799:. This agreement did not reverse the 1890 legislation; instead, it allowed for religious instruction (i.e., Catholic education) in Manitoba's public schools, under certain conditions, for 30 minutes at the end of each day. Moreover, French (like other minority languages) could be used in teaching, but also under certain conditions: only on a school-by-school basis requiring there to be a minimum of 10 French-speaking pupils. They also re-established a Catholic school board, but without government funding, and Catholic teachers could be hired in the public schools, also under particular conditions.
555:
concluded that in 1870, all schools in
Manitoba were funded by the religious groups which ran them, and not by any system of public taxation. As a result, the Judicial Committee concluded that s. 22(1) simply guaranteed the right of religious groups to establish and run their own schools, at their own expense. It did not guarantee any public funding for denominational schools, since there was no financial tax support for denominational schools in 1870. Taxpayer funding for denominational schools was only established after the foundation of the Province and was not guaranteed by s. 22(1) of the
682:, asking if these constitutional provisions applied. The Supreme Court held that those provisions did not apply, since the post-1870 denominational schools were not constitutionally protected. This decision was appealed to the Privy Council, which overturned the Supreme Court. The Privy Council held that when the Province had created a system of taxpayer funded denominational schools in the early 1870s, it had given a "right or privilege" to the Protestants and Roman Catholics in relation to education. Although that "right or privilege" was not constitutionally entrenched by s. 22(1) of the
2104:
654:"from any Act or Decision of any Provincial Authority affecting any Right or Privilege of the Protestant or Roman Catholic Minority of the Queen's Subjects in relation to Education." Section 93(4) provides that if a province does not comply with a decision of the Governor-in-Council in an appeal under s. 93(3), then Parliament has the power to enact "remedial Laws for the due Execution of the Provisions of this Section and of any Decision of the Governor General in Council under this Section."
20:
2091:
889:. The AÉCFM encouraged francophone instructors to continue teaching French and to keep using it as a language of instruction without the knowledge of the authorities, even if this required lying to school inspectors. Some school inspectors themselves looked the other way to French being taught at public schools; if an inspector or someone else were to report a teacher for teaching French, the association would assuredly defend them.
135:, responded to these concerns by giving the province the power to pass laws relating to education, but also by giving constitutional protection to denominational school rights which existed "by Law or practice in the Province at the Union." The exact meaning of this provision, and the scope of the constitutional protection it provided, subsequently became a matter of considerable political and legal debate.
844:
Compromise allowing for instruction in minority languages, such made the school system less effective in imposing
English as the province's dominant language. The second reason was that, at the time, the level of education of Manitoba's population as a whole was quite poor. (This was more so a problem caused by the lack of
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divested funding for
Catholic and Protestant denominational schools, establishing instead a system of tax-supported, non-sectarian public schools. In other words, the Act removed the denominational school districts, and in doing so, the French language remained while the Catholic religion did not. If
843:
There were two central reasons behind Norris' repeal. First, in the late 19th century, Canada experienced a large, unforeseen wave of immigration, and as result, Manitoba saw an increase in the number of nationalities represented and languages spoken. The issue was that, due to the
Laurier-Greenway
367:
In 1894, Greenway's government also prohibited municipalities from making expenditures to assist schools outside of the public system. As
Catholic parents were limited in their ability to pay for their children’s schooling, this prohibition would ultimately result in the reduction in the number of
764:
If it were in my power, I would try the sunny way. I would approach this man
Greenway with the sunny way of patriotism, asking him to be just and to be fair, asking him to be generous to the minority, in order that we may have peace among all the creeds and races which it has pleased God to bring
357:
to the popular demand to abolish
Manitoba's dual-school system, as many claimed that Catholics were receiving more funds from the province than their numbers warranted and that the quality of education in Catholic schools was poor. The question was whether this legislation was consistent with s.
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The
Judicial Committee held that this provision did not itself create a system of denominational schools. Rather, it gave constitutional protection to whatever rights existed with respect to denominational schools in Manitoba in 1870. The Judicial Committee reviewed the historical record and
835:
amendments made from the
Laurier-Greenway Compromise, which allowed for bilingual instruction in Manitoba's public schools. The teaching of any non-English language, as well as the use of such language as a language of instruction, were thereby prohibited in these schools. Moreover, the new
674:
were sufficient to authorise the federal government to hear an appeal and to enact remedial legislation, in light of the Privy
Council's conclusion that the system of taxpayer funded denominational schools which were established in the early 1870s was not constitutionally protected.
