Manuel Belgrano - Knowledge

5744: 1646:. Alvarez Thomas appointed Belgrano to head the army at Rosario, but shortly afterwards Thomas resigned. Pueyrredón became the new Supreme Director. With the signing of the Santo Tomé pact, the aforementioned army was retired from Rosario. Belgrano was then sent back to take command of the Army of the North, with the strong support of San Martín. "In the case of designating who must replace Rondeau, I am decided for Belgrano; he is the most methodical man of all whom I know in America; he is full of integrity and natural talent. He may not have the military knowledge of a Moreau or a Bonaparte as far as the army is concerned, but I think he is the best we have in South America". 1321:, on 9 March. Greatly outnumbered and losing an unequal fight, Belgrano refused to surrender. He reorganised the remaining 235 men and ordered his secretary to burn all his documents and personal papers to prevent them from falling into enemy hands. Belgrano arranged for the troops and artillery to fire for many minutes, which made the Paraguayan soldiers disperse. When the barrage stopped, Belgrano requested an armistice, telling Cabañas that he had arrived to Paraguay to aid and not to conquer; considering the open hostility with which he was met, he would leave the province. Cabañas accepted, on the grounds that the remaining group must leave the province within a day. 1192:, but without getting an answer. Cisneros called the military leaders and requested their support, but they refused, under the grounds that his viceroyalty lacked legitimacy. Castelli and other patriots insisted in their request, and Cisneros finally accepted. A massive demonstration the following day ensured that Cisneros would keep his word. The open cabildo was held on 22 May, with all political leaders present, and armed men filling the Plaza and ready to invade the cabildo in case the peninsulars attempted a disruption, which would be indicated by a signal from Belgrano. He supported the stance of his cousin Castelli, who made a speech explaining the concept of the 5481: 6366: 1801:(ministry of war), Gabriel L. Souto (president of the commission), Fray Modesto Becco (from the convent), Carlos Vega Belgrano and coronel Manuel Belgrano (descendants of Belgrano), Dr. Armando Claros (subsecretary of the Interior), Dr. Marcial Quiroga (Health Inspector of the Army), Dr. Carlos Malbrán (president of the National Department of Health), Coronel Justo Domínguez, and doctors Luis Peluffo and C. Massot (Arsenal of War). The exhumation revealed a number of preserved bones, pieces of wood, and nails. The bones were placed on a silver plate, and the following day there was a great controversy in the press: the newspaper 4957: 2905: 1271:. A few days later his goal was made more specific: he must aim for Paraguay. The Junta had been informed that the patriotic party was strong, and a small army would suffice to take control. Trusting this information, Belgrano went to Paraguay with two possible goals: get acknowledgment for the Junta in Paraguay or promote a new government that would stay on friendly terms with Buenos Aires. Belgrano was unaware that on 24 July a general assembly in Paraguay discussed the Junta of Buenos Aires, and decided to reject it and pledge allegiance to the Regency Council of Spain. 908:, a new local institution which dealt with commercial and industrial issues in the name of the crown. This date would be later known in Argentina as Economist Day. He would remain in this office until 1810, and would deal with commercial disputes and promote agriculture, industry, and commerce. Not having enough freedom to make big changes in the economic system, he made big efforts to improve education. Influenced by Campomanes, he believed that the true wealth of countries was human ingenuity, and that the best way to promote industrialisation was through education. 57: 1425: 5894: 257: 1175: 1134:, lacked such legitimacy. Liniers refused this proposal as well, and handed command to Cisneros without resistance. Belgrano later convinced the new viceroy to allow him to edit a new newspaper, the "Correo de Comercio". This allowed him to gather with other revolutionary leaders with the excuse of discussing the development of the newspaper. He also supported Cisneros when he allowed foreign trade at the port (previously only Spanish ships were allowed), but this ruling was strongly rejected by Spanish merchants. The lawyer 947:. However, Belgrano had some successes, such as creating the Nautical School, the Commerce School, and the Geometry and Drawing Academy. He created the Commerce School to influence future merchants to work towards the best interests of the nation, and the nautical and drawing ones to provide the youth with prestigious and lucrative careers. The schools were situated next to the Consulate so that Belgrano could easily supervise their development. The schools were in place for three years before they were closed by a ruling of 1962:, are from a year before, in a letter directed to Álvarez Thomas. He declared having problems in the chest, a lung, and his right leg. A later letter to Sarratea confirmed his situation and specified that it started on 23 April 1819. The gravity of his condition led the doctor Francisco de Paula Rivero to diagnose an advanced dropsy. Belgrano returned to Buenos Aires, where he died. He was embalmed by Joseph Redhead and Juan Sullivan. Sullivan performed the autopsy; it revealed high levels of fluid in multiple edemas and a 6582: 5321: 239: 1699: 1540: 652: 1821: 1252: 1070: 1583: 776: 1835:, at the age of 22. Her father, Juan Ignacio Ezcurra, did not approve of their relationship because of the bankruptcy of Domingo Belgrano, Manuel's father. Juan Ignacio arranged the wedding of his daughter with Juan Esteban Ezcurra, a distant relative from Pamplona that worked selling clothes. Juan Ignacio opposed the May Revolution and returned to Spain, leaving his wife in Buenos Aires, which allowed her to return to her former relationship with Belgrano. 4929: 1025:. Belgrano moved to the fortress as soon as he heard the warning, and gathered as many men as possible to join him in the fighting. However, as most of them lacked any formal training, his men marched in disorder and Belgrano ordered them to disband after a single British cannon shot scattered his panicked men. Belgrano would write later in his autobiography that he regretted not having by then even the most basic knowledge of militia work. 1566:, in Salta. Belgrano gave San Martin full freedom to implement changes and took command of the First Regiment. The Second Triumvirate, and later the Supreme Director Gervasio Posadas, requested Belgrano to return to Buenos Aires and be judged for the defeats at Vilcapugio and Ayohuma, but San Martín refused to send him because of his poor health. San Martín finally agreed to send Belgrano to Córdoba by March 1814. He temporarily settled in 686:, Italy. Domingo's maternal last name was Peri, which he translated to the Spanish form Pérez; his paternal last name was Belgrano – literally "Fairwheat", a name that denoted good cereal production. He changed his name "Domenico" to the Spanish "Domingo" as well. He was an Italian merchant authorized by the King of Spain to move to the Americas, and had contacts in Spain, Rio de Janeiro, and Britain. He promoted the establishment of the 1992: 976:. He used this newspaper to explain his economic ideas: manufacturing and exporting finished goods, importing raw materials to manufacture, avoiding importing luxury goods or raw materials that could be produced or extracted locally, importing only vital products, and owning a merchant navy. The newspaper specialised in the "Philosophy of History, Geography and Statistics". Many revolutionary principles were presented as essays. 1895: 1469: 1352: 5089: 1465:, which provided greater support for Belgrano. The Second Triumvirate called the Assembly of Year XIII soon after taking power, which was intended to declare independence and enact a national constitution but failed to do so because of political disputes between the members. It did not take measures regarding the national flag but allowed Belgrano to use the blue and white flag as the flag of the Army of the North. 4943: 1278:. Soldiers from the Blandengues regiments of San Nicolás and Santa Fe joined them en route, and later the Junta sent reinforcements of another two hundred soldiers. The army was welcomed by most of the population along the way, receiving donations and new recruits. Ultimately the army was composed of nearly 950 men, consisting of infantry and cavalry divided in four divisions with one piece of artillery each. 1662:. He thought that this would generate support from the indigenous populations as well, and repair the actions taken against the Inca by the Spanish colonisation. This proposal was supported by San Martín, Güemes, the deputies from the Upper Peru, and other provinces, but it found a strong rejection from Buenos Aires; they would not accept Cuzco as the capital city. On 9 July the Congress finally signed the 1293:, and there Belgrano took measures to benefit the natives that were living in missions. With his authority as speaker of the Junta he gave them full civil and political rights, granted lands, authorised commerce with the United Provinces, and lifted their restriction on taking public or religious office. However, the Junta requested later that he should seek authorization for such changes in the future. 1144:, an economic essay that convinced Cisneros to maintain the free foreign trade. Some historians, such as Miguel Ángel Scenna, suggest that the essay was actually Belgrano's work, or a work by Moreno from a draft written by Belgrano. Belgrano may not have been able to present such a work himself, because he held a political office and because his past opposition to Cisneros may have risked its rejection. 3009:, there is an Argentine flag, protected by a glass case and in a deteriorated condition, which they claim to be the original one raised by Belgrano for first time in 1812. The ensign was one of two abandoned and hidden inside a small church near Macha after the battle of Ayohuma, during the retreat from Upper Peru in 1813. The other flag was given back to Argentina by the Bolivian authorities in 1896. 1484:. This infantry was fighting a 600-strong royalist cavalry. Through Belgrano's reinforcements, they eventually won the battle and captured the city of Tucumán. After the defeat in Tucumán, Tristán garrisoned at the city of Salta with 2,500 men. Belgrano, with reinforcements from the government, intended to gather 4,000 men and march to Upper Peru, up to the border of the Viceroyalty of Lima. The 912: 1516:. Belgrano initiated good relations with the natives as well. Belgrano's plan was to attack the royalists from the front and the sides, with the aid of the armies of Cárdenas and Zelaya. Both armies were near 3,500 men. However, the royalists obtained an important advantage by defeating Cárdenas and getting possession of his papers, which gave them insight into the patriotic plans. 1728:

to either the litoral or the north if needed. His health continued to worsen, and he was given an unlimited leave from work by the Supreme Director. He handed command to Fernández de la Cruz and moved to Tucumán, where he met his daughter Manuela Mónica, just one year old. The governor of Tucuman, Feliciano de la Motta, was deposed during his stay, and Belgrano was taken prisoner.

