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1152:, with the largest number of subgroups within its family of languages. The Philippines' National Commission on Culture and the Arts has been able to develop a tentative classification of Manobo subgroups, but notes that "the various subgroupings are not sufficiently defined" as of the time the classification was developed. The classification divides the Manobo into several major groups: (1) The Ata subgroup: Dugbatang, Talaingod, and Tagauanum; (2) The Bagobo subgroup: Attaw (Jangan, Klata, Obo, Giangan, Guiangan), Eto (Ata), Kailawan (Kaylawan), Langilan, Manuvu/Obo, Matigsalug, (Matigsaug, Matig Salug), Tagaluro, and Tigdapaya; (3) The Higaonon subgroup: Agusan, Lanao, and Misamis; (4) North Cotabato: Ilianen, Livunganen, and Pulenyan; (5) South Cotabato: Cotabato (with subgroup Tasaday and Blit), Sarangani, Tagabawa; (6) Western Bukidnon: Kiriyeteka, Ilentungen, and Pulangiyen; (7) Agusan del Sur; (8) Banwaon; and (9) Bukidnon and others.
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emphasize to the public, "We are here, and we are not going back until our land is free from troops and corporations, so that we can take back our ancestral land." Relocating to urban centers allowed Lumad leaders to broadcast their plight to local and international audiences. Shortly after, Lumad people themselves realized they needed to have an umbrella organization through which advocates from around the world could work together, leading to the creation of the Liyang
Network. The organization Liyang Network works alongside Lumad communities to amplify the voices of their environmental defenders and highlight Lumad social issues. Liyang Network organizes forums, webinars, and educational discussions on current sociopolitical issues and their root causes—mainly the needs of Lumad and rural communities.
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417:. It was advocated and propagated by the members and affiliates of Lumad-Mindanao, a coalition of all-Lumad local and regional organizations that formalized themselves as such in June 1986 but started in 1983 as a multi-sectoral organization. Lumad-Mindanao's main objective was to achieve self-determination for their member-tribes or, put more concretely, self-governance within their ancestral domain in accordance with their culture and customary laws. No other Lumad organization had the express goal in the past.
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1861:, during an AFP-sponsored press conference, claimed that the NPA were responsible for the killings and that none of the alleged "militarization" was actually happening. Another datu accused protesters in Manila of pretending to be Lumad by wearing Lumad clothing. They have also held anti-NPA rallies in Mindanao. The military has attributed to the NPA the assassination of a Lumad leader sympathetic to the government. Some of which are acknowledged by NPA members.
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unoccupied land within the communal territory.' Ancestral lands include cultivated land as well as hunting grounds, rivers, forests, uncultivated land, and the mineral resources below the land. River systems indicate the Lumad people's generations of civilization. Water is used as a "hermeneutic" for how Lumads orient themselves in relation to other ethnic groups, the state, modern
Filipino culture, and their own cultural customs. Unlike the
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as mentioned, who resisted the
Spanish occupation and later avoided contact with southward migrants from Luzon and Visayas during the late Spanish colonial period and since American colonial and postwar eras seeking better economics opportunities awaiting them in Higaonon homelands. Driven to the hills and mountains, these people continued to exist and fought for the preservation of their people, heritage, and culture.
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literature; some publications present the Teboli and the
Tagabilil as distinct peoples; some locate the Tbolis to the vicinity of the Buluan Lake in the Cotabato Basin or in Agusan del Norte. The T'boli, then, reside on the mountain slopes on either side of the upper Allah Valley and the coastal area of Maitum, Maasim, and Kiamba. In former times, the T'boli also inhabited the upper Allah Valley floor.
1834:) created by the AFP to hunt for NPA members. The AFP denied the allegation and attributed the killings to tribal conflict, though the AFP has admitted that CAFGU has Lumad recruits within its ranks while asserting that the NPA has also recruited Lumad for the group. CHR postponed the presentation of their initial report to December 2015 to include reports of subsequent killings and displacement.
1771:'s claim on the same territory. The Lumad have lost parts of their ancestral land because of a failure to understand the modern land tenure system. Some NGOs have established schools that teach Indigenous communities how to protect their rights, property, and culture. However, the Lumad communities are located in mountains that are distant from urban areas. These areas are also the sites of
1507:. Coastal Tirurays are mostly farmers, hunters, fishermen, and basket weavers; those living in the mountains engage in dry field agriculture, supplemented by hunting and the gathering of forest products. Tirurays are famous for their craftsmanship in weaving baskets with two-toned geometric designs. While many have adopted the cultures of neighboring
1077:"Mandaya" derives from "man" meaning "first", and "daya" meaning "upstream" or "upper portion of a river", and therefore means "the first people upstream". It refers to a number of groups found along the mountain ranges of Davao Oriental, as well as to their customs, language, and beliefs. The Mandaya are also found in Compostela and New Bataan in
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in each
Mamanwa settlement with some individuals continuing to farm and produce their own domesticated foods while others rely on purchasing food from market centers. The Mamanwa have been exposed to many of the modernities mainstream agricultural populations possess and use, such as cell phones, televisions, radio, and processed foods.
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names. However, anthropologists and historians pointed out errors in the commission's resolution, particularly with regard to the origin and usage of the term Lumad. Scholars and Lumad leaders stated that the resolution stems from a lack of historical awareness and the commission's ignorance of Lumad struggles in
Mindanao.
982:, Agusan del Norte, though they are lesser in number and more scattered and nomadic than the Manobos and Mandaya tribes who also inhabit the region. Like all Negritos, the Mamanwas are phenotypically distinct from the lowlanders and the upland Manobos, exhibiting curly hair and much darker skin tones.
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Indigenous women leaders organized the
Sabokahan Unity of Lumad Women. Being located in the mountains, community evacuations have become the highest form of protest for the Lumad. Communities pack up and move en masse to urban areas to set up camp in evacuation centers. Through this, the Lumad people
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Lumad peoples confront a variety of social issues. Identical with other
Indigenous peoples (IPs) across the globe, the IPs in the Philippines represent the country's poorest sector who endure disproportionate access to healthcare, education, and human rights. There are claims that Lumad social issues
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Templa, Mae Fe. "STATEMENT: Attacks on
Mindanao Lumad Schools and Communities Intensify as Aquino's Military Goes Berserk for Oplan Bayanihan." MindaNews STATEMENT Attacks on Mindanao Lumad Schools and Communities Intensify as Aquinos Military Goes Berserk for Oplan Bayanihan Comments. Minda News, 5
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Currently, Mamanwa populations live in sedentary settlements ("barangays") that are close to agricultural peoples and market centers. As a result, a substantial proportion of their diet includes starch-dense domesticated foods. The extent to which agricultural products are bought or exchanged varies
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The word
Higaonon is derived from the word "higa" in the Higaonon dialect, which means coastal plains, and "gaon" meaning ascend to the mountains. Taken together, Higaonon, means the people of the coastal plains that ascended to the mountains. Higaonons were formerly coastal people of the provinces,
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when referring to Indigenous Cultural Communities (ICC) and Indigenous Peoples (IPs). The resolution stated that elders, leaders, and members of different ICCs and IPs in Mindanao requested that they not be called "lumad", and instead want to be referred to by their respective ethnolinguistic group
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History has better words to speak for Misamis Occidental. Its principal city was originally populated by the Subanon, a cultural group that once roamed the seas in great number; the province was an easy prey to the marauding sea pirates of Lanao whose habit was to stage lightning forays along the
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In a Bakwit school in Cebu, 22 students, 2 teachers and 2 tribe elders were arrested without a warrant on 15 February 2021, in what was labeled as a "rescue operation". Philippine media dubbed this raid as "Lumad 26", as they were taken into custody by members of the Philippine National Police's
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The Tasaday is a group of about two dozen people living within the deep and mountainous rainforests of Mindanao, who attracted wide media attention in 1971 when they were first "discovered" by western scientists who reported that they were living at a "stone age" level of technology and had been
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are one of the indigenous peoples of South Mindanao. From the body of ethnographic and linguistic literature on Mindanao, they are variously known as Tboli, Teboli, Tau Bilil, Tau Bulul or Tagabilil. They self-identify as T'boli. Their whereabouts and identity are to some extent confused in the
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Many Lumad youths live in indigent, hard-to-reach communities. In the 1980s, the Tribal Filipino Program of Surigao del Sur (TRIFPSS) began a functional literacy program for Indigenous children in these communities. TRIFPSS established 10 schools in 10 Indigenous people's communities in three
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Under the President Benigno Aquino III administration (2010-2015), a total of 71 Indigenous leaders were killed. Ninety-five cases of attacks against the 87 Indigenous schooling for children were also recorded. More than 40,000 Indigenous peoples—whole communities whose social, political, and
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and that community leaders and teachers were being detained by the military on suspicion of being rebels. They also say that alternative schools within the communities (aided by NGOs and universities) face closure or demolition, with some buildings converted for military use. They have staged
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Lumad have a traditional concept of land ownership based on what their communities consider their ancestral territories. The historian B. R. Rodil notes that 'a territory occupied by a community is a communal private property, and community members have the right of usufruct to any piece of
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The geographical distribution of the subgroups is so great that some of the local groups have been noted to "assumed the character of distinctiveness as a separate ethnic grouping," as in the case of the Bagobo or the Higaonon. Part of what makes the classification more difficult is that a
1024:, usually takes on the duties of counseling tribal members, speaking at gatherings, and arbitrating disagreements. The chieftain may be a man or a woman, which is characteristic of other gender-egalitarian hunter-gatherer societies. They believe in a collection of spirits, governed by the
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municipalities of Surigao del Sur in 1997. The Alternative Learning Center for Agriculture Livelihood Development (Alcadev), formed in 2004 with support from TRIFPSS, established community schools for Lumad communities using lessons tailored to suit Indigenous culture and tradition.