702:
government since 1890, and especially after Macdonald's death in 1891 when no strong leader replaced him. However, so long as education remained an exclusively provincial jurisdiction, the federal government had limited powers to intervene. In light of the Privy Council decision in
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was centred on the Schools Question. It especially divided Conservatives in Quebec and Ontario; French Catholic Quebecers were offended that French was being eliminated in Manitoba as an official language, while Ontario saw opposition to Catholic support by the strong
73:. The result of the crisis was that, by 1916, English was left as the only official language in use in the province until 1985. As French was no longer an official language, its use declined greatly. Moreover, the Schools Question, along with the execution of
760:—which drew significant reactions from Ontario's Orange Order—proposed what he called "the sunny way," i.e., achieving a solution through diplomatic negotiations rather than imposing one through legislation, stating during the federal election campaign:
984:(Franco-Manitoban School Division) took under its wing 20 French schools with over 4,000 students. The Division has since expanded to 24 educational institutions (including 1 adult learning centre) as of 2016, with a total of some 5,200 students.
368:
Catholic schools. While the great majority of these schools maintained their Catholic and private status, many were forced to join the public system. For French-speaking Catholics, the issue of religious education became an issue of identity.
424:, challenged the constitutionality of the 1890 Act in the Queen's Bench of Manitoba, arguing that the requirement to pay taxes to the new public school interfered with their rights under s. 22. The Manitoba Queen's Bench held that the new
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At the municipal level, the hiring of teaching staff was the responsibility of school board trustees. Francophones controlled many small local school boards, using the opportunity of this position to hire mostly francophone Catholics.
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Although the abolition of French as an official language did not directly affect the Schools Question, it strengthened the controversy, given the ties between religious schools and the language of education.
950:
902:, a French-language newspaper in Manitoba. The winners would then be sent to Québec, where they represented their province at the Canada-wide competition. The AÉCFM officially disbanded in 1968.
447:. Based on the Supreme Court decision, another action was brought in the Manitoba Queen's Bench, which followed the Supreme Court decision and quashed a school tax assessment under the 1890 Act.
559:
The Legislature therefore could end taxpayer funding for denominational schools and instead establishing a system of taxpayer funded non-sectarian schools, without being in breach of s. 22(1).
896:
From 1923 to 1966, AÉCFM held an annual French contest for students in grades 4 through 12 in order to strengthen pride in the French language in the province, publishing contest results in
1524:
Mitchell, Tom, “Forging a New Ontario on the Agricultural Frontier: Public Schools in Brandon and the Origins of the Manitoba School Question, 1881‑1889,” Prairie Forum, 11, 1, 1986, 33-51.
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in the House of Commons. However, the draft legislation was very unpopular with some members of the Conservative caucus, and its introduction triggered a political crisis. Faced with a
1131:
Tom Mitchell,"Forging a New Ontario on the Agricultural Frontier: Public Schools in Brandon and the Origins of the Manitoba School Question, 1881‑1889", Prairie Forum, 11, 1, 1986.
765:
upon this corner of our common country. Do you not believe that there is more to be gained by appealing to the heart and soul of men rather than to compel them to do a thing?
668:, pressure arose for the federal government to take action under these provisions. However, it was not clear if the changes to the Manitoba school system set out by the 1890
350:
Catholics (mostly francophone) wished to continue education in their religion, they would now have to fund their own schools, in addition to paying taxes for public schools.
739:, himself a French Catholic, took on a vigorous campaign to prevent the bill from being passed before the government called another election (expected to be in June 1896).
971:) was established 1975 in order to support the development of education in French. The following year, the position of Deputy Minister for French Education was created.
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1923:
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724:, Bowell was forced to call an election and to resign in April of that year. Following the election call, with the remedial bill not passed by Parliament,
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110:. One of the key issues in the negotiations was the question of control of education in the new province. There was considerable pressure for a system of
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806:. The Pope sent an observer, who concluded, like Laurier, that the compromise was the fairest one possible with so few Catholics left in the province.