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longer had any authority. Cisneros tried to conceal the news by gathering all the newspapers brought by the ship, but Belgrano and Castelli managed to get one. Cisneros then explained the European developments to the public. Belgrano and the members of the Carlotist party, despite having given up their original idea, plotted to remove the viceroy and replace him with a

4915: 716:, and Spain. The eight living male sons followed different paths: Domingo José Estanislao became canon at the local cathedral, while Carlos José and José Gregorio joined the army. Manuel Belgrano was meant to follow his father's work, but when he developed other interests, it was his brother Francisco José María de Indias who continued the family business. 1304:, and once it was crossed the patriotic army would have to move a long distance across a land without supplies. Swamps, hills, rivers, and lakes would force the army to march slowly, making a possible retreat very difficult. The Parana was crossed with several boats on 19 December, and a task force of 54 Paraguayan soldiers was forced to flee during the 1891:. By the year 1800 he had a growing lacrimal fistula in one of his eyes and was invited by the King to move to Spain for a cure. He was offered a one-year leave with paid wages, but he rejected it, giving priority to his work for the nation over his own personal health. The fistula would later stabilise at a safe and unnoticeable size. 1217:; they were expecting to use the government to make big changes in the social order. One of his first rulings was the making of a Maths Academy, located in the building of the consulate and with the purpose of instructing the military. Belgrano was appointed its protector. He supported the banishment of Cisneros and the members of the 955:

country, in order to promote its commercial potential. None of these proposals were accepted. He designed a system to give prizes to achievements that would boost the local economy, diversify the agriculture, or deforest the pampas. The system did not work as expected, and as nobody met the requirements no such prize was ever given.

1044:, and Spanish authority was restored. It was expected that the British would return, and the whole city started to prepare for that possibility. Belgrano returned to Buenos Aires after the reconquest, and put himself under the command of Liniers. He was appointed sergeant of the Patricians Regiment, under the command of 1112:. The project was supported as a means to achieve more autonomy, and perhaps independence, for Spanish colonies in the New World. Belgrano kept a fluent mail communication with Carlota, and convinced many independentists to join him in the project, such as Castelli, Vieytes, Nicolás Rodríguez Peña, and Juan José Paso. 663:, at Santo Domingo street, between the streets Martín de Tours and Santísima Trinidad (the modern names of those streets are "Belgrano", "Defensa", and "Bolívar" respectively). Though the city was still rather small, the Belgranos lived in one of its wealthiest neighborhoods. Manuel Belgrano was baptized at the 1055:, who proposed British support for an independentist movement. Belgrano turned down the offer, suspecting that Britain might withdraw their support if their attentions were distracted by events which could occur in Europe, and in such case the revolutionaries would be helpless against a Spanish counterattack. 3029: 4591: 2891:

into the Spanish language. He started working on it during the Paraguay Campaign, but before the battle of Tacuarí he destroyed all his papers, including the unfinished translation, to prevent them from falling into enemy hands. Belgrano resumed work on it afterwards and finished it before the Battle

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Belgrano also met María Dolores Helguero in Tucumán, and briefly considered getting married, but the war forced a postponement. María Dolores married another man; the relationship ended but was briefly restarted in 1818. While he was near the frontiers of Córdoba, Santa Fe, and Buenos Aires, and in a

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on 6 July 1816 to explain the results of his diplomatic mission in Europe. He thought that enacting a local monarchy would help to prevent anarchy, which would not end simply with independence from Spain. He felt a declaration of independence would be more easily accepted by the European powers if it

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of the city of Jujuy: the entire population of the city would have to retreat with the army and not leave behind anything that might be of value to the royalists (such as animals, crops, or housing). By September a proper formation of columns provided them with a victory against a royalist task force

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signed an eight-day truce to start peace negotiations. Belgrano's health was in a very bad state by this point, but he refused to resign, thinking that the morale of the Army would suffer without his presence. He moved to the frontier between Santa Fe and Córdoba, from where he would be able to move

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After the British captured the city, all Spanish authorities were requested to pledge allegiance to the British crown. Belgrano thought that the members of the consulate should leave the city and join the viceroy, but the others did not agree. They acceded to the British request; Belgrano refused to

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ideas. By this time, Belgrano thought that "The merchant must have freedom to buy where he can be best accommodated, and it's natural that he does where he is supplied with the best price to be able to earn the best profit". Those proposals were rejected by the committee members; his only supporters

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There are no records of diseases experienced by Belgrano during his youth or adolescence. His first illness dates from the time of his return to Buenos Aires, when he worked in the consulate; he experienced symptoms of syphilis caught during his stay in Spain. He was treated by the most prestigious

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Neither of these children were recognised by Belgrano in his will, where he said he had no children. However, it is thought that he did not mention them in order to protect their mothers, as both children were the result of relations that the moral standards of the society of the day would not have

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In August Belgrano again took command of the Army of the North, but with very limited people and resources. He was ordered to avoid trying to advance against the royalists in the north and was to stay in a defensive state at Tucumán. With Güemes in Salta, his task was to prevent the Royalists from

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on 1 October, and initially gained the upper hand against the royalist troops, who started to flee. However, when Pezuela saw that the patriotic armies were not following, he reorganised his forces, returned to the battle, and won. There were barely 400 survivors. Belgrano said: "Soldiers: we have

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but not to Spain itself. At the time of voting, Castelli's proposal was coupled with the one of Cornelio Saavedra, with Belgrano among its supporters. This joint proposal for the removal of Cisneros and the creation of a government junta prevailed over the others. However, the cabildo attempted to

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When Belgrano was dispatched to Upper Peru, María Josefa followed him to Jujuy. She took part in the Jujuy Exodus and saw the battle of Tucumán. It is thought that she was pregnant by this time. Her son, Pedro Pablo, was born on 30 July 1813. Pedro Pablo was adopted by Encarnación Ezcurra and her

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The First Triumvirate did not approve the use of the flag created in Rosario, but Belgrano was initially unaware of that. He had the flag blessed by the priest Juan Ignacio de Gorriti at Salta, on the second anniversary of the May Revolution. When he found out the flag was not approved, he put it

1421:; Belgrano had orders to take command and retreat without fighting, but he disobeyed. He prepared a base at Campo Santo, in Salta, where he improved the hospital and created a military tribunal. He later moved to Jujuy, knowing that he did not have the resources to launch an attack on Upper Peru. 868:

in the economy. Belgrano developed the idea that the principles of physiocracy and those stated by Adam Smith could be applied together in the viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. In the development of this approach he was influenced by Fernando Galliani, who promoted the study of particular cases

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The Peninsular War was not developing favourably for Spain, and by May 1810 a ship arrived with the news of the defeat of Seville and the disbanding of the Junta of Seville. Without either a recognised Spanish king or the Junta that had appointed Cisneros, many people thought that the viceroy no

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Belgrano tried to promote the diversification of agriculture via the production of linen and hemp, following experiences with his friend Martín de Altolaguirre. He proposed to keep reserves of wheat to help have control over its price. He also tried to make leather recognised as a product of the

