295:, it was with the Manifeste pour la culture wallonne that culture truly became a priority within the Walloon culture. Conversely, some defenders of the French-speaking community have supported the idea of a fusion between the Walloon Region and the French-speaking Community. It’s the argument of the “French-speaking Nation” defended at the time by the president of the PRL, Jean Gol, and others who blamed the regionalists of “falling back on" a Walloon identity. Recently a Brussels regionalism has arisen, in particular through the association “Manifesto” which advocates the development of educational and cultural policies adapted to the needs of the Brussels Region. The Walloon and Brussels regionalists privilege an institutional system based on three Regions with equal levels of autonomy and power. The Flemish movement has always preferred a system composed of two main regions, Flanders and Wallonia, for the joint rule of the Brussels Region.
121:
182:
obtain literary recognition by exploiting the exoticism of this milieu In his writings, Masson manages to convey the ambivalent attitude of educated
Francophone Belgium: regional varieties of French are felt to have positive affective features but lack sophistication. By dividing his writings between two areas – his character's language which unshamefully uses regional features and his own language, which aims at neutrality – Masson tried to resolve the tensions of a national linguistic inferiority complex.
79:
231:. Home of the EU Commission, Capital of Belgium and bastion of pan-Belgian nationalism since 1830, Brussels tends to be contemptuous of Walloon and Flemish identities, which are considered too particularistic in the context of the European integration. Brussels pan-Belgian nationalism has professed moral superiority and has often conceived of itself as the path toward a more universal belonging, in a perspective similar to
24:
364:. It seems that the dispute between Brussels and Wallonia about this issue remains as for instance Europe since 1945: an encyclopedia, Tome I wrote it for some years: 'A Walloon identity is also emerging that exhibits at the political level the still mainly hidden tension between French-speaking Brussels and Wallonia' On the contrary, it seems to Paul Piret, journalist at
685:, pratiques politiques douteuses. Ceci posé, le discours sur l’image, à la longue, ça devient un peu lassant. Parce que travailler l’image, les perceptions, ça sert à rien quand la réalité n’est pas, comment dire, synchrone ? (...) Qu’on cesse de dire que l'image de la Wallonie doit changer. C’est la Wallonie qui doit changer.
305:
The
Manifesto for Walloon Culture concludes with a two-pronged statement regarding inclusivity and regional identity. Firstly, it posits that all those who live and work in Wallonia are undeniably part of the region. This suggests a broad definition of Walloon identity that extends beyond ethnicity
200:
Walloon dialect has carried neither official status as a language in administrative, ecclesiastical, or political affairs, nor sufficient weight to act as a popular and influential vehicle for the expression of
Walloon cultural identity. This latter task has fallend instead in the last thirty years
181:
not only a provincial region, it is also a different country from one that possesses linguistic legitimacy : France. It is worth noting that a positive image -relying on affective and non linguistic qualities – is given of this peripheral region. On the other hand, the novels are intended to
646:
French Et tous les gens qui habitent (ça nous renvoie au manifeste pour la culture wallonne de 1983, qui est une des bases de la question de l'identité) dans ce territoire, et bien ce sont des
Wallonnes et des Wallons, quelle que soit leur nationalité, a été dit plus tard. Ce qui montre la nature
283:. Its publication served as a reminder of the long-standing demands of Walloon "regionalists" who, since the 1983 manifesto, had called for the dissolution of the French Community and the transfer of its competencies, particularly in education and culture, to the Walloon Region.
723:
Mes films sont le reflet d'une culture wallonne mais avec inspiration américaine. Comme beaucoup de
Wallons d'ailleurs, je n'ai pas eu vraiment le choix : on est inondé de culture américaine, à la télé, au cinéma, à la radio. C'est la même chose en musique d'ailleurs. In
419:
Tome I (Lettres, arts, culture), La
Renaissance du Livre, Bruxelles,1977, pp. 99-107. There are some traits of Walloon, Champennois, and Picard in the Sequence, i.e. three linguistic regions of present-day Wallonia. It is also the opinion of D'Arco Silvio Avalle in
226:
In
Brussels, despite the federalization process the unitary vision historically characteristic of the Franco-Bruxellois still seems to have some hold. In the eyes of many Franco-Bruxellois, the country is far from the picture proposed by the
347:(4 March 2010) reminds the last sentences of the Manifesto for Walloon Culture : 'All those who live and work in the Walloon region are undeniably part of Wallonia.' These sentences are hopefully a reason to hope a peaceful debate...'
