902:"la-la" – flashy, gaudy appearance. "La-la" replaces the older derogatory term "Ah Lien" that is used to describe girls who wear heavy make-up and outstanding clothes and accessories, which usually end up being rather bad taste instead of looking sophisticated or in fashion. They also usually sport brightly coloured hair. "La-la" can also be used to describe the things these girls are known to wear. E.g. "That salegirl was very la-la"/"The clothes are so la-la." These days, the term is also used to describe guys who sports outstanding/bizarre hairstyle and wear outstanding clothes and accessories resulting in bad taste as well. "la-la zai" and "la-la mui" is commonly used to make distinctions between the genders, with the former referring to guys and the latter referring to girls. The "la-la's" also feature rather punkish attitudes.
581:, rather than a fully-fledged creole language. While all varieties of English used by Malaysians may be considered Malaysian English, some make a distinction between Malaysian English and Manglish; Malaysian English being a form of English that largely follows the standard rules of English grammar but with some local characteristics, while Manglish is a pidgin that does not follow the grammatical rules or structure of English. Many Malaysians however tend to refer to the colloquialisms used by those taught in English-medium school as Malaysian English, while some argued for the basilect form or pidgin as the "real" Malaysian English. At the lexical level, limited
2152:. For example, "kena" (a Malay word, somewhat of a prefix added for the sake of turning an action verb into passive form) might be more often used in Manglish; while Singlish more frequently uses words like "liao" (meaning "already" in Hokkien), "nia" (meaning "only" in Hokkien). However, referring the aforementioned example, "kena" is also used in Singlish and "liao" in Manglish, only to a less extent. This shows the huge influences on these two languages on each other as well. There is no difference between the two when heard from foreigner's ears.
2166:
2266:
2280:
2068:
1896:
1508:
684:
410:
43:
1655:
For example, to show argumentative mood or making emphasis, one would say, "You lo (it's your fault), if it's not for you we wouldn't be in trouble now!" and possibly in response, the other would say, "Eh, I never forced you to follow me here loh!" Another example is "traffic jam loh!" when asked by
1651:
In most cases, loh is used in direct response to a question or query with the connotation that the respondent is somewhat impatient or annoying because the person thinks that the answer is so obvious that the question should not have been raised from the start. In fact, the questioner might have no
648:
Chinese, Malay and Tamil languages often duplicate words for different functions such as to show pluralisation, emphasis or repetition. Similarly, this has influenced the duplication of
English words when speaking Manglish, especially when placing emphasis on certain words or to show pluralisation.
636:
For example, Chinese languages do not mark the verb for tenses. Instead, information about time is often acquired through contextual knowledge or time-specific markers such as 'yesterday', 'today' and 'tomorrow'. This is also replicated in
Manglish with sentences like 'She go to the shop yesterday'
1580:
In Malay, 'lah' is used to change a verb into a command or to soften its tone, particularly when usage of the verb may seem impolite. For example, "to drink" is "minum", but "Here, drink!" is "minumlah". Similarly, 'lah' is frequently used with imperatives in
Singlish, such as the command, "Drink
1476:"(Subject + predicate), is it?" – this is often used as a question. "It" doesn't refer to the subject, but rather to the entire preceding clause ("Is it so?") This is comparable to the French phrase "n'est-ce pas?" (literally "isn't it?") and the German usage of "..., oder?" (literally "..., or?")
391:
Besides mixing multiple languages, Manglish includes mixing the syntax of each language. Hence, Malaysians often speak
English in Malay or Chinese syntax. Idioms, proverbs and phrases are also often translated directly to English from Malay, Chinese, and Tamil. The accent and vocabulary used is
395:
Foreigners are generally unable to understand
Manglish as it is a mix of so many languages and multiple language rules, it is understandable only to Malaysians. Many Malaysians are able to speak their native language fluently but choose to speak Manglish in their daily lives and conversations.
1981:– lit. Where is there ?, also more loosely, What are you talking about? or Where did you get that idea?; generic response to any accusation. Derived from Malay sentence "Mana ada" – 'Mana' (Where) 'ada' (got) and also from Chinese sentence "哪里有" – '哪里' (Where) '有' (got).
1699:
Sometimes referred to as r-fullness/r-lessness, spoken
Manglish is similar to the standard variety of English in Singapore and Britain, in that the final /r/ consonant is dropped during speech. Words such as 'water' and 'player' are transcribed as /wɒtə/ and /plejə/
1678:"Meh" is commonly used at the end of a question. It is usually used with a sense of confidence in his or her own statement but the hint of doubt towards the other person. For example," I like her, can not meh?" (meaning "I like her. What's wrong with that?").
1591:
It might have Tamil origin as well. Lah is still used widely in
Southern Tamil Nadu (Thirunelveli, Kanyakumari district) in the same manner. Tamil is said to be more pure in this region than northern Tamil Nadu and had ancient trade link with south east Asia.
905:"macam yes" – to describe when a person believes he is amazing, when in reality, he is not. 'Macam' is a Malay word meaning 'as if' or 'like', and 'yes' in this context means 'amazing/great/best/right'. e.g. "He macam yes one." (He believes he is so great.)
1730:
Dental fricatives are often not enunciated in
Manglish the way it is in standard varieties of English. Instead, they are pronounced as plosives. Hence, words like 'this' /ðɪs/ is pronounced as 'dis' /dɪs/ (voiced), and 'thing' /θɪŋ/ is pronounced as /tɪŋ/
519:.) In old British Malaya, English was the language of the British administration whilst Malay was the lingua franca of the street. Even Chinese people would speak Malay when addressing other Chinese people who did not speak the same Chinese language.
2626:
Tan, Ludwig (2003) 'Topic prominence and null arguments in
Singapore Colloquial English'. In David Deterding, Low Ee Ling and Adam Brown (Eds.) English in Singapore: Research on Grammar, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics, pp.
992:"yellow" – dirty-minded, perverted. Direct translation of Chinese word for yellow to describe a perverted or dirty-minded person. e.g. "Aiyer, he is very yellow, better stay away from him." (He is very perverted, you should stay away from him.)
1637:
The
Chinese influence in Manglish, however, can be seen among other races in Malaysia, especially when conversing with Chinese-speaking people. This principle can be generally applied to all forms of non-standard English spoken in Malaysia.
1121:"kow-kow" / "kowkow" / "kaukau" – (pron: Kao-kao) used to stress a personal satisfaction on a specific action specified before. The stress can be due to shock, anger, pain, or pleasure. Example: He got it kow kow ("He got it badly")
2645:
Leong, Alvin (2003) Subject omission in Singapore Colloquial English. In David Deterding, Low Ee Ling and Adam Brown (Eds.) English in Singapore: Research on Grammar, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics, pp.
2019:
There is a tendency to drop referential pronouns (I, you) in Manglish. This is due to direct translations of Chinese and Malay in which it is unnecessary. For example, "you" and "I" in the following sentences is omittable.
1356:"Die/Finish/Gone/Habis/Mampus/Mampui/Sei/See/GG/Pok kai/" – generic exclamations from various languages to indicate "trouble", used like the English "dead" or "dead end", but the word "die" does not mean to die literally. "
541:, as in, "Don't be so worried-lah", which is usually used to present a sentence as rather light-going and not so serious; the suffix has no specific meaning. However, Chinese languages also make abundant use of the suffix
1689:
Manglish has its unique set of features when spoken by native Malaysians that are distinct from the standard variety of English. Though very similar to spoken Singlish, the two should not be considered the same variety.
626:, and conversely sentences may be constructed using English words in another language's syntax. People tend to translate phrases directly from their first languages into English, for instance, "on the light" instead of "
1805:
Chincai: originates from Hokkien, means a non-serious or simple attitude committed by a person in ignorance attitude without thinking of the possible consequences that might occur as a result from the chincai attitude.
2249:, Japan's major English-language online newspaper. Manga, or Japanese comics, are displayed on the Web site in their original format, but English translations of the Japanese characters can be seen by mousing over the
1027:"beh tahan" – cannot stand something. "beh" comes from Hokkien, meaning cannot. "tahan" comes from Malay, meaning stand or tolerate. Used mostly among Chinese. e.g. "I beh tahan him la." (I cannot stand him anymore.)
1576:
Note that 'lah' is often written after a space for clarity, but there is never a pause before it. This is because originally in Malay, 'lah' is appended to the end of the word and is not a separate word by itself.
1751:/əʊ/ and /oʊ/ diphthongs, where there is a lip rounding at the end, is often pronounced without the lip rounding in Manglish. For instance, 'so' and 'go' are pronounced as /so/ and /go/ instead of /soʊ/ and /goʊ/.
1956:"There is"/"there are" and "has"/"have" are both expressed using got, so that sentences can be translated in either way back into British / American English. This is equivalent to the Chinese 有 yǒu (to have):
1829:
Membawang: a slang word derived from Malay that means to gossip. 'Bawang' means 'onion'. 'Mem' is a prefix for a verb. This slang word came about as there are many 'aunties' that gossip together while peeling
591:
The term Malaysian English is not used in any official context except for the ever-changing school curriculum modules in attempts to improve the command of English but without going into advanced lessons.
537:
has been the country's sole official language. While English is widely used, many Malay words have become part of common usage in informal English or Manglish. An example is suffixing sentences with
1017:). Used when wanting to put an emphasis on something saying it is great or big—whether it is in a good or bad way does not matter as long as it is "huge" e.g. : "That guy is sibeh annoying lo."