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1766:
925:'s government authorized the use of French, for up to half of the school day, as the language of instruction for other subjects. In 1970, Premier
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1992:
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It was at this point that Franco-Manitobans began to organize resistance in order to ensure the survival of their language in the province.
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1291:(1891), 7 Man. L.R. 273 (Q.B.); application dismissed by a single judge in chambers (Killam J.), at p. 282; appeal to the Queen's Bench
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The exact point in dispute was the meaning of the phrase "...by Law or practice in the Province at the Union," used in s. 22(1) of the
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The Manitoba schools crisis was precipitated by a series of provincial laws passed between 1890 and 1896 and another passed in 1916.
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This particular period of the Manitoba schools crisis ended on 16 November 1896 upon a compromise developed between Prime Minister
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in the new province, for both Protestants and Roman Catholics. Although framed as a religious issue, there was also a question of
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Because of the close linkage at that time between religion and language, the Schools Question raised the deeper question whether
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legislation also made it so that all new teachers in Manitoba would be trained in English only, as it forced the closure of
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Terms of Agreement between the Government of Canada and the Government of Manitoba for the Settlement of the School Question
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2007:
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707:, the political situation changed. The federal government now had the authority to act; the question was whether it would.
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and resulted in the defeat of the Conservative government, which had been in power for most of the previous thirty years.
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1847:
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Circa 1947, Manitoba authorized the teaching of French as a foreign language in its secondary schools. In 1955, Premier
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had similar provisions authorising an appeal to the Governor General in Council and remedial legislation by Parliament.
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55:. The crisis was precipitated by a series of provincial laws passed between 1890 and 1896, and another passed in 1916.
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2017:
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2012:
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686:, the abolition of the denominational schools could be appealed to the federal government under s. 22(2) of the
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To resolve this uncertainty, the federal government referred the matter to the Supreme Court of Canada as a
644:, there is a special power for the federal government in relation to separate schools. Section 93(3) of the
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1967:
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created a Department of Education and turned the two sections of the Board of Education into only one. The
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In the mid 20th century, French gradually began to regain its place in the education system of Manitoba.
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78:
298:, making English the only official language in the province. Two years later, in 1892, the neighbouring
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2637:
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2128:
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1827:
1800:
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1529:
1527:
Miller, J. R. 1973. "D'Alton McCarthy, equal rights, and the origins of the Manitoba School Question."
1487:
Bale, Gordon. 1985. "Law, Politics and the Manitoba School Question: Supreme Court and Privy Council."
1212:
An Act to Provide that the English Language shall be the Official Language of the Province of Manitoba
414:
conflicted with the constitutional protection for denominational schools set out in s. 22 of the 1870
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An Act to provide that the English Language shall be the Official Language of the Province of Manitoba
2465:
1837:
1413:
1043:
123:
66:
48:
3128:
2551:
2065:
1947:
1877:
1592:— search results for a collection newspaper clippings from the time of the Manitoba School Question
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Jaenen, Cornelius J. 1978. "The Manitoba School Question: An Ethnic Interpretation." Pp. 317‒31 in
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schools, but by the 1880s, this no longer reflected the linguistic makeup of the province. Many
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2002:
1957:
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Bres, Sandrine Hallion. "The French Language in Manitoba: French-Canadian and European Roots.”
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and his Liberal government allowed the teaching of French in grades 4 through 6. In 1959, the
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1972:
1063:
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929:'s government made French a language of instruction equal to English. Consequently, in 1973,
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299:
1414:"Manitoba Historical Society (In the Image of Ontario: Public Schools in Brandon 1881-1890)"
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Homeland to Hinterland: The Changing Worlds of the Red River Metis in the Nineteenth Century
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in 1870. The province was created through negotiations between Canada and the provisional
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The crisis eventually spread to the national level, becoming one of the key issues in the
8:
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2758:
2597:
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1987:
1952:
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751:. The Liberals, under Laurier, took advantage of the division in the Conservative party.
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Although education is normally a matter of exclusive provincial jurisdiction under the
321:, the Manitoba Legislature passed two bills amending the province’s laws on education:
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led the Conservatives in the election and became Prime Minister, though not for long.
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1997:
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which overruled the Supreme Court and held that the 1890 Act was consistent with the
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When the Province was created, the new provincial government established a system of
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Quebecers, the Roman Catholic Church and the Manitoba School Question: A Chronology
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126:. Religious control over education thus also related to the language of education.
