108:. Because of territorial disputes with the Arabic grammarians, Islamic philosophers were very interested in working out the relationship between logic and language, and they devoted much discussion to the question of the subject matter and aims of logic in relation to reasoning and speech. In the area of formal logical analysis, they elaborated upon the theory of
120:
as formulated in
Aristotle's Categories, De interpretatione and Prior Analytics. In the spirit of Aristotle, they considered the syllogism to be the form to which all rational argumentation could be reduced, and they regarded syllogistic theory as the focal point of logic. Even poetics was considered
309:
320:
The first criticisms of
Aristotelian logic were written by Avicenna, who produced independent treatises on logic rather than commentaries. He criticized the logical school of Baghdad for their devotion to Aristotle at the time. He investigated the theory of
316:
Avicenna (980–1037) developed his own system of logic known as "Avicennian logic" as an alternative to
Aristotelian logic. By the 12th century, Avicennian logic had replaced Aristotelian logic as the dominant system of logic in the Islamic world.
80:
and other Muslim logicians who often criticized and corrected
Aristotelian logic and introduced their own forms of logic, also played a central role in the subsequent development of European logic during the
242:
refers to analogical reasoning in a real sense and categorical syllogism in a metaphorical sense. Other
Islamic scholars at the time, however, argued that the term
939:
1132:
258:(Alkindus) (805–873), who produced a summary on earlier logic up to his time. The first writings on logic with non-Aristotelian elements was produced by
990:
430:", an important innovation in the history of logical philosophical speculation. Another systematic refutation of Greek logic was written by
1105:
125:
Important developments made by Muslim logicians included the development of "Avicennian logic" as a replacement of
Aristotelian logic.
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552:"Part I: Islamic Theologies during the Formative and the Early Middle period - Scripturalist and Traditionalist Theology"
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1957:
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630:
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396:(Algazel) (1058–1111) had an important influence on the use of logic in theology, making use of Avicennian logic in
286:. He is also credited for categorizing logic into two separate groups, the first being "idea" and the second being "
1098:
1326:
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in philosophy, he used a different approach in medicine. Avicenna contributed inventively to the development of
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refers to analogical reasoning, inductive reasoning or categorical syllogism. Some
Islamic scholars argued that
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334:
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1223:
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206:, there was a logical debate among Islamic philosophers, logicians and theologians over whether the term
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Al-Shafi'i, al-Risala, Bulaq, 1321; ed. Sheikh Ahmad
Muhammad Shakir, Cairo, 1940 (ed. Shakir), 55
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1464:
1387:
571:
516:
326:
985:
497:"Part I: Islamic Theologies during the Formative and the Early Middle period - Origins of Kalām"
31:
placed importance on formulating standards of argument, which gave rise to a "novel approach to
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1838:
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148:. Other important developments in early Islamic philosophy include the development of a strict
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96:"For the Islamic philosophers, logic included not only the study of formal patterns of
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668:"The Golden and Dark Ages of Islamic Jurisprudence: Analyzing the Orientalist Thought"
1789:
1708:
1632:
962:
917:
891:
839:
797:
775:
730:
709:
El-Bizri, Nader (September 2005). "A philosophical perspective on
Alhazen's optics".
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as a syllogistic art in some fashion by most of the major
Islamic Aristotelians."
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does not refer to inductive reasoning, but refers to categorical syllogism in a
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refers to both analogical reasoning and categorical syllogism in a real sense.
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and their validity but also elements of the philosophy of language and even of
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1951:
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442:), where he argued against the usefulness, though not the validity, of the
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51:
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957:
Street, Tony (2005), "Logic", in Peter Adamson; Richard C. Taylor (eds.),
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1693:
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141:
109:
105:
82:
28:
202:, before the Arabic translations of Aristotle's works. Later during the
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418:(1806–1873). Systematic refutations of Greek logic were written by the
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617:, p. 120. From the Greenwood Guides to Science and Religion Series.
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378:
364:
300:, who wrote the most elaborate commentaries on Aristotelian logic.
