17055: 17027: 17025: 17020: 17018: 17016: 17011: 17009: 17007: 17002: 17000: 16998: 16993: 16991: 16989: 16984: 16982: 16980: 16975: 16973: 16971: 16966: 16964: 16962: 16961:M. lutreolina 16957: 16955: 16953: 16948: 16946: 16944: 16939: 16937: 16935: 16930: 16928: 16926: 16921: 16919: 16917: 16912: 16910: 16908: 16903: 16901: 16899: 16894: 16892: 16890: 16885: 16883: 16881: 16876: 16875: 16873: 16863: 16862: 16857: 16851: 16849: 16844: 16842: 16840: 16835: 16833: 16831: 16826: 16824: 16822: 16817: 16816: 16814: 16812: 16811: 16806: 16803: 16801: 16797: 16787: 16785: 16780: 16778: 16776: 16771: 16769: 16767: 16762: 16761: 16759: 16757: 16756: 16751: 16745: 16743: 16738: 16737: 16735: 16733: 16732: 16727: 16721: 16719: 16714: 16712: 16710: 16705: 16704: 16702: 16700: 16699: 16694: 16688: 16686: 16681: 16680: 16677: 16671: 16669: 16664: 16663: 16661: 16659: 16658: 16653: 16647: 16645: 16640: 16638: 16636: 16631: 16629: 16627: 16622: 16620: 16618: 16617:L. canadensis 16613: 16612: 16610: 16608: 16607: 16602: 16596: 16594: 16591:Giant otter ( 16589: 16588: 16585: 16582: 16572: 16568: 16554: 16552: 16547: 16545: 16543: 16538: 16537: 16535: 16533: 16532: 16527: 16521: 16519: 16514: 16513: 16510: 16504: 16502: 16497: 16496: 16494: 16492: 16491: 16486: 16483: 16473: 16469: 16459: 16457: 16452: 16450: 16448: 16443: 16442: 16440: 16430: 16429: 16424: 16418: 16416: 16411: 16410: 16407: 16404: 16402: 16398: 16395: 16393: 16389: 16379: 16377: 16372: 16370: 16368: 16363: 16361: 16359: 16354: 16352: 16350: 16349:M. gwatkinsii 16345: 16343: 16341: 16336: 16334: 16332: 16327: 16325: 16323: 16318: 16316: 16314: 16309: 16308: 16306: 16296: 16295: 16290: 16284: 16282: 16277: 16276: 16274: 16272: 16271: 16266: 16260: 16258: 16253: 16252: 16250: 16248: 16247: 16242: 16236: 16234: 16229: 16228: 16225: 16222: 16220: 16216: 16210: 16208: 16203: 16201: 16199: 16194: 16192: 16190: 16189:M. orientalis 16185: 16183: 16181: 16176: 16174: 16172: 16167: 16165: 16163: 16158: 16157: 16155: 16145: 16144: 16139: 16129: 16127: 16122: 16120: 16118: 16113: 16111: 16109: 16104: 16102: 16100: 16095: 16094: 16092: 16090: 16089: 16084: 16078: 16076: 16071: 16069: 16067: 16062: 16060: 16058: 16053: 16052: 16050: 16048: 16047: 16042: 16039: 16029: 16025: 16019: 16017: 16012: 16011: 16009: 16007: 16006: 16001: 15995: 15993: 15992:Taxidea taxus 15988: 15987: 15984: 15981: 15978: 15973: 15969: 15965: 15960: 15956: 15939: 15938: 15937: 15936: 15934: 15932: 15928: 15914: 15912: 15907: 15905: 15903: 15902:N. meridensis 15898: 15897: 15895: 15893: 15892: 15887: 15881: 15879: 15874: 15872: 15870: 15865: 15864: 15862: 15860: 15859: 15854: 15851: 15841: 15837: 15831: 15829: 15824: 15822: 15820: 15815: 15813: 15811: 15806: 15804: 15802: 15797: 15796: 15794: 15784: 15783: 15778: 15772: 15770: 15765: 15763: 15761: 15756: 15754: 15752: 15747: 15746: 15744: 15734: 15733: 15728: 15722: 15720: 15715: 15713: 15711: 15706: 15705: 15703: 15701: 15700: 15695: 15689: 15687: 15682: 15681: 15678: 15675: 15673: 15669: 15659: 15657: 15652: 15650: 15648: 15643: 15641: 15639: 15634: 15632: 15630: 15625: 15624: 15622: 15612: 15611: 15606: 15600: 15598: 15593: 15591: 15589: 15588:M. javanensis 15584: 15583: 15581: 15571: 15570: 15565: 15559: 15557: 15552: 15550: 15548: 15543: 15542: 15540: 15538: 15537: 15532: 15526: 15524: 15519: 15517: 15515: 15514:C. leuconotus 15510: 15508: 15506: 15505:C. humboldtii 15501: 15499: 15497: 15492: 15491: 15489: 15479: 15478: 15473: 15470: 15464: 15456: 15452: 15446: 15444: 15439: 15438: 15436: 15434: 15430: 15426: 15422: 15417: 15413: 15387: 15385: 15380: 15378: 15376: 15371: 15369: 15367: 15362: 15360: 15358: 15353: 15352: 15349: 15346: 15336: 15332: 15326: 15324: 15319: 15317: 15315: 15310: 15309: 15307: 15297: 15296: 15291: 15281: 15279: 15274: 15273: 15271: 15269: 15268: 15263: 15257: 15255: 15250: 15249: 15246: 15243: 15233: 15229: 15226: 15216: 15212: 15198: 15196: 15193:Baikal seal ( 15191: 15189: 15187: 15184:Ringed seal ( 15182: 15180: 15178: 15173: 15172: 15170: 15168: 15167: 15162: 15156: 15154: 15151:Harbor seal ( 15149: 15147: 15145: 15140: 15139: 15137: 15135: 15134: 15129: 15123: 15121: 15116: 15114: 15112: 15109:Ribbon seal ( 15107: 15105: 15103: 15098: 15097: 15094: 15091: 15089: 15085: 15079: 15077: 15074:Hooded seal ( 15072: 15070: 15068: 15063: 15062: 15059: 15056: 15046: 15042: 15039: 15027: 15023: 15013: 15011: 15010:A. tropicalis 15006: 15004: 15002: 14997: 14995: 14993: 14988: 14986: 14984: 14979: 14977: 14975: 14970: 14968: 14966: 14961: 14959: 14957: 14952: 14950: 14948: 14943: 14942: 14940: 14938: 14937: 14936:Arctocephalus 14932: 14926: 14924: 14919: 14918: 14915: 14909: 14907: 14902: 14901: 14899: 14897: 14896: 14891: 14885: 14883: 14878: 14877: 14874: 14864: 14862: 14861:Z. wollebaeki 14857: 14855: 14853: 14848: 14847: 14845: 14843: 14842: 14837: 14831: 14829: 14824: 14823: 14820: 14817: 14815: 14811: 14805: 14803: 14798: 14797: 14795: 14793: 14792: 14787: 14784: 14778: 14773: 14769:(eared seals: 14764: 14759: 14753: 14751: 14746: 14745: 14743: 14741: 14737: 14733: 14729: 14721: 14717: 14692: 14691: 14690: 14689: 14687: 14685: 14681: 14672: 14671: 14670: 14669: 14667: 14658: 14654: 14651: 14649: 14645: 14631: 14629: 14624: 14622: 14620: 14615: 14613: 14611: 14610:U. thibetanus 14606: 14604: 14602: 14601:U. americanus 14597: 14596: 14594: 14592: 14591: 14586: 14580: 14578: 14573: 14571: 14569: 14564: 14563: 14560: 14557: 14555: 14551: 14545: 14543: 14538: 14537: 14535: 14533: 14532: 14527: 14521: 14519: 14516:Giant panda ( 14514: 14513: 14511: 14509: 14508: 14503: 14500: 14492: 14488: 14485: 14482: 14477: 14459: 14457: 14452: 14450: 14448: 14443: 14441: 14439: 14434: 14432: 14430: 14425: 14423: 14421: 14416: 14414: 14412: 14407: 14405: 14403: 14402:C. familiaris 14398: 14396: 14394: 14389: 14388: 14386: 14384: 14383: 14378: 14372: 14370: 14365: 14363: 14361: 14360:Lycaon pictus 14356: 14355: 14352: 14346: 14344: 14339: 14337: 14335: 14330: 14329: 14327: 14325: 14324: 14319: 14316: 14308: 14304: 14294: 14292: 14287: 14285: 14283: 14278: 14276: 14274: 14269: 14267: 14265: 14260: 14258: 14256: 14251: 14249: 14247: 14242: 14241: 14239: 14237: 14236: 14231: 14225: 14223: 14218: 14216: 14214: 14209: 14208: 14205: 14199: 14197: 14192: 14191: 14189: 14187: 14186: 14181: 14175: 14173: 14168: 14167: 14164: 14161: 14153: 14149: 14146: 14138: 14134: 14124: 14122: 14117: 14115: 14113: 14108: 14106: 14104: 14099: 14097: 14095: 14090: 14088: 14086: 14081: 14079: 14077: 14072: 14070: 14068: 14063: 14061: 14059: 14056:Tibetan fox ( 14054: 14052: 14050: 14045: 14043: 14041: 14036: 14034: 14032: 14027: 14025: 14023: 14018: 14017: 14015: 14010: 14003: 14002: 13997: 13991: 13989: 13988:N. viverrinus 13984: 13982: 13980: 13975: 13974: 13972: 13970: 13969: 13964: 13958: 13956: 13951: 13950: 13947: 13944: 13942: 13938: 13932: 13930: 13929:U. littoralis 13925: 13923: 13921: 13916: 13915: 13913: 13911: 13910: 13905: 13902: 13894: 13889: 13885: 13881: 13873: 13869: 13843: 13841: 13836: 13834: 13832: 13827: 13825: 13823: 13818: 13816: 13814: 13809: 13807: 13805: 13804:H. flavescens 13800: 13799: 13797: 13795: 13794: 13789: 13783: 