1665:
In lesser cases, using "loh" can make some emphasis or convey a jovial atmosphere. For example, "I came all the way for you loh" and "Nah, that one loh, that fat chubby one in a yellow shirt loh".
1662:
However, in some cases, the use of loh is only intended to give an advice without any notion of impatience. Examples: "I think he's being unreasonable loh" or "if you ask you will know loh".
588:
There are some differences of contemporary words used between Malaysia and the United Kingdom. The use of Manglish is discouraged at schools, where only Malaysian Standard English is taught.
2054:
There is a tendency to use plural forms for uncountable nouns such as 'staffs', 'equipments', 'informations', 'criterias' and 'phenomenons'. Additionally, some articles are often dropped.
633:
Aside from borrowing lexicons and expressions at varying levels depending on the speaker's mother tongue, Malay, Chinese and Tamil also influence Manglish at a sentence formation level.
1581:
lah!" (Come on, drink!). 'Lah' also occurs frequently with "Yah" and "No" (hence "Yah lah" and "No lah"), resulting in a less brusque sound, thus facilitating the flow of conversation.
748:. This means that Manglish sentences often begin with a topic (or a known reference of the conversation), followed by a comment (or new information). Compared to Standard English, the
1823:
Kapchai: describing a small motorcycle. It originated from the name of a specific model of Honda motorcycles with the addition of a Cantonese word "chai" which means extremely small.
1802:
Gegirls: a slang that became popular due to its frequent usage by local television comedians as a friendly nickname used for girls. It can also be used to describe a group of girls.
1710:
In Manglish, long vowels such as /ɑː/ and /ɜː/ are usually pronounced no differently from /ʌ/ and /ə/ respectively. For instance, 'father' is pronounced as /fʌdə/ instead of /fɑːðə/.
1317:"A-bo", meaning "if not" in English, and the word "then". It is also equivalent to simply saying "Obviously". Usually used a sarcastic response to an obvious observation or question.
508:
Initially, "Singlish" and "Manglish" were essentially the same language, when both Singapore and the states now comprising Peninsular Malaysia were under various forms of direct and
2132:
can be subtle and sometimes difficult to be distinguish even among the locals. However, Manglish is markedly more influenced by the Malay language, with the majority population in
392:
highly dependent on the formality of the context and language dominance of the speaker. The speaker would also vary the quantity of Manglish spoken depending on their counterpart.
304:, a creole of similar roots. There is little distinction between the two creoles except that Manglish vocabulary contains more Malay words while Singlish contains more words of
1794:
Goyang Kaki: when translated into English, it means "shake leg". To Malaysians, shaking one's legs means that the individual has nothing to do and is simply laying around.
561:, which are other major languages spoken in Malaysia. Manglish also uses some archaic British terms from the era of British rule (see "gostan" and "outstation" below).
1652:
idea beforehand about the rude reply that would be shot back to him/her, though it can be argued that the word 'lah' might deliver stronger emotions from the speaker.
1826:
Chibai: a swear word often used by Malaysians. Derived from the Hokkien word referring to the female sexual organ. Can also mean shit, bastard and other profanities.
603:
Speakers of Manglish from the country's different ethnic groups tend to intersperse varying amounts of expressions or interjections from their mother tongue – be it
1323:"Aiya" - exclamation to express surprise or dismay. From Chinese. e.g. "Aiya, it's raining leh, cannot go out liao." (Aiya, it's raining, we cannot go out anymore.)
752:
relationship between topic and comment is not important; moreover, nouns, verbs, adverbs, and even entire subject-verb-object phrases can all serve as the topic:
780:
The topic can be omitted when the context is clear, or shared between clauses. This results in constructions that appear to be missing a subject to a speaker of
1681:"Meh" is of Cantonese origin (咩). In Cantonese or Hakka, "meh" is a final particle that transforms statements into questions that indicate doubt or surprise.
5679:
5619:
1150:" – from the term mamak (a slang for Indian or Indian Muslims), it is used to refer to Indian Muslim restaurants in Malaysia. Example: let's go eat at a
1843:
Gatal: When translated from Malay, the word has the meaning of "itchy" in English. The word however means "on purpose" or indicate female concupiscence
899:" – to be annoyed, irritated, pissed off. Originally from Malay meaning "angry" or "to feel agitated". e.g. "Eh look at his attitude lah, geram only!"
585:
is used and consequently, a number of words serve a variety of functions, giving extended meanings not normally accepted in standard British English.
2356:
3269:
2437:
1648:'Loh' or 'lo' (囉) is used in the same context as "lah". It serves as a final particle to intensify a decision that is definitive and irrevocable.
3343:
2852:
1720:
Diphthongs such as /eɪ/ are usually reduced to /e/ in words such as 'later'. So instead of /leɪtə/, Manglish speakers tend to say /letə/ instead.
2176:
838:"terrer" – (pronounced as the English "terror") Refers to someone or something being awesomely amazing or good (e.g. "Bloody hell, that guy is
3268:
Norizam, N. (2014). A comparison of Manglish and Singlish lexis in blogs/Nadhiya binti Norizam (Doctoral dissertation, University of Malaya)
1617:
Lah can also be used to emphasize items in a spoken list, appearing after each item in the list but is not commonly used in this context.
1466:"Woi" – exclamation to express annoyance. e.g. "Woi, you siao ah, where can do this one?" (Woi, are you crazy, how can we do it like this?)
1236:"sit" – this English word is used for riding in a vehicle in the way the equivalent words are used in Malay and in Chinese dialects, e.g. "
2520:
4536:
1573:
or ), used at the end of a sentence, can also be described as a particle that simultaneously asserts a position and entices solidarity.
5820:
5714:
4687:
1204:"pakat" - gang up. From Malay. e.g. "They pakat against me la, it not I win lo." (They ganged up against me, if not I would have won.)
3385:
2293:
1045:"go astern" (mostly used in Terengganu, Kelantan, Kedah and Penang) or "go stunt". Sometimes also expressed as "gostan balik" (lit.,
356:
2236:
having a Malayalam accent, mainly by those who have studied in Malayalam-medium schools. This is also propagated by Malayalam media.
1741:
Final consonants of words are often left out in spoken Manglish. Some examples include 'dun' (don't), 'fac' (fact), 'adap' (adapt).
1486:"Open collar, pocket no dollar" – expression reflecting linkage between extravagant appearance and persona, and illusion of wealth
545:
and there is some disagreement as to which language it was originally borrowed from. There is also a strong influence from Malay,
1347:"Cehwah/Huiyooh/Fuyoh/Fuiyoh/Fuiyor/Fulamak/Aiseh" – exclamation of amazement/wonder/marvel. (E.g. Fuyoooh, his hair so jinjang!)
1118:"makan" – to eat (Malay), often refer to lunch or dinner (Malay) (e.g. "You makan dy?" means "Have you taken your dinner/lunch?")
3093:
2870:
3220:
5764:
5549:
4170:
3426:
3131:
2955:
2926:
2750:
2710:
2549:
2503:
2476:
2413:
2339:
2773:
926:"slumber" – relaxed, laid-back; possibly a conflation of the Malay "selamba", meaning nonchalant, and the English "slumber".
5784:
4857:
4742:
821:"dollar" – a loaned currency used especially in relation to business transactions, in lieu of "ringgit" (Ringgit Malaysia).
640:
The Chinese also tend to speak Manglish with staccato feel as it is syllable-timed, unlike English which is stress-timed.
5265:
3336:
1659:
Sometimes, loh is used to express insincerity while speaking, for instance when one says "sorry loh" or "thank you loh".
249:
5370:
3201:
985:" - uncultured or remote, from Malay meaning upriver or remote interior of country. The word has also entered British
107:
1406:
word 'gila' which means mad or crazy. Sometimes it is used to refer to people who act rudely or uncivilized in public.
3077:
3046:
2210:
2115:
1943:
1547:
1391:"Jinjang" – a term to explain one's appearance, being out of fashion or old-fashion, e.g. The guys over there are so
723:
449:
126:
79:
2097:
1925:
5169:
4430:
3299:
2636:
Tan, Ludwig (2007) Null Arguments in Singapore Colloquial English. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Cambridge.
2128:
Manglish and Singlish share a common history and some common characteristics. The difference between Manglish and
1815:
Makan-makan: used by Malaysians to describe small dining events such as small gatherings at home or with friends.
5417:
5213:
1413:– used to emphasize to remember something. e.g. "Neh, the guy that wear yellow shirt ah, he fall down yesterday."
239:
86:
5825:
5734:
5174:
4680:
3875:
3329:
3270:
http://studentsrepo.um.edu.my/5458/1/NADHIYA_TGB100045_A_COMPARISON_OF_MANGLISH_%26_SINGLISH_LEXIS_IN_BLOGS.pdf
2093:
1921:
1529:
1326:"Aiyer" – exclamation to express disgust. Derived from Chinese. e.g. "Aiyer, there's vomit all over the floor."
818:"chop" – stamp (also used as verb). From Malay 'cop' meaning stamp e.g. "Put your company chop on the receipt".
705:
595:
It is however, possible to speak Manglish without substituting English words with those from another language.