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126:
73:
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865:
I. M. Bochenski (1961), "On the history of the history of logic",
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367:. In his medical writings, Avicenna was the first to describe the
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672:
QALAM International Journal of Islamic and Humanities Research
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1402:
1397:
1367:
894:. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2018 Edition)
737:
469:
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such as "at all times", "at most times", and "at some time".
275:
254:
The first original Arabic writings on logic were produced by
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47:
32:
196:(Islamic theology) from the 7th century with the process of
1743:
1637:
1392:
1382:
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414:, foreshadowing the system of inductive logic developed by
308:
185:
766:
Haq, Syed Nomanul (22 December 2009). "Science in Islam".
369:
methods of agreement, difference and concomitant variation
874:
666:
Mustapha, Ariyanti; Nazri, Mohammed Arif (January 2022).
262:(Alfarabi) (873–950), who discussed the topics of future
64:, this approach was displaced by the older ideas from
1074:
Ancient Islamic (Arabic and Persian) Logic and Ontology
878:
Ancient Islamic (Arabic and Persian) Logic and Ontology
50:(Islamic scholasticism). However, with the rise of the
1025:
835:Averroes (Ibn Rushd) His Life, Works and Influence
869:, pp. 4–10. Translated by I. Thomas, Notre Dame,
426:(1155–1191), who developed the idea of "decisive
1949:
1430:
991:The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam
961:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 247–265,
644:
1068:Logic in Islamic philosophyby Deborah L. Black
371:which are critical to inductive logic and the
1099:
1017:, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
665:
487:
959:The Cambridge Companion to Arabic Philosophy
385:, in which he stressed on the importance of
702:
296:(1126–98) was the last major logician from
167:
1106:
1092:
807:
932:
930:
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655:. Oxford University Press. pp. 37–8.
549:
363:, which he used to pioneer the idea of a
889:
794:Ibn Taymiyya Against the Greek Logicians
708:
307:
218:(994-1064) disagreed with, arguing that
133:was responsible for the introduction of
1020:
906:
653:The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence
650:
560:The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology
505:The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology
494:
341:, and developed an original theory on "
156:or "backing", and the development of a
14:
1950:
1113:
1015:Studies in the History of Arabic Logic
956:
927:
890:Strobino, Riccardo (August 15, 2018).
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580:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.025
525:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.001
1429:
1087:
980:
249:
214:refers to inductive reasoning, which
1058:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
746:"The Principles of Ijtihad in Islam"
635:
226:sense and analogical reasoning in a
90:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1050:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1028:Temporal Modalities in Arabic Logic
916:, p. 155, Oxford University Press,
765:
744:Mutahhari, Murtada (2 March 2013).
348:" syllogism. Its premises included
303:
40:
24:
796:, p. 48. Oxford University Press,
759:
690:from the original on 10 March 2023
406:(b. 1149) criticised Aristotle's "
25:
1974:
1037:
158:scientific method of open inquiry
282:, and non-Aristotelian forms of
54:philosophers, who highly valued
1007:
974:
949:
883:
859:
832:Fakhry, Majid (July 30, 2001).
825:
355:While Avicenna often relied on
312:A drawing of Avicenna from 1271
986:"The Spirit of Muslim Culture"
955:See pp. 253–254 of
814:History of logic: Arabic logic
786:
711:Arabic Sciences and Philosophy
659:
604:
13:
1:
1879:Gholamhossein Ebrahimi Dinani
1869:Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas
1460:Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari
937:Science and Muslim Scientists
550:Abrahamov, Binyamin (2016) .
480:
440:Refutation of Greek Logicians
1546:Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi
1045:"Avicenna (Ibn Sina): Logic"
495:Treiger, Alexander (2016) .
7:
1062:Logic in Islamic philosophy
453:
436:Ar-Radd 'ala al-Mantiqiyyin
10:
1979:
1824:Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei
1724:Qadi Mir Husayn al-Maybudi
1638:Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi
912:Lenn Evan Goodman (2003),
623:Greenwood Publishing Group
410:" and developed a form of
392:as a source of knowledge.