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420:. Catholics in Manitoba, encouraged by the federal government of Prime Minister
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was completed in 1886, many more English-speaking settlers had begun to arrive.
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Manitoba's legislation resulted in two rounds of litigation, each going to the
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west and northwest of Manitoba) also abolished French as an official language.
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of 1870 had provided that English and French be co-official languages in the
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In 1993, a francophone school division was created under the passing of the
885:, and was described as a kind of francophone counterpart to the provincial
802:
Many Catholics were still opposed to this compromise, and even appealed to
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276:
246:
131:
1597:
Quebecers, the Catholic Clergy and the Manitoba School Question, 1890-1916
2985:
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A Source-book of Canadian History: Selected Documents and Personal Papers
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379:. The legislation also triggered considerable national political debate.
19:
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693:
209:
167:
103:
74:
1459:"The Manitoba School Questions: 1890 to 1897 (The Laurier–Greenway –)"
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Laurier won the election and became the 7th Prime Minister of Canada.
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155:, began to arrive in greater numbers than they had come prior to the
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Two rounds of litigation were the result, in each case going to the
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234:
138:
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Priests and Politicians: Manitoba Schools and the Election of 1896
690:, and Parliament could enact remedial legislation under s. 22(3).
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that occurred late in the 19th century, attacking publicly-funded
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involved, since at that time, most Protestants in Manitoba were
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The Canadian Crucible: Manitoba's Role in Canada's Great Divide
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The Manitoba School Question: majority rule or minority rights?
1142:
The Manitoba School Question: majority rule or minority rights?
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approved a list of French-language textbooks. In 1967, Premier
882:
821:
The next part of the crisis came in March 1916, when, with the
179:
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in 1885, was one of the incidents that led to strengthening of
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1451:
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funded by provincial taxes. However, in the same month as the
3071:
976:
Public Schools Amendment (francophone Schools Governance) Act
443:"transgresses the limits of the power given" by s. 22 of the
1329:
616:
502:
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286:
centred on the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine rivers
862:
Association d’éducation des Canadiens français du Manitoba
710:
In January 1896, the federal government of Prime Minister
1498:
Encyclopedia of French Cultural Heritage in North America
930:
698:
The "Schools Question", as it was known, had divided the
284:(which initially included only part of southern Manitoba
1614:" (2000) — chronology of events related to the Question.
1607:. — extensive resource on the Manitoba School Question.
439:(1891), which allowed the appeal and held that the 1890
2792:
Language policies of Canada's provinces and territories
1405:
1357:
City of Winnipeg v. Barrett; City of Winnipeg v. Logan
1309:"Memorable Manitobans: John Kelly Barrett (1850-c1921)"
2850:
Royal Commission of Inquiry on Constitutional Problems
1622:— official website of Manitoba's francophone community
714:
introduced remedial legislation under s. 22(3) of the
453:
City of Winnipeg v. Barrett; City of Winnipeg v. Logan
139:
Political and demographic developments (1870–90)
2804:
Official bilingualism in the public service of Canada
535:
The City of Winnipeg then appealed both cases to the
353:
Passing this legislation was the response of Premier
129:
The Act of Parliament that created the province, the
39:) was a political crisis in the Canadian province of
1106:
Minister responsible for Official Languages (Canada)
772:
694:
Political crisis in the Federal government (1894–96)
1306:
848:-oriented laws, rather than an issue of language.)
182:were not as numerous as those from Ontario. As the
94:Manitoba became the first western province to join
2809:Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism
1300:
809:
2844:Royal Commission on Dominion-Provincial Relations
189:
147:was passed to create the province, settlers from
3141:
1463:Manitoba (Digital Resources on Manitoba History)
1264:. Historica Canada (last updated June 01, 2016).
89:
2814:Timeline of official languages policy in Canada
1101:Timeline of official languages policy in Canada
881:), which was directed from the shadows by the
876:Manitoba French-Canadian Education Association
2136:
1641:
664:Following the 1892 Privy Council decision in
399:
323:An Act respecting the Department of Education
1411:
948:
860:
562:
69:would survive as a language or a culture in
3041:2020 Canadian pipeline and railway protests
2797:Legal dispute over Quebec's language policy
1256:Verrette, Michel. February 07, 2006. "
956:
866:
382:
2143:
2129:
1648:
1634:
1565:. Toronto: Longmans Canada Ltd. pp 353–58.