13781: 13776: 13774: 13772: 13767: 13765: 13763: 13758: 13757: 13755: 13753: 13752: 13747: 13741: 13739: 13734: 13732: 13730: 13725: 13723: 13721: 13716: 13714: 13712: 13707: 13706: 13703: 13697: 13695: 13694:U. vitticolla 13690: 13688: 13686: 13681: 13679: 13677: 13672: 13670: 13668: 13663: 13661: 13659: 13654: 13652: 13650: 13645: 13643: 13641: 13636: 13634: 13632: 13627: 13625: 13623: 13618: 13617: 13615: 13613: 13612: 13607: 13601: 13599: 13598:Xenogale naso 13594: 13592: 13590: 13585: 13584: 13581: 13578: 13576: 13572: 13562: 13560: 13555: 13553: 13551: 13546: 13544: 13542: 13537: 13535: 13533: 13528: 13527: 13525: 13523: 13522: 13517: 13511: 13509: 13504: 13502: 13500: 13495: 13494: 13492: 13490: 13489: 13484: 13478: 13476: 13471: 13470: 13467: 13461: 13459: 13454: 13452: 13450: 13445: 13444: 13442: 13440: 13439: 13434: 13428: 13426: 13421: 13420: 13417: 13411: 13409: 13404: 13403: 13401: 13399: 13398: 13393: 13390: 13388: 13384: 13381: 13372: 13371:sensu stricto 13367: 13363: 13349: 13347: 13342: 13340: 13338: 13333: 13332: 13330: 13328: 13327: 13322: 13316: 13314: 13309: 13308: 13305: 13299: 13297: 13292: 13290: 13288: 13283: 13282: 13280: 13278: 13277: 13272: 13266: 13264: 13259: 13258: 13255: 13252: 13250: 13246: 13236: 13234: 13229: 13227: 13225: 13220: 13219: 13217: 13215: 13214: 13209: 13203: 13201: 13200:Fossa fossana 13196: 13194: 13192: 13187: 13186: 13183: 13180: 13178: 13174: 13171: 13161: 13157: 13154: 13150: 13146: 13141: 13123: 13121: 13116: 13115: 13113: 13111: 13110: 13105: 13099: 13097: 13094:Brown hyena ( 13092: 13090: 13088: 13087:Hyaena hyaena 13083: 13082: 13079: 13076: 13068: 13064: 13058: 13056: 13051: 13050: 13048: 13046: 13045: 13040: 13037: 13029: 13025: 13021: 13017: 13013: 13008: 13004: 12983: 12982: 12981: 12980: 12978: 12976: 12972: 12968: 12946: 12944: 12939: 12937: 12935: 12930: 12928: 12926: 12921: 12919: 12917: 12914:Hausa genet ( 12912: 12910: 12908: 12903: 12901: 12899: 12894: 12892: 12890: 12885: 12883: 12881: 12876: 12874: 12872: 12867: 12865: 12863: 12858: 12856: 12854: 12849: 12847: 12845: 12840: 12838: 12836: 12831: 12829: 12827: 12822: 12820: 12818: 12817:G. angolensis 12813: 12811: 12809: 12808:G. abyssinica 12804: 12803: 12801: 12793: 12792: 12787: 12781: 12779: 12774: 12772: 12770: 12765: 12764: 12762: 12754: 12753: 12748: 12745: 12743: 12739: 12729: 12727: 12722: 12720: 12718: 12717:V. tangalunga 12713: 12711: 12709: 12704: 12702: 12700: 12695: 12694: 12692: 12690: 12689: 12684: 12678: 12676: 12671: 12669: 12667: 12662: 12661: 12658: 12655: 12652: 12651:sensu stricto 12647: 12643: 12640: 12636: 12631: 12625: 12621: 12611: 12609: 12604: 12602: 12600: 12595: 12593: 12591: 12586: 12585: 12583: 12581: 12580: 12575: 12569: 12567: 12562: 12560: 12558: 12553: 12551: 12549: 12544: 12542: 12540: 12535: 12534: 12531: 12528: 12526: 12525:Paradoxurinae 12522: 12516: 12514: 12509: 12507: 12505: 12500: 12498: 12496: 12493:Otter civet ( 12491: 12489: 12487: 12482: 12481: 12479: 12477: 12473: 12470: 12467: 12462: 12458: 12454: 12449: 12445: 12424: 12423: 12422: 12421: 12419: 12417: 12413: 12387: 12385: 12384:F. silvestris 12380: 12378: 12376: 12371: 12369: 12367: 12362: 12360: 12358: 12353: 12351: 12349: 12344: 12342: 12340: 12335: 12333: 12331: 12326: 12325: 12323: 12321: 12320: 12315: 12305: 12303: 12302:P. viverrinus 12300:Fishing cat ( 12298: 12296: 12294: 12289: 12287: 12285: 12280: 12278: 12276: 12275:P. javanensis 12271: 12269: 12267: 12264:Leopard cat ( 12262: 12261: 12259: 12257: 12256: 12251: 12245: 12243: 12238: 12237: 12234: 12231: 12225: 12215: 12213: 12208: 12207: 12205: 12203: 12202: 12197: 12191: 12189: 12184: 12183: 12180: 12174: 12172: 12167: 12166: 12164: 12162: 12161: 12156: 12153: 12147: 12141: 12139: 12134: 12132: 12130: 12125: 12123: 12121: 12116: 12114: 12112: 12111:L. canadensis 12109:Canada lynx ( 12107: 12106: 12104: 12102: 12101: 12096: 12090: 12088: 12083: 12081: 12079: 12074: 12072: 12070: 12065: 12063: 12061: 12056: 12054: 12052: 12047: 12045: 12043: 12038: 12036: 12034: 12029: 12027: 12025: 12020: 12019: 12017: 12015: 12014: 12009: 11999: 11997: 11992: 11990: 11988: 11983: 11982: 11980: 11978: 11977: 11972: 11966: 11964: 11959: 11958: 11955: 11952: 11946: 11936: 11934: 11933:C. temminckii 11929: 11927: 11925: 11920: 11919: 11917: 11915: 11914: 11909: 11903: 11901: 11898:Marbled cat ( 11896: 11895: 11893: 11891: 11890: 11885: 11882: 11876: 11873: 11869: 11868:sensu stricto 11865: 11860: 11846: 11844: 11839: 11837: 11835: 11830: 11828: 11826: 11821: 11819: 11817: 11812: 11810: 11808: 11803: 11802: 11800: 11798: 11797: 11792: 11786: 11784: 11779: 11777: 11775: 11770: 11769: 11767: 11765: 11764: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11750: 11746: 11743: 11735: 11730: 11726: 11720: 11718: 11717:P. pardicolor 11713: 11711: 11709: 11704: 11703: 11701: 11694: 11693: 11688: 11685: 11682: 11677: 11673: 11667: 11665: 11660: 11659: 11656: 11653: 11650: 11645: 11641: 11637: 11629: 11625: 11619: 11615: 11613: 11609: 11607: 11603: 11601: 11597: 11595: 11591: 11590: 11587: 11582: 11574: 11569: 11567: 11562: 11560: 11555: 11554: 11551: 11543: 11542: 11536: 11531: 11519: 11515: 11510: 11506: 11502: 11498: 11496: 11489: 11486: 11481: 11477: 11476: 11465: 11463:9780007146666 11459: 11455: 11450: 11438: 11434: 11428: 11424: 11423: 11418: 11414: 11402: 11398: 11396:9780691215297 11392: 11388: 11387: 11382: 11378: 11366: 11362: 11356: 11352: 11351: 11345: 11341: 11335: 11331: 11330:The Zoo Story 11326: 11322: 11316: 11311: 11310: 11303: 11291: 11287: 11281: 11277: 11276: 11270: 11269: 11257: 11252: 11245: 11240: 11231: 11226: 11222: 11218: 11214: 11207: 11199: 11193: 11189: 11182: 11175: 11170: 11162: 11158: 11154: 11150: 11143: 11135: 11131: 11127: 11124:(in French). 11123: 11119: 11118:Cassin, Elena 11113: 11106: 11101: 11093: 11087: 11083: 11082: 11077: 11070: 11063: 11058: 11051: 11046: 11039: 11034: 11026: 11020: 11016: 11012: 11005: 11003: 10994: 10988: 10984: 10977: 10975: 10973: 10964: 10958: 10954: 10947: 10939: 10935: 10930: 10925: 10920: 10915: 10911: 10907: 10904:(7): e22285. 10903: 10899: 10898: 10893: 10886: 10878: 10874: 10870: 10866: 10862: 10858: 10854: 10850: 10846: 10842: 10841: 10833: 10824: 10819: 10815: 10811: 10807: 10800: 10791: 10786: 10782: 10778: 10774: 10767: 10759: 10753: 10749: 10742: 10726: 10722: 10721: 10716: 10709: 10702: 10697: 10690: 10685: 10677: 10673: 10669: 10665: 10661: 10657: 10650: 10643: 10638: 10632:, p. 156–159. 10631: 10626: 10618: 10612: 10608: 10607: 10602: 10596: 10589: 10584: 10582: 10573: 10567: 10563: 10556: 10549: 10544: 10537: 10532: 10525: 10520: 10504: 10500: 10496: 10489: 10482: 10477: 10470: 10465: 10449: 10445: 10441: 10434: 10418: 10414: 10410: 10403: 10387: 10383: 10382:Visit the Zoo 10379: 10372: 10365: 10360: 10352: 10348: 10344: 10340: 10336: 10329: 10314: 10308: 10304: 10300: 10293: 10274: 10270: 10266: 10263:(2): 99–116. 