431:
172:
64:
26:
This article is about the creole language in Malaysia. For the code-switching between Maltese and English, see
5774:
5467:
5429:
3165:
2539:
1457:"Wei" – exclamation when conversing to a close friend, or used as "hello" when answering phone (from Chinese
1137:" – Take a bet (e.g. "I makan 1/2 biji on Manchester United" means "I bet 1/2 handicap on Manchester United")
1840:
Uncle/Aunty: Malaysians refer to all middle-aged adults as uncle and aunty despite having no blood relation.
1423:"Oi" - to call someone. It has a disrespectful connotation and often used rudely. e.g. "Oi, come back here."
1249:" – to stand, to bear ("Cannot tahan her perfume! So strong!"). From Malay "tahan", to endure, to withstand.
1030:"cabut/cantas" – to run off, flee or to escape ('Cabut' is a Malay word meaning to pull or pulling out as a
5769:
5422:
5242:
5059:
4880:
4440:
3870:
1969:– There were so many people at East Coast Park yesterday. / East Coast Park had so many people yesterday.
93:
5145:
5135:
4733:
4700:
4696:
2379:
5729:
5444:
5302:
4713:
3910:
1588:) is placed at the end of a sentence in imperatives making it sound more like a request than an order.
1288:" or "I'm eating right now"), "He's d one dat tipu-ing me leh.." (meaning "He's the one cheating me!").
4665:
2812:
1602:
Don't know already lah! (Brusque response to someone fumbling with an explanation. Mostly by Chinese.)
1385:"Haiz/Haish" – similar to sighing. e.g. "Haiz, still got work to do." (Haiz, I still have work to do.)
784:, and so called PRO-drop utterances may be regarded as a diagnostic feature of Manglish. For example:
5709:
5235:
5193:
5164:
5096:
5064:
4673:
3765:
3431:
2089:
1917:
1525:
1489:"That's why" - expression used to express agreement with a statement (Example: "It's so hot today!" "
1382:"Geli"- meaning disgusting. Example:"Eh,this thing very geli eh!"(Hey,this thing is very disgusting!)
762:
Yesterday she also give homework, too much lah. (She also gave homework yesterday, there's too much.)
701:
427:
75:
60:
1985:
Can is used extensively as both a question particle and an answer particle. The negative is cannot:
1874:
Sepet: someone who has slit and narrow eyes and often used when describing the eyes of the Chinese.
5434:
5388:
5287:
5260:
5225:
5120:
4991:
3795:
3451:
2192:
2078:
1906:
1344:). It may be used to annoy friends or families when they are having a better time than the speaker.
737:
3309:
931:
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5479:
5297:
5272:
4608:
4521:
4252:
4005:
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3935:
3855:
3840:
3775:
3409:
2082:
1910:
1518:
1058:" – happened, succeeded (derived from the Malay word 'jadi', and may sometimes mean 'so' as in, "
756:
That school Chinese orchestra very good one. (The Chinese orchestra of that school is very good.)
694:
420:
53:
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5009:
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3421:
3183:
1267:", but other places also apply. Generally identifies with "go have a drink". Derived from the "
5457:
4070:
3251:
2329:
1252:"tumpang-ing" – riding in someone else's vehicle or lodging at someone else's house, from the
370:, but it differs from the Rojak language by the use of English as the base language. The term
5759:
5544:
5439:
5152:
5086:
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4825:
4478:
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3605:
3458:
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1426:"Podaa!" – from Tamil equivalent to the American phrase, "Get out!" when expressing disbelief
5752:
3119:
2914:
2738:
2698:
1668:"Loh" is mostly used by the Chinese community in Malaysia, because of its Cantonese origin.
1454:"Watodo" – a rhetorical "What do do?" (Example, "It has already happened. What can we do?").
5181:
5074:
5014:
4892:
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4782:
4631:
4613:
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274:
2027:"(you) always also cannot, cannot, cannot" (You always prohibit (me) from doing something)
8:
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5601:
5499:
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5208:
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2245:
1626:
835:), from the colonial era when British officials went to hill stations to escape the heat.
582:
512:
344:
1760:
The use of Manglish can be commonly found on the internet, especially amongst bloggers.
1340:
1084:" – to disturb, e.g.: Please don't kacau me. From Malay for "disturb" or "disorganised".
1013:
919:
910:
887:) for "simply", "casual" or "slipshod". E.g. "I just cincai order a dish from the menu."
883:
807:
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1104:
if I cheat". (I'm sure to get punished if I cheat.) From the Malay passive verb "kena".
868:"chop" – stamp (of approval). (Due to confusion of the usage of the Malay word "cap". )
612:
3525:
3147:
3028:
2992:
1788:
Syiok Sendiri: used to express the feeling of getting carried away or amusing oneself.
100:
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515:, though not forming a single administrative unit except between 1963 and 1965. (See
270:
225:
20:
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3800:
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3227:
1124:"lempang" – literally "bash" in Malay but usually refers to a slap. Example: He can
1004:
245:
5794:
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3920:
3915:
3895:
3885:
3845:
3835:
3825:
3770:
3740:
3730:
3685:
3655:
3565:
3530:
3414:
2595:
2371:
2285:
2145:
781:
774:
741:
608:
554:
546:
467:
360:
332:
320:
290:
2674:
2184:
1072:
5664:
5566:
5504:
5474:
5282:
5157:
4978:
4954:
4926:
4897:
4870:
4835:
4722:
4563:
4553:
4407:
4375:
4370:
4360:
4307:
4245:
4238:
4187:
4030:
3945:
3940:
3880:
3785:
3750:
3745:
3735:
3725:
3680:
3670:
3660:
3600:
3595:
3575:
3570:
3401:
3375:
3305:
2794:
2271:
2250:
2141:
1031:
630:
on the light". Or sometimes, "open the light", translated directly from Chinese.
578:
523:
313:
164:
31:
1420:– used to emphasize pointing to something. e.g. "Neh, the toilet is over there."
1216:"pon" – to skip school/play truant/apon (from Malay "ponteng", meaning the same)
1209:
5739:
5654:
5614:
5514:
5338:
5091:
4996:
4986:
4902:
4704:
4516:
4233:
4175:
4143:
4138:
4060:
4050:
4035:
3995:
3970:
3965:
3950:
3930:
3900:
3890:
3865:
3815:
3790:
3720:
3715:
3675:
3645:
3585:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3515:
3495:
3475:
1975:– Is there air-conditioning on this bus? / Does this bus have air-conditioning?
1621:
They got sell Nasi Lemak lah, Roti Canai lah, Chapatti lah; Everything got lah!
1403:
1303:
1253:
986:
976:"tidak apa" - to have a happy-go-lucky attitude, or be indifferent. From Malay.
770:
745:
616:
604:
558:
534:
516:
377:
340:
324:
286:
282:
1459:
1447:
1442:"Walao eh" – also an exclamation of amazement, either from Hokkien or Teochew
1435:
890:"geng" – great, amazing, used to describe a person. e.g. "Wah, he is so geng."
873:
5809:
5789:
5704:
5360:
5277:
5218:
5130:
5081:
4959:
4941:
4593:
4578:
4568:
4393:
4123:
4065:
4025:
4015:
3990:
3985:
3805:
3710:
3700:
3463:
2188:
2137:
1042:
509:
388:) of Manglish may differ greatly from that of West Coast Malaysian speakers.
297:
2833:
2024:"(you) never do anything right" (None of the things that you do is correct.)
1245:
1186:
1176:
1142:
1133:
1100:" – to experience/get caught/punished; often used like a noun. e.g. "I sure
1080:
1067:
949:
895:
5292:
5140:
5019:
4558:
4468:
4182:
4160:
3755:
3625:
3314:
1264:
1219:"saman" – to issue a fine, usually in relation to a traffic offence, from "
367:
3054:
2888:
2375:
1388:"Izzit?" – expression of mild unbelief. ("Really? ", basically, "Is it?").
1096:
1054:
943:
4488:
4450:
4445:
4155:
4133:
4128:
4104:
3635:
3630:
3555:
3550:
2149:
1374:
1361:
1147:
550:
336:
27:
3321:
2675:"22 Malaysian Slang Words Only Locals Use Like Potong Stim & Kantoi"
2600:
1725:
Dental fricatives /ð/ and /θ/ are pronounced as dental plosives instead.
1334:
981:
5203:
4695:
4435:
3610:
1532: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1369:
852:"action/ackshun/eksyen" – showing-off, arrogant, from English "action".
825:
812:
708: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
666:
That boy you dated last time is the short-short one in the party is it?
664:
656:
434: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
385:
2243:
in English) is also the name of an interactive cartoon feature in the
1585:
1584:
It is also possible that Lah comes from Cantonese. In Cantonese, Lah (
877:" – casually, simply, doing things as one pleases. Comes from Hokkien
4760:
4415:
4228:
4150:
4109:
2591:
Colloquial Malaysian English (CMalE): a problem or a cool phenomenon?
1858:
Lansi: a profanity describing individuals with an arrogant attitude.
1329:"Anoh" – exclamation to express agreement. Used mostly among Chinese.
759:
She play violin very bad leh. (She's very bad at playing the violin.)
502:
212:
193:
3010:
2971:
2566:
2067:
1895:
1610:
Don't worry, he can do it one lah – Don't worry, he can get it done.