263:
The
Brussels Manifesto was a document published in December 2006 that called for the regionalization of the French Community of Belgium. Similar in spirit to the 1983 Walloon Manifesto, it advocated for increased autonomy for both
332:
Everybody who is an inhabitant of
Wallonia is a Walloon and that's the spirit of the Manifesto for Walloon Culture of 1983. That's the great difference between the debate in France about the national identity and our
658:
Dans les années 1980, un manifeste pour la culture wallonne postulait que sont de
Wallonie «tous ceux qui vivent, travaillent dans l'espace wallon». Une définition assez large pour espérer un débat apaisé.Le Figaro
306:
or language. Secondly, the manifesto emphasizes that a range of respectable ideas and beliefs contribute to Wallonia's character. This implies a desire for tolerance and openness within the region.
779:
That it is time to assume responsibility and that Brussels should not be joined with either Flanders or Wallonia but should become autonomous and that Belgium should be composed of 3 Regions (...)
669:
French Quand un Bruxellois, un Flamand ou un étranger songe à la Wallonie, on peut raisonnablement deviner que les mots qui lui viennent spontanément à l’esprit (à part
645:
657:
726:
321:
710:
French 'Le concept est tout sauf négatif si on singularise par là un type de citoyenneté politique, d'enracinement, de dessein collectif voire de fierté.'
409:
609:
259:
of today, supported by a small number of intellectual elites, defends very much the typical Walloon difference, but has not been able to mobilize for it.
350:
Criticism about this new debate appears both in Wallonia and Brussels, but perhaps mainly in the Brussels' Newspapers. For instance Pascal Lorent in
376:
said that his films are the reflection of the Walloon culture but with an American inspiration because we are overflowed by the American culture
404:
Maurice Delbouille, the first literary text, possibly written in a Walloon region, or at least in a French Region next to the present-day
255:
The "single French culture" is still the official discourse, and is defended by the French community authorities (...) The
42:
34:
500:
The paradox of Linguistic specificity and Dependence on Central Norms ibn the Belgian Regionalist Novels of Arthur Masson
172:
For Emmanuelle Labeau, Arthur Masson's novels before the period of the Manifesto (Masson died in 1970), are located in
100:
370:, a debate on the concept 'Identity' is good about political citizenship, roots, collective project and even pride.
699:
633:
625:
534:
511:
458:
60:
574:
694:
Europe since 1945: an Encyclopedia, Tome I, Garland Publishing, Inc., 29, West 35th Street, New-York, 2001, p. 94
547:
Federalism, federation and collective identities in Canada and Belgium: different routes, similar fragmentation
487:
Federalism, federation and collective identities in Canada and Belgium: different routes, similar fragmentation
447:
Federalism, federation and collective identities in Canada and Belgium: different routes, similar fragmentation
597:
596:
An alphabetic guide to the Belgian community dispute By Benoit Lechat, chargé d’études à Etopia August 2007
314:
The Walloon Minister President started a debate about the Walloon identity on 1 March 2010 in the newspaper
805:
800:
320:. He made a proposal to his government to rename the 'Walloon Region' as 'Wallonia'. The director of the
430:
it is in Picard or in Walloon region that the French Literature began with the Sequence of Saint Eulalia
138:, Belgium. Signed by 75 prominent figures from the artistic, journalistic, and academic communities of
96:
743:
795:
124:
91:
810:
772:
An answer from people of Brussels Alain Maskens at the Assemblée wallonne 29 February 2008 (French)
422:
Alle origini della letteratura francese: i Giuramenti di Strasburgo e la Sequenza di santa Eulalia
815:
134:(French: Manifeste pour la culture wallonne) was a document published on September 15, 1983, in
670:
120:
514:
360:
6 March 2010 that the Walloon identity refers mainly to tourism, unemployment and bribery in
749:
316:
8:
276:
356:
4 March 2010 writes: 'The Walloon identity doesn't exist'. And Pierre Bouillon wrote in
585:
385:
425:
695:
629:
621:
530:
507:
454:
366:
275:
The manifesto was signed by prominent figures from Brussels, including philosophers
256:
560:
Culture, Institutions, and Economic Development: A Study of Eight European Regions
280:
250:
682:
232:
771:
789:
373:
328:. He linked this initiative and the Manifesto for Walloon culture together:
674:
474:
614:
Present-Day Wallonia. The search for an Identity without Nationalist Mania
78:
761:
201:
to politically conscious writers in French who published for instance a
755:
571:
413:
Romanité d'oïl Les origines : la langue - les plus anciens textes
776:
678:
361:
343:
292:
647:
complètement différente, du débat qui existe en France aujourd'hui.