10262: 10258: 10251: 10244: 10236: 10232: 10228: 10224: 10220: 10216: 10212: 10205: 10197: 10193: 10186: 10170: 10166: 10162: 10158: 10154: 10150: 10146: 10142: 10135: 10127: 10120: 10112: 10108: 10104: 10100: 10096: 10092: 10085: 10069: 10065: 10061: 10054: 10045: 10040: 10036: 10032: 10028: 10026: 10017: 10009: 10005: 10001: 9994: 9986: 9979: 9977: 9968: 9964: 9960: 9956: 9952: 9948: 9944: 9937: 9929: 9925: 9921: 9917: 9913: 9909: 9902: 9891: 9884: 9883: 9879: 9871: 9860: 9853: 9852: 9844: 9828: 9824: 9818: 9802: 9798: 9797:New Scientist 9794: 9788: 9769: 9765: 9761: 9754: 9752: 9748: 9739: 9731: 9725: 9716: 9711: 9707: 9703: 9699: 9692: 9684: 9680: 9675: 9670: 9666: 9662: 9658: 9654: 9650: 9643: 9634: 9629: 9625: 9621: 9617: 9615: 9606: 9598: 9590: 9585: 9581: 9577: 9573: 9566: 9558: 9554: 9547: 9539: 9535: 9528: 9517: 9513: 9509: 9502: 9495: 9484: 9480: 9476: 9469: 9462: 9455: 9450: 9442: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9424: 9420: 9416: 9414: 9405: 9399: 9395: 9390: 9383: 9378: 9371: 9366: 9364: 9362: 9354: 9349: 9342: 9337: 9329: 9323: 9319: 9312: 9304: 9302:9780202368160 9298: 9294: 9287: 9280: 9275: 9267: 9263: 9258: 9253: 9249: 9245: 9241: 9234: 9226: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9208: 9204: 9200: 9198: 9189: 9181: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9163: 9159: 9155: 9151: 9147: 9143: 9139: 9137: 9127: 9119: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9101: 9097: 9093: 9089: 9085: 9078: 9062: 9058: 9054: 9047: 9039: 9035: 9031: 9027: 9020: 9012: 9008: 9004: 9001:(in German). 9000: 8993: 8985: 8981: 8977: 8970: 8963: 8958: 8950: 8944: 8940: 8933: 8927:, pp. 189–90. 8926: 8921: 8915:, pp. 188–89. 8914: 8909: 8902: 8897: 8890: 8885: 8878: 8873: 8865: 8861: 8857: 8853: 8850:(5): 716–28. 8849: 8845: 8838: 8830: 8826: 8822: 8815: 8808: 8803: 8796: 8791: 8789: 8787: 8779: 8774: 8767: 8762: 8760: 8758: 8749: 8742: 8735: 8730: 8722: 8716: 8712: 8708: 8707: 8699: 8692: 8687: 8679: 8673: 8669: 8668: 8660: 8652: 8648: 8644: 8640: 8633: 8626: 8621: 8619: 8611: 8606: 8599: 8594: 8585: 8580: 8576: 8572: 8568: 8561: 8552: 8547: 8543: 8539: 8535: 8533: 8532:Lycaon pictus 8524: 8517: 8512: 8504: 8500: 8496: 8492: 8488: 8484: 8480: 8476: 8469: 8461: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8433: 8429: 8425: 8421: 8417: 8410: 8399: 8395: 8391: 8387: 8383: 8376: 8374: 8365: 8354: 8350: 8346: 8342: 8338: 8334: 8330: 8323: 8316: 8308: 8306:9780760747674 8302: 8298: 8291: 8283: 8279: 8275: 8271: 8267: 8263: 8259: 8255: 8248: 8240: 8236: 8232: 8228: 8224: 8220: 8213: 8207:, pp. 273–74. 8206: 8201: 8194: 8189: 8181: 8175: 8171: 8167: 8160: 8152: 8146: 8142: 8135: 8124: 8120: 8116: 8112: 8108: 8101: 8099: 8095: 8086: 8070: 8066: 8062: 8056: 8050:, p. 213–216. 8049: 8044: 8037: 8032: 8025: 8020: 8014:, pp. 270–76. 8013: 8008: 8006: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7985: 7981: 7977: 7970: 7963: 7958: 7950: 7944: 7940: 7936: 7932: 7928: 7921: 7914: 7909: 7898: 7894: 7890: 7886: 7882: 7878: 7874: 7870: 7866: 7862: 7858: 7851: 7844: 7837: 7832: 7825: 7820: 7813: 7808: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7756: 7749: 7738: 7734: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7699: 7692: 7676: 7672: 7668: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7641: 7633: 7629: 7625: 7621: 7617: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7598: 7591: 7586: 7579: 7574: 7567: 7562: 7553: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7536: 7529: 7520: 7515: 7511: 7507: 7503: 7501: 7492: 7481: 7477: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7459: 7455: 7448: 7446: 7437: 7435: 7433: 7424: 7417: 7410: 7405: 7397: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7379: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7359: 7352: 7344: 7337: 7331:, pp. 42, 57. 7330: 7325: 7317: 7313: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7274: 7266: 7262: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7246: 7242: 7238: 7234: 7230: 7223: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7165: 7158: 7149: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7125: 7118: 7113: 7105: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7067: 7058: 7049: 7044: 7040: 7036: 7032: 7025: 7017: 7010: 7003: 6998: 6990: 6984: 6980: 6976: 6975: 6970: 6963: 6961: 6959: 6957: 6955: 6953: 6951: 6944:, pp. 25, 31. 6943: 6938: 6930: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6911: 6904: 6899: 6892: 6887: 6885: 6877: 6872: 6865: 6860: 6858: 6856: 6849:, pp. 120–21. 6848: 6843: 6836: 6831: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6808: 6800: 6793: 6791: 6774: 6770: 6764: 6760: 6759: 6751: 6743: 6736: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6707: 6706:Mammal Review 6702: 6698: 6691: 6682: 6677: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6663: 6654: 6645: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6623: 6618: 6611: 6609: 6600: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6565:(4): e60174. 6564: 6560: 6556: 6549: 6538: 6531: 6530: 6522: 6520: 6512: 6507: 6498: 6493: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6471: 6462: 6460: 6451: 6445: 6441: 6434: 6426: 6420: 6416: 6409: 6401: 6394: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6363: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6332: 6316: 6312: 6311:New Scientist 6308: 6301: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6266: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6235: 6227: 6220: 6213: 6208: 6201: 6196: 6189: 6184: 6177: 6172: 6165: 6160: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6109: 6101: 6095: 6091: 6084: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6034: 6033:conservation" 6032: 6028: 6019: 6017: 6009: 6004: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5973: 5965: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5949: 5940: 5938: 5936: 5934: 5925: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5904: 5896: 5889: 5878: 5874: 5868: 5861: 5860: 5855: 5851: 5844: 5836: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5820: 5811: 5809: 5792: 5788: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5767: 5765: 5756: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5713: 5711: 5709: 5707: 5705: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5669: 5667: 5663: 5654: 5638: 5634: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5613: 5604: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5580: 5572: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5547: 5545: 5536: 5532: 5530: 5521: 5514: 5509: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5467: 5465: 5456: 5454: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5437: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5410: 5408: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5355: 5348: 5332: 5328: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5307: 5296: 5292: 5291: 5283: 5276: 5268: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5243: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5198:(1496): 200. 5197: 5193: 5189: 5182: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5134: 5126: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5080: 5071: 5069: 5059: 5054: 5051:(2): 58–103. 