859:Established that very year (1916) was the
851:
1418:Manitoba History, Number 12, Autumn 1986
1297:dismissed and statute upheld, at p. 308.
650:provides that there is an appeal to the
375:, at that time the highest court in the
18:
1514:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
1443:Life and Letters of Sir Wilfrid Laurier
1307:Gordon Goldsborough (19 January 2014).
1181:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
581:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
537:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
461:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
394:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
373:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
3142:
2522:List of Canadian peacekeeping missions
1398:Brophy v. Attorney General of Manitoba
840:'s French-language teachers’ college.
573:Brophy v. Attorney General of Manitoba
3170:Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)
2150:
2124:
1655:
1629:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1015:Reference re Manitoba Language Rights
431:The challengers then appealed to the
264:Text of statute as originally enacted
2671:Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms
1993:Northwest Territories capital cities
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1282:
1238:
1236:
1234:
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981:Division scolaire franco-manitobaine
905:
190:Manitoba legislation (1890–94)
3175:French-language schools in Manitoba
3160:French-language education in Canada
16:1890–1896 Canadian political crisis
13:
1481:
282:newly created Province of Manitoba
37:La question des Ă©coles du Manitoba
14:
3191:
2901:Citizen's Forum on National Unity
1578:
1412:Tom Mitchell (23 December 2012).
1311:. The Manitoba Historical Society
1279:
1217:
773:Laurier–Greenway Compromise, 1896
2557:Canada in the War in Afghanistan
2461:List of National Parks of Canada
2315:Debate on the monarchy in Canada
2102:
2090:
2089:
1004:Franco-manitoban School Division
400:City of Winnipeg (1891–92)
327:An Act respecting Public Schools
3079:Canada–United Kingdom relations
2782:Official bilingualism in Canada
2171:Canadian cultural protectionism
1772:Former colonies and territories
1432:
1390:
1376:
1362:
1350:
1338:
1323:
1111:Ministry of Francophone Affairs
1096:Official bilingualism in Canada
951:Bureau de l’Éducation française
814:
810:Repeal and resistance (1916–23)
408:(1891), focused on whether the
302:(which at the time covered the
288:). However, in March 1890, the
3062:Canada–United States relations
2676:Charter of the French Language
2301:Canadian Citizenship Act, 1946
1550:; a standard scholarly history
1267:
1205:
1184:
1168:
1147:
1134:
1125:
966:Department of French Education
754:Laurier, considering Québec's
497:(1891), 7 Man. L.R. 273 (Q.B.)
387:
383:Initial crisis (1891–96)
122:and most Roman Catholics were
108:Red River Resistance/Rebellion
1:
3150:Political history of Manitoba
2593:Royal Canadian Mounted Police
2372:Canadiens–Maple Leafs rivalry
2197:National identities in Canada
1536:Morton, William Lewis. 1970.
1507:; historians debate the issue
1347:(1891), 8 Man. L.R. 3 (Q.B.).
1118:
90:Foundation of Manitoba (1870)
84:
1747:Crown and Indigenous peoples
515:(1891), 8 Man. L.R. 3 (Q.B.)
178:had left, and settlers from
7:
3180:Language conflict in Canada
3124:COVID-19 pandemic in Canada
3050:International relationships
2720:Conscription Crisis of 1944
2715:Conscription Crisis of 1917
2643:Quebec sovereignty movement
2454:Landmarks, parks and nature
1289:Barrett v. City of Winnipeg
987:
787:Laurier–Greenway Compromise
666:City of Winnipeg v. Barrett
652:Governor General in Council
495:Barrett v. City of Winnipeg
406:Barrett v. City of Winnipeg
79:French Canadian nationalism
10:
3196:
3014:First Nations territories
2638:National question (Quebec)
2547:Canada and the Vietnam War
2271:Provincial and territorial
1620:Société franco-manitobaine
1530:Canadian Historical Review
166:had given equal rights to
23:The Wood Lake School, 1896
3116:
3049:
2922:
2822:
2774:
2703:Manitoba Schools Question
2606:
2565:
2509:
2453:
2338:
2258:
2196:
2158:
2084:
2053:
1933:
1883:Newfoundland and Labrador
1846:
1722:
1663:
1586:Manitoba Schools Question
1521:, edited by M. L. Kovacs.