561:, etc. are also excluded, despite being also native to Mindanao and despite some groups being closely related ethnolinguistically to the Lumad. This is because unlike the Lumad, the Moros converted to Islam during the 14th to 15th centuries. This can be confusing since the word
1904:(PNP) Central Visayas office (PRO-7) and charged with illegal detention and kidnapping. Local officials claimed the operation aimed to reunite the children with their parents while human rights groups condemned the raid as part of a pattern of harassment of Indigenous peoples.
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particularly in the localities of Malalag, Lais, Talaguton Rivers, Sta. Maria, and Malita of Davao Occidental, and Malungon of the Sarangani Province. Tagakaulo means "from the head(waters)". The Tagakaulo tribe originally came from the western shores of the Gulf of
1711:, spurred by government-sponsored resettlement programs, turned the Lumad into minorities. The Bukidnon province population grew from 63,470 in 1948 to 194,368 in 1960 and 414,762 in 1970, with the proportion of indigenous Bukidnons falling from 64% to 33% to 14%.
1449:, and doubt was raised both about their status as isolated from other societies and even about the reality of their existence as a separate ethnic group. The question of whether Tasaday studies published in the seventies are accurate is still being discussed.
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The Lumad include groups such as the Erumanen ne Menuvu', Matidsalug Manobo, Agusanon Manobo, Dulangan Manobo, Dabaw Manobo, Ata Manobo, B'laan, Kaulo, Banwaon, Bukidnon, Teduray, Lambangian, Higaunon, Dibabawon, Mangguwangan, Mansaka, Mandaya, K'lagan,
1031:, although it appears that their contact with monotheist communities and populations has made a considerable impact on the Mamanwa's religious practices. The tribe produces winnowing baskets, rattan hammocks, and other household containers.
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The term "Mansaka" derives from "man" with literal meaning "first" and "saka" meaning "to ascend", and means "the first people to ascend mountains/upstream". The term most likely describes the origin of these people who are found today in
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The Bagobo are one of the largest subgroups of the Manobo peoples. They comprise three subgroups: the Tagabawa, the Klata (or Guiangan), and the Ovu (also spelled Uvu or Ubo) peoples. The Bagobo were formerly nomadic and farmed through
1666:, and various forms of wind and percussive instruments. Traditional vocal music include love songs, lullabies, funeral songs, narrative songs, and songs about nature. Music may be used to accompany dances in rituals and celebrations.
1730:. However, much of their land has already been registered in the name of multinational corporations, logging companies, and other wealthy Filipinos, many of whom are, relatively speaking, recent settlers to Mindanao. Mai Tuan, a
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However, recent genomic evidence suggests that the Mamanwa were one of the first populations to leave Africa along with peoples in New Guinea and Australia, and that they diverged from a common origin about 36,000 years ago.
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coastal areas in search of slaves. As the Subanon retreated deeper and deeper into the interior, the coastal areas became home to inhabitants from Bukidnon who were steadily followed by settlers from nearby Cebu and Bohol.
1896:(DepEd) recognized community schools and the Alcadev system through the Indigenous framework of education now observed by alternative tribal schools nationwide. The policy framework was signed in 2012 by then-Secretary
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The Subanons are the first settlers of the Zamboanga peninsula. The family is patriarchal while the village is led by a chief called a Timuay. He acts as the village judge and is concerned with all communal matters.
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Larena, Maximilian; Sanchez-Quinto, Federico; Sjödin, Per; McKenna, James; Ebeo, Carlo; Reyes, Rebecca; Casel, Ophelia; Huang, Jin-Yuan; Hagada, Kim Pullupul; Guilay, Dennis; Reyes, Jennelyn (30 March 2021).
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At the beginning of the 20th century, the Lumad controlled an area that now covers 17 of Mindanao's 24 provinces, but by the 1980 census, they constituted less than 6% of the population of Mindanao and
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BOLINGET, WINDEL. "'Lumad' Killings Not the Result of Tribal Conflict." Inquirer Opinion Lumad Killings Not the Result of Tribal Conflict Comments. Inquirer, 28 September 2015. Web. 5 November 2015.
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Lumads face loss of ancestral lands due to land grabbing or militarization. Some communities have been forced out of their lands for resisting encroachment by mining, logging, and energy companies.
1295:. The Sangil people are traditionally animistic, much like other Lumad peoples. During the colonial era, the Sangil (who usually call themselves "Sangir") in the Sangihe Islands mostly converted to
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support the Lumad by raising awareness on the plight of Indigenous peoples through protest marches, concerts, cultural festivals, and commemoration of Lumad leaders that have been killed.
1738:, we are happy because we are given food assistance like rice... we also feel sad because we no longer have the pots to cook it with. We no longer have control over our ancestral lands."
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Reyes, Rex R.B., Jr. "ON THE MILITARIZATION AND IMPENDING CLOSURE OF LUMAD SCHOOLS IN MINDANAO." NCCP. National Council of Churches in the Philippines, 5 June 2014. Web. 5 November 2015.
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The political system of the Mamanwa is informally democratic and age-structured. Elders are respected and expected to maintain peace and order within the tribe. The chieftain, called a
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Bayod, Rogelio. "The Future of the Environment and the Indigenous Peoples of the Philippines under the Duterte Administration." Environment, Development and Sustainability 8.1 (2006).
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The Bukidnon people believe in one god, Magbabaya (Ruler of All), though there are several minor gods and goddesses that they worship as well. Religious rites are presided by a
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Magbabayà (The Ruler of All) – The supreme god who has minor gods and goddesses beneath him to do specific jobs and take care of certain things, he is also the god of the west.
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In 2018, President Rodrigo Duterte threatened to shut down or destroy NGO-funded community schools because of suspicions that they radicalize Lumad students into joining the
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Omoto K. 1989. Genetic studies of human populations in the Asia-Pacific area with special reference to the origins of the Negritos. In: Hhba H, Hayami I, Michizuki K, orgs.
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completely isolated from the rest of Philippine society. They later attracted attention in the 1980s when it was reported that their discovery had in fact been an elaborate
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Paredes, Oona. "Rivers of memory and oceans of difference in the Lumad world of Mindanao." TRaNS: Trans-Regional and-National Studies of Southeast Asia 4.2 (2016): 329-349.
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3875:"NPA Created the Conflict in Lumad Tribes - Office of The Army Chief." Philippine Information Agency. Republic of the Philippines, 28 September 2015. Web. 5 November 2015.
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Pangandoy: The Manobo Fight for Land, Education and Their Future. Dir. Hiyasmin Saturay. Perf. Manobo, Talaingod Manobo. Salugpongan Ta' Tanu Igkanogon, 2015. Documentary.
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Manuvu (also spelled Menuvu or Minuvu). Its etymology is unclear; in its current form, it means "person" or "people." It is believed that it is derived from the root word
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Dagingon – They worship this deity in an elaborated celebration complete with songs and dances which will last for nine nights during planting and after harvest seasons.
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tribes in the Philippines) are a continued topic of debate, with recent evidence suggesting that the phenotype convergently evolved in several areas of southeast Asia.
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455:, collectively known as the "Dumagat" or "Sea People" by the Lumad). All of which, in turn are distinct from the (mostly Visayan) migrant majority of modern Mindanao.
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Liyang Network. Liyang Network Discussions. Accumulation of info from meetings with Liyang Network supervisor and attending events such as webinars and forums. 2021.
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https://ucsc.academia.edu/EmeraldSnow/Papers/187939/Life-history_reproductive_maturity_and_the_evolution_of_small_body_size_The_Mamanwa_negritos_of_northern_Mindanao
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In August 2019, after spending time in refugee camps, Lumad evacuees in Surigao del Sur formally returned to their home after army soldiers left their communities.
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officially adopted by the delegates of the Lumad Mindanao Peoples Federation (LMPF) founding assembly on 26 June 1986 at the Guadalupe Formation Center, Balindog,
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1936:, with Lumad communities reporting health problems brought about by rising temperatures and diseases that spread with changing rainfall patterns, such as dengue.
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Norma Capuyan, vice chair of Apo Sandawa Lumadnong Panaghiusa sa Cotabato (ASLPC) speaking out in a press conference to defend the ancestral domains of the Lumad.
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except Cebuano. This marked the first time that these tribes had agreed to a common name for themselves, distinct from that of other Mindanao native groups: the
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means 'that of the mountains or highlands' (i.e., 'people of the mountains or highlands'), despite the fact that most Bukidnon tribes settle in the lowlands.
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communist rebels. This was supported by some Lumad leaders, who also felt that they were being infiltrated by the NPA and their children being exploited.
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economic life had been obstructed—had no choice but to evacuate because their schools were attacked or their leaders had been murdered or incarcerated.
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Bukidnon groups are found in the Valley in Kitaotao in Bukidnon province, Philippines. Their name means "people along the Salug River (now called the
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and a few indigenous peoples scattered in the Visayas area who are also alternatively referred to as "Bukidnon" (also meaning "highland people").