5050: 5046: 5042: 5040: 5036: 5027: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4975: 4967: 4965: 4959: 4955: 4952:Barnett, R.; 4948: 4940: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4897: 4889: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4848: 4846: 4829: 4825: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4804: 4802: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4764: 4759: 4757: 4753: 4744: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4678: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4632: 4623: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4597: 4590: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4546: 4538: 4536: 4527: 4525: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4492:10.5334/oq.24 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4474: 4470: 4461: 4459: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4440: 4431: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4392: 4383: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4364: 4355: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4317: 4313: 4304: 4293: 4289: 4288: 4280: 4273: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4234: 4229: 4222: 4214: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4173: 4168: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4145: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4101: 4091: 4083: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4031: 4015: 4011: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3995: 3986: 3984: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3945: 3926: 3922: 3915: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3893: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3879: 3874: 3872: 3863: 3861: 3851: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3837: 3832: 3830: 3826: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3794: 3790: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3768: 3764: 3762: 3753: 3745: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3694: 3692: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3637: 3628: 3626: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3594: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3537: 3532: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3489: 3481: 3466: 3462: 3461: 3455: 3448: 3437: 3433: 3431: 3422: 3420: 3403: 3399: 3398: 3393: 3391: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3349: 3345: 3344: 3339: 3338:Wilson, D. E. 3335: 3333: 3327: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3308: 3288: 3284: 3272: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3258: 3251: 3249: 3248: 3247:The Lion King 3243: 3239: 3238: 3233: 3229: 3228: 3223: 3222:L. Frank Baum 3219: 3218:Cowardly Lion 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3178: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3159: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3122: 3121:W. W. Denslow 3118: 3117: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3013: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2994:Ancient Egypt 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2966: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2935: 2930: 2920: 2918: 2912: 2910: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2884: 2880: 2874: 2866: 2861: 2852: 2851:in mid-2015. 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2833: 2832:Maasai people 2828: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2805:Mughal Empire 2802: 2797: 640 BC 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2748: 2742: 2732: 2731:(1903–1965). 2730: 2725: 2724:equestrianism 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2691: 2687: 2684:and Sydney's 2683: 2682:Melbourne Zoo 2679: 2675: 2670: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2631: 2629: 2617: 2614:19th-century 2610: 2600: 2599:Melbourne Zoo 2593: 2574: 2573:of the lion. 2572: 2568: 2563: 2561: 2556: 2552: 2549:In 1982, the 2547: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2520: 2515: 2506: 2502: 2500: 2499:IUCN Red List 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2471: 2462: 2460: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2431: 2429: 2428:WAP ecosystem 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2367: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2356:IUCN Red List 2353: 2343: 2341: 2337: 2332: 2330: 2326: 2319: 2317: 2293: 2276: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2251: 2237: 2226:Communication 2223: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2197: 2196: 2191: 2187: 2186: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2171: 2163: 2158: 2149: 2147: 2142: 2124: 2120: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2079: 2065: 2051: 2049: 2044: 2041: 2036: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2021: 2007: 1993: 1979: 1976: 1971: 1967: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1948: 1944: 1938: 1935: 1931: 1925: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1848: 1838: 1834: 1827: 1813: 1803: 1796: 1782: 1778: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1760: 1756: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1718: 1704: 1690: 1688: 1677: 1675: 1674:Narmada River 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1602: 1600: 1597:zone and the 1596: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1557: 1552: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1511: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1467: 1464: 1459: 1456: 1441: 1431: 1424: 1401: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1379: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1368: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1357: 1354: 1345: 1343: 1338: 1335: 1330: 1314: 1310: 1296: 1282: 1268: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1248: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1214: 1210: 1209:mitochondrial 1206: 1202: 1198: 1197:mutation rate 1193: 1191: 1190:Olduvai Gorge 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1174:Hybridisation 1169: 1162: 1157: 1151: 1146: 1142: 1136: 1129: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1109: 1095: 1090: 1089: 1083: 1082: 1076: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1055:American lion 1052: 1051: 1047: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1011: 1007: 1004: 1000: 999: 995: 992: 989:excavated in 988: 985: 981: 980: 976: 975: 974: 972: 965: 960: 951: 949: 945: 941: 936: 931: 929: 925: 913: 906: 905:P. l. vernayi 900: 895: 894:P. l. krugeri 889: 884: 877: 876:P. l. nyanzae 871: 866: 859: 853: 848: 842: 837: 830: 826: 820: 815: 814: 810: 805: 800: 794: 789: 788:P. l. kamptzi 784:(Meyer, 1826) 782: 777:(Meyer, 1826) 775: 774:P. l. persica 771: 767: 764: 760: 756: 749: 748: 744: 743: 742: 740: 736: 732: 728: 727:P. l. persica 724: 720: 719:IUCN Red List 716: 713: 709: 705: 696: 687: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 668: 663: 662:Carl Linnaeus 659: 655: 647: 638: 636: 635:ancient Greek 632: 628: 623: 613: 608: 599: 598:Ancient Greek 594: 590:(nominative: 588: 584: 579: 575: 571: 561: 559: 558:Ancient Egypt 555: 551: 547: 543: 537: 535: 530: 529:IUCN