405:
269:
265:
219:
173:
143:
139:
135:
352:
196:
are not necessarily the Walloon dialect but Philip Mosley wrote:
325:
154:
The Flemish journalist, Guido Fonteyn, described it as a
506:, Published by Lexington Books, 2003 pp 275–282, p. 282
453:, Cambridge University Press, 2001,pp. 137–170, p. 166
291:
Although the cultural aspect was already present in the
586:
The institutionnal future of Brussels double vision
504:
Francophone Post-colonial Cultures: Critical Essays
324:commented on this initiative the day after on the
249:According to Michael Keating, John Loughlin, and
787:
558:Michael Keating, John Loughlin, Kris Deschouwer
149:
777:Twenty years Brussels autonomy bruXsel forum
766:bruxellois (French, Dutch, German, Walloon)
436:, Privat Toulouse, 1973,pp. 124-185, p. 170
218:This Manifesto was violently criticized in
213:
61:Learn how and when to remove this message
119:
681:, déclin industriel, chômage colossal,
449:in Alain Gagnon, James Tully (editors)
161:For Dimitrios Karmis and Alain Gagnon,
788:
163:on the road to cultural self-assertion
628:, ST.MARTIN'S PRESS, New York, 1998,
424:, G. Giappichelli, Torino, 1966. and
527:Belgian Cinema and Cultural Identity
286:Benoît Lechat summarized the issue:
72:
17:
529:, Suny Press, New-York, 2001,p. 19
445:Dimitrios Karmis and Alain Gagnon,
244:
13:
620:, MACMILLAN Press, London, 1998,
417:La Wallonie, le pays et les hommes
229:Manifeste pour la culture wallonne
33:tone or style may not reflect the
14:
827:
737:
142:, the manifesto aimed to promote
77:
43:guide to writing better articles
22:
717:
704:
688:
663:
651:
639:
602:
590:
579:
565:
552:
539:
519:
492:
480:
463:
439:
398:
309:
1:
744:Manifesto for Walloon Culture
272:within the French Community.
203:Manifesto for Walloon culture
150:Walloon Language and Identity
132:Manifesto for Walloon Culture
756:We Exist Brussels Manifesto
432:in LĂ©opold Genicot (editor)
194:regional varieties of French
7:
379:
90:to comply with Knowledge's
10:
832:
616:in Kas Deprez, Louis Vos,
762:100 Wallons répondent au
451:Multinational Democracies
125:Sequence of Saint Eulalia
750:Second Walloon Manifesto
391:
167:marked a powerful moment
103:may contain suggestions.
88:may need to be rewritten
545:D.Karmis and A.Gagnon,
434:Histoire de la Wallonie
214:Criticism from Brussels
636:pp. 219–228, pp223-224
618:Nationalism in Belgium
598:Heinrich BĂ´ll Stiftung
340:
303:
242:
211:
190:
146:culture and identity.
127:
575:the first 200 signers
330:
288:
224:
198:
178:
123:
806:Culture of Wallonia
801:History of Wallonia
727:La Nouvelle Gazette
277:Philippe Van Parijs
165:this manifesto has
498:Emmanuelle Labeau
410:Maurice Delbouille
386:Culture of Belgium
128:
730:, 3 October 2011.
712:La Libre Belgique
610:Philippe Destatte
471:Het Waalse Reveil
367:La Libre Belgique
156:Walloon awakening
118:
117:
92:quality standards
71:
70:
63:
37:used on Knowledge
35:encyclopedic tone
823:
796:Walloon movement
752:(September 2003)
746:(September 1983)
731:
721:
715:
714:, 10 March 2010.
708:
702:
692:
686:
667:
661:
655:
649:
643:
637:
606:
600:
594:
588:
583:
577:
569:
563:
556:
550:
543:
537:
523:
517:
496:
490:
484:
478:
477:, 3 October 1983
467:
461:
443:
437:
402:
338:
322:Institut Destrée
301:
257:Walloon movement
245:Further response
240:
209:
188:
113:
110:
104:
81:
73:
66:
59:
55:
52:
46:
45:for suggestions.