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Romero, Alexis. "AFP Denies Forced Recruitment, Extrajudicial Killings of Lumads." Philstar.com. Philstar, 4 November 2015. Web. 5 November 2015.
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PULUMBARIT, VERONICA. "Italian priest the third from PIME murdered in Mindanao? gmanetwork.com. GMA NEWS, 17 October 2011. Web. 05, November 2015
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or militarization, economic and social exclusion, and threats to their traditional culture and identity. Lumad groups contend with displacement,
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whose ordination is voluntary and may come from any sex. The Bukidnons have rich musical and oral traditions which are celebrated annually in
514:, Mamanuwa, Tagakaolo, Talaandig, Tagabawa, Ubu', Tinenanen, Kuwemanen, K'lata and Diyangan. Considered as "vulnerable groups", they live in
300:
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Labrador, Kriztja Marae G. "Shelter Sites for Lumads Congested." Www.sunstar.com.ph. Sunstar Davao, 10 December 2014. Web. 6 November 2015.
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among Lumads whose farmlands are affected by stronger typhoons and more intense droughts. Climate change is also giving rise to various
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demonstrations to gain the public's attention, calling for a halt to the alleged militarization of Lumad communities. Organizers of the
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because of increasing military and NPA activity. There are claims that Lumads account for about 70 percent of the fighting force of the
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Human rights watchdogs, Indigenous peoples groups, and environmentalists claim that Lumad territories were being militarized by the
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and was ranked third globally among countries most at-risk to disasters, according to a 2012 report. Climate change is threatening
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Mindanao is home to a substantial part of the country's indigenous population, comprising around 15% of the Philippine population.
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The Philippines Commission on Human Rights (CHR) has been investigating the 2015 murder of Lumad leaders and a school official by
880:. They comprise three subgroups which are usually treated as different tribes: the Tagakaulo, the Kagan, and the Kallao people of
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Representatives from 15 tribes agreed in June 1986 to adopt the name; there were no delegates from the three major groups of the
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Ramirez, Robertzon. "Lumads Refuse Dialogue with CHR." Philstar.com. The Philippine Star, 29 October 2015. Web. 6 November 2015.
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2151:"The IP struggle continues as NCIP red-tags and bans use of "Lumad," the collective word for Mindanao IPs since the late 1970s"
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1783:(AFP). Caught in the conflict, the Lumad people's education, property, and security are endangered by the increasing amount of
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UNDP. "Indigenous Peoples in the Philippines." United Nations Development Programme, no. Fast Facts: Lagom, 2010. undp.org.ph.
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National Statistics Office. "Statistics on Filipino Children." Journal of Philippine Statistics, vol. 59, no. 4, 2008, p. 119.
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is the language used by the Bagobo-Tagabawa. They are an indigenous tribe in Mindanao. They live in the surrounding areas of
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to demand protection for environmental activists, protest destructive mining operations within ancestral lands, and promote
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dialectical subgroup's membership within a supergroup can shift depending on specific points of view regarding linguistics.
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Alamon, Arnold P. "Wars of Extinction: The Lumad Killings in Mindanao, Philippines." Kyoto Review of Southeast Asia, 2015,
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1215:, the Hijo River Valley, and the seacoasts of Kingking, Maco, Kwambog, Hijo, Tagum, Libuganon, Tuganay, Ising, and Panabo.
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918:, ("spirit" or "soul"). They were historically composed of small warring groups. Their population, as of 1994, is 87,270.
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The Kalagan, also spelled K'lagan or (by the Spanish) Caragan, are a subgroup of the Mandaya-Mansaka people who speak the
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FIANZA, MYRTHENA L. "Contesting Land and Identity in the Periphery: The Moro Indigenous People of Southern Philippines."
710:, with other tribes in Bukidnon (the Manobo tribes, the Higaonon, Matigsalug, Talaandig, Umayamnom, and the Tigwahanon).
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against the Philippine government. When the migrants came, many Lumad groups retreated into the mountains and forests.
1315:. However, elements of animistic rituals still remain. The Indonesian and Filipino groups still maintain ties and both
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Cruz, Tonyo. "#StopLumadKillings: What You Need to Know." Tonyocruz.com. N.p., 4 September 2015. Web. 5 November 2015.
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farmers, allegedly by members of the Philippine Army. A pro-AFP and pro-mining datu of the Langilan Manobo people in
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arise from ethnic grievances that develop into an issue of economic greed. They face loss of ancestral lands due to
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1327:. The exact population of Sangil people in the Philippines is unknown but is estimated to be around 10,000 people.
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Yengoyan, Aram A. (1991). "Shaping and Reshaping the Tasaday: A Question of Cultural Identity—A Review Article".
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Mindanao Ethnohistory Beyond Nations: Maguindanao, Sangir, and Bagobo Societies in East Maritime Southeast Asia
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people, a high percentage of their population still believe and practice their indigenous customs and rituals.
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Mateo, Janvic. "Lumads Demand End to Violence." Philstar.com. Philstar, 27 October 2015. Web. 5 November 2015.
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31 October 2006, Kidapawan City, Philippines. Contributed by Pependayan, LMPF Secretary-General from 1988–1999
1760:. Defenders of Indigenous land rights, environmentalists, and human rights activists have also been harassed.
1233:)." Although often classified under the Manobo ethnolinguistic group, the Matigsalug are a distinct subgroup.
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381:, where the word was used in Art. XIII sec. 8(2) to distinguish Lumad ethnic communities from the islands of
826:. The Higaonons have a rather traditional way of living. Farming is their most important economic activity.
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Paredes, Oona (2015). "Indigenous vs. native: negotiating the place of Lumads in the Bangsamoro homeland".
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Ibabasok – He watches over the crops and their growth in a simple ceremony at the center of the rice field.
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The Sangil people (also called Sangir, Sangu, Marore, Sangirezen, or Talaoerezen) are originally from the
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In December 2019, the Philippines under Duterte became the deadliest for farmers and Indigenous peoples.
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A hat from the Mandaya people made up of palm, bamboo, feathers, cotton, fiber, and beads, housed at the
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Loss, emergence, and retribalization: The politics of Lumad ethnicity in Northern Mindanao (Philippines)
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For the Lumad, securing their rights to their ancestral domain is as urgent as the Moros' quest for
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island. Residing in their ancestral lands, they are often evicted and displaced because of the
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and some parts of Davao Oriental, specifically in the Batoto River, the Manat Valley, Caragan,
1070:
858:
Tumpaa Nanapiyaw or Intumbangol – Watches the base of the earth night and day lest it crumbles.
759:
428:
word was a bit ironic but they deemed it appropriate as the Lumad tribes do not have any other
5151:
1533:
A Tboli dance performed during colorful street dancing competition on the Tnalak Festival in
1484:
2913:
2602:
2547:
1865:
1800:
1776:
1591:
1480:
340:
3703:
2745:"Denisova admixture and the first modern human dispersals into Southeast Asia and Oceania"
1291:) were separated when borders were drawn between the Philippines and Indonesia during the
640:. They practice indigenous rituals while adapting to the way of life of modern Filipinos.
8:
1651:
Most of the Mindanao Lumad groups have a musical heritage consisting of various types of
990:
359:
190:
129:
97:
5605:
5035:
3605:
2917:
2606:
2551:
997:: dark skin, kinky hair, and short stature. The origins of this phenotype (found in the
692:
in a different context (it means 'mountainous lands' in this case) or could also be the
5682:
5414:
5409:
5401:
5189:
5045:
5030:
4594:
3747:
3197:
3189:
2944:
2901:
2874:
2769:
2744:
2715:
2693:
2625:
2590:
2571:
2535:
2516:
1784:
1727:
1630:
1620:
1598:
1394:
1346:
1324:
1155:
The total current Manobo population is not known, although they occupy core areas from
971:
912:
region is named after them. Their name means "spirited people" or "brave people", from
542:
137:
113:
2263:
B'laan women record dreams in woven mats – INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos
855:
Bulalakaw – The spirit who watches the rivers and takes care of the fishermen's catch.
5174:
5146:
5098:
5040:
4438:"A Fulfilled Promise: Lumads Graduate from School Harassed by Military - Page 2 of 3"
3751:
3201:
3063:
2949:
2931:
2878:
2774:
2630:
2563:
1804:
1370:
1264:
1078:
939:
889:
566:
530:
448:
133:
117:
89:
52:
3545:
3125:
2575:
5590:
5504:
5272:
5141:
5108:
4912:
4406:
3739:
3709:
3181:
2939:
2921:
2764:
2756:
2671:
2620:
2610:
2555:
2506:
2285:
1625:
1608:
1603:
1496:
1492:
1472:
1320:
1260:
1242:
1050:
986:
967:
935:
877:
807:
799:
604:
493:
425:
414:
351:
281:
125:
109:
5204:
3743:
3651:"Stop the Lumad Killings! Lumad Activists Are Not Terrorists! Save Lumad Schools!"