1774:, written by Francisco de Paula Castañeda, and there was no government representation at his funeral. Former students of his educative institutions would arrive in the following days with obsequies, when the news started to be known. The following year the political context was less chaotic and 1119:, a prince of Portugal, many people though that Carlotism was a trick to conceal Portuguese expansionism. Carlota herself had different political ideas than those of her supporters: Belgrano and the others shared the ideas of enlightenment, but Carlota aspired to keep the full power of an 1048:, and started to study military strategy. After some conflicts with other officials, he resigned as sergeant and served again under the command of Liniers. A new British attack took place in July 1807. During the battle he served as field assistant to a division commanded by Balbiani. 1130:, arrived from Europe to replace Liniers. Belgrano had failed to convince Liniers of the benefits of the Carlotist plan, so he aimed instead to convince him of refusing to give up the viceroyalty, as Liniers had been confirmed as viceroy by a Spanish king. Cisneros, appointed by the 1574:. Soon afterwards, all charges against Belgrano were dismissed, as no definite accusation was formulated against him. The new government, trusting in Belgrano's diplomatic abilities, sent him on a mission to Europe to negotiate support for the independence of the United Provinces. 2723:, and understand the social, economic, technical, educative, political, cultural, and religious changes that were being prompted by the new ideas. He helped to promote those ideas using the press and with his work in the consulate. He rejected localist perspectives, favouring a 740:, and literature; he graduated in 1786. Domingo had sufficient success as merchant to send his two sons Francisco and Manuel to study in Europe. He expected them to study commerce, but Manuel decided to study law. Belgrano was so successful and attained such prestige that 1619:, as regent of the United Provinces, but in the end he refused to act against the interests of the King of Spain. The diplomatic mission failed, but Belgrano learned of changes in ideology that had taken place in Europe since his previous visit. With the influence of the 2896:, one of the most important texts in the history of the United States. It talks about the importance of keeping national unity as the key to maintain independence, prosperity, and freedom—ideas that were shared by Belgrano regarding the population of Hispanic America. 864:, which stated that new wealth came from nature, that agriculture was an economic activity that generated more income than one needed, and that the state should not interfere at all with it. By that time, South America had plenty of natural resources and a very strict 2824:, as well as reading. However, he did not aim to generate intellectual women, but just to prevent ignorance and laziness, and have them learn things valuable for daily living. Being a strong Catholic himself, he was aligned with the Catholic perspective that rejected 968:. He worked with Manuel José de Lavardén, and edited nearly two hundred issues. The newspaper was closed in 1802 because of conflicts with the authorities of the viceroyalty, who did not like the criticisms made in it or the jokes and parodies. He also worked at the 1491:

These victories ensured Argentine authority in the northwest and stopped the royalist advance into the central territory. Although there were a number of colonialist 'invasions' from Upper Peru until 1821, Belgrano's campaign is widely considered the decisive one.

4595: 2774:. He introduced new crops and promoted the use of local fauna for livestock production. He protected the weaving industry by increasing the production of cotton in Cochabamba, as he considered the local crop to be of similar quality to the cotton from Europe. 3093:, linking the success in the war of independence to the figure of Belgrano and his natal Buenos Aires. This book included the autobiography of Belgrano as well, which was discovered by Mitre. The book was criticised by contemporary Argentine authors, such as 1201:

keep Cisneros in power in spite of this result, by creating a junta with Cisneros as its president. This was rejected by the revolutionary leaders and the population. A great state of turmoil ended when the Junta was disbanded on 25 May and replaced by the

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against possible royalist attacks from the Banda Oriental. Belgrano created two batteries, "Independencia" ("Independence") and "Libertad" ("Freedom"). After realising that both patriots and royalists were fighting under the same colours, he created the

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started, the patriots briefly held the upper hand, but eventually Velazco, with superior numbers, prevailed. Even with 10 deaths and 120 soldiers taken prisoner, Belgrano wanted to continue the fight, but his officials convinced him to retreat.

1933:(malaria) during the second campaign to Upper Peru. On 3 May 1815 he informed the government of his disease, which made it difficult for him to work or even talk. He was treated by doctor Joseph Readhead, who employed a local species of the 1807:

announced that Joaquín V. González and Riccheri had stolen a pair of teeth. Both were returned the following day. Gonzalez declared that he intended to show the tooth to his friends, and Riccheri that he took one to Belgrano's biographer,

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The army left for Tacuarí, being closely watched by the combined armies of Yegros and Cabañas. Those two armies had nearly three thousand soldiers, while Belgrano had barely four hundred. They were attacked from many sides during the

1450:. The First Triumvirate commanded Belgrano to retreat to Cordoba without fighting, but he thought that doing so would mean the loss of the northern provinces. Thus, instead of continuing to Cordoba, he was convinced by the people of 1147:

Belgrano resigned from his work in the Consulate in April 1810 and moved to the countryside. A short time later he received a letter from his friends requesting him to return to Buenos Aires and join the revolutionary movements.

1300:, which was used as a stronghold for the attack into Paraguay. The terrain gave a clear advantage to the Paraguayan governor Velazco against Belgrano: the Paraná River, nearly 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) wide, was an effective 1324:

The campaign to Paraguay was a complete military defeat for Belgrano. However, the aftermath of the conflict led the Paraguayans to replace Belazco with a local junta, and declare independence from Spain. Under the rule of

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were constant topics of debate. Among the supporters of these ideas it was thought that Spain should be remade under similar principles, and critics of such thought were rejected as tyrants or proponents of outdated ideas.

2758:, an economic doctrine that considered that nature was the source of wealth. As a result, much of his works and reform proposals at the consulate were oriented towards improving agriculture, livestock, manufacturing, and 1440:

Three months later royalist general Pío Tristán advanced in the north with more than three thousand men, prepared to invade the United Provinces. Once again outnumbered by larger armies, Belgrano organised a great

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Belgrano declared that he did not have any previous knowledge of being included in the junta, and that his appointment took him by surprise. Nevertheless, he accepted the role. He was part of the political line of

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lost the battle after so much fighting. Victory has betrayed us by going to the enemy ranks during our triumph. It does not matter! The flag of the nation still swings in our hands!". After gathering his army at

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and requested San Martín and Belgrano to return with their armies to take part in the conflict. San Martín refused to do so, but Belgrano accepted. However, before his arrival the governors Estanislao López and

3105:. Vélez Sarsfield dismissed the Great Man theory and maintained that the work of the other provinces for the Argentine independence was as important as that of Buenos Aires. He criticised the work of Mitre at " 2786:. He did so at the first report he made as head of the Consulate of Commerce, suggesting the creating of schools of agriculture and commerce. A school of agriculture would teach about important topics such as 1759:. Due to his poverty, as the war consumed all his old wealth, he paid his doctor with his clock and his carriage, some of the few possessions he still had. As requested, he was shrouded into the robes of the 899:

He was driven by his vision of imperial partnership and drafted a well-known representacion to the Crown of 1793. A short time before his return to Buenos Aires on 3 June 1794, Belgrano was elected by

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do so. He said that he wanted "either our old master, or no master at all". To avoid being forced to pledge allegiance, he escaped from Buenos Aires and sought asylum at the chapel of Mercedes, in the

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His concern with public education was not interrupted by his military campaigns. In 1813 he was rewarded with 40,000 pesos for his victories at Salta and Tucumán, an amount that would equal almost 80

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During his time in Europe, Belgrano became president of an Academy within the University of Salamanca devoted to Roman legislation, forensic practice and political economy. In 1794, he translated the

1879:, from the Protomedicato of Buenos Aires, Miguel García de Rojas, and José Ignacio de Arocha. This disease forced him to take long leaves from his work at the consulate and take repose stays at 1289:. He set which territories would belong to Curuzu Cuatiá and Mandisoví, and organised their urban layout around the chapel and school. By November the army arrived at the coast of Paraná near 5990: 1017:

requested that he create a militia to counter a possible British attack, but he did not take interest in it. His first participation in a military conflict took place when the British, under

5940: 2747:. His monarchism was not a conservative one, as he agreed that the existing state of things should be modified, but not towards a republic as in France or the United States, but towards a 5975: 1558:

to take the command of the Army of the North, with Belgrano as his second in command. San Martín would reinforce the battle-weary Army of the North with his own soldiers. Hastened by

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in the viceroyalty, as the legitimacy of the new king was rejected by all parties. The purpose of the Carlotist movement was to replace the authority of the deposed king with that of

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to make a stand there. His forces had increased by then to nearly 1,800 soldiers, still much less than the 3,000 at Tristan's command. Even so, he obtained a victory in the

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Belgrano appears on a number of currencies in the numismatic history of Argentina. He appeared for the first time on the banknotes of 1, 5, and 10 pesos according to the

6340: 6000: 1532:, Belgrano was ready for another engagement with Pezuela, whose troops were not in a better situation. On 14 November, Belgrano was again vanquished by the royalists at 6320: 6295: 6220: 6096: 5960: 1308:. Belgrano saw Velazco's army from the Mbaé hill, and despite being greatly outnumbered, he ordered an attack, trusting in the moral strength of his soldiers. When the 6285: 5945: 1958:. This was worsened by harsh military conditions, including long periods with little food. The first references to the disease that would lead to his death, a case of 814:

was slightly different from the French one as it still respected religion and the monarchy. Thus, despite the new influences, Belgrano remained a strong Catholic and

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accepted. Nevertheless, he requested that his brother, Joaquín Eulogio Estanislao Belgrano, who was appointed as his heir, should look after his newborn daughter.