1507:
683:
409:
42:
4787:
4473:
2495:
The Routledge Concise History of Southeast Asian Writing in English
2308:
2279:
2224:
The word 'Manglish' is also used to describe the English spoken by
2133:
2129:
1569:
749:
498:
381:
301:
278:
257:
155:
5724:
5719:
5529:
4875:
4802:
4797:
4165:
3126:(2nd ed.). Marshall Cavendish International (Asia) Pte Ltd.
3072:(in Chinese). Beijing: China Social Sciences Press. p. 176.
2921:(2nd ed.). Marshall Cavendish International (Asia) Pte Ltd.
2745:(2nd ed.). Marshall Cavendish International (Asia) Pte Ltd.
2705:(2nd ed.). Marshall Cavendish International (Asia) Pte Ltd.
1812:
Pau: indicative of asking someone to buy something or give money.
1625:
Although lah can appear nearly anywhere, it cannot appear with a
1599:
Don't have lah! (Brusque response to, "Lend me some money, can?")
1396:
1314:
1269:
1220:
505:, although distinctions can be made, particularly in vocabulary.
328:
309:
305:
281:. It is heavily influenced by the main languages of the country,
253:
2460:
2458:
965:
meaning "pleasing" or "attractive", possibly originally Persian
569:
In Malaysia, Manglish is considered to be a less formal form of
4792:
4772:
4501:
2468:
English in Southeast Asia: Features, Policy and Language in Use
2229:
802:
669:(Was the boy you dated the very short one we met at the party?)
574:
352:
348:
765:
Discussed finish already. (We've finished discussing already.)
319:
The vocabulary of Manglish consists of words originating from
293:. It is not one of the official languages spoken in Malaysia.
4262:
2455:
2240:
2233:
1307:
1298:"Alamak" – exclamation of surprise or shock. (E.g. "Alamak!"
623:
372:
622:
Verbs or adjectives from other languages often have English
4272:
1595:
Lah is often used with brusque, short, negative responses:
1277:
769:
The above constructions can be translated analogously into
355:
resembles southern varieties of Chinese. Also, elements of
1402:"Giler Ah!" – exclamation of shock or amazement. From the
1107:"kenasai"/"kanasai" – to get into trouble, a mix of Malay
917:"pai-seh" – ashamed, embarrassed/embarrassing. 'pai-seh' (
914:), e.g. "It ngaam-ngaam fits in." (It fits in just right.)
658:
You don't noisy-noisy ah, I whack you later then you know.
256:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
3117:
2912:
2853:"15 Malaysian Slang Words To Help You Speak Like a Local"
2736:
2696:
1633:
Where are you ar? (This is especially of Chinese origin.)
1263:"yam-cha/yum-cha" – socializing with friends usually in "
1197:
something on or off, respectively (e.g. "Don't forget to
615:
languages – which, in some cases, qualifies as a form of
497:
Manglish shares substantial linguistic similarities with
363:
slang have come through from imported television series.
300:
is very similar to and highly mutually intelligible with
2357:"A multitude of "lishes": The nomenclature of hybridity"
1629:. Another particle should be used instead. For example:
1233:"siam" – to avoid (e.g. "Boss is coming. I siam first.")
2699:"Chapter 7: From Cooling to Suspenders: Colloquialisms"
1684:
1332:"Bo jio" – A term in Hokkien meaning "no invitation" (
376:
derives from "mixture" or "eclectic mix" in colloquial
2948:
Frontline: Reporting from the World's Deadliest Places
2789:
2787:
1226:"shake leg" - idling, not doing anything, from Malay "
366:
The Malaysian Manglish is sometimes known as Rojak or
3302:, Should Malaysians speak Manglish or proper English?
1705:
There is no distinction between long and short vowels
2261:
1755:
1399:
is also a sub-urban town in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.)
1157:"mempersiasuikan" - to embarrass, derived by adding
2784:
2402:Yamaguchi, Toshiko; Deterding, David, eds. (2016).
1746:
Absence of lip rounding in diphthongs ending in /ʊ/
1008:" - approximately, roughly, from Malay for "guess".
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2537:
2401:
929:"sup-sup sui" – easy, no big deal. 'Sup-sup sui' (
791:Why don't want come? (Why don't you want to come?)
661:(Don't be too noisy or I'll discipline you later.)
598:
2567:"The sociolinguistic status of Malaysian English"
2558:
2471:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 56.
1967:Yesterday ar, East Coast Park got so many people!
1306:exclamation 'alamak', probably a contraction of "
953:" – indicates the object as superlatively good. "
862:"best" - superlatively good, see also syok/shiok.
564:
147:Manglish Creole/Pidgin , Malaysian Pidgin English
5807:
2795:"Singapore terms join Oxford English Dictionary"
2659:, Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters, pp. 10-11.
2657:The Step-tongue: Children's English in Singapore
2464:
1963:– Is there a question? / Do you have a question?
1320:"Adoi" - exclamation like an "Ouch!" From Malay.
1041:"gostan" – reverse a vehicle, probably from the
3279:
3277:
2492:Patke, Rajeev Shridhar; Holden, Philip (2010).
1656:a friend why he or she is late to an occasion.
1091:..." means, "I got shafted/reprimanded/caught")
3068:Zhou, Changji; Chew, Cheng Hai, eds. (2002).
3033:A Dictionary of Singlish and Singapore English
2669:
2667:
2665:
1445:"Wah" - to express amazement. From Cantonese (
4681:
3337:
2518:
2173:The examples and perspective in this article
1115:(屎, faeces) to form the phrase "hit by shit".
5039:
3274:
3124:Manglish: Malaysian English at Its Wackiest!
2919:Manglish: Malaysian English at Its Wackiest!
2743:Manglish: Malaysian English at Its Wackiest!
2703:Manglish: Malaysian English at Its Wackiest!
2608:
2564:
2057:
466:is first recorded in 1989. Other colloquial
3221:"Maritime Contacts on the Coromandal Coast"
3218:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2662:
2538:Bargiela-Chiappini, Francesca, ed. (2009).
2491:
2405:English in Malaysia: Current Use and Status
2096:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2040:"Kau boleh buat ini ke?" (Can you do this?)
1924:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1353:"Deyh!" – meaning bro. Borrowed from Tamil.
1075:– to walk (from Malay for "road" or "walk")
855:"aiksy/lan si" – arrogant, overconfident.
805:" – White people, from Hokkien "red hair" (
530:. British spelling is generally followed.
5715:Comparison of American and British English
4688:
4674:
3344:
3330:
2465:Low, Ee-Ling; Azirah Hashim, eds. (2012).
2327:
1808:E.g. I chincai paraphrase and summarise.
828:" - a Malay term to describe white people.
522:English as spoken in Malaysia is based on
3351:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3103:
2774:"Top 10 slangs only Malaysians would say"
2599:
2544:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
2294:British and Malaysian English differences
2211:Learn how and when to remove this message
2148:, with the majority population being the
2116:Learn how and when to remove this message
1944:Learn how and when to remove this message
1785:Aircon: abbreviation of air conditioning.
1548:Learn how and when to remove this message
1011:"sibeh" – very, extremely. From Hokkien (
811:). Used by Chinese, while the Malays use
724:Learn how and when to remove this message
450:Learn how and when to remove this message
343:, and, to a lesser extent, various other
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
5408:
3310:Malaysia Cracks Down on 'Salad Language'
3067:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2759:
2692:
2690:
2688:
1373:(Today, he is in trouble because of the
1350:"Cheh" - from Malay, to express disgust.
777:, with little change to the word order.
470:for Manglish include (chronologically):
3366:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2594:(Master's thesis). Jaume I University.
2565:Vollmann, Ralf; Soon, Tek Wooi (2019).
2354:
2328:Davis, Graeme; Bernhardt, Karl (eds.).
2140:; while Singlish is more influenced by
1276:(any Malay word) + the English suffix "
865:"blur" – confused, unfocused, ignorant.
831:"outstation" – out of town (e.g. going
643:
250:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
5808:
3100:
2915:"Chapter 4: Cannot Tahan! Let's Cabut"
2431:
2429:
2427:
2425:
1715:Diphthongs are reduced to monophthongs
1568:
908:"ngaam ngaam" - just. From Cantonese (
4669:
4171:Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien
3325:
2899:
2685:
2581:
1439:). e.g. "Siao ah you" (Are you crazy)
5785:Non-native pronunciations of English
3158:
3118:Lee Su Kim; Stephen J. Hall (2019).
2987:
2985:
2941:
2913:Lee Su Kim; Stephen J. Hall (2019).
2850:
2737:Lee Su Kim; Stephen J. Hall (2019).
2719:
2697:Lee Su Kim; Stephen J. Hall (2019).
2159:
2094:adding citations to reliable sources
2061:
1922:adding citations to reliable sources
1889:
1685:Phonetic Features of Spoken Manglish
1530:adding citations to reliable sources
1501:
1111:meaning "get" or "meet" and Hokkien
706:adding citations to reliable sources
677:
673:
432:adding citations to reliable sources
403:
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
3283:
2614:
2587:
2435:
2422:
30:. For the 2014 Malayalam film, see
13:
2541:The Handbook of Business Discourse
1606:Lah is also used for reassurance:
1364:equivalent, "die". (E.g. Today he
1280:" – doing a certain action, e.g. "
1087:"kantoi" – to get caught ("I kena
14:
5842:
5821:English-based pidgins and creoles
3293:
3140:
3120:"Chapter 14: Adoi! Exclamations!"