2794:
A Study of the Structure and Style of Two Manuvu Epic Songs in English Translation
2675:
2511:
2494:
550:
320:
5687:
5509:
5358:
5242:
5131:
5083:
5078:
4989:
4857:
3612:
2332:
2313:
2269:
1998:
1944:
1858:
1788:
1415:
1350:
1300:
1268:
1248:
1204:
1160:
893:
823:
533:, even though these two groups are also native to Mindanao. This is due to their
526:
444:
3920:
1652:
5726:
5565:
5335:
5325:
5267:
5194:
5136:
5103:
5088:
5073:
5055:
5015:
5005:
5000:
4887:
4877:
2839:. UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Archived from
2760:
1925:
1846:
1720:
1708:
1538:
1504:
1500:
1464:
1458:
1336:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1252:
901:
897:
871:
811:
637:
583:
546:
503:
452:
374:
4646:"Lumad students 'rescued' in Cebu raid had parents' consent, House panel told"
4595:"Philippines: Cops Raid Lumad School, Arrest 26 Including Indigenous Children"
4389:"Study: PH deadliest nation for farmers, indigenous people over land disputes"
4253:"IPs on Lumad killings: the war isn't ours, but why are we the ones suffering"
1529:
5720:
5662:
5429:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5234:
5184:
5179:
5093:
5050:
5025:
5010:
4673:"Commentary: Pablo, climate change and banana production in the Davao region"
2935:
1971:
1897:
1854:
1772:
1704:
1691:, harassment of Lumad rights defenders, and forced closure of Lumad schools.
1684:
1579:
1390:
1323:
are spoken in both Indonesian Sangir and Filipino Sangil, in addition to the
1272:
1025:
885:
633:
481:
429:
48:
4702:"Lumad community in Bukidnon turns to prayers in adapting to climate change"
4518:"[OPINION] Teaching without schools? Lumad education under lockdown"
2926:
2662:
Cashdan, Elizabeth A. (1980). "Egalitarianism among Hunters and Gatherers".
2615:
2589:
Pugach, Irina; Delfin, Frederick; GunnarsdĂłttir, Ellen; et al. (2013).
2559:
1341:
989:
and consume a wide variety of wild plants, herbs, insects, and animals from
5340:
5295:
5277:
5262:
5209:
5113:
4892:
4842:
4785:
3626:"Rights activists, defenders tagged human rights violators in Davao poster"
2953:
2778:
2634:
2567:
2375:
1827:
1808:
1752:
Environmental issues in the Philippines § Threats to environmentalists
1546:
1524:
1316:
1208:
1194:
1130:
905:
881:
629:
623:
558:
511:
93:
85:
4754:"Indigenous, urban poor kids form 'human tree' to promote climate justice"
2591:"Genome-wide data substantiates Holocene gene ?ow from India to Australia"
2072:
211:
5647:
5376:
5161:
4123:
3495:"6 arrested in a week, rights group decries 'escalating state terrorism'"
3465:"Rappler Talk: Addressing Lumad killings and internally displaced people"
3338:
2049:
2047:
1966:
1796:
1768:
1716:
1655:– ensembles composed of large hanging, suspended or held, bossed/knobbed
1559:
1230:
819:
538:
436:
347:
178:
77:
2864:"Exploring the Indigenous Local Governance of Manobo Tribes in Mindanao"
2483:. The University Museum, The University of Tokyo, Nature and Culture: 1.
2239:"Beauty queens from Bagobo tribe promote culture with coffee enterprise"
713:
The Bukidnon Lumad is distinct from and should not be confused with the
5657:
5652:
5381:
5199:
5169:
3714:
3193:
3109:
http://www.joshuaproject.net/people-profile.php?rop3=109689&rog3=RP
1719:, the Lumad groups never formed a revolutionary group to unite them in
1512:
1399:
1288:
1224:
1104:
1100:
1054:
1002:
704:
664:
587:
554:
515:
174:
4569:"Raid or rescue? What we know so far about Lumad arrests in Cebu City"
2520:
2481:
Current Aspects of Biogeography in West Pacific and East Asian Regions
2044:
4954:
2902:"Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years"
1850:
1731:
1662:
Lumad groups also have traditional stringed instruments, such as the
1534:
1256:
1179:
994:
591:
421:
363:
267:
186:
3573:"Driven from home, Philippine indigenous people long for their land"
3437:"Upper Right Hand: Vulnerabilities of Lumad Communities in Mindanao"
3185:
2743:
Reich, David; Patterson, Nick; Kircher, Martin; et al. (2011).
737:
5447:
5439:
5424:
5123:
5065:
4994:
4847:
3521:"Why Lumad schools are valuable to the education of Lumad children"
2124:"Bishop hits 'red-tagging' of word lumad in recent NCIP resolution"
1792:
1764:
1663:
1427:
1419:
1386:
1304:
1164:
931:
815:
803:
717:
714:
707:
678:
671:
660:
649:
534:
440:
382:
367:
182:
56:
1659:
which act as a drone without any accompanying melodic instrument.
370:. Usage of the term was accepted in Philippine jurisprudence when
5677:
5391:
5368:
5350:
5330:
5310:
4882:
4867:
4862:
4728:"#ClimateStrike | Lumad youth demand halt to environment plunder"
3954:
3678:"Duterte, not activists, destroying the nation and Lumad schools"
2898:
2533:
2316:", inq7.net (accessed through seasite.niu.edu on 3 February 2010)
1508:
1439:
1423:
1403:
1374:
1134:
959:
954:
A 1926 photograph of Bagobo (Manobo) warriors in full war regalia
693:
674:
507:
158:
4800:
4466:"Lumad alternative schools recognized by DepEd –rights advocate"
3411:"Rights abuses, land grabbing confront indigenous peoples in PH"
1674:
5667:
5320:
5020:
4872:
3768:
3111:
Joshua Project – Bagobo, Tagabawa of Philippines Ethnic Profile
3034:"Population by Region and Religion - Kepulauan Sangihe Regency"
2588:
1995:"The Tri-People Relationship and the Peace Process in Mindanao"
1884:
Education in the Philippines § Indigenous peoples' schools
1095:
1090:
909:
433:
81:
1734:
leader explains, "Now that there is a peace agreement for the
655:
648:"Bukidnon people" redirects here. For the Panay Bukidnon, see
4981:
4959:
3343:
PnoyAndTheCity: A center for Kulintang – A home for Pasikings
1646:
1308:
1118:
of the Bagobo, with family, followers, and two missionaries (
963:
914:
833:
The Higaonon people believe in a variety of deities, namely:
721:
610:
354:
term meaning "native" or "indigenous". The term is short for
5708:
National Commission on Indigenous Peoples of the Philippines
4176:"Lumad leader killed by NPA in Surigao del Norte – military"
3980:
https://kyotoreview.org/issue-21/lumad-killings-philippines/
2833:"Binantazan nga Banwa / Binantajan nu Bubungan, Philippines"
1558:
The Tigwahonon are a subgroup of Manobo originally from the
962:
tribe often grouped together with the Lumad. They come from
406:
grew out of the political awakening among tribes during the
3218:
Invented Eden: The Elusive, Disputed History of the Tasaday
2742:
1845:
On 8 December 2017, human rights group Karapatan asked the
1656:
1446:
1006:
998:
4621:"Rights groups slam police raid on Cebu City Lumad school"
4544:"An inclusive education that respects indigenous cultures"
4320:"Some Lumad leaders call for Red-tagged schools' shutdown"
4294:"Lumad group condemns CPP-NPA and release of Talaingod 18"
4228:"NPA congratulates fighters for killing Lumad father, son"
2971:. Quezon City, Philippines: New Day Publishers. p. 2.
1756:
Lumad communities contend with extrajudicial killings and
1148:
The Manobo are considered the most diverse among the many
798:
The Higaonon are mainly located in the entire province of
608:
or female shamans. The supreme spirit in their indigenous
5635:
4271:
2213:"The last tribes of Mindanao, the Bagobo, the New People"
861:
Tagabugtà – The spirit who watches the farm or the forest
1939:
In 2019, Lumad youth and urban poor children joined the
1849:
to probe Lumad killings, including the killing of eight
3993:"Karapatan asks UN to probe Lumad killings in Mindanao"
3801:"Lumads account for 70 percent of NPA's fighting force"
1811:
alone according to NCIP chief and former army colonel.
2307:
Bukidnon heritage kept alive, Dr. Antonio Montalvan II
1198:
A group of Mansaka tribeswomen in their formal attire.
993:. The Mamanwa are categorized as having the "negrito"
4796:
The indigenous people of Central and Eastern Mindanao
4124:"Lumad leaders meet with PNP chief; deny joining NPA"
688:
The name Bukidnon itself used to describe the entire
4942:
3008:"Peoples of the Philippines: Sangil (Sangir/Marore)"
2967:
Fuentes, Vilma May A.; De La Cruz, Edito T. (1980).
2646:
2644:
2065:"Drop 'lumad', use ethnic group names instead: NCIP"
1182:
admixture, much like the Mamanwa. Manobos also hold
1159:
island into the Mindanao mainland in the regions of
1053:(or Minamanwa). They are genetically related to the
4200:Nawal, Allan; Magbanua, Williamor (10 April 2018).
2099:"Analysis: Notes on the NCIP resolution on 'Lumad'"
1763:The Lumad are people from various ethnic groups in
462:issued a resolution denouncing the use of the term
443:
of coastal areas in northern and eastern Mindanao (
2376:"It's Kagan, not Kalagan, new city ordinance says"
938:and are closely related to the Manobo groups from
4020:"Militant group seeks UN probe on Lumad killings"
2969:A Treasure of Mandaya and Mansaka Folk Literature
2966:
2837:Indigenous and Community Conserved Areas Registry
2641:
2495:"The Negrito and allied types in the Philippines"
1171:put their population in 1988 at around 250,000.