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Belgrano resumed his work in the consulate and discontinued his military studies. Due to his knowledge of French he had a brief interview with the British officer

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This publication, along with Belgrano's other works, showed his preference for a combination of the ideas of the physiocrats and the neomercantilist thought by

5950: 2855:. He laid out a series of instructions about the methods and requirements for the selection of the teachers. However, the schools were not built, and by 1823 1221:, and the execution of Liniers and other counter-revolutionaries defeated in Córdoba. Some historians suggest that he would have promoted the creation of the 1386:, of light blue and white, the use of which was approved by the Triumvirate. The reasons for the colours are usually considered to be either loyalty to the 6305: 6300: 5200: 3073: 3033: 6030: 6345: 1847:

delicate state of health, he learned that María Dolores had given birth to his daughter, Manuela Mónica del Sagrado Corazón, who was born on 4 May 1819.

1417:. The cities were much more hostile to the Army than those that Belgrano encountered on his way into Paraguay. Salta was menaced by the royalist general 1398:

near the Paraná River on 27 February 1812. On that same day he was appointed to replace Pueyrredon in the Army of the North, so he travelled to Yatasto.

799: 6275: 6270: 2762:. He maintained a fluent contact with the consulates of other cities, developing a view of the viceroyalty as a whole. This led to an increased work in 1770:

Due to the state of anarchy being experienced by the city, Belgrano's death was largely unnoticed. The only newspaper of the time to note his death was

983:, which he had caught during his time in Europe. This sickness forced him to take long leaves from his work in the consulate, and to suggest his cousin 6260: 5985: 951:, from the Spanish monarchy, who considered them an unnecessary luxury for a colony. It was felt that Buenos Aires might not be able to maintain them. 6350: 987:, who had similar ideas, as a possible replacement during his leaves. Rejection by the committee members delayed the approval of Castelli until 1796. 873:, who thought that the absolute freedom promoted by physiocrats should be tempered by a moderate intervention by the state, such as the provision of 2719:, capable of understanding Spanish, English, French, Italian, and some indigenous languages. This allowed him to read many influential books of the 1638:

When the emissaries returned to Buenos Aires, the government was worried by the defeats of Rondeau at Sipe Sipe and the political stir generated by

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He found demoralised officials, nearly 1,500 soldiers (a quarter of them hospitalised), minimal artillery, and no money. Some of the officials were

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Belgrano maintained frequent discussions with the committee members of the consulate, who were all merchants with strong interests involved in the

6025: 1418: 406:, the fourth child of Italian businessman Domingo Belgrano y Peri and of María Josefa González Casero. He came into contact with the ideas of the 5392: 2735:. He considered public health, education, and work as part of the common good, as well as religion. He did not share completely the ideas of the 1014: 6225: 5767: 5397: 5227: 4680: 4428: 2909: 1670:. The Inca Plan was still under discussion, but the Congress delayed it due to several states of emergency in the provinces caused by the war. 1041: 3386: 6290: 5310: 1193: 4496: 6745: 6740: 4213: 3141:). López considered history as an art form, and Mitre considered it a science, rejecting historical narrations that could not be backed by 2835:. Belgrano rejected taking the prize money for himself, considering that a patriot should not seek money or wealth. He gave it back to the 4451: 1736:, but Belgrano's doctor Josef Redhead objected, because of his delicate health, and his sentence was changed to simple imprisonment. When 1488:, the first battle with the new approved banner, was a decisive victory, ending with the capitulation of Pío Tristán and all of his army. 659:

Manuel José Joaquín del Corazón de Jesús Belgrano was born in Buenos Aires on 3 June 1770, at his father's house. It was located near the

5253: 4518: 4473: 3539: 1259:

Three months after the creation of the Primera Junta, Manuel Belgrano was appointed Chief Commander of an army sent to gather support at

1225:, a secret document written by Moreno that set harsh ways for the junta to achieve its goals, while others consider the whole document a 5351: 3300: 1939:

medicinal plant. The disease lasted up to his stay in Britain, when his health improved because of the treatment and by having left the

507:

did not approve the flag, but because of slow communications, Belgrano would only learn of that many weeks later, while reinforcing the

3048:, which he wrote by the time he was stationed in Lujan. It long remained unpublished. His first biography written by someone else was " 6619: 4260: 1922:, because the vomits were sporadic, the condition did not become chronic, and it eventually cured itself. Nothing was revealed in the 1229:

done by royalists to discredit the junta. A few others suspect that some paragraphs or the whole document may have been the result of

422:

population of Buenos Aires; he tried to promote some of the new political and economic ideals, but found severe resistance from local

261: 188: 6725: 5030: 1018: 6805: 4693: 1663: 6800: 6685: 2888: 1611:

were sent to Europe to seek support for the United Provinces from both Spain and Britain. They sought to promote the crowning of

857:) to Spanish. His main interest in the works of such authors were ideas that referred to the public good and popular prosperity. 492: 834: 5752: 5246: 1178: 1635:

approved of the South American revolutions, but the approval was compromised when the countries started to fall into anarchy.

6780: 5607: 4996: 4871: 4852: 4831: 4810: 4770: 4712: 4664: 4555: 3343: 1594: 1326: 579: 6624: 415: 6598: 5335: 2766:

of the largely unpopulated areas of the territory; the maps designed during this period would later prove a great help for

1707: 1140: 1022: 996: 4978: 1887:. He was treated with salts and iodines, and his condition eventually improved. It is also suspected that he may have had 6795: 6770: 5561: 3125:). Both books were written in 1864. Vicente López provided a biography of Belgrano from a different angle, his book was " 1612: 1377:, but the troops did not accept him and started the Braids Mutiny. After that, the Triumvirate requested that he fortify 664: 786:

Belgrano studied near the intellectual elite of Spain, and by that time there were heated discussions about the ongoing

6750: 5222: 5053: 2934: 2798:. Until that time, the only previous attempts to teach agriculture was done by the Jesuits, who were banished in 1767. 2711:

Manuel Belgrano had a vast intellectual awareness of most important topics of his age. He studied in Europe during the

905: 687: 162: 115: 1013:

attack. Belgrano by then worked in the consulate, and was no longer interested in pursuing a military career. Viceroy

6785: 5132: 4896: 4789: 4751: 3998: 3368: 2892:

of Salta. He sent it to Buenos Aires for publication. George Washington's Farewell Address is considered, along with

2039: 1188:

Belgrano and Saavedra, representing the military and the intellectuals, got an interview with Cisneros to request an

292: 2021: 238: 6705: 6472: 5194: 4655: 3057: 3045: 2013: 1571: 1209: 6467: 5743: 6149: 4298: 1666:

from Spain. The flag created by Belgrano, which was being used without a law regulating it, was accepted as the

6735: 6730: 6571: 6417: 6154: 6073: 6063: 5525: 5466: 4888: 2923: 2801:

He was not only concerned with higher education, but also with primary education, and promoted the creation of

2017: 1462: 1218: 552: 388: 6397: 6086: 6010: 4387: 2979: 1481: 606:. After this, Belgrano again took command of the Army of the North, but his mission was limited to protecting 535:

resulted in a key strategic victory, and it was soon followed by a complete victory over the royalist army of

6715: 6710: 6040: 5627: 5269: 5206: 5023: 4727: 3150: 3086: 1370:, then to return to the city and be judged for the defeats. However, no charges were formulated against him. 1363: 504: 308: 4314: 1898:

Portrait of Manuel Belgrano by Casimir Carbonnier made during Belgrano's diplomatic mission to London (1815)

1793:, to be moved into a mausoleum. This was done on 4 September, by a government commission which included Dr. 1729: 1406: 1074: 6590: 6522: 6492: 5703: 5429: 5402: 5282: 4318: 3114: 1863: 1127: 838: 595: 457: 47: 4425: 1512:. Belgrano administrated the zone and tried to revert the bad impression left by the previous campaign of 6720: 6447: 6124: 4350: 3146: 2968: 745: 6427: 5793: 5407: 3094: 1910:; he was almost too ill to participate in the battle. It is thought that those vomits originated in the 1686:, defeat the royalists in Chile, get control of the Chilean navy, and attack the royalist stronghold of 6760: 6442: 6005: 5515: 5505: 5480: 4354: 2724: 6477: 4210: 6648: 6365: 5510: 5500: 1710:

is visible on one of the turrets of the church where British forces took shelter before surrendering.