230:sense. On the other hand,
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1572:Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī
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867:A history of formal logic
838:. Oneworld Publications.
723:10.1017/S0957423905000172
651:Schacht, Joseph (1959) .
188:(Islamic jurisprudence),
1958:Early Islamic philosophy
1013:Rescher, Nicholas 1964.
871:Indiana University Press
460:Early Islamic philosophy
424:Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi
238:(1147-1223) argued that
168:Islamic law and theology
160:to disprove claims, the
46:"speech, eloquence") in
1556:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani
1505:Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani
1465:Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri
819:Encyclopædia Britannica
792:Wael B. Hallaq (1993),
572:Oxford University Press
517:Oxford University Press
434:(1263–1328), the
274:, the relation between
1889:Mohammed Abed al-Jabri
1839:Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr
1800:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi
1668:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
1495:Abu Sulayman Sijistani
1317:Transcendent theosophy
420:Illuminationist school
313:
236:Ibn Qudamah al-Maqdisi
135:hypothetical syllogism
123:
66:Hellenistic philosophy
1673:Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi
1076:, at Raul Corazzon's
1070:Muslimphilosophy.com:
381:(994–1064) wrote the
311:
94:
1904:Reza Davari Ardakani
1780:Abd al-Razzaq Lahiji
1714:Sadr ad-Din Dashtaki
1663:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
1577:Afdal al-Din Kashani
1032:. Dordrecht: Reidel.
574:. pp. 264–279.
404:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
270:and relation of the
174:analogical reasoning
1864:Seyyed Hossein Nasr
1785:Mujaddid Alf-i-Sani
1775:Mohsen Fayz Kashani
1734:Sayyid Haydar Amuli
1244:Medieval psychology
1216:Natural philosophy
768:Islam & Science
548: •
493: •
448:inductive reasoning
357:deductive reasoning
184:were introduced in
178:inductive reasoning
150:science of citation
1874:Abdolkarim Soroush
1719:Aziz Mahmud Hudayi
1633:Hajji Bektash Wali
1169:medieval astronomy
1115:Islamic philosophy
942:2007-10-20 at the
892:"Ibn Sina's Logic"
519:. pp. 27–43.
314:
250:Aristotelian logic
204:Islamic Golden Age
192:(Islamic law) and
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1790:Rajab Ali Tabrizi
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1709:Jalaladdin Davani
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1480:Abu Hatim al-Razi
1421:
1420:
1064:, Routledge, 1998
1022:Rescher, Nicholas
968:978-0-521-52069-0
615:Science and Islam
556:Schmidtke, Sabine
501:Schmidtke, Sabine
446:and in favour of
373:scientific method
88:According to the
68:. The works of
16:(Redirected from
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1963:History of logic
1919:Hasanzadeh Amoli
1914:Mostafa Malekian
1884:Taha Abdurrahman
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851:September 28,
847:
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802:0-19-824043-0
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589:9780199696703
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432:Ibn Taymiyyah
429:
425:
422:, founded by
421:
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71:
67:
63:
62:
57:
53:
49:
45:
38:
34:
30:
19:
1929:Partawi Shah
1924:Javadi Amoli
1909:Ahmad Fardid
1854:Martin Lings
1704:Hajji Bayram
1678:Ibn Taymiyya
1607:Omar Khayyám
1592:Ayn-al-Quzat
1587:Ahmad Yasavi
1500:Ibn Masarrah
1434:by century (
1432:Philosophers
1327:Contemporary
1229:
1205:
1196:
1186:
1149:
1138:
1077:
1048:
1027:
1014:
1008:Bibliography
995:, retrieved
989:
976:
958:
951:
913:
908:
896:. Retrieved
885:
866:
861:
849:. Retrieved
834:
827:
817:
809:
793:
788:
771:
767:
761:
749:. Retrieved
739:
714:
710:
704:
692:. Retrieved
675:
671:
661:
652:
646:
637:
614:
606:
559:
504:
489:
439:
435:
408:first figure
402:
382:
377:
354:
339:propositions
319:
315:
292:
253:
243:
239:
228:metaphorical
219:
211:
207:
197:
171:
124:
114:propositions
102:epistemology
95:
87:
59:
43:
26:
1844:René Guénon
1834:Gohar Shahi
1770:Mulla Sadra
1694:Ibn Khaldun
1305:metaphysics
1251:(mysticism)
1233:(education)
1211:Metaphysics
1190:(dialectic)
1176:Eschatology
1153:(intellect)
898:January 30,
678:(3): 9–17.