5718:
3519:Madarang, Catalina Ricci S. (3 September 2019).
1924:The Philippines is vulnerable to the effects of
1299:due to proximity and contact with the Christian
1041:) means 'first forest dwellers', from the words
670:The Bukidnon are one of the seven tribes in the
4542:Padilla, Stephen Norries A. (5 November 2012).
4072:"Lumad leaders blame NPA for Mindanao killings"
3339:"Traditional Music of the Southern Philippines"
2906:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2738:
2736:
2475:
2473:
1830:group Magahat-Bagani (in line with the idea of
1414:Talaandig are originally from the foothills of
1307:. In the Philippines, most Sangil converted to
1081:(formerly a part of Davao del Norte Province).
632:is an indigenous group that is concentrated in
537:and lack of close affinity with the Lumad. The
324:The Bagobo people in their traditional attire (
4122:Caliwan, Christopher Lloyd (17 October 2018).
2809:
2807:
2805:
2803:
1594:belonging to various branches. These include:
594:. They are traditionally ruled by chieftains (
5621:
4928:
4816:
4199:
4043:
3763:
3761:
3708:(PhD thesis). University of Hawaii at Manoa.
2352:. Republic of the Philippines. Archived from
439:of southwestern Mindanao; and the sea-faring
301:
4150:"Lumads, tribal leaders hold anti-NPA rally"
4046:"In PH, they kill people for their thoughts"
3317:Official Website of the Province of Bukidnon
3266:Official Website of the Province of Bukidnon
3152:Official Website of the Province of Bukidnon
3012:National Commission for Culture and the Arts
2987:Official Website of the Province of Bukidnon
2825:
2819:National Commission for Culture and the Arts
2733:
2470:
2406:National Commission for Culture and the Arts
2190:National Commission for Culture and the Arts
2026:National Commission for Culture and the Arts
4311:
4115:
2871:Philippine Journal of Public Administration
2800:
766:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
5628:
5614:
4935:
4921:
4823:
4809:
4285:
4063:
3758:
3062:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 96.
2534:The HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium (2009).
2335:", Bukidnon.gov (accessed 3 February 2010)
2237:Carillo, Carmencita A. (13 October 2016).
694:collective name of the permanent residents
614:religions is Eugpamolak Manobo or Manama.
308:
294:
41:
4786:Preserving Culture: the Tboli of Mindanao
4405:Solitario, J. Mikhail (10 January 2019).
4404:
4292:Colina, Antonio L. IV (4 December 2018).
4279:"Duterte threatens to bomb Lumad schools"
4202:"NPA rebels admit killing 'lumad' leader"
4147:
4044:Espina-Varona, Inday (11 November 2015).
3798:
3713:
3435:Alave, Dionesio (Jr.) (17 January 2021).
2943:
2925:
2768:
2624:
2614:
2536:"Mapping Human Genetic Diversity in Asia"
2510:
2148:
2096:
1163:, Davao, Bukidnon, Surigao, Misamis, and
786:Learn how and when to remove this message
696:in the province regardless of ethnicity.
460:National Commission on Indigenous Peoples
4725:
4699:
4671:Ortiz, Andrea Monica (10 January 2013).
4435:
4344:Andrade, Jeanette I. (7 December 2018).
3792:
3570:
3518:
3336:
3171:
1694:
1673:
1528:
1422:, specifically in the municipalities of
1340:
1311:due to the influence of the neighboring
1193:
1109:
1094:
1064:
949:
654:
586:" methods. Their territory extends from
518:, forests, lowlands, and coastal areas.
492:
480:
319:
4592:
4541:
4489:
4460:
4458:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4400:
4398:
4343:
4317:
4121:
3771:. PSI-SDLAP, n.d. Web. 5 November 2015.
3729:
3623:
2796:. University of San Carlos. p. 13.
2791:
2785:
2661:
2492:
2428:"Amazing History about Camiguin Island"
2236:
2230:
2210:
2204:
2149:Arguillas, Carolyn O. (19 March 2021).
1707:. Significant migration to Mindanao of
27:Group of Austronesian indigenous people
14:
5719:
4695:
4693:
4291:
4069:
3949:
3947:
3701:
3675:
3493:Umil, Anne Marxze (15 February 2021).
3409:Ellao, Janess Ann J. (9 August 2019).
3330:
3215:
3057:
2892:
2749:The American Journal of Human Genetics
2177:
1574:The Umayamnon are originally from the
1389:. Their traditional territories is in
358:(Literally: "indigenous people"), the
5637:Indigenous peoples of the Philippines
5609:
4916:
4804:
4726:Macaraeg, Aaron (24 September 2019).
4670:
4593:Beltran, Michael (19 February 2021).
4173:
3866:September 2015. Web. 5 November 2015.
3624:Lacorte, Germelina (13 August 2020).
3488:
3486:
3459:
3457:
3434:
3408:
3404:
3402:
2861:
2855:
2457:California State University, East Bay
2402:"Peoples of the Philippines: Kalagan"
2346:"CARAGA Region History and Geography"
2062:
1962:Indigenous peoples of the Philippines
1920:Climate change and indigenous peoples
1582:. They are a subgroup of the Manobo.
1150:indigenous peoples of the Philippines
1141:which means "to grow"/"growth" (thus
4751:
4618:
4492:"School a distant dream for 'lumad'"
4455:
4424:
4411:University of the Philippines System
4395:
4225:
4148:Crismundo, Mike (11 December 2018).
4070:Romero, Alexis (15 September 2015).
3492:
3085:"The Indonesian Sangirs in Mindanao"
3082:
2815:"Peoples of the Philippines: Manobo"
2092:
2090:
2019:
1988:
1986:
1578:watershed and the headwaters of the
1145:would be "-grown" or "aboriginal").
974:provinces in Mindanao; primarily in
818:(used to be Kamiguing), Rogongon in
764:adding citations to reliable sources
731:
64:Regions with significant populations
5160:
4752:Rita, Joviland (20 November 2019).
4700:Torralba, Alanah (4 October 2017).
4690:
4619:Ryan, Macasero (15 February 2021).
4599:The News Lens International Edition
4490:Lacorte, Germelina (19 June 2016).
4346:"'Lumad' leaders want schools shut"
3944:
3799:Casayuran, Mario (27 August 2019).
3337:Mercurio, Philip Dominguez (2006).
2690:"Agusan-Surigao Historical Archive"
2183:
1636:
1287:. Their populations (much like the
840:Domalondong – The god of the north.
24:
4436:Magbanua, Marife (27 March 2010).
4017:
3483:
3454:
3399:
3287:"Manobo, Umayamnon in Philippines"
1795:was evacuated to shelter sites in
1385:Tagakaulo is one of the tribes in
884:. They are native to areas within
846:Tagolambong – The god of the east.
25:
5743:
4830:
4791:The indigenous people of Mindanao
4774:
4174:Manos, Merlyn (9 February 2018).
3676:Cagula, Ken (24 September 2020).
2873:. 48XLVIII (1 & 2): 124–154.
2087:
1992:
1983:
1914:Climate change in the Philippines
1907:
1803:, with the communists collecting
1741:
904:; between the territories of the
5696:
4944:Ethnic groups in the Philippines
4901:
4745:
4719:
4664:
4638:
4612:
4586:
4561:
4535:
4509:
4483:
4381:
4363:
4318:Gagalac, Ron (6 December 2018).
4095:
3702:Acosta, J. R. Nereus O. (1994).
3571:Chandran, Rina (19 April 2018).
3550:Indigenous Environmental Network
3236:Ethnic Groups of the Philippines
2211:de Jong, Ronald (4 March 2010).
2097:Gatmaytan, Gus (25 March 2021).
1957:Ethnic groups in the Philippines
1877:
1669:
736:
497:Map of Lumad in Mindanao Islands
477:Ethnic groups of the Philippines
470:
210:
70:
4407:"From computers to communities"
4337:
4245:
4226:Basa, Mick (14 February 2018).
4219:
4193:
4167:
4141:
4089:
4037:
4011:
3985:
3972:
3935:
3905:
3896:
3887:
3878:
3869:
3859:
3850:
3841:
3832:
3823:
3783:
3774:
3723:
3695:
3669:
3643:
3617:
3599:
3590:
3564:
3538:
3512:
3428:
3390:
3381:
3356:
3305:
3279:
3254:
3224:
3220:. University of Nebraska Press.
3209:
3165:
3140:
3114:
3102:
3076:
3051:
3026:
3000:
2975:
2960:
2708:
2682:
2655:
2582:
2527:
2486:
2445:
2420:
2394:
2368:
2338:
2319:
2300:
2274:
2256:
1816:Armed Forces of the Philippines
1781:Armed Forces of the Philippines
1748:Human rights in the Philippines
1099:A Bagobo (Manobo) woman of the
424:, the Teduray. The choice of a
223:Philippine Statistics Authority
4515:
2792:Sevilla, Ester Orlida (1979).
2453:"Anthropology Museum: Mamanwa"
2168:
2142:
2116:
2063:Moaje, Marita (4 March 2021).