2982:
2739:"Chapter 2: Aiksy Only! So Atas!"
2436:Lim, Chin Lam (14 October 2011).
1756:Usage of Manglish on the Internet
4431:Malay trade and creole languages
2519:Alistair King (8 October 2013).
2278:
2264:
2164:
2066:
1894:
1885:
1506:
1292:
682:
408:
41:
3386:comparison with British English
3262:
3244:
3212:
3194:
3176:
3086:
3061:
3039:
3021:
3003:
2964:
2935:
2881:
2863:
2851:Zumi, Mark (30 November 2017).
2844:
2826:
2822:. Ministry of Education, R.O.C.
2805:
2649:
2639:
2630:
2620:
2049:
1613:It's okay lah – It's all right.
1517:needs additional citations for
1360:" is usually pronounced as its
969:(cheerful, spirited) or Arabic
693:needs additional citations for
599:Influences from other languages
419:needs additional citations for
52:needs additional citations for
5735:English-based creole languages
2531:
2521:"Just don't call it Manglish!"
2512:
2485:
2395:
2389:
2348:
2321:
2155:
1034:, or to become detached as an
989:to mean a remote jungle place.
565:Malaysian English and Manglish
1:
5775:List of English-based pidgins
3166:"Kamon-lah, Tok Manglish OK?"
2314:
2030:"你可以做这个吗？" (Can you do this?)
1791:Ciplak: describing plagiarism
1429:"Siao" – crazy. From Hokkien
846:
788:Stupid lah. (This is stupid.)
637:and 'I come here every day'.
5770:Linguistic purism in English
2655:Gupta, Anthea Fraser (1994)
2571:Grazer Linguistische Studien
1973:This bus got air-con or not?
1736:Omission of final consonants
1497:
961:" is a borrowing from Malay
7:
4871:London & Thames Estuary
2257:
2187:, discuss the issue on the
2014:
1313:"Abuden?" - Combination of
380:. The East Coast versions (
16:Creole language in Malaysia
10:
5847:
5730:English as a lingua franca
2944:"Chapter 2 - Into the Ulu"
2942:Loyn, David (9 May 2011).
2045:"Tak boleh." ((I) cannot.)
1480:
1470:
996:
665:
657:
399:
25:
18:
5710:Broad and general accents
5692:
5645:
5620:regional and occupational
5600:
5587:
5580:
5492:
5453:
5401:
5379:
5319:
5251:
5116:
5105:
5050:
5032:
5005:
4977:
4940:
4917:
4856:
4818:
4741:
4732:
4721:
4712:
4649:
4624:
4601:
4592:
4537:comparison with Malaysian
4487:
4461:
4406:
4386:
4348:
4283:
4216:
4092:
4083:
3699:
3504:
3488:
3474:
3400:
3359:
3300:Manglish: For and Against
3094:"A Grammar of Baba Malay"
2893:Oxford English Dictionary
2498:. Routledge. p. 32.
2331:Lingua et Linguistica 1.1
2058:Comparisons with Singlish
2004:– (Yes, that is possible)
1567:The ubiquitous word lah (
1458:
1446:
1434:
1339:
1244:
1208:
1185:
1141:
1132:
1095:
1079:
1066:
1053:
1012:
1003:
980:
948:
942:
935:) is of Cantonese origin.
930:
918:
909:
894:
882:
872:
806:
236:
224:
210:
191:
186:
161:
151:
146:
141:
4656:Nearly extinct languages
3152:A Dictionary of Singlish
3069:
2997:A Dictionary of Singlish
1240:bus" for "take the bus".
1021:
938:"seng" - refer to "geng"
923:) is of Hokkien origin .
795:
573:which has features of a
19:Not to be confused with
4609:Malaysian Sign Language
2355:Lambert, James (2018).
859:is of Cantonese origin.
652:Some examples include:
269:is an informal form of
4888:Received Pronunciation
4637:Selangor Sign Language
3756:Bruneian/Kedayan Malay
3561:Kelantan-Pattani Malay
1992:– (Give it to me, OK?)
1694:Manglish is non-rhotic
1671:
1641:
1560:
238:This article contains
5826:Languages of Malaysia
5082:Multicultural Toronto
3876:Kota Marudu Talantang
3606:Negeri Sembilan Malay
3353:Languages of Malaysia
3057:on February 19, 2020.
2588:Lee, Zhia Ee (2015).
2408:. Brill. p. 13.
2376:10.1075/eww.00001.lam
1990:Gimme lah, ok or not?
1310:" and "Mak" (mother).
5243:Western Pennsylvania
4632:Penang Sign Language
4614:Manually Coded Malay
3219:S. Rajavelu (n.d.).
2438:"Primer on Manglish"
2193:create a new article
2185:improve this article
2175:may not represent a
2090:improve this section
1918:improve this section
1526:improve this article
1273:" used in Cantonese.
1213:" – to faint (Malay)
1190:" – to drink (Malay)
1173:" to a Hokkien word
702:improve this article
644:Duplication of words
428:improve this article
277:principally used in
275:English-based creole
273:with features of an
61:improve this article
5780:Mid-Atlantic accent
5371:Trinidad and Tobago
4115:Malaysian Cantonese
3871:Klias River Kadazan
2820:Taiwan Southern Min
2246:Mainichi Daily News
1181:(泻衰) meaning shame.
296:Manglish spoken in
289:, and varieties of
5303:Pennsylvania Dutch
4462:Mixed & Others
4204:Malaysian Mandarin
3172:. 9 November 2007.
2364:English World-Wide
2228:speakers from the
973:(desire, passion).
345:European languages
5803:
5802:
5688:
5687:
5488:
5487:
5397:
5396:
5315:
5314:
5311:
5310:
5236:Pacific Northwest
5097:Standard Canadian
5028:
5027:
4973:
4972:
4913:
4912:
4663:
4662:
4653:Extinct languages
4645:
4644:
4402:
4401:
4079:
4078:
3911:Mainstream Kenyah
3396:
3395:
3133:978-981-4841-70-2
2957:978-0-85765-316-1
2950:. Penguin Books.
2928:978-981-4841-70-2
2813:"【凊彩】tshìn-tshái"
2752:978-981-4841-70-2
2712:978-981-4841-70-2
2551:978-0-7486-2801-8
2505:978-1-135-25762-0
2478:978-90-272-4902-9
2415:978-90-04-31430-6
2341:978-1-84753-625-9
2304:Singapore English
2299:Malaysian English
2221:
2220:
2213:
2195:, as appropriate.
2126:
2125:
2118:
1954:
1953:
1946:
1883:
1882:
1558:
1557:
1550:
1036:intransitive verb
734:
733:
726:
674:Words and grammar
571:Malaysian English
528:Malaysian English
468:portmanteau words
460:
459:
452:
351:, while Manglish
271:Malaysian English
264:
263:
246:rendering support
242:phonetic symbols.
137:
136:
129:
111:
21:Malaysian English
5838:
5700:English language
5585:
5584:
5406:
5405:
5389:Falkland Islands
5288:General American
5261:African-American
5114:
5113:
5048:
5047:
5037:
5036:
4739:
4738:
4730:
4729:
4719:
4718:
4690:
4683:
4676:
4667:
4666:
4599:
4598:
4199:Mandarin Chinese
4090:
4089:
3686:Terengganu Malay
3486:
3485:
3364:
3363:
3346:
3339:
3332:
3323:
3322:
3306:Zimmer, Benjamin
3287:
3281:
3272:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3232:
3226:. Archived from
3225:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3115:
3098:
3097:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3053:. Archived from
3043:
3037:
3036:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2989:
2980:
2979:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2910:
2897:
2896:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2857:The Culture Trip
2848:
2842:
2841:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2817:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2791:
2782:
2781:
2770:
2757:
2756:
2734:
2717:
2716:
2694:
2683:
2682:
2671:
2660:
2653:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2462:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2433:
2420:
2419:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2378:. Archived from
2361:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2325:
2288:
2286:Languages portal
2283:
2282:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2216:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2196:
2168:
2167:
2160:
2146:Mandarin Chinese
2121:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2101:
2070:
2062:
2035:"可以。" ((I) can.)