Red List 526: 522: 521:western India 518: 514: 511:. During the 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 485: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 446: 442:of the genus 441: 438:) is a large 437: 436: 431: 420: 416: 411: 406: 402: 397: 392: 391: 386: 384: 383: 379: 377: 376: 372: 371: 369: 364: 359: 355: 349: 347: 341: 338: 337:Binomial name 334: 330: 329: 324: 321: 320: 317: 316: 312: 309: 308: 305: 302: 299: 298: 295: 292: 289: 288: 285: 282: 279: 278: 275: 272: 269: 268: 265: 262: 259: 258: 255: 252: 249: 248: 245: 242: 239: 238: 235: 232: 229: 228: 223: 218: 214: 208: 202: 197: 191: 186: 175: 171: 166: 162: 157: 153: 148: 144: 139: 135: 130: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 47: 44: 40: 39:Mountain lion 33: 19: 17405: 17376:Tree of Life 17147:panthera-leo 17111:Panthera_leo 17097:Panthera leo 17067:Panthera leo 17066: 17023: 17014: 17005: 16996: 16987: 16978: 16969: 16960: 16951: 16942: 16933: 16924: 16915: 16906: 16897: 16888: 16879: 16859: 16847: 16838: 16829: 16820: 16808: 16783: 16774: 16765: 16753: 16741: 16729: 16718:L. sumatrana 16717: 16708: 16696: 16684: 16667: 16655: 16643: 16634: 16625: 16616: 16604: 16592: 16550: 16541: 16529: 16517: 16501:V. peregusna 16500: 16488: 16455: 16446: 16426: 16414: 16401:Lyncodontini 16392:Ictonychinae 16376:M. zibellina 16375: 16366: 16357: 16348: 16339: 16331:M. flavigula 16330: 16321: 16313:M. americana 16312: 16292: 16280: 16268: 16256: 16244: 16233:Eira barbara 16232: 16206: 16198:M. personata 16197: 16188: 16179: 16170: 16161: 16141: 16125: 16116: 16108:M. canescens 16107: 16098: 16086: 16074: 16065: 16056: 16044: 16015: 16003: 15991: 15910: 15901: 15889: 15877: 15868: 15856: 15827: 15818: 15809: 15800: 15780: 15768: 15759: 15750: 15730: 15718: 15717:Cacomistle ( 15709: 15697: 15686:Potos flavus 15685: 15655: 15646: 15637: 15628: 15608: 15596: 15587: 15567: 15555: 15546: 15534: 15522: 15513: 15504: 15495: 15475: 15442: 15383: 15374: 15365: 15356: 15322: 15313: 15293: 15277: 15265: 15253: 15238:(monk seals) 15194: 15185: 15176: 15164: 15152: 15143: 15131: 15119: 15110: 15101: 15075: 15066: 15009: 15001:A. townsendi 15000: 14991: 14983:A. philippii 14982: 14973: 14964: 14955: 14947:A. australis 14946: 14934: 14922: 14905: 14893: 14881: 14860: 14851: 14839: 14827: 14801: 14789: 14749: 14628:U. maritimus 14627: 14626:Polar bear ( 14618: 14617:Brown bear ( 14609: 14600: 14588: 14576: 14567: 14566:Sloth bear ( 14541: 14529: 14517: 14505: 14455: 14446: 14437: 14428: 14419: 14410: 14401: 14392: 14380: 14369:Cuon alpinus 14368: 14359: 14343:L. mesomelas 14342: 14333: 14321: 14290: 14281: 14272: 14271:Pampas fox ( 14263: 14254: 14245: 14233: 14221: 14212: 14196:S. venaticus 14195: 14183: 14171: 14170:Maned wolf ( 14152:Cerdocyonina 14120: 14119:Fennec fox ( 14111: 14102: 14094:V. rueppelli 14093: 14084: 14075: 14066: 14065:Arctic fox ( 14058:V. ferrilata 14057: 14048: 14047:Corsac fox ( 14039: 14030: 14021: 14020:Bengal fox ( 13999: 13987: 13978: 13966: 13954: 13928: 13927:Island fox ( 13919: 13907: 13840:H. sanguinea 13839: 13830: 13821: 13813:H. ichneumon 13812: 13803: 13791: 13779: 13770: 13761: 13749: 13737: 13728: 13719: 13710: 13693: 13684: 13675: 13666: 13657: 13648: 13640:U. edwardsii 13639: 13631:U. brachyura 13630: 13621: 13609: 13597: 13588: 13558: 13549: 13540: 13532:C. alexandri 13531: 13519: 13507: 13498: 13486: 13474: 13457: 13449:M. gambianus 13448: 13436: 13424: 13408:S. suricatta 13407: 13395: 13370: 13345: 13336: 13324: 13312: 13295: 13286: 13274: 13262: 13232: 13223: 13211: 13199: 13190: 13167:carnivorans) 13148: 13119: 13107: 13095: 13086: 13054: 13042: 13012:Herpestoidea 12975:Herpestoidea 12942: 12934:G. victoriae 12933: 12924: 12923:Cape genet ( 12915: 12907:G. servalina 12906: 12897: 12896:King genet ( 12889:G. piscivora 12888: 12879: 12870: 12861: 12853:G. johnstoni 12852: 12843: 12834: 12825: 12816: 12807: 12789: 12778:P. leightoni 12777: 12768: 12750: 12725: 12716: 12708:V. megaspila 12707: 12699:V. civettina 12698: 12686: 12674: 12665: 12650: 12634: 12607: 12598: 12589: 12577: 12565: 12556: 12547: 12538: 12512: 12503: 12494: 12485: 12383: 12374: 12366:F. margarita 12365: 12356: 12347: 12346:Jungle cat ( 12338: 12329: 12317: 12301: 12292: 12284:P. planiceps 12283: 12274: 12265: 12255:Prionailurus 12253: 12241: 12211: 12199: 12187: 12186:Jaguarundi ( 12170: 12158: 12137: 12128: 12119: 12110: 12098: 12086: 12077: 12068: 12059: 12050: 12041: 12033:L. geoffroyi 12032: 12023: 12022:Pampas cat ( 12011: 11995: 11986: 11974: 11962: 11932: 11923: 11911: 11900:P. marmorata 11899: 11887: 11867: 11842: 11833: 11831: 11824: 11815: 11806: 11794: 11782: 11773: 11761: 11716: 11707: 11690: 11663: 11616:Superorder: 11610:Infraclass: 11539: 11535:"Lion" 11522:. Retrieved 11518:the original 11495:Panthera leo 11494: 11453: 11441:. Retrieved 11421: 11405:. Retrieved 11385: 11369:. Retrieved 11349: 11329: 11308: 11294:. Retrieved 11274: 11251: 11239: 11220: 11216: 11206: 11187: 11181: 11169: 11152: 11148: 11142: 11125: 11121: 11112: 11100: 11080: 11069: 11057: 11045: 11033: 11014: 10982: 10952: 10946: 10901: 10895: 10885: 10844: 10838: 10832: 10813: 10809: 10799: 10780: 10776: 10766: 10747: 10741: 10729:. Retrieved 10718: 10708: 10696: 10684: 10659: 10655: 10649: 10637: 10625: 10605: 10595: 10561: 10555: 10543: 10531: 10519: 10507:. Retrieved 10503:the original 10498: 10488: 10476: 10464: 10454:29 September 10452:. Retrieved 10448:the original 10443: 10433: 10421:. Retrieved 10417:the original 10412: 10402: 10390:. Retrieved 10386:the original 10381: 10371: 10359: 10342: 10338: 10328: 10316:. Retrieved 10302: 10292: 10280:. Retrieved 10273:the original 10260: 10256: 10243: 10218: 10214: 10211:Panthera leo 10210: 10204: 10195: 10191: 10185: 10173:. Retrieved 10169:the original 10151:(2): 87–94. 10148: 10144: 10134: 10125: 10119: 10094: 10090: 10084: 10072:. Retrieved 10063: 10053: 10034: 10030: 10024: 10016: 10007: 10003: 9999: 9993: 9984: 9950: 9946: 9942: 9936: 9911: 9907: 9901: 9881: 9880:Panthera leo 9877: 9870: 9850: 9843: 9831:. Retrieved 9817: 9805:. Retrieved 9796: 9787: 9775:. Retrieved 9768:the original 9763: 9759: 9750: 9746: 9738: 9724:cite journal 9708:(1): 26–31. 9705: 9701: 9700:in Africa". 9698:Panthera leo 9697: 9691: 9656: 9652: 9648: 9642: 9623: 9619: 9614:Panthera leo 9613: 9605: 9579: 9575: 9565: 9556: 9552: 9546: 9537: 9533: 9527: 9511: 9507: 9494: 9478: 9474: 9461: 9449: 9422: 9418: 9413:Panthera leo 9412: 9404: 9389: 9377: 9355:, pp. 88–91. 9348: 9343:, pp. 85–88. 9336: 9317: 9311: 9292: 9286: 9274: 9250:(1): 70–74. 9247: 9243: 9233: 9206: 9202: 9197:Panthera leo 9196: 9188: 9145: 9141: 9136:Panthera leo 9135: 9126: 9091: 9087: 9077: 9065:. Retrieved 9061:the original 9056: 9046: 9029: 9025: 9019: 9005:(1): 39–50. 9002: 8998: 8992: 8975: 8969: 8957: 8938: 8932: 8920: 8908: 8896: 8884: 8872: 8847: 8843: 8837: 8820: 8814: 8802: 8797:, p. 147-49. 8773: 8747: 8741: 8729: 8705: 8698: 8686: 8666: 8659: 8642: 8638: 8632: 8605: 8593: 8574: 8570: 8560: 8541: 8537: 8531: 8523: 8511: 8478: 8474: 8468: 8423: 8419: 8409: 8385: 8381: 8372: 8364: 8335:(5): 68–76. 