1414: 1274:

Belgrano headed north with nearly two hundred men, expecting to gather more people by the end of the

6245: 6215: 6144: 6129: 5678: 4470: 4330: 4290: 2990:

in the City of Buenos Aires and part of the avenue that leads to the Flag Memorial in Rosario (also

1674:

moving to the south. The Supreme Director Pueyrredón was supporting an alternative plan designed by

483:. Though his army was defeated, the military campaign initiated the chain of events that led to the 387:

public servant, economist, lawyer, politician, journalist, and military leader. He took part in the

6775: 6235: 6106: 5930: 5873: 5016: 4322: 3383: 3297: 3173:

had a number of political and military figures that did not include Belgrano, but later the 10,000

3166: 2744: 2002: 1884: 1803: 1794: 1366:) issued a series of conflicting orders. First they requested he should fight the royalists in the 1006: 965: 940: 678:

His father, Domingo (whose original Italian name was Domenico Belgrano Peri) came from the town of

219: 106: 6091: 5693: 4358: 2848: 2836: 1715: 1639: 1509: 1451: 619: 607: 560: 528: 6765: 6755: 5708: 5688: 4362: 4257: 2767: 2748: 2006: 1744: 1675: 1628: 1555: 1544: 780: 587: 556: 6512: 6462: 6392: 6330: 3991:

Wars of the Americas : a chronology of armed conflict in the New World, 1492 to the present

6631: 6482: 5788: 5471: 3061: 2995: 2983: 1940: 1604: 1164: 1089: 1002: 811: 6422: 6402: 6374: 6280: 5920: 5853: 5117: 5058: 4294: 3102: 2941:. The Flag Memorial and the park that surround it are the seat of national celebrations every 2929:

Belgrano is considered one of the greatest heroes in Argentina's history. A monument complex (

2904: 2860: 1832: 1824: 1623:, there had been a great consensus for making republican governments. After the government of 1567: 1309: 1084:

political movement in the Rio de la Plata, a response to recent developments in Europe, where

960: 575: 476: 323: 94: 6197: 5798: 5571: 5495: 5361: 5112: 4282: 3185:

displays Belgrano on 10-peso banknote. The 1997 and 2002 series only modified small details.

3098: 3085:), whose scope expanded on the simple biography of Belgrano himself and detailed instead the 2949:

is declared the honorary capital of Argentina each 23 August since 2002, in reference to the

2864: 2844: 2782:

Manuel Belgrano was one of the first politicians to advocate the development of an important

2771: 1790: 1703: 1683: 1536:, and was forced to withdraw the remains of his army towards Potosí and from there to Jujuy. 1447: 1305: 1260: 1230: 901: 865: 803: 660: 615: 318: 6452: 6382: 6134: 5863: 4306: 3127:

Debate histórico, refutaciones a las comprobaciones históricas sobre la Historia de Belgrano

1724: 1513: 1286: 984: 936: 915: 515:. There, knowing he was at a strategic disadvantage against the royalist armies coming from 98: 16:

18/19th-century Argentine military leader, economist, politician, and journalist (1770–1820)

6790: 6695: 6690: 6655: 6614: 6432: 5724: 5591: 5300: 5164: 4962: 2957: 2942: 2856: 2720: 2712: 1840: 1786: 1775: 1608: 1520: 1383: 1297: 571: 544: 407: 345: 6412: 6387: 5586: 5581: 5154: 5122: 4822: 3165:, in effect from 1970 to 1983. He was later included on the 10,000 pesos banknotes of the 2739:, but instead the tempered ones of the Spanish Enlightenment: most notably, he remained a 1455: 1318: 891:. For him, this was the right economic model that could support Argentina's independence. 574:

to seek support for the revolutionary government. He returned in time to take part in the

532: 480: 335: 328: 8: 6255: 6210: 5546: 4302: 2887:

and first President of the United States. Because of this, he worked on a translation of

2884: 2852: 2825: 1650: 1616: 1410: 1264: 1120: 1116: 1010: 694: 484: 472: 166: 56: 6497: 6457: 6437: 6205: 5995: 5371: 4552: 1719: 1643: 1424: 1234: 973: 846: 623: 6164: 6053: 6048: 6015: 5576: 4881: 4674: 3162: 2893: 2817:. He thought that this would help to raise people willing to work and reduce laziness. 1919: 1880: 1876: 1854:

Like many other nineteenth century Argentines prominent in public life, Belgrano was a

1282: 1182: 769: 5893: 5556: 4334: 3503: 3131:

Historical debate, rebuttals to the historical checkings about the history of Belgrano

3068: 3038: 2876: 1809: 5910: 5843: 5683: 5541: 5520: 5461: 5456: 5366: 5169: 5144: 5104: 4892: 4867: 4848: 4827: 4806: 4785: 4766: 4747: 4708: 4660: 4346: 4004: 3994: 3364: 3339: 3170: 2978:, which is the largest base of the Argentinian navy. A small town in the province of 2880: 2791: 2736: 1733: 1679: 1659: 1620: 1587: 1533: 1525: 1429: 1374: 1356: 1342: 1246: 1168: 1045: 826: 795: 787: 713: 708:

for his four daughters to marry merchants who would become his trusted agents in the

705: 697:, Argentina. The family was the second richest in Buenos Aires, after the Escaladas. 611: 548: 508: 500: 468: 428:. This rejection led him to work towards a greater autonomy for his country from the 411: 392: 350: 313: 287: 282: 6507: 6407: 6310: 6081: 6058: 5915: 5883: 4342: 555:

to order his replacement as Commander of the Army of the North by the newly arrived

6240: 6101: 5551: 4934: 4920: 3090: 3078: 2806: 1915: 1387: 1373:

He was appointed as the head of the Regiment of Patricians, replacing the banished

1362:

After the defeat in Tacuarí, the government of Buenos Aires (which by then was the

1226: 1174: 1131: 1105: 1097: 888: 870: 626:

seemed poised to invade Buenos Aires, he moved his army southwards, but his troops

536: 437: 379: 6502: 1737: 1504:

with an army of 2,500 men, to prepare an attack on Upper Peru. Goyeneche moved to

6561: 5612: 5566: 5159: 5000: 4993: 4985: 4842: 4800: 4702: 3390: 2975: 2840: 2820:

He also promoted the creation of schools for women, where they would learn about

2795: 2716: 1947: 1907: 1760: 1607:, which had grave consequences for the governments in the Americas. Belgrano and 1562:, San Martín travelled to the rendezvous as quickly as possible; they met at the 1485: 1473: 1301: 1222: 1069: 1052: 822: 701: 627: 598:, and many provincial delegates, but was strongly rejected by the delegates from 540: 340: 6159: 6139: 5320: 5238: 1275: 724:

Belgrano completed his first studies at the San Carlos school, where he learned

5955: 5935: 5925: 5878: 5868: 5848: 5729: 5617: 5376: 5356: 5068: 4338: 4310: 4286: 3182: 3142: 3006: 2946: 2802: 2790:, the specific ways to work with each crop, methods of seeding and harvesting, 1798: 1505: 1402: 1367: 1268: 1214: 1157: 1135: 1109: 1085: 1030: 944: 874: 791: 709: 668: 524: 496: 453: 449: 429: 419: 102: 90: 6581: 6230: 1740:

took control of the government of Tucumán, Belgrano was immediately released.

1698: 6679: 6566: 6517: 6487: 5835: 5772: 5632: 5174: 5140: 5073: 4559: 4477: 4432: 4366: 4264: 4217: 3304: 2964: 2913: 2832: 2787: 1779: 1667: 1600: 1563: 1548: 1539: 1202: 1197: 1093: 830: 603: 461: 445: 74: 4375:. Vol. 1–4. Richmond, VA: Macoy Publishing & Masonic Supply Co Inc. 4008: 2351:

Carlos Nicolás Félix Belgrano Berio (married to María Gentile Peri Tiragalo)

1290: 918:

shared with his cousin Belgrano the work in the consulate and in journalism.

5902: 5622: 5149: 4948: 4326: 2950: 2917: 1955: 1951: 1820: 1442: 1437:

away. When asked, he would say that he was keeping it for a great victory.