1503:Clark, Lovell, ed. 1968.
1345:Logan v. City of Winnipeg
1262:The Canadian Encyclopedia
1258:Manitoba Schools Question
1044:French language in Canada
978:. The next year, the new
936:founded Manitoba’s first
628:
608:
603:
593:
585:
577:
572:
523:
513:Logan v. City of Winnipeg
486:
481:
473:
465:
457:
452:
262:
255:
245:
240:
230:
220:
208:
203:
196:
29:Manitoba Schools Question
3129:Canadian property bubble
2552:Canada in the Korean War
2290:Debates and legislation:
1568:Russell, Frances. 2003.
781:and Premier of Manitoba
184:Canadian Pacific Railway
60:federal election of 1896
3096:Canada–France relations
3084:Commonwealth of Nations
3018:Eeyou Istchee James Bay
2839:Rebellions of 1837–1838
2765:Québécois nation motion
2747:Quebec referendum, 1995
2742:Quebec referendum, 1980
2323:Republicanism in Canada
1736:Persons of significance
919:Department of Education
887:Department of Education
789:(officially titled the
633:Supreme Court of Canada
528:Supreme Court of Canada
433:Supreme Court of Canada
340:Department of Education
2930:National organizations
2875:Constitution Act, 1982
2862:Fulton–Favreau formula
2858:debate (1960s to 1982)
2691:Lower Canada Rebellion
2542:Canada in the Cold War
2537:Canada in World War II
2435:Architecture of Canada
2180:Demographics of Canada
1767:Events of significance
1590:UM Digital Collections
1510:Crunican, Paul. 1974.
1370:Constitution Act, 1867
1033:Orange Order in Canada
949:
861:
852:Francophone resistance
767:
647:Constitution Act, 1867
642:Constitution of Canada
404:The first court case,
315:denominational schools
112:denominational schools
36:
24:
3155:Education in Manitoba
2826:Territorial relations
2633:Anti-Quebec sentiment
2532:Canada in World War I
2517:Canadian Armed Forces
1888:Northwest Territories
1833:Territorial evolution
1553:Reid, J. H. Stewart,
1519:Culture and Education
1333:(1891), 19 S.C.R. 374
1064:Franco-Newfoundlander
1028:Anti-Quebec sentiment
793:), which amended the
762:
506:(1891), 19 S.C.R. 374
319:Official Language Act
300:Northwest Territories
295:Official Language Act
198:Official Language Act
22:
2997:(no final agreement)
2946:North-West Rebellion
2907:Charlottetown Accord
2730:Vive le Québec libre
2681:Civil Code of Quebec
2648:Federalism in Quebec
2573:Government of Canada
2510:War and peacekeeping
2319:Monarchism in Canada
2204:Canadian nationalism
1908:Prince Edward Island
1605:Marianopolis College
1420:. Brandon University
825:, the government of
757:Jesuits’ Estates Act
598:1895 A.C. 202 (P.C.)
290:Manitoba Legislature
3165:Culture of Manitoba
3106:Canada (New France)
2940:Red River Rebellion
2923:Aboriginal politics
2913:Calgary Declaration
2824:Federal–Provincial–
2759:Sponsorship scandal
2598:VIA Rail Canada Inc
2588:Royal Canadian Mint
2367:Toronto Maple Leafs
2308:National Anthem Act
1823:Population history
1794:Chinese immigration
1539:Manitoba: A History
1490:Canadian Bar Review
1359:, A.C. 445 (P.C.).
1331:Barrett v. Winnipeg
1276:, S.M. 1890, c. 38.
1214:, S.M. 1890, c. 14.
1035:, anti-French group
1009:History of Manitoba
915:Douglas L. Campbell
618:Barrett v. Winnipeg
557:Manitoba Act, 1870.
504:Barrett v. Winnipeg
437:Barrett v. Winnipeg
157:Red River Rebellion
3117:Current challenges
2975:Inuit territories
2787:Gendron Commission
2607:Relations between
2566:Crown corporations
2362:Montreal Canadiens
2238:Alberta separatism
2233:Western alienation
2221:Quebec nationalism
2214:Canadian ethnicity
1400:, A.C. 202 (P.C.)