8332: 8328: 8315: 8296: 8290: 8257: 8253: 8247: 8222: 8218: 8212: 8200: 8188: 8169: 8159: 8140: 8134: 8110: 8106: 8098:Panthera leo 8097: 8093: 8085: 8073:. Retrieved 8064: 8055: 8043: 8031: 8019: 7979: 7975: 7969: 7957: 7930: 7920: 7908: 7860: 7856: 7843: 7831: 7819: 7807: 7765: 7761: 7748: 7708: 7704: 7691: 7679:. Retrieved 7657:(1): 36–44. 7654: 7650: 7640: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7604:Panthera leo 7603: 7597: 7585: 7573: 7561: 7545:(1): 60–67. 7542: 7538: 7528: 7509: 7505: 7499: 7491: 7457: 7453: 7445:Panthera leo 7444: 7422: 7416: 7404: 7369: 7365: 7358:Jhala, Y. V. 7351: 7342: 7336: 7324: 7283: 7279: 7273: 7232: 7228: 7222: 7174: 7170: 7157: 7138: 7134: 7124: 7112: 7075: 7072:BMC Genetics 7071: 7066:Panthera leo 7065: 7057: 7038: 7034: 7024: 7015: 7009: 7004:, pp. 52–54. 6997: 6973: 6937: 6920: 6916: 6910: 6898: 6871: 6842: 6830: 6821: 6817: 6807: 6798: 6779:25 September 6777:. Retrieved 6757: 6750: 6741: 6735: 6710: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6690: 6671: 6667: 6662:Panthera leo 6661: 6653: 6644:11585/903022 6626: 6620: 6616: 6562: 6558: 6548: 6537:the original 6528: 6506: 6482:(1): 17–35. 6479: 6475: 6470:Panthera leo 6469: 6439: 6433: 6414: 6408: 6402:: e45011830. 6399: 6393: 6381:. Retrieved 6377:the original 6372: 6362: 6350:. Retrieved 6341: 6331: 6319:. Retrieved 6310: 6300: 6275: 6271: 6265: 6253:. Retrieved 6249:the original 6244: 6234: 6225: 6219: 6207: 6195: 6183: 6171: 6159: 6118: 6114: 6108: 6089: 6083: 6072:the original 6043: 6039: 6030: 6027:Panthera leo 6026: 6003: 5986: 5982: 5979:Panthera leo 5978: 5972: 5953: 5948:Panthera leo 5947: 5913: 5909: 5903: 5894: 5888: 5858: 5853: 5850:Panthera leo 5849: 5843: 5824: 5819:Panthera leo 5818: 5795:. Retrieved 5776: 5754: 5726: 5722: 5719:Panthera leo 5718: 5678: 5674: 5665: 5664:), Caracal ( 5662:Panthera leo 5661: 5653: 5641:. Retrieved 5622: 5612: 5593: 5589: 5579: 5560: 5556: 5534: 5529:Panthera leo 5528: 5520: 5515:, pp. 28–30. 5508: 5497:the original 5476: 5472: 5464:Panthera leo 5463: 5425: 5422:Panthera leo 5421: 5364: 5360: 5347: 5335:. Retrieved 5316: 5306: 5289: 5275: 5248: 5242: 5230:. Retrieved 5195: 5191: 5181: 5148: 5144: 5141:Panthera leo 5140: 5133: 5088: 5084: 5079:Panthera leo 5078: 5048: 5044: 5038: 5034: 5026: 4978: 4972: 4964:Panthera leo 4963: 4947: 4910: 4906: 4896: 4861: 4857: 4832:. Retrieved 4813: 4767: 4761: 4755: 4754:, including 4751: 4743: 4718:11343/299180 4692: 4688: 4677: 4640: 4636: 4630: 4622: 4609:(9): 52–57. 4606: 4602: 4589: 4578:the original 4549: 4543: 4534: 4511:. Retrieved 4482: 4478: 4472: 4468: 4448: 4444: 4438: 4430: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4391: 4372: 4368: 4362: 4354: 4342:. Retrieved 4325: 4321: 4315: 4311: 4303: 4292:the original 4285: 4272: 4237: 4231: 4221: 4176: 4170: 4109: 4105: 4100:Panthera leo 4099: 4090: 4045: 4041: 4030: 4018:. Retrieved 3999: 3994:Panthera leo 3993: 3970:. Retrieved 3957: 3944: 3932:. Retrieved 3920: 3882: 3876: 3871:Panthera leo 3870: 3840: 3834: 3828: 3825:Panthera leo 3824: 3802: 3798: 3792: 3788: 3766: 3760: 3752: 3707: 3703: 3678:. Retrieved 3648:(1): 64–76. 3645: 3641: 3635: 3612:. Retrieved 3603: 3593: 3581:. Retrieved 3540: 3534: 3507:. Retrieved 3498: 3488: 3468:. Retrieved 3458: 3447: 3435: 3429: 3406:. Retrieved 3401: 3395: 3390:Panthera leo 3389: 3342: 3332:Panthera leo 3331: 3287: 3245: 3235: 3225: 3179: 3163:bodhisattvas 3156: 3132: 3126: 3114: 3111:Dorothy Gale 3065:Leo the lion 3030: 2973: 2967: 2951: 2943:Luxor Temple 2913: 2904:Lindi Region 2900:Rufiji River 2888: 2876: 2829: 2813:Ancient Rome 2787:Ashurbanipal 2771: 2747:Lion baiting 2741:Lion hunting 2729:Clyde Beatty 2719: 2694: 2671: 2632: 2628:Honolulu Zoo 2624: 2564: 2548: 2524: 2503: 2489:and reduced 2476: 2455: 2432: 2416:Burkina Faso 2390: 2386: 2349: 2346:Conservation 2333: 2322: 2313: 2272:allogrooming 2264:head rubbing 2261: 2212:encephalitis 2200: 2193: 2183: 2174: 2166: 2143: 2139: 2121: 2089: 2045: 2037: 2017: 1972: 1968: 1939: 1926: 1898:hippopotamus 1862:plains zebra 1844: 1833:common eland 1779: 1764: 1751: 1728: 1683: 1634: 1603: 1592: 1583:scrub forest 1560: 1540:canned hunts 1513: 1499: 1468: 1460: 1455:testosterone 1451: 1381:Tail length 1362:Female lions 1351: 1339: 1331: 1306: 1250: 1218: 1194: 1178:snow leopard 1141:sister group 1107: 1105: 1094:Panthera leo 1093: 1086: 1079: 1054: 1049: 1038: 1014: 1008: 997: 977: 968: 947: 943: 932: 927: 923: 920: 911: 904: 893: 882: 875: 864: 857: 846: 835: 832:(Noack 1891) 828: 812: 798: 787: 780: 773: 766:Barbary lion 759:Asiatic lion 746: 726: 722: 701: 671: 665: 653: 652: 626: 574:Anglo-Norman 569: 567: 546:Roman Empire 538: 534:habitat loss 486: 448:, native to 443: 435:Panthera leo 434: 433: 429: 427: 388: 380: 373: 346:Panthera leo 345: 343: 327: 326: 314: 43: 17430:Wikispecies 17207:iNaturalist 17091:Wikispecies 17015:M. sibirica 16997:M. putorius 16970:M. nigripes 16952:M. lutreola 16925:M. haidarum 16821:N. africana 16784:A. congicus 16775:A. cinereus 16766:A. capensis 16666:Sea otter ( 16644:L. provocax 16551:I. striatus 16472:Ictonychini 16367:M. melampus 16279:Wolverine ( 16257:P. pennanti 16180:M. moschata 16171:M. everetti 16117:M. leucurus 16075:A. hoevenii 16066:A. collaris 16016:M. capensis 15911:N. olivacea 15826:Olinguito ( 15782:Bassaricyon 15769:P. pygmaeus 15699:Bassariscus 15672:Procyonidae 15647:S. putorius 15638:S. gracilis 15556:M. mephitis 15547:M. macroura 15441:Red panda ( 15421:Musteloidea 15382:Ross seal ( 15335:Lobodontini 15267:Neomonachus 15195:P. sibirica 15153:P. vitulina 15118:Grey seal ( 15100:Harp seal ( 14992:A. pusillus 14956:A. forsteri 14791:Callorhinus 14725:Pinnipedia 14684:Musteloidea 14456:C. simensis 14420:C. lupaster 14289:Hoary fox ( 14282:L. sechurae 14255:L. fulvipes 14246:L. culpaeus 14142:(true dogs) 14101:Swift fox ( 14076:V. macrotis 13968:Nyctereutes 13877:Caniformia 13822:H. ochracea 13780:B. nigripes 13771:B. jacksoni 13658:U. javanica 13575:Herpestinae 13550:C. obscurus 13541:C. ansorgei 13521:Crossarchus 13377:(mongooses) 13366:Herpestidae 13346:S. durrelli 13337:S. concolor 13287:G. fasciata 13224:E. goudotii 13145:Herpestidae 13055:P. cristata 12916:G. thierryi 12871:G. maculata 12835:G. cristata 12826:G. bourloni 12579:Paradoxurus 12537:Binturong ( 12476:Hemigalinae 12453:Viverroidea 12416:Viverroidea 12375:F. nigripes 12227:Leopard cat 12212:P. concolor 12129:L. pardinus 12078:L. tigrinus 12069:L. pardalis 12060:L. jacobita 12051:L. guttulus 12024:L. colocola 11783:N. nebulosa 11753:Pantherinae 11633:Feliformia 11155:: 215–224. 10601:Feldman, D. 10509:5 September 10423:4 September 10366:, p. 81-82. 10257:Zoo Biology 9616:population" 9067:4 September 8750:(5): 87–94. 8639:Zoo Biology 6923:(16): 253. 6905:, p. 34–35. 6352:19 November 6321:19 November 5313:"The Liger" 4954:Shapiro, B. 4864:(1): 1–11. 4834:10 February 4668:11336/65990 4502:10576/22920 4445:Quaternaire 3972:23 December 3950:Wood, J. G. 3789:Pantherinae 3614:10 February 3509:20 February 3271:Roar (film) 3232:C. S. Lewis 3198:Nemean lion 3093:King Darius 3033:Mesopotamia 2959:Mali Empire 2696:Lion taming 2686:Taronga Zoo 2647:Renaissance 2439:Arly-Singou 2329:spray urine 2162:Lake Nakuru 2092:polyestrous 1886:sambar deer 1771:confluences 1645:Middle Ages 1632:by AD 100. 