1346: 1330: 1251: 1205:. Belgrano was included in this junta, among many other local politicians. 1189: 1101: 1037: 1001:

Belgrano was appointed as captain of the urban militias in 1797 by viceroy

948: 741: 693:

Manuel Belgrano's mother was María Josefa González Islas y Casero, born in

651: 599: 543:. However, his deeper incursions into Upper Peru ended with the defeats of 520: 403: 396: 158: 20: 2986:, also bears his name, as well as many other small towns and departments. 594:

descendant as head of state. This proposal had the support of San Martín,

3149:. Historiographical studies of Manuel Belgrano are currently held by the 3145:. These disputes about Belgrano are considered the starting point of the 2763: 2755: 2743:

and held strong religious beliefs, being Roman Catholic and a devotee of

2728: 1967: 1903: 1391: 1115:

The project, however, found strong resistance. As Carlota was married to

1100:

was appointed King of Spain by the French victors. This led to a partial

1021:, arrived with 1,600 men and captured Buenos Aires, as part of the first 861: 761: 737: 672: 3016:, Italy, there is a commemorative statue of Belgrano, at the end of the 1582: 884:, which had wide readership in Argentina before the revolution in 1810. 775: 3028: 2759: 2740: 1888: 1632: 1529: 931: 842: 815: 516: 433: 214: 1394:. Belgrano created a flag with the same colours, which was hoisted at 1285:, where Belgrano solved an old border conflict between Corrientes and 855:

General Maxims of the Economical Government in an Agricultural Kingdom

667:

the following day. As he was born in the Americas he was considered a

5305: 5078: 5063: 2814: 2783: 1975: 1911: 1855: 1763:

and buried in the Santo Domingo convent. Before dying, Belgrano said

1743:

He returned to Buenos Aires, to his parents' house. By that time the

1655: 1081: 1064: 1005:, who was instructed by Spain to prepare defences against a possible 923: 757: 753: 583: 384: 256: 198: 170: 4723: 1991: 1501: 1468: 460:

from power on 25 May 1810. He was elected as a voting member of the

1935: 1930: 1859: 1624: 980: 765: 564: 5008: 3361:

The North American Role in the Spanish Imperial Economy, 1760–1819

3336:

Classical Economics Today: Essays in Honor of Alessandro Roncaglia

3119:

Estudios históricos sobre la Revolución de Mayo: Belgrano y Güemes

1894: 1171:, they waited for the news of the defeat in Spain to take action. 851:

Maximes générales de gouvernement economique d'un royaume agricole

5088: 2938: 2821: 1923: 1570:

to await outcome of the trial, and during this time he wrote his

1395: 1378: 1351: 733: 683: 679: 488: 441: 24: 4970: 3123:

Historical studies about the May Revolution: Belgrano and Güemes

2146:

Carlos Matías Belgrano y Belgrano (married to Juana del Giúdice)

1480:

By September, he provided assistance to the troops commanded by

1255:

Argentine armies heading to Paraguay (December 1810 – March 1811

570:

Belgrano then went on a diplomatic mission to Europe along with

4782:

Grandes protagonistas de la Historia Argentina: Manuel Belgrano

2754:

In the economic fields, he was influenced by the principles of

2732: 2633:

Juan José Gonzalez Islas (married to María Inés Casero Ramírez)

2273:

Carlos Félix Belgrano Bianchi (married to María Josefina Berio)

1971: 749: 1827:, sister of Manuel Belgrano's fiancée, adopted Belgrano's son. 602:. The Congress of Tucumán approved the use of his flag as the 444:

during the period when the French imprisoned the Spanish King

3013: 2810: 1963: 1959: 1756: 927: 729: 725: 631: 512: 4369:; but whether the lodge was truly masonic has been debated: 3107:

Rectificaciones históricas: General Belgrano, General Güemes

1329:, Paraguay broke ties with Buenos Aires as well, and stayed 368:

Manuel José Joaquín del Corazón de Jesús Belgrano y González

3111:

Historical rectifications: General Belgrano, General Güemes

1687: 911: 860:

Like many South American students, he became interested in

591: 4690:

Hombres representativos de la Historia Argentina: Belgrano

1654:

created a monarchic system. To this end he formulated the

760:

books. In this way he came into contact with authors like

3333: 2998:

within Buenos Aires city that carries the name Belgrano.

958:

He helped to create the first newspaper of the city, the

410:

while at university in Spain around the time of the 1789

3334:

Corsi, Marcella; Kregel, Jan; D'Ippoliti, Carlo (2018).

3083:

History of Belgrano and of the Independence of Argentina

1461:

By that time, the First Triumvirate was replaced by the

563:

had approved the use of Belgrano's flag as the national

3363:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 20. 2879:

stated that Manuel Belgrano held a deep admiration for

2221:

Francisco Belgrano del Giúdice (married to Ana Bianchi)

1978:

in the kidneys, and problems with the lungs and heart.

4826:(in Spanish). Argentina: Editorial del Nuevo Extremo. 1755:. On 20 June 1820, at the age of 50, Belgrano died of 1732:

led the uprising and attempted to put Belgrano into a

1627:, monarchies were preferred again, but in the form of 4704:

Americanos: Latin America's struggle for independence

690:, which his son Manuel would lead a few years later. 610:

from royalist advances while San Martín prepared the

370:(3 June 1770 – 20 June 1820), usually referred to as 5201:

Historia de Belgrano y de la Independencia Argentina

4910: 4652: 3074:

Historia de Belgrano y de la Independencia Argentina

3034:

Historia de Belgrano y de la Independencia Argentina

2805:

for poor children. In those schools, students would

1875:

physicians of the city: Miguel O'Gorman, related to

1831:

Manuel Belgrano met María Josefa Ezcurra, sister of

1336: 4763:

Grandes biografías de los 200 años: Manuel Belgrano

4615: 4613: 4534: 4532: 4385: 2945:, on 20 June, the anniversary of Belgrano's death. 800:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