41:See Knowledge's
26:
25:
18:
831:
830:
826:
825:
824:
822:
821:
820:
811:1983 in Belgium
786:
785:
758:(December 2006)
740:
735:
734:
722:
718:
709:
705:
693:
689:
668:
664:
656:
652:
644:
640:
608:Translation of
607:
603:
595:
591:
584:
580:
570:
566:
557:
553:
544:
540:
525:Philip Mosley,
524:
520:
502:in Kamal Salhi
497:
493:
485:
481:
468:
464:
444:
440:
426:LĂ©opold Genicot
403:
399:
394:
382:
339:
337:
312:
302:
300:
281:Jean-Marc Ferry
251:Kris Deschouwer
247:
241:
239:
216:
210:
208:
189:
187:
152:
114:
108:
105:
95:
82:
67:
56:
50:
47:
40:
31:This article's
27:
23:
12:
11:
5:
829:
819:
818:
816:1983 documents
813:
808:
803:
798:
784:
783:
782:(January 2009)
774:
769:
759:
753:
747:
739:
738:External links
736:
733:
732:
716:
703:
687:
683:Michel Daerden
673:ou circuit de
671:Grottes de Han
662:
650:
638:
601:
589:
578:
564:
551:
538:
518:
491:
479:
462:
438:
396:
395:
393:
390:
389:
388:
381:
378:
335:
311:
308:
298:
246:
243:
237:
215:
212:
206:
185:
151:
148:
116:
115:
85:
83:
76:
69:
68:
30:
28:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
828:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
793:
791:
781:
780:
775:
773:
770:
767:
765:
764:Nous existons
760:
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
741:
729:
728:
720:
713:
707:
701:
700:0-8153-4058-3
697:
691:
684:
680:
676:
672:
666:
660:
654:
648:
642:
635:
634:0-312-21249-6
631:
627:
626:0-333-65737-3
623:
619:
615:
611:
605:
599:
593:
587:
582:
576:
573:
568:
561:
555:
548:
542:
536:
535:0-7914-4747-2
532:
528:
522:
516:
513:
512:0-7391-0568-X
509:
505:
501:
495:
488:
483:
476:
472:
466:
460:
459:0-521-80473-6
456:
452:
448:
442:
435:
431:
427:
423:
418:
414:
411:
407:
401:
397:
387:
384:
383:
377:
375:
374:Bouli Lanners
371:
369:
368:
363:
359:
355:
354:
348:
346:
345:
334:
329:
327:
323:
319:
318:
307:
297:
296:
294:
287:
284:
282:
278:
273:
271:
267:
261:
260:
258:
252:
236:
234:
230:
223:
221:
205:
204:
197:
195:
184:
183:
177:
175:
170:
168:
164:
159:
157:
147:
145:
141:
137:
133:
126:
122:
112:
109:December 2013
102:
98:
93:
89:
86:This article
84:
80:
75:
74:
65:
62:
54:
51:December 2013
44:
38:
36:
29:
20:
19:
16:
778:
763:
725:
719:
711:
706:
690:
665:
653:
641:
617:
613:
604:
592:
581:
567:
559:
554:
546:
541:
526:
521:
503:
499:
494:
486:
482:
475:De Standaard
470:
465:
450:
446:
441:
433:
429:
421:
416:
412:
400:
372:
365:
357:
351:
349:
342:
341:
331:
315:
313:
304:
293:“renardisme”
290:
289:
285:
274:
262:
254:
248:
235:'s vision...
228:
225:
217:
202:
199:
193:
191:
180:
179:
171:
166:
162:
160:
155:
153:
131:
129:
106:
97:You can help
87:
57:
48:
32:
15:
310:New debates
790:Categories
768:(May 2007)
562:, pp.96–97
515:Conclusion
679:Charleroi
677:), c’est
489:, p. 166
362:Charleroi
344:Le Figaro
253:in 2003:
101:talk page
572:We Exist
406:Wallonia
380:See also
336:—
317:La Meuse
299:—
270:Brussels
266:Wallonia
238:—
220:Brussels
207:—
186:—
174:Wallonia
140:Wallonia
549:, p.168
428:wrote:
358:Le Soir
353:Le Soir
333:debate.
233:Trudeau
144:Walloon
698:
632:
624:
533:
510:
469:Dutch
457:
99:. The
392:Notes
136:Liège
696:ISBN
630:ISBN
622:ISBN
531:ISBN
508:ISBN
455:ISBN
326:RTBF
279:and
268:and
192:The
130:The
675:Spa
612:in
415:in
408:in
792::
473:,
222::
176:,
169:.
158:.
111:)
107:(
94:.
64:)
58:(
53:)
49:(
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