2056:
2013:
1821:Lakbayan ng Pambansang Minorya
1467:live in the municipalities of
13:
1:
5300:
4852:
4371:"Lumad evacuees go back home"
3744:10.1080/14631369.2015.1003690
3014:. Republic of the Philippines
2676:10.1525/aa.1980.82.1.02a00100
2512:10.1525/aa.1910.12.3.02a00020
2408:. Republic of the Philippines
2192:. Republic of the Philippines
1977:
1553:
1218:
1119:
843:Ongli – The god of the south.
802:as well as northern parts of
398:Prehistory of the Philippines
325:
3769:https://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu
3174:The Journal of Asian Studies
1807:of P1.2 billion per year in
1585:
1569:
1409:
1380:
565:literally means "native" in
7:
3083:Basa, Mick (9 March 2014).
1950:
1487:municipality, northwestern
1365:
1349:living in the mountains of
927:
727:
643:
10:
5748:
5683:Palawan indigenous peoples
3368:Filipinas Heritage Library
2761:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.09.005
2493:Barrows, David P. (1910).
2350:National Nutrition Council
1917:
1911:
1881:
1745:
1640:
1522:
1456:
1452:
1437:
1433:
1334:
1330:
1240:
1222:
1189:
1088:
1060:
945:
921:
896:(including Samal Island),
869:
865:
647:
621:
474:
395:
391:
5732:Ethnic groups in Mindanao
5705:
5694:
5643:
5558:
5497:
5471:
5460:
5438:
5400:
5367:
5349:
5286:
5233:
5226:
5122:
5064:
4980:
4973:
4950:
4899:
4838:
4781:Portraits of Lumad People
4350:Philippine Daily Inquirer
4206:Philippine Daily Inquirer
3606:Mindanao, Land of Promise
3546:"Stop the Lumad Killings"
1787:by the armed parties. In
1236:
1084:
1049:(forest). They speak the
572:
173:
168:
148:
143:
108:
103:
68:
63:
40:
3982:. Accessed 7 April 2021.
1643:Music of the Philippines
1616:South Mindanao languages
1590:The Lumad peoples speak
1518:
1313:Sultanate of Maguindanao
617:
598:), a council of elders (
122:South Mindanao languages
4255:. News5. Archived from
3720:. Web. 5 November 2015.
3611:28 October 2008 at the
3058:Hayase, ShinzĹŤ (2007).
2927:10.1073/pnas.2026132118
2862:Felix, Leny E. (2004).
2664:American Anthropologist
2616:10.1073/pnas.1211927110
2560:10.1126/science.1177074
2499:American Anthropologist
1894:Department of Education
1489:Sultan Kudarat Province
1297:Protestant Christianity
985:They are traditionally
908:and the coastline. The
822:, and eastern parts of
663:celebrated annually in
4128:Philippine News Agency
3216:Hemley, Robin (2007).
2069:Philippine News Agency
1785:violent confrontations
1689:extrajudicial killings
1679:
1564:San Fernando, Bukidnon
1542:
1495:, which is related to
1465:Teduray/Tiruray people
1354:
1345:The Subanon people of
1199:
1126:
1107:
1074:
1071:Honolulu Museum of Art
955:
667:
498:
490:
332:
258:Country of citizenship
4098:"NPA killing Lumads?"
2331:10 March 2011 at the
2312:25 April 2010 at the
2268:4 August 2009 at the
1941:global climate strike
1918:Further information:
1695:Ancestral land rights
1677:
1532:
1344:
1263:(particularly in the
1197:
1113:
1098:
1068:
953:
658:
496:
484:
475:Further information:
458:On 2 March 2021, the
323:
169:Related ethnic groups
47:Women in traditional
3655:Intercontinental Cry
3364:"Music of the Lumad"
3242:on 21 September 2019
3128:on 25 September 2015
2288:on 11 September 2015
1592:Philippine languages
1481:Maguindanao Province
1469:Datu Blah T. Sinsuat
991:tropical rainforests
760:improve this section
191:Austronesian peoples
4391:. 11 December 2019.
4375:The Philippine Star
4102:The Philippine Star
4076:The Philippine Star
2918:2021PNAS..11826132L
2912:(13): e2026132118.
2888:on 26 October 2019.
2607:2013PNAS..110.1803P
2552:2009Sci...326.1541.
2546:(5959): 1541–1545.
2380:SunStar Philippines
2022:"Lumad in Mindanao"
1406:. a long time ago.
1178:The Manobo possess
930:from the island of
810:, western parts of
806:, western parts of
98:Zamboanga Peninsula
37:
4965:Indigenous peoples
4516:Sy, Jose Monfred.
4018:Leonen, Julius N.
3811:on 26 January 2021
3657:. 31 December 2017
3552:. 24 December 2017
3471:. 9 September 2021
3293:. 28 November 2017
2432:Bintana sa Paraiso
2184:Mangune, Sonia D.
1728:self-determination
1680:
1631:Sangiric languages
1621:Mansakan languages
1599:Mindanao languages
1543:
1395:Sarangani Province
1355:
1347:Misamis Occidental
1325:Sangirese language
1200:
1167:. A study by the
1127:
1108:
1075:
958:The Mamanwa are a
956:
926:A subgroup of the
668:
499:
491:
344:indigenous peoples
333:
114:Mansakan languages
51:attire during the
35:
5714:
5713:
5603:
5602:
5599:
5598:
5456:
5455:
5448:Suludnon/Tumandok
5222:
5221:
5218:
5217:
4910:
4909:
4259:on 18 August 2018
3999:. 8 December 2017
3913:"About Sabokahan"
3069:978-97-155-0511-6
2382:. 20 January 2016
2356:on 28 August 2018
2326:Kaamulan Festival
2020:Ulindang, Faina.
1805:revolutionary tax
1801:New People's Army
1777:New People's Army
1491:. They speak the
1265:Sarangani Islands
1079:Compostela Valley
940:Surigao del Norte
934:. They speak the
890:Compostela Valley
796:
795:
788:
708:Kaamulan Festival
705:Malaybalay city's
661:Kaamulan Festival
567:Bisayan languages
535:Visayan ethnicity
379:Republic Act 6734
318:
317:
196:
195:
118:Subanen languages
90:Northern Mindanao
53:Kaamulan Festival
16:(Redirected from
5739:
5700:
5630:
5623:
5616:
5607:
5606:
5469:
5468:
5231:
5230:
5158:
5157:
4978:
4977:
4937:
4930:
4923:
4914:
4913:
4905:
4825:
4818:
4811:
4802:
4801:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4764:
4749:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4723:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4712:
4697:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4683:
4668:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4642:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4631:
4616:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4605:
4590:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4565:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4554:
4539:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4513:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4487:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4462:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4433:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4417:
4402:
4393:
4392:
4385:
4379:
4378:
4367:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4341:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4315:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4289:
4283:
4282:
4275:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4186:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4145:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4134:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4093:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4082:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4015:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4004:
3989:
3983:
3976:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3955:"Liyang Network"
3951:
3942:
3939:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3923:on 29 April 2021
3919:. Archived from
3909:
3903:
3900:
3894:
3891:
3885:
3882:
3876:
3873:
3867:
3863:
3857:
3854:
3848:
3845:
3839:
3836:
3830:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3807:. Archived from
3796:
3790:
3787:
3781:
3778:
3772:
3765:
3756:
3755:
3727:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3621:
3615:
3603:
3597:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3490:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3461:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3406:
3397:
3394:
3388:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3238:. Archived from
3228:
3222:
3221:
3213:
3207:
3205:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3124:. Archived from
3118:
3112:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3038:sp2010.bps.go.id
3030:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2947:
2929:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2881:. Archived from
2868:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2811:
2798:
2797:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2772:
2740:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2696:on 23 March 2012
2692:. Archived from
2686:
2680:
2679:
2659:
2653:
2648:
2639:
2638:
2628:
2618:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2514:
2490:
2484:
2477:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2342:
2336:
2323:
2317:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2284:. Archived from
2278:
2272:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2094:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2071:. Archived from
2060:
2054:
2051:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2028:. Archived from
2017:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2001:on 5 August 2004
1997:. Archived from
1990:
1637:Musical heritage
1626:Mamanwa language
1609:Subanon language
1604:Manobo languages
1493:Tiruray language
1479:in southwestern
1261:Davao Occidental
1243:Sangirese people
1133:spelling of the
1124:
1121:
1051:Mamanwa language
987:hunter-gatherers
968:Agusan del Norte
936:Kamigin language
878:Kalagan language
808:Agusan del Norte
800:Misamis Oriental
791:
784:
780:
777:
771:
740:
732:
485:A Bagobo chief (
415:Ferdinand Marcos
377:signed into law
346:in the southern
330:
327:
310:
303:
296:
214:
198:
197:
110:Manobo languages
76:
74:
73:
45:
38:
34:
21:
5747:
5746:
5742:
5741:
5740:
5738:
5737:
5736:
5717:
5716:
5715:
5710:
5701:
5692:
5639:
5634:
5604:
5595:
5554:
5493:
5463:
5452:
5434:
5396:
5363:
5345:
5282:
5214:
5156:
5118:
5060:
4969:
4946:
4941:
4911:
4906:
4897:
4834:
4829:
4777:
4772:
4762:
4760:
4758:GMA News Online
4750:
4746:
4736:
4734:
4724:
4720:
4710:
4708:
4698:
4691:
4681:
4679:
4669:
4665:
4655:
4653:
4644:
4643:
4639:
4629:
4627:
4617:
4613:
4603:
4601:
4591:
4587:
4577:
4575:
4567:
4566:
4562:
4552:
4550:
4540:
4536:
4526:
4524:
4514:
4510:
4500:
4498:
4488:
4484:
4474:
4472:
4470:GMA News Online
4464:
4463:
4456:
4446:
4444:
4434:
4425:
4415:
4413:
4403:
4396:
4387:
4386:
4382:
4369:
4368:
4364:
4354:
4352:
4342:
4338:
4328:
4326:
4316:
4312:
4302:
4300:
4290:
4286:
4281:. ABS-CBN News.