1949:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1929:
1898:
1890:
1763:
1762:
1572:
1553:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1533:
1510:
1502:
1462:
1450:
1438:
1368:because of that
1343:
1248:
1212:
1189:
1145:
1136:
1099:
1083:
1070:
1057:
1016:
1007:
984:
952:
946:
934:
922:
913:
898:
886:
876:
810:
782:Standard English
729:
722:
718:
715:
709:
686:
678:
668:
660:
455:
448:
444:
441:
435:
412:
404:
232:
205:
196:
167:
139:
138:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
5846:
5845:
5841:
5840:
5839:
5837:
5836:
5835:
5806:
5805:
5804:
5799:
5684:
5641:
5596:
5576:
5484:
5480:Solomon Islands
5449:
5393:
5375:
5307:
5298:New York Latino
5273:American Indian
5253:
5247:
5108:
5101:
5042:
5024:
5010:Channel Islands
5001:
4969:
4936:
4909:
4852:
4814:
4724:
4708:
4694:
4664:
4659:
4641:
4620:
4588:
4483:
4457:
4398:
4382:
4344:
4285:
4279:
4239:Malaysian Tamil
4212:
4085:
4075:
3796:Eastern Kadazan
3776:Coastal Kadazan
3702:
3695:
3507:
3500:
3479:
3470:
3392:
3355:
3350:
3308:(2006-10-05), "
3296:
3291:
3290:
3282:
3275:
3267:
3263:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3223:
3217:
3213:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3134:
3116:
3101:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3080:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3009:
3008:
3004:
2991:
2990:
2983:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2958:
2940:
2936:
2929:
2911:
2900:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2849:
2845:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2815:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2793:
2792:
2785:
2772:
2771:
2760:
2753:
2735:
2720:
2713:
2695:
2686:
2679:The Smart Local
2673:
2672:
2663:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2621:
2613:
2609:
2586:
2582:
2563:
2559:
2552:
2536:
2532:
2517:
2513:
2506:
2490:
2486:
2479:
2463:
2456:
2446:
2444:
2434:
2423:
2416:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2382:
2359:
2353:
2349:
2342:
2326:
2322:
2317:
2284:
2277:
2272:Malaysia portal
2270:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2251:speech balloons
2217:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2182:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2142:Hokkien dialect
2122:
2111:
2105:
2102:
2087:
2071:
2060:
2052:
2017:
1950:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1915:
1899:
1888:
1758:
1687:
1676:
1646:
1627:yes–no question
1565:
1554:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1523:
1511:
1500:
1483:
1473:
1295:
1062:" = "So what?")
1032:transitive verb
1024:
999:
849:
798:
738:topic-prominent
730:
719:
713:
710:
699:
687:
676:
646:
611:or one of the
601:
567:
524:British English
456:
445:
439:
436:
425:
413:
402:
244:Without proper
230:
203:
192:
182:
168:
165:Language family
163:
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
32:Manglish (film)
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5844:
5834:
5833:
5831:Code-switching
5828:
5823:
5818:
5801:
5800:
5798:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5756:
5755:
5750:
5742:
5740:Englishisation
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5696:
5694:
5690:
5689:
5686:
5685:
5683:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5651:
5649:
5647:Southeast Asia
5643:
5642:
5640:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5623:
5622:
5612:
5606:
5604:
5598:
5597:
5595:
5594:
5588:
5582:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5562:South Atlantic
5559:
5558:
5557:
5552:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5496:
5494:
5490:
5489:
5486:
5485:
5483:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5471:
5470:
5460:
5454:
5451:
5450:
5448:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5426:
5425:
5414:
5412:
5403:
5399:
5398:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5391:
5386:
5380:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5344:Cayman Islands
5341:
5336:
5331:
5325:
5323:
5317:
5316:
5313:
5312:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5269:
5268:
5257:
5255:
5254:ethno-cultural
5249:
5248:
5246:
5245:
5240:
5239:
5238:
5233:
5223:
5222:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5191:
5190:
5189:
5179:
5178:
5177:
5172:
5162:
5161:
5160:
5150:
5149:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5123:
5117:
5111:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5078:
5077:
5072:
5062:
5056:
5054:
5045:
5034:
5030:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5006:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4983:
4981:
4975:
4974:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4946:
4944:
4938:
4937:
4935:
4934:
4929:
4923:
4921:
4915:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4907:
4906:
4905:
4900:
4890:
4885:
4884:
4883:
4878:
4868:
4862:
4860:
4854:
4853:
4851:
4850:
4849:
4848:
4846:Stoke-on-Trent
4843:
4838:
4828:
4822:
4820:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4812:
4807:
4806:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4764:
4763:
4753:
4747:
4745:
4736:
4727:
4716:
4710:
4709:
4705:Modern English
4693:
4692:
4685:
4678:
4670:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4654:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4639:
4634:
4628:
4626:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4617:
4616:
4605:
4603:
4596:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4540:
4539:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4493:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4465:
4463:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4412:
4410:
4404:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4396:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4379:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4311:
4310:
4300:
4295:
4289:
4287:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4243:
4242:
4241:
4231:
4220:
4218:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4176:Penang Hokkien
4173:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4126:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4118:
4117:
4096:
4094:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4006:Selungai Murut
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3956:Punan Bah-Biau
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3936:Nonukan Tidong
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3856:Keningau Murut
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3707:
3705:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3512:
3510:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3492:
3490:
3483:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3406:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3378:
3372:
3370:
3361:
3357:
3356:
3349:
3348:
3341:
3334:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3303:
3295:
3294:External links
3292:
3289:
3288:
3273:
3261:
3243:
3211:
3193:
3175:
3157:
3139:
3132:
3099:
3085:
3078:
3060:
3038:
3020:
3002:
2981:
2963:
2956:
2934:
2927:
2898:
2880:
2862:
2843:
2825:
2804:
2801:. 12 May 2016.
2783:
2780:. 13 May 2015.
2758:
2751:
2718:
2711:
2684:
2681:. 7 July 2023.
2661:
2648:
2638:
2629:
2619:
2607:
2580:
2577:(91): 133–150.
2557:
2550:
2530:
2511:
2504:
2484:
2477:
2454:
2421:
2414:
2394:
2388:
2385:on 2019-11-20.
2347:
2340:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2275:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2237:
2219:
2218:
2179:of the subject
2177:worldwide view
2172:
2170:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2150:Ethnic Chinese
2124:
2123:
2074:
2072:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1983:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1952:
1951:
1902:
1900:
1893:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1743:
1742:
1733:
1732:
1722:
1721:
1712:
1711:
1702:
1701:
1686:
1683:
1675:
1670:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1634:
1623:
1622:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1564:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1514:
1512:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1487:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1455:
1452:
1443:
1440:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:(rising pitch)
1414:
1407:
1400:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1311:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1274:
1261:
1250:
1241:
1234:
1231:
1224:
1217:
1214:
1205:
1202:
1193:"on/off" – to
1191:
1182:
1155:
1138:
1129:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1105:
1092:
1085:
1076:
1063:
1050:
1039:
1028:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1009:
998:
995:
994:
993:
990:
987:military slang
977:
974:
939:
936:
927:
924:
915:
906:
903:
900:
891:
888:
869:
866:
863:
860:
853:
848:
845:
844:
843:
836:
829:
822:
819:
816:
797:
794:
793:
792:
789:
767:
766:
763:
760:
757:
732:
731:
690:
688:
681:
675:
672:
671:
670:
662:
645:
642:
617:code-switching
600:
597:
566:
563:
458:
457:
416:
414:
407:
401:
398:
262:
261:
248:, you may see
234:
233:
228:
222:
221:
216:
208:
207:
197:
189:
188:
187:Language codes
184:
183:
181:
180:
173:English Creole
171:
169:
162:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
144:
143:
135:
134:
49:
47:
40:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5843:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5813:
5811:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5760:International
5758:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5697:
5695:
5691:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5652:
5650:
5648:
5644:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5621:
5618:
5617:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5607:
5605:
5603:
5599:
5593:
5590:
5589:
5586:
5583:
5579:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5547:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5497:
5495:
5491:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5455:
5452:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5440:Torres Strait
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5424:
5421:
5420:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5411:
5407:
5404:
5400:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5381:
5378:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5350:
5347:
5346:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5322:
5318:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5267:
5264:
5263:
5262:
5259:
5258:
5256:
5250:
5244:
5241:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5228:
5227:
5224:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5196:
5195:
5192:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5183:
5180:
5176:
5175:North-Central
5173:
5171:
5168:
5167:
5166:
5163:
5159:
5156:
5155:
5154:
5153:New York City
5151:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5104:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5087:Ottawa Valley
5085:
5083:
5080:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5067:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5053:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5038:
5035:
5031:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5004:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4980:
4976:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4943:
4939:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4920:
4916:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4882:
4881:Multicultural
4879:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4859:
4855:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4841:Black Country
4839:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4832:
4831:West Midlands
4829:
4827:
4826:East Midlands
4824:
4823:
4821:
4817:
4811:
4808:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4744:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4711:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4691:
4686:
4684:
4679:
4677:
4672:
4671:
4668:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4648:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4591:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4522:East Timorese
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4486:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4460:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4405:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4385:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4347:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4282:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4253:Indo-European
4251:
4247:
4244:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4200:
4197:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4184:
4181:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4091:
4088:
4082:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3991:Sarawak Malay
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3761:Brunei Bisaya
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3698:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3666:Southern Thai
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3621:Orang Seletar
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3503:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3477:
3473:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3427:North Bornean
3425:
3424:
3423:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3410:Austroasiatic
3408:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3347:
3342:
3340:
3335:
3333:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3285:
3280:
3278:
3271:
3265:
3257:
3253:
3247:
3233:on 2006-02-11
3229:
3222:
3215:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3189:
3185:
3179:
3171:
3167:
3161:
3153:
3149:
3143:
3135:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3095:
3089:
3081:
3079:7-5004-3530-4
3075:
3064:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3034:
3030:
3029:"K: kena sai"
3024:
3016:
3012:
3006:
2998:
2994:
2988:
2986:
2977:
2973:
2967:
2959:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2938:
2930:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2894:
2890:
2884:
2876:
2872:
2866:
2858:
2854:
2847:
2839:
2835:
2829:
2821:
2814:
2808:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2788:
2779:
2775:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2754:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2714:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2680:
2676:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2658:
2652:
2642:
2633:
2623:
2616:
2611:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2584:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2553:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2534:
2526:
2522:
2515:
2507:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2488:
2480:
2474:
2470:
2469:
2461:
2459:
2443:
2439:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2417:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2398:
2392:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2358:
2351:
2343:
2337:
2333:
2332:
2324:
2320:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2276:
2273:
2262:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2215:
2212:
2204:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2178:
2171:
2162:
2161:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2138:Ethnic Malays
2135:
2131:
2120:
2117:
2109:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2075:This section
2073:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2055:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1961:Got question?