1571:Mount Kenya 1567:Mount Elgon 1365:Male lions 1334:postorbital 1271:Description 1043:Paleolithic 1039:P. fossilis 1025:during the 1017:, lived in 998:P. fossilis 676:Lorenz Oken 509:at twilight 366:Subspecies 328:P. leo 304:Pantherinae 300:Subfamily: 203:Appendix II 145:, Tanzania 18:Mane (lion) 17575:Categories 16988:M. nudipes 16979:M. nivalis 16943:M. kathiah 16898:M. erminea 16889:M. altaica 16839:N. frenata 16830:N. felipei 16800:Mustelinae 16542:I. libycus 16456:G. vittata 16322:M. caurina 16099:M. anakuma 15977:Mustelidae 15964:Mustelidae 15940:see below↓ 15931:Mustelidae 15828:B. neblina 15739:(raccoons) 15710:B. astutus 15708:Ringtail ( 15684:Kinkajou ( 15656:S. pygmaea 15597:M. marchei 15455:Mephitidae 15323:M. leonina 15215:Monachinae 15186:P. hispida 15177:P. caspica 14974:A. gazella 14906:N. cinerea 14802:C. ursinus 14740:Odobenidae 14693:see below↓ 14673:see below↓ 14657:Pinnipedia 14575:Sun bear ( 14542:T. ornatus 14531:Tremarctos 14507:Ailuropoda 14445:Red wolf ( 14411:C. latrans 14334:L. adustus 14291:L. vetulus 14264:L. griseus 14194:Bush dog ( 14085:V. pallida 14083:Pale fox ( 14067:V. lagopus 14038:Cape fox ( 13918:Gray fox ( 13676:U. smithii 13508:H. parvula 13499:H. hirtula 13387:Mungotinae 13276:Galidictis 13249:Galidiinae 13177:Euplerinae 13160:Eupleridae 13149:sensu lato 13120:C. crocuta 13053:Aardwolf ( 12984:see below↓ 12925:G. tigrina 12898:G. poensis 12880:G. pardina 12862:G. letabae 12844:G. genetta 12742:Genettinae 12726:V. zibetha 12646:Viverrinae 12635:sensu lato 12630:Viverrinae 12599:P. jerdoni 12466:Viverridae 12425:see below↓ 12364:Sand cat ( 12171:A. jubatus 11996:C. caracal 11889:Pardofelis 11708:P. linsang 11649:Feliformia 11443:1 November 11381:Packer, C. 11296:1 November 10198:: 465–481. 9833:1 February 9807:2 February 9674:1887/14372 9659:(4): 1–7. 9626:(4): 110. 9540:(5): 5–10. 7783:2263/41825 7411:, pp. 208. 6202:, pp. 133. 6190:, pp. 360. 6178:, pp. 145. 5797:1 November 5232:7 December 4958:Burger, J. 4451:: 201–208. 4233:Cladistics 4020:1 December 3960:. London: 3805:: 167–280. 3482:required.) 3441:(in Latin) 3299:References 3188:, notably 3175:lion dance 3045:Babylonian 2891:man-eating 2867:in Chicago 2855:Man-eating 2825:executions 2756:Bas-relief 2745:See also: 2674:London Zoo 2639:menageries 2553:started a 2495:Endangered 2487:inbreeding 2447:extirpated 2352:Vulnerable 2316:media help 2220:lentivirus 2108:homosexual 2018:Lions and 1962:of 1314.7 1960:bite force 1922:porcupines 1894:rhinoceros 1847:generalist 1739:Tsavo lion 1643:until the 1630:extirpated 1510:White lion 1231:Nile Basin 1182:Palearctic 1010:P. spelaea 987:carnassial 924:P. leo leo 741:, namely: 708:subspecies 690:Subspecies 542:menageries 525:Vulnerable 497:shrublands 489:grasslands 284:Feliformia 280:Suborder: 185:Vulnerable 163:, Namibia 159:Female in 17436:Felis leo 17421:Q15294488 17406:Felis leo 16934:M. itatsi 16868:(weasels) 16731:Lutrogale 16668:E. lutris 16626:L. felina 16435:(grisons) 16358:M. martes 16301:(martens) 16219:Guloninae 16005:Mellivora 15878:N. narica 15819:B. medius 15810:B. gabbii 15801:B. alleni 15789:(olingos) 15758:Raccoon ( 15610:Spilogale 15496:C. chinga 15477:Conepatus 15433:Ailuridae 15232:Monachini 15144:P. largha 14814:Otariinae 14777:sea lions 14772:fur seals 14763:Otariidae 14648:Mustelida 14619:U. arctos 14481:Arctoidea 14438:C. lycaon 14393:C. aureus 14323:Lupulella 14235:Lycalopex 14112:V. vulpes 14110:Red fox ( 14074:Kit fox ( 14049:V. corsac 13793:Herpestes 13406:Meerkat ( 13165:(Malagasy 13067:Hyaeninae 13028:Hyaenidae 12943:G. felina 12357:F. lybica 12169:Cheetah ( 12087:L. wiedii 12076:Oncilla ( 12042:L. guigna 12013:Leopardus 11994:Caracal ( 11987:C. aurata 11922:Bay cat ( 11843:P. pardus 11841:Leopard ( 11816:P. tigris 11774:N. diardi 11692:Prionodon 11592:Kingdom: 11581:Carnivora 11064:, p. 119. 11052:, p. 100. 11040:, p. 133. 10703:, p. 113. 10691:, p. 166. 10644:, p. 142. 10590:, p. 187. 10548:de Courcy 10538:, p. 208. 10364:de Courcy 8964:, p. 184. 8903:, p. 183. 8780:, p. 143. 8736:, p. 137. 8693:, p. 142. 8627:, p. 174. 8600:, p. 188. 8518:, p. 293. 8195:, p. 272. 8038:, p. 276. 8026:, p. 133. 7915:, p. 237. 7826:, p. 248. 7592:, p. 153. 7568:, p. 195. 7462:CiteSeerX 7078:(1): 21. 6837:, p. 122. 6727:202040786 6010:, p. 148. 5590:Evolution 5493:198968757 5091:(1): 70. 4727:0962-1083 4112:: 30807. 3962:Routledge 3759:"1. Art, 3680:25 August 3606:: 59–82. 3583:22 August 3430:Felis leo 3330:"Species 3304:Citations 3273:from 1981 3230:, and in 3167:Manjushri 3145:Narasimha 3133:mrigendra 3119:. Art by 2941:from the 2917:apartheid 2909:full moon 2716:pantomime 2655:King John 2635:seraglios 2370:In Africa 2292:Lion roar 2208:pneumonia 2100:ovulation 1890:elephants 1854:ungulates 1767:territory 1656:river in 1641:Palestine 1626:Herodotus 1610:cave lion 1563:savannahs 1536:gene pool 1491:Castrated 1489:, Kenya. 1221:mutations 1201:gene flow 1143:with the 1117:from the 1070:Evolution 1059:Patagonia 1053:, or the 1015:cave lion 1013:, or the 991:Sri Lanka 944:P. l. leo 825:Cape lion 747:P. l. leo 739:evolution 723:P. l. leo 680:specimens 654:Felis leo 564:Etymology 513:Neolithic 493:savannahs 470:ungulates 375:P. l. leo 322:Species: 274:Carnivora 240:Kingdom: 234:Eukaryota 17691:Panthera 17596:Big cats 17415:Wikidata 17363:Species+ 17290:14000228 17225:10196306 17118:BioLib: 17076:Wikidata 16914:Ferret ( 16848:N. vison 16709:L. lutra 16577:(otters) 16571:Lutrinae 16428:Galictis 16340:M. foina 16255:Fisher ( 16143:Melogale 16126:M. meles 16046:Arctonyx 15891:Nasuella 15869:N. nasua 15846:(coatis) 15760:P. lotor 15536:Mephitis 15295:Mirounga 15045:Phocinae 15026:Phocidae 14895:Neophoca 14841:Zalophus 14748:Walrus ( 14447:C. rufus 14429:C. lupus 14409:Coyote ( 14244:Culpeo ( 14185:Speothos 14121:V. zerda 14103:V. velox 14040:V. chama 13751:Bdeogale 13649:U. fusca 13488:Helogale 13458:M. mungo 13397:Suricata 13326:Salanoia 13233:E. major 13213:Eupleres 13044:Proteles 13033:(hyenas) 12797:(genets) 12348:F. chaus 12339:F. catus 12330:F. bieti 12210:Cougar ( 12160:Acinonyx 12138:L. rufus 12136:Bobcat ( 12085:Margay ( 12067:Ocelot ( 12040:Kodkod ( 11961:Serval ( 11924:C. badia 11913:Catopuma 11823:Jaguar ( 11807:P. uncia 11796:Panthera 11763:Neofelis 11681:Feloidea 11612:Eutheria 11606:Mammalia 11600:Chordata 11598:Phylum: 11594:Animalia 11437:Archived 11419:(1972). 11401:Archived 11383:(2023). 11365:Archived 11290:Archived 10938:21799812 10897:PLOS One 10869:16107828 10725:Archived 10603:(1993). 10550:, p. 69. 10526:, p. 15. 10483:, p. 20. 10074:9 August 10068:Archived 9928:86228533 9908:Mammalia 9890:Archived 9859:Archived 9827:Archived 9801:Archived 9799:. 2016. 9683:56451273 9559:: 41–53. 9553:Cat News 9516:Archived 9483:Archived 9454:Schaller 9441:10321819 9394:Schaller 9384:, p. 95. 9382:Schaller 9370:Schaller 9353:Schaller 9341:Schaller 9281:, p. 85. 9279:Schaller 9225:14596469 8962:Schaller 8925:Schaller 8913:Schaller 8901:Schaller 8891:, p. 68. 8879:, p. 44. 8877:Schaller 8864:84927815 8809:, p. 46. 