4277:
4276:
4272:
4262:
4260:
4251:
4250:
4246:
4236:
4234:
4224:
4220:
4210:
4208:
4198:
4194:
4184:
4182:
4180:GMA News Online
4172:
4168:
4158:
4156:
4154:Manila Bulletin
4146:
4142:
4132:
4130:
4120:
4116:
4106:
4104:
4094:
4090:
4080:
4078:
4068:
4064:
4054:
4052:
4042:
4038:
4028:
4026:
4016:
4012:
4002:
4000:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3977:
3973:
3963:
3961:
3953:
3952:
3945:
3940:
3936:
3926:
3924:
3911:
3910:
3906:
3901:
3897:
3892:
3888:
3883:
3879:
3874:
3870:
3864:
3860:
3855:
3851:
3846:
3842:
3837:
3833:
3828:
3824:
3814:
3812:
3805:Manila Bulletin
3797:
3793:
3788:
3784:
3779:
3775:
3766:
3759:
3732:Asian Ethnicity
3728:
3724:
3700:
3696:
3686:
3684:
3674:
3670:
3660:
3658:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3634:
3632:
3622:
3618:
3613:Wayback Machine
3604:
3600:
3595:
3591:
3581:
3579:
3569:
3565:
3555:
3553:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3529:
3527:
3517:
3513:
3503:
3501:
3491:
3484:
3474:
3472:
3463:
3462:
3455:
3445:
3443:
3433:
3429:
3419:
3417:
3407:
3400:
3395:
3391:
3386:
3382:
3372:
3370:
3362:
3361:
3357:
3347:
3345:
3335:
3331:
3321:
3319:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3296:
3294:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3270:
3268:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3245:
3243:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3214:
3210:
3186:10.2307/2057561
3170:
3166:
3156:
3154:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3131:
3129:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3107:
3103:
3093:
3091:
3081:
3077:
3070:
3056:
3052:
3042:
3040:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3017:
3015:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2991:
2989:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2965:
2961:
2897:
2893:
2885:
2866:
2860:
2856:
2846:
2844:
2843:on 22 June 2017
2831:
2830:
2826:
2813:
2812:
2801:
2790:
2786:
2741:
2734:
2724:
2722:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2699:
2697:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2660:
2656:
2649:
2642:
2587:
2583:
2532:
2528:
2491:
2487:
2478:
2471:
2461:
2459:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2436:
2434:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2411:
2409:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2385:
2383:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2359:
2357:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2333:Wayback Machine
2324:
2320:
2314:Wayback Machine
2305:
2301:
2291:
2289:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2270:Wayback Machine
2261:
2257:
2247:
2245:
2235:
2231:
2221:
2219:
2209:
2205:
2195:
2193:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2159:
2157:
2147:
2143:
2133:
2131:
2130:. 24 March 2021
2128:GMA News Online
2122:
2121:
2117:
2107:
2105:
2095:
2088:
2078:
2076:
2075:on 5 March 2021
2061:
2057:
2052:
2045:
2035:
2033:
2018:
2014:
2004:
2002:
1993:Rodil, Rudy B.
1991:
1984:
1980:
1953:
1945:climate justice
1922:
1916:
1910:
1886:
1880:
1859:Davao del Norte
1855:Dulangan Manobo
1789:Surigao del Sur
1754:
1744:
1697:
1672:
1653:agung ensembles
1649:
1641:Main articles:
1639:
1588:
1572:
1556:
1527:
1521:
1461:
1455:
1442:
1436:
1416:Mount Kitanglad
1412:
1383:
1368:
1351:Mount Malindang
1339:
1333:
1301:Minahasa people
1269:Davao del Norte
1259:) and parts of
1245:
1239:
1227:
1221:
1205:Davao del Norte
1192:
1122:
1093:
1087:
1063:
948:
924:
894:Davao del Norte
874:
868:
824:Lanao del Norte
792:
781:
775:
772:
757:
741:
730:
665:Malaybalay City
653:
646:
626:
620:
575:
479:
473:
430:common language
400:
394:
356:Katawhang Lumad
339:are a group of
328:
314:
204:the Philippines
203:
202:Demographics of
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
71:
69:
59:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5745:
5735:
5734:
5729:
5712:
5711:
5706:
5703:
5702:
5695:
5693:
5691:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5644:
5641:
5640:
5633:
5632:
5625:
5618:
5610:
5601:
5600:
5597:
5596:
5594:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5562:
5560:
5556:
5555:
5553:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5501:
5499:
5495:
5494:
5492:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5475:
5473:
5466:
5464:or expatriates
5458:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5450:
5444:
5442:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5406:
5404:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5373:
5371:
5365:
5364:
5362:
5361:
5355:
5353:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5292:
5290:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5239:
5237:
5228:
5224:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5166:
5164:
5155:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5128:
5126:
5120:
5119:
5117:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5070:
5068:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4992:
4986:
4984:
4975:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4940:
4939:
4932:
4925:
4917:
4908:
4907:
4900:
4898:
4896:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4828:
4827:
4820:
4813:
4805:
4799:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4776:
4775:External links
4773:
4771:
4770:
4744:
4718:
4689:
4663:
4637:
4611:
4585:
4560:
4534:
4508:
4482:
4454:
4423:
4394:
4380:
4362:
4336:
4310:
4284:
4270:
4244:
4218:
4192:
4166:
4140:
4114:
4088:
4062:
4036:
4010:
3984:
3971:
3959:Liyang Network
3943:
3934:
3917:Liyang Network
3904:
3895:
3886:
3877:
3868:
3858:
3849:
3840:
3831:
3822:
3791:
3782:
3773:
3757:
3738:(2): 166–185.
3722:
3694:
3668:
3642:
3616:
3598:
3589:
3563:
3537:
3511:
3482:
3453:
3427:
3398:
3389:
3380:
3355:
3329:
3304:
3278:
3253:
3223:
3208:
3180:(3): 565–573.
3164:
3139:
3113:
3101:
3075:
3068:
3050:
3025:
2999:
2974:
2959:
2891:
2854:
2824:
2799:
2784:
2755:(4): 516–528.
2732:
2707:
2681:
2670:(1): 116–120.
2654:
2640:
2581:
2526:
2505:(3): 358–376.
2485:
2469:
2444:
2419:
2393:
2367:
2337:
2318:
2299:
2273:
2255:
2229:
2203:
2176:
2167:
2141:
2115:
2086:
2055:
2043:
2012:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1952:
1949:
1926:climate change
1909:
1908:Climate change
1906:
1879:
1876:
1847:United Nations
1779:(NPA) and the
1773:armed conflict
1743:
1742:Lumad killings
1740:
1721:armed struggle
1696:
1693:
1671:
1668:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1587:
1584:
1571:
1568:
1555:
1552:
1539:South Cotabato
1523:Main article:
1520:
1517:
1459:Teduray people
1457:Main article:
1454:
1451:
1438:Main article:
1435:
1432:
1411:
1408:
1382:
1379:
1367:
1364:
1337:Subanon people
1335:Main article:
1332:
1329:
1285:North Cotabato
1281:South Cotabato
1277:Sultan Kudarat
1253:Talaud Islands
1241:Main article:
1238:
1235:
1223:Main article:
1220:
1217:
1191:
1188:
1129:Manobo is the
1114:Datu Manib, a
1089:Main article:
1086:
1083:
1062:
1059:
1037:(also spelled
947:
944:
923:
920:
902:North Cotabato
898:Davao Oriental
872:Kalagan people
870:Main article:
867:
864:
863:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
812:Agusan del Sur
794:
793:
744:
742:
735:
729:
726:
645:
642:
638:South Cotabato
622:Main article:
619:
616:
584:slash-and-burn
574:
571:
472:
469:
393:
390:
375:Corazon Aquino
316:
315:
313:
312:
305:
298:
290:
287:
286:
285:
284:
279:
271:
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264:
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262:
261:
254:
247:
240:
233:
226:
216:
215:
207:
206:
194:
193:
171:
170:
166:
165:
151:Roman Catholic
149:Christianity (
146:
145:
141:
140:
106:
105:
101:
100:
66:
65:
61:
60:
46:
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5744:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
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5676:
5674:
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5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
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5646:
5645:
5642:
5638:
5631:
5626:
5624:
5619:
5617:
5612:
5611:
5608:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5563:
5561:
5557:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5496:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5470:
5467:
5465:
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5445:
5443:
5441:
5437:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
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5407:
5405:
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5399:
5393:
5390:
5388:
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5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5370:
5366:
5360:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5352:
5348:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
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5293:
5291:
5289:
5285:
5279:
5276:
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5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
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5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5236:
5232:
5229:
5225:
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5206:
5203:
5201:
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5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5167:
5165:
5163:
5159:
5153:
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5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5125:
5121:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
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5069:
5067:
5063:
5057:
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5047:
5044:
5042:
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5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
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4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4983:
4979:
4976:
4972:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4949:
4945:
4938:
4933:
4931:
4926:
4924:
4919:
4918:
4915:
4904:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4840:
4837:
4833:
4832:Lumad peoples
4826:
4821:
4819:
4814:
4812:
4807:
4806:
4803:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4759:
4755:
4748:
4733:
4729:
4722:
4707:
4703:
4696:
4694:
4678:
4674:
4667:
4652:. 26 May 2021
4651:
4647:
4641:
4626:
4622:
4615:
4600:
4596:
4589:
4574:
4570:
4564:
4549:
4545:
4538:
4523:
4519:
4512:
4497:
4493:
4486:
4471:
4467:
4461:
4459:
4443:
4439:
4432:
4430:
4428:
4412:
4408:
4401:
4399:
4390:
4384:
4376:
4372:
4366:
4351:
4347:
4340:
4325:
4321:
4314:
4299:
4295:
4288:
4280:
4274:
4258:
4254:
4248:
4233:
4229:
4222:
4207:
4203:
4196:
4181:
4177:
4170:
4155:
4151:
4144:
4129:
4125:
4118:
4103:
4099:
4096:Uson, Mocha.