1959:
1958:
1957:
1948:
1945:
1937:
1934:February 2012
1927:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1903:This section
1901:
1897:
1892:
1891:
1886:Miscellaneous
1879:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1700:respectively.
1698:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1682:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1570:[lɑ́]
1563:
1552:
1549:
1541:
1538:February 2012
1531:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1515:This section
1513:
1509:
1504:
1503:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1475:
1474:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1293:Interjections
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1159:Malay affixes
1156:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1043:nautical term
1040:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1001:
1000:
991:
988:
983:
978:
975:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
951:
945:
940:
937:
933:
928:
925:
921:
916:
912:
907:
904:
901:
897:
892:
889:
885:
880:
875:
870:
867:
864:
861:
858:
854:
851:
850:
841:
837:
834:
830:
827:
823:
820:
817:
814:
809:
804:
800:
799:
790:
787:
786:
785:
783:
778:
776:
772:
764:
761:
758:
755:
754:
753:
751:
747:
743:
739:
728:
725:
717:
714:December 2019
707:
703:
697:
696:
691:This section
689:
685:
680:
679:
667:
663:
659:
655:
654:
653:
650:
641:
638:
634:
631:
629:
625:
620:
618:
614:
610:
606:
596:
593:
589:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
531:
529:
525:
520:
518:
514:
511:
506:
504:
500:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
454:
451:
443:
440:November 2020
433:
429:
423:
422:
417:This section
415:
411:
406:
405:
397:
393:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
374:
369:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
298:West Malaysia
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
241:
235:
229:
227:
223:
220:
217:
215:
214:
209:
201:
198:
195:
190:
185:
179:
176:
175:
174:
170:
166:
160:
157:
154:
150:
145:
140:
131:
128:
120:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
29:
22:
5545:South Africa
5540:Sierra Leone
5293:Miami Latino
5182:Philadelphia
5170:Inland North
5075:Newfoundland
4893:West Country
4707:by continent
4441:Chetty Malay
4425:
4183:Chaoshan Min
4161:Southern Min
4100:Sino-Tibetan
3981:Sabah Bisaya
3861:Kinabatangan
3766:Bukar–Sadong
3626:Pahang Malay
3422:Austronesian
3315:Language Log
3313:
3286:, p. 15
3264:
3255:
3246:
3235:. Retrieved
3228:the original
3214:
3205:
3196:
3187:
3178:
3169:
3160:
3151:
3142:
3123:
3088:
3063:
3055:the original
3050:
3041:
3032:
3023:
3014:
3005:
2996:
2975:
2966:
2947:
2937:
2918:
2892:
2883:
2874:
2865:
2856:
2846:
2837:
2828:
2819:
2807:
2798:
2777:
2742:
2702:
2678:
2656:
2651:
2641:
2632:
2622:
2617:, p. 19
2610:
2601:10234/127527
2590:
2583:
2574:
2570:
2560:
2540:
2533:
2524:
2514:
2494:
2487:
2467:
2445:. Retrieved
2441:
2404:
2397:
2391:
2380:the original
2367:
2363:
2350:
2334:. Lulu.com.
2330:
2323:
2244:
2207:
2198:
2174:
2127:
2112:
2103:
2088:Please help
2076:
2053:
2050:Noun phrases
2018:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1955:
1940:
1931:
1916:Please help
1904:
1873:
1857:
1807:
1759:
1745:
1744:
1735:
1734:
1731:(voiceless).
1724:
1723:
1714:
1713:
1704:
1703:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1680:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1642:
1636:
1624:
1616:
1605:
1594:
1590:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1566:
1561:
1544:
1535:
1524:Please help
1519:verification
1516:
1490:
1430:
1417:
1411:(high pitch)
1410:
1392:
1372:
1365:
1357:
1333:
1302:). From the
1299:
1286:tengah makan
1285:
1284:(short for "
1281:
1268:
1265:mamak stalls
1257:
1237:
1227:
1198:
1194:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1151:
1125:
1112:
1108:
1101:
1088:
1059:
1047:reverse back
1046:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
878:
856:
839:
832:
815:{see below}.
779:
768:
736:Manglish is
735:
720:
711:
700:Please help
695:verification
692:
651:
647:
639:
635:
632:
627:
621:
602:
594:
590:
587:
568:
542:
538:
533:Since 1968,
532:
521:
513:British rule
507:
496:
491:
490:(2005), and
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
463:
461:
446:
437:
426:Please help
421:verification
418:
394:
390:
371:
368:Bahasa Rojak
365:
318:
295:
266:
265:
237:
218:
211:
199:
177:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
5670:Philippines
5463:New Zealand
5349:Bay Islands
5329:The Bahamas
5252:Social and
5209:New Orleans
5126:New England
5020:Isle of Man
4965:Port Talbot
4866:East Anglia
4783:Northumbria
4451:Sabah Malay
4446:Cocos Malay
4335:Minangkabau
4286:archipelago
4156:Pu-Xian Min
4134:Eastern Min
4084:Significant
3926:Murik Kayan
3636:Reman Malay
3631:Perak Malay
3616:Orang Kanaq
3556:Kedah Malay
3551:Judeo-Malay
3432:Kayan–Murik
2156:Other usage
2106:August 2020
2010:– (No way.)
1979:Where got!?
1491:That's why!
1375:loan sharks
1260:" + "-ing".
1228:goyang kaki
1148:mamak stall
1073:jalan-jalan
879:chhìn-chhái
526:and called
252:instead of
117:August 2020
28:Maltenglish
5810:Categories
5610:Bangladesh
5602:South Asia
5555:Cape Flats
5505:The Gambia
5430:Aboriginal
5266:vernacular
5231:California
5204:High Tider
5199:Appalachia
5060:Aboriginal
4992:South-West
4836:Birmingham
4793:Sunderland
4778:Manchester
4768:Lancashire
4584:Vietnamese
4574:Sri Lankan
4532:Indonesian
4489:Immigrants
4436:Baba Malay
4356:Philippine
4349:Philippine
4330:Mandailing
4284:Indonesian
4071:Umaʼ Lasan
3961:Punan Batu
3906:Lun Bawang
3651:Semaq Beri
3506:Peninsular
3489:Nationwide
3481:Indigenous
3452:Sama–Bajaw
3447:Philippine
3437:Land Dayak
3284:Lee (2015)
3237:2008-02-02
2615:Lee (2015)
2315:References
2239:Manglish (
2136:being the
1771:Adjectives
1370:loan shark
1201:the fan.")
1128:your face.
847:Adjectives
833:outstation
826:Mat Salleh
813:Mat Salleh
492:Malanglish
488:Malayglish
480:Malenglish
386:Terengganu
361:Australian
87:newspapers
76:"Manglish"
5675:Singapore
5637:Sri Lanka
5592:Hong Kong
5418:variation
5410:Australia
5321:Caribbean
5187:Baltimore
5070:Lunenburg
5015:Gibraltar
4932:Highlands
4810:Yorkshire
4773:Liverpool
4625:By states
4479:Esperanto
4416:Chavacano
4229:Malayalam
4224:Dravidian
4151:Hainanese
4110:Cantonese
4046:Tombonuwo
4011:Sembakung
3831:Kalabakan
3781:Daro-Matu
3521:Cheq Wong
3459:Tai-Kadai
3376:Malaysian
3256:CantoDict
3188:Cantodict
2447:5 January
2370:(1): 28.
2232:state in
2226:Malayalam
2201:June 2013
2189:talk page
2077:does not
1998:– (Sure!)
1905:does not
1498:Particles
1362:Cantonese
1282:Makan-ing
1005:agak agak
551:Cantonese
503:Singapore
476:Malaylish
462:The term
337:Cantonese
213:Glottolog
194:ISO 639-3
5816:Manglish
5795:Standard
5765:Learning
5753:Nerrière
5744:Globish
5660:Malaysia
5632:Pakistan
5572:Zimbabwe
5500:Cameroon
5334:Barbados
5065:Atlantic
5033:Americas
4950:Abercraf
4919:Scotland
4898:Cornwall
4819:Midlands
4803:Teesside
4798:Tyneside
4788:Pitmatic
4751:Cheshire
4697:Dialects
4564:Nepalese
4549:Japanese
4527:Filipino
4474:Tanglish
4426:Manglish
4421:Kristang
4320:Javanese
4315:Buginese
4303:Madurese
4293:Acehnese
4258:Gujarati
4086:minority
4056:Tringgus
4021:Serudung
3851:Kendayan
3821:Jangkang
3703:Malaysia
3591:Mah Meri
3581:Kristang
3508:Malaysia
3402:Families
3368:Official
3070:新加坡闽南话词典
2799:BBC News
2778:Time Out
2525:The Star
2442:The Star
2309:Singlish
2258:See also
2183:You may
2134:Malaysia
2130:Singlish
2015:Pronouns
1777:Phrases
1463:, "wei")
1300:(Oh no!)