6701:People from the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata 4880: 4784:(in Spanish). Argentina: Grupo Editorial Planeta. 4721: 3050:Bosquejo histórico del General Don Manuel Belgrano 467:As a delegate for the Junta, he led the ill-fated 5268: 3169:, the highest banknote value in circulation. The 1789:, Belgrano's body was exhumed from the atrium of 634:on 20 June 1820. His last words reportedly were: 146:Manuel José Joaquín del Corazón de Jesús Belgrano 6677: 4627: 4625: 4610: 4529: 3199: 3197: 2839:, with instructions to build primary schools at 1778:, who was minister by then, organised a massive 4141: 4139: 4120: 4118: 3044:The first biography of Manuel Belgrano was his 2967:, was named after him, as was the earlier 1896 1631:, such as in Britain. He also noticed that the 1040:was defeated by a force under the direction of 471:of 1810-1811. Belgrano's troops were beaten by 31: and the second or maternal family name is 5228:Equestrian monument to General Manuel Belgrano 4577: 4575: 4573: 3945: 3943: 3807: 3805: 3756: 3754: 3639: 3637: 3582: 3580: 3540:Belgrano y las Invasiones Inglesas 1806 y 1807 3400: 3398: 3359:Barbier, Jacques A.; Kuethe, Allan J. (1984). 3135:Nuevas comprobaciones sobre historia argentina 3060:. Álvarez Thomas wrote it during his exile at 3054:Historical stub on General Don Manuel Belgrano 2937:) was built in 1957 in honour of the flag, in 1577: 1196:, and that Spanish America was subject to the 1108:, sister of Ferdinand, who was then living in 1080:Manuel Belgrano was the main proponent of the 970:Semanario de Agricultura, Comercio e Industria 499:. While there, he developed the design of the 5311:Retroversion of the sovereignty to the people 5254: 5024: 4622: 3358: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3194: 2068:Pompeyo Belgrano (married to Marina Belgrano) 1194:retroversion of the sovereignty of the people 1096:was deposed and imprisoned and the Frenchman 487:in May 1811. He retreated to the vicinity of 423: 4866:(in Spanish). Argentina: H. Garetto Editor. 4847:. United States: University of Texas Press. 4512: 4510: 4136: 4115: 3726: 3724: 3291: 3289: 3139:New checkings about the history of Argentina 833:. The authors that most influenced him were 209:María Josefa Ezcurra, María Dolores Helguero 4570: 3940: 3802: 3751: 3634: 3577: 3395: 2020:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1974:had grown beyond normal levels, there were 1603:had returned to the throne and started the 523:, which evacuated the entire population of 395:. Argentines regard him as one of the main 5261: 5247: 5031: 5017: 4805:. United States: Oxford University Press. 4707:. United States: Oxford University Press. 4679:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3545:Belgrano and the 1806–1807 Brith Invasions 3272: 3064:, and his work had a high political bias. 3037:, biography of Manuel Belgrano written by 2994:) bear his name. Additionally, there is a 1554:The Second Triumvirate reacted by sending 1281:By the end of October the army stopped at 432:. At first he unsuccessfully promoted the 418:, where he became a notable member of the 55: 4798: 4546: 4544: 4507: 3721: 3286: 3256: 3254: 2777: 2727:one. He was driven by the concept of the 2040:Learn how and when to remove this message 1495: 1240: 5352:British invasions of the Río de la Plata 4887:. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: 4819: 4802:The Oxford History of Historical Writing 4760: 4700: 4694:National Academy of History of Argentina 4687: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4243: 3768: 3766: 3714: 3712: 3027: 2903: 2427:Domingo Francisco Cayetano Belgrano Peri 1893: 1819: 1697: 1581: 1538: 1528:, where he received reinforcements from 1467: 1423: 1350: 1250: 1173: 1068: 930:. He made many proposals, influenced by 910: 894: 774: 650: 87:25 May 1810 – 26 September 1810 6620:Exposición Internacional del Centenario 4878: 4840: 4741: 4653:Belgrano, Manuel; Felipe Pigna (2009). 4419: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4386:Robert L. Elissalde (10 October 2020). 4370: 1500:By June 1813 Belgrano set up a base in 189:United Provinces of the Río de la Plata 6678: 4994:Biography by the Minister of Education 4861: 4744:Mariano Moreno, "El sabiecito del sur" 4541: 4365:is known to have been a member of the 3988: 3510:Buenos Aires, 1859, v. 1, pp. 202–206. 3251: 1843:, who she had married shortly before. 1706:. Gunfire damage inflicted during the 1073:Belgrano supported the aspirations of 6543: 6185: 5823: 5653: 5608:Argentine Declaration of Independence 5428: 5280: 5242: 5012: 4240: 3984: 3982: 3763: 3709: 3329: 3327: 3177:banknotes were allowed to be used as 2693: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2630: 2627: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2569: 2562: 2560: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2471: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2432: 2430: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2362: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2348: 2345: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2287: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2157: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2082: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2059: 1714:In 1819 Buenos Aires was at war with 1658:: a monarchy ruled by a noble of the 1595:Argentine Declaration of Independence 1123:. By 1810 the project was forgotten. 849:. Belgrano translated Quesnay's book 378: 5336:The Representation of the Landowners 4779: 4398: 3117:as well, and Mitre would answer at " 2889:George Washington's Farewell Address 2706: 2685:María Josefa González Islas y Casero 2018:adding citations to reliable sources 1985: 1141:The Representation of the Hacendados 997:British invasions of the River Plate 990: 779:Manuel Belgrano as a student at the 6746:Argentine people of Spanish descent 6741:Argentine people of Italian descent 5038: 4656:Autobiografía y escritos económicos 3993:. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. 1767:(in Spanish, "Oh, my Fatherland"). 1023:British invasion of the River Plate 719: 665:Buenos Aires Metropolitan Cathedral 655:Coat of Arms of the Belgrano family 491:, to fortify it against a possible 452:(1807–1814). Belgrano favoured the 13: 6625:Copa Centenario Revolución de Mayo 6544: 5054:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires 4746:(in Spanish). Argentina: Colihue. 3979: 3324: 3089:as a whole. The work followed the 2859:declared that the money was lost; 2828:, in contrast with Protestantism. 2151:María Virginia Belgrano y Belgrano 1902:During his military career he had 1785:In 1902, during the presidency of 1519:Belgrano was taken by surprise at 1296:From that point the army moved to 906:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires 869:over theoric generalisations, and 688:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires 630:in January 1820. Belgrano died of 464:that took power after the ouster. 416:Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata 163:Governorate of the Rio de la Plata 116:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires 14: 6817: 4906: 4765:(in Spanish). Argentina: Clarín. 3023: 1337:Creation of the flag of Argentina 1151: 700:Domingo Belgrano Pérez managed a 497:Eastern Band of the Uruguay River 440:to become a regent ruler for the 262:United Provinces of South America 128:2 June 1794 – April 1810 6726:Argentine independence activists 6580: 6364: 5892: 5742: 5479: 5319: 5087: 4955: 4941: 4927: 4913: 4634: 4584: 4488: 4462: 4443: 4388:"Belgrano y la orden dominicana" 4379: 3537:Belgranian National Institute, " 3295:Belgranian National Institute, " 2794:of seeds, and identification of 2441: 2421:Juan Agustín María Belgrano Peri 2052: 1990: 1858:. Despite this, he was a devout 1815: 1702:Tomb of Manuel Belgrano, at the 1508:and resigned, being replaced by 1327:José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia 904:as "perpetual secretary" of the 255: 237: 63:attributed to Casimir Carbonnier 6806:University of Valladolid alumni 5991:José Ignacio Fernández Maradona 5824: 4701:Chasteen, John Charles (2008). 4646: 4550:Belgranian National Institute, 4516:Belgranian National Institute, 4494:Belgranian National Institute, 4468:Belgranian National Institute, 4449:Belgranian National Institute, 4423:Belgranian National Institute, 4275: 4255:Belgranian National Institute, 4228: 4208:Belgranian National Institute, 4202: 4193: 4184: 4175: 4166: 4157: 4148: 4127: 4106: 4097: 4088: 4079: 4070: 4061: 4052: 4043: 4034: 4025: 4016: 3970: 3961: 3952: 3931: 3922: 3913: 3904: 3895: 3886: 3877: 3868: 3859: 3850: 3841: 3832: 3823: 3814: 3793: 3784: 3775: 3742: 3733: 3700: 3691: 3682: 3673: 3664: 3655: 3646: 3625: 3616: 3607: 3598: 3589: 3568: 3559: 3550: 3531: 3522: 3513: 3497: 3488: 3479: 3470: 3461: 3452: 3443: 3434: 3425: 3416: 3407: 3377: 3352: 3315: 3101:, born in other provinces, and 2931:Monumento Nacional a la Bandera 2870: 2863:included it in the debt of the 1751:, starting the period known as 1747:had ended the authority of the 1179:The Open Cabildo on 22 May 1810 882:Maximas del Gobierno agricultor 772:, who were forbidden in Spain. 531:. His counter-offensive at the 6801:University of Salamanca alumni 6686:19th-century Argentine lawyers 6572:Argentine Constitution of 1819 6418:Pedro Ignacio de Castro Barros 6186: 5976:José Antonio Olmos de Aguilera 5526:Second Banda Oriental campaign 5467:Regiment of Mounted Grenadiers 4971:Instituto Nacional Belgraniano 4889:University of California Press 4761:Lagleyze, Julio Luqui (2010). 3263: 3242: 3233: 3224: 3215: 3206: 3156: 2924:Albert-Ernest Carrier-Belleuse 2433:Nicolás Ambrosio Belgrano Peri 1981: 1772:El Despertador Teofilantrópico 1682:at Cuyo and, after making the 1333:for several years afterwards. 