4092:
4077:
4073:
4066:
4051:
4047:
4040:
4025:
4021:
4014:
3998:
3994:
3988:
3981:
3975:
3960:
3956:
3950:
3948:
3938:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3908:
3899:
3890:
3881:
3872:
3862:
3853:
3844:
3835:
3826:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3795:
3786:
3777:
3770:
3764:
3762:
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3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3726:
3716:
3711:
3707:
3706:
3698:
3683:
3679:
3672:
3656:
3652:
3646:
3631:
3627:
3620:
3614:
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3607:
3602:
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3578:
3574:
3567:
3551:
3547:
3541:
3526:
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3515:
3500:
3496:
3489:
3487:
3470:
3466:
3460:
3458:
3442:
3438:
3431:
3416:
3412:
3405:
3403:
3393:
3384:
3369:
3365:
3359:
3344:
3340:
3333:
3318:
3314:
3308:
3292:
3288:
3282:
3267:
3263:
3257:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3227:
3219:
3212:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3168:
3153:
3149:
3143:
3127:
3123:
3117:
3110:
3105:
3090:
3086:
3079:
3071:
3065:
3061:
3054:
3039:
3035:
3029:
3013:
3009:
3003:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2970:
2963:
2955:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2895:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2865:
2858:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2828:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2795:
2788:
2780:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2739:
2737:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2695:
2691:
2685:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2658:
2652:
2647:
2645:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2601:(5): 1803–8.
2600:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2530:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2476:
2474:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2407:
2403:
2397:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2322:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2303:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2259:
2244:
2243:BusinessWorld
2240:
2233:
2218:
2214:
2207:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2171:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2091:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2059:
2050:
2048:
2032:on 7 May 2021
2031:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1987:
1982:
1973:
1972:Igorot people
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1935:
1934:health issues
1931:
1930:food security
1927:
1921:
1915:
1905:
1901:
1899:
1898:Armin Luistro
1895:
1890:
1885:
1878:Lumad schools
1875:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1759:
1753:
1749:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1685:land grabbing
1676:
1670:Social issues
1667:
1665:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1644:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1583:
1581:
1580:Pulangi River
1577:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1551:
1548:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1450:
1448:
1441:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1407:
1405:
1402:and south of
1401:
1396:
1392:
1391:Davao del Sur
1388:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1273:Davao del Sur
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1255:(now part of
1254:
1250:
1244:
1234:
1232:
1226:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1196:
1187:
1185:
1184:Austroasiatic
1181:
1176:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1151:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1117:
1112:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1082:
1080:
1072:
1067:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1026:supreme deity
1023:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
983:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
952:
943:
941:
937:
933:
929:
919:
917:
916:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
886:Davao del Sur
883:
879:
873:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
839:
836:
835:
834:
831:
827:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
790:
787:
779:
769:
765:
761:
755:
754:
750:
745:This section
743:
739:
734:
733:
725:
723:
719:
716:
711:
709:
706:
702:
697:
695:
691:
686:
684:
680:
676:
673:
666:
662:
659:The colorful
657:
651:
641:
639:
635:
634:Davao del Sur
631:
625:
615:
613:
612:
607:
606:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
525:excludes the
524:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
495:
488:
483:
478:
471:Ethnic groups
468:
465:
461:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
435:
431:
427:
423:
418:
416:
413:
409:
405:
399:
389:
386:
384:
380:
376:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
342:
338:
322:
311:
306:
304:
299:
297:
292:
291:
289:
288:
283:
280:
278:
275:
274:
273:
272:
269:
266:
265:
260:
259:
255:
253:
252:
251:Ethnic groups
248:
246:
245:
241:
239:
238:
234:
232:
231:
227:
225:
224:
220:
219:
218:
217:
213:
209:
208:
205:
200:
199:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
167:
164:
160:
156:
152:
147:
142:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
102:
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91:
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5031:Kapampangan
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3682:Davao Today
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3635:16 February
3582:16 February
3556:16 February
3530:16 February
3525:Interaksyon
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3475:16 February
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3420:16 February
3348:25 February
3313:"Umayamnon"
3291:The Unknown
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2248:21 November
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2134:26 February
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2847:26 October
2720:Ethnologue
2437:26 October
2412:26 October
2386:26 October
2360:26 October
2282:"Bukidnon"
2005:21 October
1978:References
1912:See also:
1882:See also:
1746:See also:
1554:Tigwahonon
1513:Christians
1289:Sama-Bajau
1225:Matigsalug
1219:Matigsalug
1186:ancestry.
1101:Matigsalug
1055:Denisovans
720:people of
588:Davao Gulf
555:Sama-Bajau
453:Kagay-anon
449:Surigaonon
410:regime of
396:See also:
350:. It is a
277:Indigenous
175:Sama-Bajau
155:Protestant
130:Hiligaynon
5530:Malaysian
5484:Brazilian
5410:Agutaynen
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5142:Sangirese
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4997:(Ilongot)
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4853:Higaonon
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4737:18 April
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4682:18 April
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3630:Inquirer
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3322:13 April
3297:13 April
3271:13 April
3157:13 April
2992:13 April
2954:33753512
2779:21944045
2635:23319617
2576:34341816
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2329:Archived
2310:Archived
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2186:"Bagobo"
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1951:See also
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1709:Visayans
1664:hegalong
1428:Lantapan
1420:Bukidnon
1393:and the
1387:Mindanao
1371:Tagabawa
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1305:Sulawesi
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1022:Tambayon
980:Santiago
932:Camiguin
816:Camiguin
804:Bukidnon
728:Higaonon
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690:province
683:Bukidnon
679:Mindanao
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282:Mestizos
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5336:Teduray
5331:Tasaday
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5311:Mamanwa
5268:Kalinga
5195:Maranao
5137:Kalagan
5104:Karay-a
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5016:Ilocano
5006:Gaddang
5001:Cuyunon
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4888:Teduray
4883:Tasaday
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4573:Rappler
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4522:Rappler
4501:4 April
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4232:Rappler
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3089:Rappler
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2914:Bibcode
2770:3188841
2626:3562786
2603:Bibcode
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1190:Mansaka
1135:endonym
1061:Mandaya
1039:Mamanoa
1035:Mamanwa
972:Surigao
960:Negrito
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768:removed
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675:plateau
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360:autonym
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5668:Itawes
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5571:German
5559:Europe
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1503:, and
1501:B'laan
1497:Bagobo
1475:, and
1283:, and
1237:Sangil
1161:Agusan
1143:Manuvu
1116:bagani
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1085:Manobo
1005:, and
970:, and
928:Manobo
910:Caraga
900:, and
701:baylan
600:magani
573:Bagobo
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230:Census
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3198:S2CID
3190:JSTOR
2886:(PDF)
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2867:(PDF)
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2517:JSTOR
1832:CAFGU
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1647:Agung
1547:Tboli
1519:Tboli
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1400:Davao
1309:Islam
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1105:Davao
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523:lumad
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464:lumad
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5648:Aeta
5540:Arab
5498:Asia
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5162:Moro
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4684:2021
4658:2021
4632:2021
4606:2021
4580:2021
4555:2021
4529:2021
4503:2021
4477:2021
4449:2021
4418:2021
4357:2019
4331:2019
4305:2019
4265:2018
4239:2019
4213:2019
4187:2019
4161:2019
4135:2019
4109:2019
4083:2019
4057:2021
4031:2018
4005:2018
3966:2021
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3689:2021
3663:2021
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3584:2021
3558:2021
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3422:2021
3375:2024
3350:2006
3324:2019
3299:2019
3273:2019
3248:2019
3159:2019
3134:2015
3096:2019
3064:ISBN
3045:2018
3020:2019
2994:2019
2950:PMID
2932:ISSN
2849:2019
2775:PMID
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2702:2015
2631:PMID
2595:PNAS
2564:PMID
2464:2019
2439:2019
2414:2019
2388:2019
2362:2019
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2250:2019
2224:2019
2198:2019
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2110:2022
2081:2021
2038:2021
2007:2017
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1736:MNLF
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