1274:Public Schools Act
1197:2012-03-23 at the
1192:Manitoba Act, 1870
1160:2012-03-23 at the
1155:Manitoba Act, 1870
1140:Lovell Clark, ed.
993:French in Manitoba
832:Public Schools Act
796:Public Schools Act
717:Manitoba Act, 1870
705:Brophy v. Manitoba
680:reference question
671:Public Schools Act
657:Section 22 of the
564:Brophy v. Manitoba
441:Public Schools Act
426:Public Schools Act
411:Public Schools Act
347:Public Schools Act
332:Public Schools Act
231:Territorial extent
25:
3137:
3136:
2895:Meech Lake Accord
2882:Canada Health Act
2834:Province building
2775:Language politics
2491:Plains of Abraham
2486:Chateau Frontenac
2389:Toronto Blue Jays
2346:Culture of Canada
2329:Great Flag Debate
2226:Culture of Quebec
2164:Culture of Canada
2152:Canadian identity
2118:
2117:
2109:Canada portal
1679:18000 BCE–1500 CE
1657:History of Canada
906:Aftermath (1947–)
638:
637:
533:
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422:John A. Macdonald
304:Canadian Prairies
269:
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204:Act of Parliament
116:language-politics
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3029:
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2889:Victoria Charter
2725:Quiet Revolution
2658:Distinct society
2623:Acadian movement
2501:Canadian Rockies
2466:Winter in Canada
2418:Calgary Stampede
2357:Hockey in Canada
2250:Anti-Americanism
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2044:Name etymologies
1924:Name etymologies
1863:British Columbia
1778:Heritage Minutes
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1555:Kenneth McNaught
1493:(1985). 63: 461+
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1059:Franco-Columbian
1054:Franco-Albertans
1039:French immersion
1022:French in Canada
999:Franco-Manitoban
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964:
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942:École Sacré-Cœur
938:French-immersion
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226:S.M. 1890, c. 14
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2869:Canada Act 1982
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2687:Notable events:
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2445:Music of Canada
2440:Canadian humour
2430:Media of Canada
2377:Edmonton Oilers
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2187:Canadian values
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990:
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944:, in Winnipeg.
934:LĂ©onne Dumesnil
927:Edward Schreyer
923:Dufferin Roblin
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783:Thomas Greenway
779:Wilfrid Laurier
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477:A.C. 445 (P.C.)
402:
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2018:Richmond Hill
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1561:, eds. 1964.
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829:repealed the
828:
827:Tobias Norris
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817:
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804:Pope Leo XIII
800:
798:
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788:
785:, called the
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733:Liberal Party
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722:caucus revolt
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487:Prior actions
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251:30 March 1890
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96:Confederation
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2088:
2061:Bibliography
1913:Saskatchewan
1811:Peacekeeping
1776:
1714:1982–present
1600:
1589:
1569:
1562:
1538:
1528:
1518:
1511:
1504:
1497:
1488:
1467:. Retrieved
1462:
1442:
1434:
1422:. Retrieved
1417:
1407:
1397:
1392:
1384:Manitoba Act
1382:
1378:
1368:
1364:
1356:
1352:
1344:
1340:
1330:
1325:
1313:. Retrieved
1302:
1292:
1288:
1273:
1269:
1261:
1211:
1207:
1190:
1186:
1178:
1175:Ens, Gerhard
1170:
1153:
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1141:
1136:
1127:
1021:
1020:
1013:
992:
991:
980:
975:
973:
946:
912:
909:
897:
895:
891:
858:
855:
842:
838:St. Boniface
830:
823:Thornton Act
822:
820:
816:Thornton Act
815:
801:
794:
790:
786:
776:
768:
763:
755:
753:
749:Orange Order
741:
730:
715:
709:
704:
700:Conservative
697:
688:Manitoba Act
687:
684:Manitoba Act
683:
677:
669:
665:
663:
659:Manitoba Act
658:
656:
645:
639:
617:
609:Prior action
604:Case history
563:
556:
551:
549:
545:Manitoba Act
544:
534:
512:
503:
494:
482:Case history
445:Manitoba Act
444:
440:
436:
430:
425:
417:Manitoba Act
415:
409:
405:
403:
391:
370:
366:
361:Manitoba Act
359:
352:
346:
342:
339:
337:
330:
326:
322:
318:
312:
308:
294:
293:
277:Manitoba Act
275:
273:
270:
247:Royal assent
214:
164:Manitoba Act
163:
161:
145:Manitoba Act
144:
142:
132:Manitoba Act
130:
128:
124:francophones
93:
64:
57:
28:
26:
2986:NunatuKavut
2761:(1996-2004)
2752:Unity Rally
2693:(1837-1838)
2527:War of 1812
2400:Maple syrup
2003:Quebec City
1958:Fredericton
1893:Nova Scotia
1818:Monarchical
1789:Immigration
1465:. p. 6
1084:Fransaskois
947:Manitoba's
428:was valid.