264:contingents
142:modal logic
106:metaphysics
83:Renaissance
29:Islamic law
1952:Categories
1699:Yunus Emre
1643:Ibn Sab’in
1612:Suhrawardi
1602:Ibn Tufail
1521:Al-Ghazali
1475:Apharabius
1310:psychology
1280:Avicennism
1142:(theology)
997:2008-01-25
780:A217042312
598:2016935488
543:2016935488
481:References
394:Al-Ghazali
390:perception
335:predicates
323:definition
298:al-Andalus
272:categories
232:al-Ghazali
118:syllogisms
78:al-Ghazali
1760:Mir Damad
1753:17th–19th
1687:14th–16th
1653:al-Abharī
1648:Ibn Arabi
1582:Ahi Evren
1541:Bahmanyār
1300:cosmology
1285:Averroism
1218:(physics)
1164:astrology
1159:Cosmology
731:123057532
684:2773-6334
444:syllogism
428:necessity
350:modifiers
284:inference
260:al-Farabi
182:syllogism
98:inference
70:al-Farabi
56:Aristotle
52:Mu'tazili
1597:Averroes
1536:Ibn Hazm
1531:Avicenna
1485:Al Amiri
1455:Al-Kindi
1448:9th–10th
1358:ʼIjtihād
1343:ʻAṣabīya
1336:Concepts
1275:Farabism
1230:Madrasah
1024:(1966).
984:(1930),
940:Archived
694:10 March
688:Archived
625:, 2007.
619:Westport
568:New York
513:New York
454:See also
379:Ibn Hazm
365:syndrome
343:temporal
329:and the
294:Averroes
256:al-Kindi
216:Ibn Hazm
139:temporal
127:Avicenna
74:Avicenna
1816:present
1378:Maslaha
1262:Schools
1249:Sufism
1133:Alchemy
558:(ed.).
503:(ed.).
475:Ijtihad
333:of the
280:grammar
162:ijtihad
61:Organon
1408:Tawḥīd
1368:ʻIrfān
1181:Ethics
1139:Aqidah
1126:Fields
965:
920:
842:
800:
778:
729:
682:
629:
596:
586:
564:Oxford
541:
531:
509:Oxford
268:number
266:, the
190:Sharia
152:, the
44:manṭiq
37:Arabic
27:Early
18:Mantiq
1814:20th–
1413:Ummah
1403:Shūrā
1398:Qiyās
1388:Qadar
1373:Ijmāʿ
1353:Iʻjaz
1270:Early
1224:Peace
1206:Logic
1187:Kalam
751:1 May
727:S2CID
554:. In
499:. In
470:Qiyas
398:Kalam
387:sense
346:modal
288:proof
276:logic
244:Qiyas
240:Qiyas
220:Qiyas
212:Qiyas
208:Qiyas
199:Qiyas
194:Kalam
154:isnad
110:terms
48:Kalam
33:logic
1744:Jami
1626:13th
1565:12th
1514:11th
1393:Qalb
1383:Nafs
1363:ʻIlm
1295:Sufi
1197:Fiqh
963:ISBN
918:ISBN
900:2024
853:2023
840:ISBN
798:ISBN
776:Gale
753:2013
696:2023
680:ISSN
627:ISBN
594:LCCN
584:ISBN
566:and
539:LCCN
529:ISBN
511:and
325:and
278:and
224:real
186:Fiqh
144:and
116:and
104:and
41:منطق
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1348:Ḥāl
1150:Aql
875:cf.
873:. (
719:doi
576:doi
521:doi
290:".
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1436:CE
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