1177:sia suay
750:semantic
555:Mandarin
510:indirect
499:Singlish
494:(2013).
486:(1997),
484:Malglish
482:(1994),
478:(1992),
474:(1992),
464:Manglish
382:Kelantan
357:American
333:Mandarin
316:origin.
302:Singlish
279:Malaysia
267:Manglish
258:Help:IPA
178:Manglish
156:Malaysia
142:Manglish
5725:Engrish
5720:E-Prime
5693:Related
5680:Vietnam
5665:Myanmar
5535:Nigeria
5530:Namibia
5520:Liberia
5402:Oceania
5384:Bermuda
5356:Jamaica
5283:Chicano
5121:Midland
5107:United
5043:America
4979:Ireland
4955:Cardiff
4927:Glasgow
4876:Cockney
4756:Cumbria
4734:England
4725:Britain
4701:accents
4544:Persian
4512:Burmese
4507:Bengali
4497:African
4408:Creoles
4366:Maranao
4325:Kerinci
4268:Punjabi
4188:Teochew
4166:Hokkien
4093:Chinese
4041:Timugon
4001:Sekapan
3921:Momogun
3916:Melanau
3896:Lengilu
3886:Lahanan
3846:Kelabit
3836:Kanowit
3826:Kajaman
3771:Bukitan
3741:Bintulu
3731:Berawan
3656:Semelai
3566:Kenaboi
3531:Jah Hut
3476:Natives
3442:Malayic
3381:English
3047:"Mamak"
3011:"Kacau"
2972:"Jalan"
2889:"Shiok"
2098:removed
2083:sources
2008:Cannot.
1926:removed
1911:sources
1830:onions.
1481:Phrases
1471:Grammar
1397:Jinjang
1393:jinjang
1315:Hokkien
1270:yum cha
1258:tumpang
1221:summons
1210:pengsan
1169:" and "
1126:lempang
997:Adverbs
857:Laan si
840:terrer!
775:Chinese
742:Chinese
740:, like
624:affixes
609:Chinese
547:Hokkien
400:History
329:Hokkien
321:English
314:Teochew
310:Min Nan
306:Hokkien
291:Chinese
254:Unicode
101:scholar
5748:Gogate
5655:Brunei
5567:Uganda
5550:accent
5525:Malawi
5493:Africa
5468:accent
5423:accent
5366:Samaná
5339:Bequia
5158:accent
5131:Boston
5109:States
5092:Quebec
5052:Canada
5041:North
4997:Ulster
4987:Dublin
4903:Dorset
4761:Barrow
4723:Great
4714:Europe
4554:Korean
4502:Arabic
4387:Others
4371:Molbog
4361:Iranun
4308:Bawean
4298:Banjar
4246:Telugu
4217:Indian
4144:Fuzhou
4139:Fuqing
4031:Sungai
3976:Sa'ban
3946:Paluan
3941:Okolod
3881:Kuijau
3811:Ida'an
3786:Dumpas
3751:Bookan
3746:Bonggi
3736:Biatah
3726:Belait
3681:Temuan
3671:Temiar
3661:Semnam
3601:Mintil
3596:Minriq
3576:Kintaq
3571:Kensiu
3526:Duanoʼ
3415:Aslian
3130:
3076:
3051:Lexico
3015:Glosbe
2976:Glosbe
2954:
2925:
2834:"「啱啱」"
2749:
2709:
2646:11-21.
2548:
2502:
2475:
2412:
2338:
2230:Kerala
1416:"Neh"
1409:"Neh"
1335:bo jio
1256:verb "
1089:kantoi
957:" or "
874:cincai
803:ang mo
613:Indian
579:creole
575:pidgin
557:, and
517:Malaya
472:Malish
353:syntax
349:Arabic
312:) and
231:cpe-MY
152:Region
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
5790:Plain
5705:Basic
5627:Nepal
5615:India
5515:Kenya
5510:Ghana
5475:Palau
5435:South
5278:Cajun
5219:Texas
5214:Older
5194:South
5165:North
5141:Maine
4960:Gower
4942:Wales
4858:South
4743:North
4594:Signs
4517:Khmer
4469:Rojak
4376:Suluk
4263:Hindi
4234:Tamil
4124:Hakka
4061:Tutoh
4051:Tring
4036:Tagol
3996:Sebop
3971:Remun
3966:Penan
3951:Papar
3931:Narom
3901:Lotud
3891:Lelak
3866:Kiput
3841:Kayan
3816:Jagoi
3801:Ganaʼ
3791:Dusun
3721:Bajau
3716:Bahau
3691:Wila'
3676:Temoq
3646:Semai
3641:Sabüm
3586:Lanoh
3546:Jedek
3541:Jakun
3536:Jahai
3516:Batek
3496:Malay
3478:&
3231:(PDF)
3224:(PDF)
3170:Adoi!
2816:(PDF)
2627:1-10.
2383:(PDF)
2360:(PDF)
2241:manga
2234:India
2191:, or
1774:Verbs
1768:Nouns
1404:Malay
1308:Allah
1304:Malay
1254:Malay
1246:tahan
1187:minum
1152:mamak
1146:" / "
1143:mamak
1134:makan
1081:kacau
1071:" or
1068:jalan
1060:Jadi?
1022:Verbs
959:shiok
950:shiok
896:geram
796:Nouns
771:Malay
746:Malay
605:Malay
583:lexis
577:or a
559:Tamil
535:Malay
378:Malay
373:rojak
341:Tamil
325:Malay
287:Tamil
283:Malay
108:JSTOR
94:books
5581:Asia
5458:Fiji
5445:West
5361:Saba
5226:West
5146:West
5136:East
4699:and
4602:Main
4579:Thai
4569:Urdu
4394:Cham
4340:Rawa
4273:Urdu
4066:Ukit
4026:Sian
4016:Seru
3986:Sama
3806:Iban
3711:Abai
3701:East
3360:Main
3206:MDBG
3128:ISBN
3074:ISBN
2952:ISBN
2923:ISBN
2875:MDBG
2871:"歹勢"
2747:ISBN
2707:ISBN
2575:2019
2546:ISBN
2500:ISBN
2473:ISBN
2449:2015
2410:ISBN
2336:ISBN
2081:any
2079:cite
2002:Can!
1996:Can!
1909:any
1907:cite
1431:siao
1278:-ing
1195:turn
1165:", "
1154:lah.
1109:kena
1102:kena
1097:kena
1055:jadi
971:šawq
963:syok
955:Syok
944:syok
773:and
744:and
628:turn
384:and
359:and
347:and
226:IETF
219:None
200:None
80:news
4703:of
4559:Lao
4129:Min
4105:Yue
3611:Mos
3464:Tai
3312:".
3252:"咩"
3202:"喂"
3184:"嘩"
3148:"C"
2993:"K"
2596:hdl
2372:doi
2144:or
2092:by
1920:by
1673:Meh
1643:Loh
1562:Lah
1528:by
1395:! (
1366:die
1358:Sei
1238:sit
1199:off
1171:kan
1167:per
1163:mem
1113:sai
982:ulu
967:šoḵ
932:濕濕碎
842:").
704:by
543:lah
539:lah
501:in
430:by
240:IPA
204:mis
63:by
5812::
3276:^
3254:.
3204:.
3186:.
3168:.
3150:.
3122:.
3102:^
3049:.
3031:.
3013:.
2995:.
2984:^
2974:.
2946:.
2917:.
2901:^
2891:.
2873:.
2855:.
2838:粵典
2836:.
2818:.
2797:.
2786:^
2776:.
2761:^
2741:.
2721:^
2701:.
2687:^
2677:.
2664:^
2573:.
2569:.
2523:.
2457:^
2440:.
2424:^
2368:39
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2362:.
1868:6)
1852:5)
1837:4)
1820:3)
1799:2)
1782:1)
1493:")
1451:).
1379:).
1341:無招
1338:,
1230:".
1223:".
1049:).
1038:.)
1014:死爸
920:歹勢
911:啱啱
884:凊彩
808:紅毛
619:.
607:,
553:,
549:,
339:,
335:,
331:,
327:,
323:,
285:,
4689:e
4682:t
4675:v
3345:e
3338:t
3331:v
3318:.
3258:.
3240:.
3208:.
3190:.
3154:.
3136:.
3096:.
3082:.
3035:.
3017:.
2999:.
2978:.
2960:.
2931:.
2895:.
2877:.
2859:.
2840:.
2755:.
2715:.
2604:.
2598::
2554:.
2527:.
2508:.
2481:.
2451:.
2418:.
2374::
2344:.
2253:.
2214:)
2208:(
2203:)
2199:(
2181:.
2119:)
2113:(
2108:)
2104:(
2100:.
2086:.
1947:)
1941:(
1936:)
1932:(
1928:.
1914:.
1586:啦
1551:)
1545:(
1540:)
1536:(
1522:.
1460:喂
1448:嘩
1436:痟
1433:(
1377:.
1243:"
1207:"
1184:"
1179:"
1175:"
1161:"
1140:"
1131:"
1094:"
1078:"
1065:"
1052:"
1002:"
979:"
947:/
941:"
893:"
881:(
871:"
824:"
801:"
727:)
721:(
716:)
712:(
698:.
453:)
447:(
442:)
438:(
424:.
308:(
260:.
206:)
202:(
130:)
124:(
119:)
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105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
57:.
34:.
23:.
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