388:Litigations
292:passed the
120:anglophones
81:in Quebec.
53:Protestants
3144:Categories
3024:Nitassinan
2979:Inuvialuit
2965:Oka Crisis
2953:Indian Act
2856:Patriation
2071:Historians
2008:Saint John
1973:Lethbridge
1806:Operations
1599:" (2001),
1119:References
899:La Liberté
210:Long title
168:Protestant
104:Louis Riel
85:Background
75:Louis Riel
3037:(1991–96)
2903:(1990–91)
2897:(1987–90)
2864:(to 1965)
2852:(1953–56)
2846:(1937–40)
2705:(1890–96)
2412:Festivals
2331:(1963–64)
2209:Canadians
2033:Vancouver
2023:Saskatoon
1848:Provinces
1762:Etymology
1732:Canadians
1709:1960–1981
1704:1945–1960
1699:1914–1945
1694:1867–1914
1689:1763–1867
1684:1534–1763
1665:Year list
329:(or, the
151:, mainly
100:Red River
2476:CN Tower
2423:Carnaval
2286:Heraldry
2266:National
2095:Category
2054:Research
2038:Winnipeg
1988:Montreal
1968:Hamilton
1953:Edmonton
1943:Brampton
1868:Manitoba
1801:Military
1757:Economic
1752:Cultural
1670:Timeline
1441:. 1921.
1260:."
1202:, s. 23.
1195:Archived
1177:. 1996.
1165:, s. 22.
1158:Archived
1049:Acadians
988:See also
940:school,
865:(AÉCFM;
594:Citation
474:Citation
235:Manitoba
222:Citation
41:Manitoba
3028:claimed
3001:Nunavut
2995:Nunavik
2990:claimed
2609:English
2405:Poutine
2394:Cuisine
2339:Culture
2259:Symbols
2076:Surveys
2028:Toronto
1983:Moncton
1978:Markham
1963:Halifax
1898:Nunavut
1873:Ontario
1858:Alberta
1469:14 July
1424:14 July
1315:14 July
1294:en banc
960:
870:
846:truancy
586:Decided
541:Britain
466:Decided
153:Ontario
2981:(1984)
2967:(1990)
2948:(1885)
2942:(1869)
2915:(1997)
2909:(1992)
2891:(1971)
2885:(1984)
2767:(2006)
2738:(1970)
2711:(1912)
2699:(1839)
2616:Canada
2614:French
2351:Sports
2311:(1980)
2296:(1867)
2013:Regina
1998:Ottawa
1935:Cities
1903:Quebec
1828:Sports
1724:Topics
1557:, and
1546:
1144:(1968)
955:(BEF;
931:Sister
883:clergy
735:under
566:(1894)
180:Quebec
67:French
33:French
3072:NORAD
3067:CUSMA
2935:MĂ©tis
2496:Banff
2281:Flags
2276:Royal
1918:Yukon
1838:Women
578:Court
458:Court
241:Dates
176:MĂ©tis
3057:NATO
2872:and
2612:and
2321:and
2294:Name
1544:ISBN
1471:2015
1426:2015
1317:2015
957:lit.
867:lit.
742:The
731:The
589:1895
469:1892
338:The
325:and
274:The
170:and
162:The
51:and
47:for
27:The
2578:CBC
1734:- (
1588:,"
539:in
435:in
343:Act
335:).
3146::
2414::
2396::
2353::
1603:,
1542:.
1461:.
1450:^
1416:.
1281:^
1219:^
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396:.
364:.
159:.
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2666::
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1584:"
1572:.
1500:.
1473:.
1445:.
1428:.
1402:.
1335:.
1319:.
969:'
963:'
879:'
873:'
31:(
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