8795:Schaller 8778:Schaller 8768:, p. 45. 8734:Schaller 8691:Schaller 8625:Schaller 8612:, p. 29. 8610:Schaller 8598:Schaller 8516:Schaller 8503:30010193 8460:25693067 8420:PLOS ONE 8398:Archived 8353:Archived 8282:44240882 8205:Schaller 8193:Schaller 8123:Archived 8069:Archived 8048:Schaller 8036:Schaller 8024:Schaller 8012:Schaller 7996:17479753 7962:Schaller 7913:Schaller 7897:Archived 7885:29364874 7836:Schaller 7824:Schaller 7796:Archived 7792:53185309 7737:Archived 7681:20 April 7675:Archived 7671:86371484 7590:Schaller 7578:Schaller 7566:Schaller 7480:Archived 7409:Schaller 7396:29622932 7360:(2017). 7308:17820922 7265:44676637 7211:Archived 7207:35849910 7104:29614950 7002:Schaller 6903:Schaller 6893:, p. 33. 6878:, p. 37. 6876:Schaller 6866:, p. 33. 6864:Schaller 6847:Schaller 6835:Schaller 6824:: 34–39. 6773:Archived 6599:23573239 6559:PLOS ONE 6511:Schaller 6383:18 April 6346:Archived 6315:Archived 6292:16626799 6188:Schaller 6151:15893512 6143:12193785 6068:24190889 5877:Archived 5791:Archived 5695:21320626 5637:Archived 5513:Schaller 5479:: 1–11. 5395:Archived 5391:18179301 5383:25091377 5331:Archived 5295:Archived 5226:Archived 5173:82728679 5125:24690312 5015:Archived 5011:46716748 5003:19302360 4939:24225466 4888:26518481 4828:Archived 4792:84229141 4752:Panthera 4735:34748674 4611:Archived 4574:15012963 4507:Archived 4473:Panthera 4344:14 March 4338:Archived 4264:84497516 4256:34892880 4213:32366643 4144:27488946 4082:32366643 4014:Archived 3966:Archived 3952:(1865). 3934:6 August 3925:Archived 3921:Cat News 3761:Panthera 3744:22016768 3704:PLOS ONE 3674:Archived 3670:20138224 3636:Panthera 3608:Archived 3577:Archived 3573:41672825 3565:16400146 3503:Archived 3495:"πάνθηρ" 3470:20 March 3362:62265494 3328:(2005). 3254:See also 3224:'s 1900 3206:Lancelot 3202:Heracles 3129:Sanskrit 3041:Assyrian 2990:Apedemak 2809:Jahangir 2785:emperor 2783:Assyrian 2700:circuses 2597:Lion at 2560:pedigree 2340:snarling 2336:growling 2190:antelope 2180:tapeworm 2040:cheetahs 1735:disperse 1672:and the 1637:Caucasus 1606:Holocene 1554:Lion in 1344:fibers. 1300:Skeleton 1235:Holocene 1207:without 1186:Pliocene 1108:Panthera 1063:Edmonton 1050:P. atrox 1023:Beringia 852:Lönnberg 793:Matschie 772:include 770:Synonyms 755:nominate 731:taxonomy 672:Panthera 660:used by 656:was the 641:Taxonomy 627:Panthera 505:at night 445:Panthera 354:Linnaeus 315:Panthera 290:Family: 264:Mammalia 254:Chordata 250:Phylum: 244:Animalia 230:Domain: 190:IUCN 3.1 161:Okonjima 141:Male in 17541:Biology 17529:Animals 17517:Mammals 17491:Portals 17471:ZooBank 17463:7630906 17450:4443790 17277:1006020 17199:5219404 16916:M. furo 16861:Mustela 16810:Neogale 16657:Enhydra 16531:Ictonyx 16490:Vormela 16447:G. cuja 16374:Sable ( 16281:G. gulo 16246:Pekania 16231:Tayra ( 16028:Melinae 15840:Nasuina 15732:Procyon 15088:Phocini 14727:(seals) 14662:(seals) 14554:Ursinae 14496:(bears) 14491:Ursidae 14367:Dhole ( 14157:(zorro) 14031:V. cana 13941:Vulpini 13909:Urocyon 13893:Canidae 13685:U. urva 13189:Fossa ( 13109:Crocuta 12791:Genetta 12688:Viverra 12229:lineage 12151:lineage 12120:L. lynx 11976:Caracal 11950:lineage 11948:Caracal 11880:lineage 11878:Bay cat 11864:Felinae 11825:P. onca 11814:Tiger ( 11734:Felidae 11604:Class: 11583:species 11579:Extant 11544:. 1921. 11407:10 July 11256:Jackson 11244:Jackson 11174:Jackson 11105:Jackson 11062:Jackson 11050:Jackson 11038:Jackson 10929:3140494 10906:Bibcode 10877:3190757 10849:Bibcode 10731:30 July 10689:Jackson 10664:Bibcode 10642:Jackson 10630:Jackson 10392:5 April 10175:27 July 10165:2131247 10099:Bibcode 9955:Bibcode 9777:9 March 9398:p. 116. 9266:7563428 9180:8559247 9171:7095363 9150:Bibcode 9118:9067652 9011:5393325 8483:Bibcode 8451:4333767 8428:Bibcode 8337:Bibcode 8262:Bibcode 8227:Bibcode 7976:Ecology 7893:4405091 7865:Bibcode 7733:2588727 7713:Bibcode 7620:Bibcode 7387:5873260 7316:5058849 7288:Bibcode 7280:Science 7257:7652566 7237:Bibcode 7229:Science 7199:7652573 7179:Bibcode 7171:Science 7095:5883395 6979:369–376 6590:3616087 6567:Bibcode 6513:, p. 5. 6484:Bibcode 6472:) view" 6123:Bibcode 6115:Science 6048:Bibcode 6031:ex situ 5643:21 July 5222:4056029 5200:Bibcode 5153:Bibcode 5116:3997813 5093:Bibcode 4983:Bibcode 4930:3843846 4879:4691742 4772:Bibcode 4697:Bibcode 4645:Bibcode 4554:Bibcode 4410:Bibcode 4204:7245068 4181:Bibcode 4135:4973251 4114:Bibcode 4073:7245068 4050:Bibcode 3829:persica 3735:3189913 3712:Bibcode 3650:Bibcode 3545:Bibcode 3536:Science 3408:30 June 3123:, 1900. 3025:Babylon 2998:Sekhmet 2957:of the 2939:Sekhmet 2902:and in 2760:Nineveh 2718:titled 2659:Henry I 2616:etching 2521:, India 2497:on the 2465:In Asia 2391:In the 2354:on the 2104:in heat 1975:carrion 1914:monkeys 1906:hyraxes 1902:dik-dik 1874:giraffe 1870:gemsbok 1622:Ukraine 1614:Hungary 1575:montane 1520:leucism 1485:and in 1463:fitness 1392:Weight 1359:Average 1324:⁄ 1241:Hybrids 1226:alleles 1156:leopard 1125:around 1123:Felidae 1121:of the 1111:lineage 1019:Eurasia 901:, 1929) 899:Roberts 890:, 1924) 872:, 1914) 854:, 1910) 843:, 1900) 841:Neumann 821:, 1842) 806:, 1924) 795:, 1900) 527:on the 501:diurnal 310:Genus: 294:Felidae 270:Order: 260:Class: 205: ( 188: ( 121:↓ 17553:Africa 17381:123566 17329:563151 17251:183803 17173:PNTHLE 17160:328672 16606:Lontra 16294:Martes 15569:Mydaus 15463:skunks 14427:Wolf ( 14307:Canina 14137:Canini 14001:Vulpes 13897:(dogs) 13438:Mungos 12752:Poiana 11834:P. leo 11832:Lion ( 11738:(cats) 11524:24 May 11493:"Lion 11460: 11429: 11393: 11371:18 May 11357: 11336: 11317: 11282: 11194: 11088: 11021: 11011:"Lion" 10989: 10959: 10936: 10926: 10875: 10867: 10840:Nature 10754: 10613: 10568: 10318:25 May 10309: 10282:25 May 10235:508478 10233: 10163: 9926: 9681: 9439: 9324: 9299: 9264: 9223: 9178: 9168: 9142:Nature 9116: 9109:170498 9106: 9009: 8984:955970 8982: 8945: 8862: 8829:557916 8827: 8717: 8711:302–05 8674: 8571:Koedoe 8501: 8458: 8448: 8303: 8280: 8176: 8147: 8075:6 June 7994: 7945: 7891: 7883: 7857:Nature 7812:Packer 7790: 7731: 7669: 7502:scats" 7464: 7394: 7384: 7329:Packer 7314: 7306: 7263: 7255: 7205: 7197: 7117:Packer 7102: 7092: 6985: 6969:"Lion" 6942:Packer 6891:Packer 6765: 6725: 6597: 6587: 6446: 6421: 6290: 6255:7 July 6212:Packer 6200:Packer 6176:Packer 6164:Packer 6149: 6141: 6096: 6066: 6008:Packer 5960: 5920: 5869: 5831: 5783: 5693: 5629: 5567: 5553:"Lion" 5491: 5432: 5389: 5381: 5337:4 July 5323: 5263: 5220: 5192:Nature 5171: 5123: 5113: 5009: 5001: 4937: 4927: 4886: 4876: 4820: 4790: 4733: 4725: 4572: 4513:18 May 4262: 4254: 4211: 4201: 4142: 4132: 4080: 4070: 4006: 3992:"Lion 3742: 3732: 3668: 3571: 3563: 3454:"lion" 3360: 3350: 3210:Gawain 3196:, the 3158:arhats 3149:Vishnu 3073:a lion 3069:zodiac 3049:Inanna 3039:up to 3027:, Iraq 3006:Tefnut 3004:, and 3002:Maahes 2185:Taenia 2116: 2096:spines 1964:Newton 1956:muzzle 1952:throat 1882:chital 1755:estrus 1670:Bengal 1666:Punjab 1650:Dezful 1599:Sahara 1495:gonads 1265:leopon 1261:tigons 1253:tigers 1145:jaguar 1092:green 984:fossil 982:was a 940:Genome 910:, and 870:Heller 797:, and 761:, the 753:− the 617:לָבִיא 612:Hebrew 610:. 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