1233:between Moreno, Belgrano, and 389:Argentine Wars of Independence 1: 6468:Teodoro Sánchez de Bustamante 5628:Revolution of October 8, 1812 5270:Argentine War of Independence 5207:Belgranian National Institute 4862:Scenna, Miguel Ángel (2009). 4728:Belgranian National Institute 3338:. Anthem Press. p. 238. 3151:Belgranian National Institute 3087:Argentine War of Independence 1693: 1559: 835:Pedro Rodríguez de Campomanes 798:, the universal scope of the 614:for an alternative offensive 414:. In 1794 he returned to the 391:and designed what became the 309:Argentine War of Independence 6781:Members of the Primera Junta 6523:Francisco Narciso de Laprida 6150:Antonio González de Balcarce 5403:Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros 4371:Denslow, William R. (1957). 4319:Francisco Narciso de Laprida 4299:Antonio González de Balcarce 2963:, which was sunk during the 2346:Juan Bautista Belgrano Berio 2216:Rogelio Belgrano del Giúdice 1864:Third Order of Saint Dominic 1128:Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros 1086:Spain was at war with France 1058: 839:Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos 641: 458:Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros 456:, which removed the viceroy 23:, the first or paternal 7: 6473:José Andrés Pacheco de Melo 6398:Justo de Santa María de Oro 6125:Gervasio Antonio de Posadas 5941:José Simón García de Cossio 5654: 4979:Timeline of Manuel Belgrano 4841:Saldaña, Juan José (2006). 4820:Saavedra, Cornelio (2009). 4351:Gervasio Antonio de Posadas 4199:Mario Belgrano, pp. 360–367 4190:Mario Belgrano, pp. 341–360 4031:Mario Belgrano, pp. 196–197 3958:Mario Belgrano, pp. 118–147 3919:Mario Belgrano, pp. 118–123 3901:Mario Belgrano, pp. 116–117 3147:Historiography of Argentina 3133:), and Mitre replied with " 3058:José Ignacio Álvarez Thomas 2141:Agustín Belgrano y Belgrano 1869: 1664:Declaration of Independence 1578:Declaration of Independence 1446:of 500 men during the 671:, a social class below the 646: 114:Perpetual secretary of the 10: 6822: 6796:Spanish colonial officials 6771:Argentine male journalists 6443:Pedro Francisco de Uriarte 6016:Feliciano Antonio Chiclana 6006:Pedro Francisco de Uriarte 5516:Liniers Counter-revolution 5506:Second Upper Peru campaign 5281: 4883:The Invention of Argentina 4799:Macintyre, Stuart (2011). 4742:Galasso, Norberto (2004). 4355:Domingo Faustino Sarmiento 4315:Gregorio Aráoz de Lamadrid 3892:Mario Belgrano, pp. 99–117 2731:, which he regarded as an 1929:Belgrano also experienced 1592: 1586:Manuel Belgrano holds the 1407:Gregorio Aráoz de Lamadrid 1340: 1244: 1155: 1075:Carlota Joaquina de Borbón 1062: 994: 380:[maˈnwelβelˈɣɾano] 18: 6751:Argentine Roman Catholics 6649:First National Government 6640: 6607: 6589: 6578: 6554: 6550: 6539: 6373: 6362: 6196: 6192: 6181: 6155:Juan Martín de Pueyrredón 6115: 6072: 6064:Juan Martín de Pueyrredón 6039: 6001:Francisco Ortiz de Ocampo 5901: 5890: 5834: 5830: 5819: 5781: 5760: 5751: 5740: 5717: 5671: 5664: 5660: 5649: 5600: 5534: 5511:Third Upper Peru campaign 5501:First Upper Peru campaign 5488: 5477: 5450: 5446: 5424: 5385: 5344: 5328: 5317: 5293: 5289: 5276: 5215: 5187: 5133:2nd Upper Peru expedition 5131: 5103: 5096: 5085: 5046: 4879:Shumway, Nicolas (1991). 4726:(in Spanish). Argentina: 4692:(in Spanish). Argentina: 4659:(in Spanish). Argentina. 3874:Mario Belgrano, pp. 87–98 3847:Mario Belgrano, pp. 83–85 3820:Mario Belgrano, pp. 74–75 3239:Mario Belgrano, pp. 17–19 3221:Mario Belgrano, pp. 13–17 2899: 2656: 2654: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2593: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2503: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2386: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2311: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2244: 2242: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2181: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2106: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2092: 2090: 2088: 1629:constitutional monarchies 1599:By 1814 the Spanish King 979:Belgrano had symptoms of 361: 301: 275: 267: 250: 245: 233: 225: 213: 205: 194: 177: 141: 136: 132: 121: 113: 80: 72: 68: 54: 42: 6786:People from Buenos Aires 6428:Mariano Sánchez de Loria 6326:Andrés Pardo de Figueroa 5946:Juan Francisco Tarragona 5794:Francisco Javier de Elío 5489:Campaigns & Theaters 5433:Campaigns & Theaters 5408:Francisco Javier de Elío 4844:Science in Latin America 4722:Aníbal Jorge Luzuriaga. 4688:Belgrano, Mario (1944). 4553:La educación de la mujer 4373:10,000 Famous Freemasons 3188: 3095:Dalmacio Vélez Sarsfield 2701: 2356:Francisco Belgrano Berio 1797:(ministry of interior), 1543:Meeting of Belgrano and 1419:José Manuel de Goyeneche 966:Francisco Cabello y Mesa 582:(1816). He promoted the 485:independence of Paraguay 220:University of Valladolid 73:Committee member of the 6706:Argentine abolitionists 6493:Cayetano José Rodríguez 6478:José Ignacio de Gorriti 6356:Pedro Ignacio de Rivera 5971:Juan Ignacio de Gorriti 5966:Francisco de Gurruchaga 5704:Martín Miguel de Güemes 3115:Martín Miguel de Güemes 2749:constitutional monarchy 2628:Gregoria González Islas 802:, and criticism of the 781:University of Salamanca 748:, even books deemed as 596:Martín Miguel de Güemes 588:constitutional monarchy 519:, Belgrano ordered the 430:Spanish colonial regime 6632:Argentina Bicentennial 6483:Manuel Antonio Acevedo 6448:Esteban Agustín Gazcón 6321:José Miguel de Cabrera 6296:Ramón Eduardo Anchoris 6246:Carlos María de Alvear 6216:Vicente López y Planes 6145:Ignacio Álvarez Thomas 6130:Carlos María de Alvear 6087:Nicolás Rodríguez Peña 6011:Nicolás Rodríguez Peña 5789:Ferdinand VII of Spain 5679:Carlos María de Alvear 5472:Regiment of Patricians 5223:National Flag Memorial 4564: 4523: 4501: 4482: 4456: 4437: 4331:Vicente López y Planes 4291:Carlos María de Alvear 4269: 4222: 3989:Marley, David (1998). 3760:Manuel Belgrano, p. 70 3670:Manuel Belgrano, p. 65 3631:Manuel Belgrano, p. 63 3574:Manuel Belgrano, p. 57 3544: 3449:Manuel Belgrano, p. 56 3309: 3082: 3062:Colonia del Sacramento 3041: 2996:northern neighbourhood 2984:Villa General Belgrano 2935:National Flag Memorial 2926: 2778:Promotion of education 2715:, and was a versatile 2548:José Baltasar de Islas 1899: 1828: 1753:Anarchy of the year 20 1711: 1649:Belgrano met with the 1605:Absolutist Restoration 1590: 1551: 1496:Campaign to Upper Peru 1482:José Miguel Díaz Vélez 1477: 1433: 1413:, Diego Balcarce, and 1359: 1256: 1241:Expedition to Paraguay 1185: 1167:. Under the advice of 1090:abdications of Bayonne 1077: 1019:William Carr Beresford 1003:Pedro Melo de Portugal 919: 821:Belgrano also studied 783: 656: 580:Argentine independence 424: 376:Spanish pronunciation: 6736:Argentine monarchists 6731:Argentine journalists 6266:José Fermín Sarmiento 6198:Assembly of Year XIII 6092:Antonio Álvarez Jonte 5981:Manuel Ignacio Molina 5694:José Gervasio Artigas 5496:Crossing of the Andes 5362:Chuquisaca Revolution 5113:Battle of Campichuelo 4359:Justo José de Urquiza 4283:Juan Bautista Alberdi 3838:Mario Belgrano, p. 83 3781:Mario Belgrano, p. 72 3772:Mario Belgrano, p. 67 3748:Mario Belgrano, p. 66 3718:Mario Belgrano, p. 65 3706:Mario Belgrano. p. 64 3652:Mario Belgrano, p. 55 3622:Mario Belgrano, p. 52 3508:Historia de Belgrano. 3494:Mario Belgrano, p. 42 3476:Mario Belgrano, p. 37 3467:Mario Belgrano, p. 27 3458:Mario Belgrano, p. 38 3422:Mario Belgrano, p. 32 3413:Mario Belgrano. p. 26 3310:Intellectual training 3298:formación intelectual 3269:Mario Belgrano, p. 23 3230:Mario Belgrano, p. 17 3212:Mario Belgrano, p. 18 3099:Juan Bautista Alberdi 3031: 2907: 2865:Buenos Aires province 2849:San Miguel de Tucumán 2772:Crossing of the Andes 2553:Lucía de Islas y Alba 1906:, such as before the 1897: 1823: 1716:José Gervasio Artigas 1708:1807 British Invasion 1704:Santo Domingo convent 1701: 1684:Crossing of the Andes 1640:José Gervasio Artigas 1585: 1542: 1510:Joaquín de la Pezuela 1471: 1452:San Miguel de Tucumán 1448:Battle of Las Piedras 1427: 1390:or his esteem of the 1354: 1306:Battle of Campichuelo 1254: 1231:collaborative writing 1177: 1072: 914: 902:Don Diego de Gardoqui 895:Work in the consulate 866:state interventionism 812:Spanish Enlightenment 804:divine right of kings 778: 752:, excepting only the 744:allowed him to study 661:Santo Domingo convent 654: 620:José Gervasio Artigas 608:San Miguel de Tucumán 561:Asamblea del Año XIII 529:San Miguel de Tucumán 402:Belgrano was born in 319:Battle of Campichuelo 293:Regiment of Patricios 268:Years of service 89:Serving with 61:Portrait of Belgrano 6716:Argentine Freemasons 6711:Argentine economists 6615:Argentina Centennial 6513:José Mariano Serrano 6463:Eduardo Pérez Bulnes 6433:Pedro Ignacio Rivera 6393:José Antonio Cabrera 6341:Simón Díaz de Ramila 6331:José Mariano Serrano 6316:Cosme Damián Urtubey 5951:Manuel Felipe Molina 5725:Bernardino Rivadavia 5451:Argentine Combatants 5393:Rafael de Sobremonte 5301:Age of Enlightenment 5165:Battle of Vilcapugio 4984:15 June 2010 at the 4963:Latin America portal 4780:Luna, Félix (2004). 4558:27 November 2012 at 4431:28 November 2012 at 4263:27 November 2012 at 3389:29 June 2011 at the 3303:27 November 2012 at 2857:Bernardino Rivadavia 2721:Age of Enlightenment 2713:Atlantic Revolutions 2014:improve this section 1946:He also experienced 1862:and a member of the 1841:Juan Manuel de Rosas 1787:Julio Argentino Roca 1776:Bernardino Rivadavia 1609:Bernardino Rivadavia 1415:Eustaquio Díaz Vélez 1384:cockade of Argentina 1267:, Paraguay, and the 1015:Rafael de Sobremonte 790:. The principles of 746:forbidden literature 638:(Oh, my homeland!). 572:Bernardino Rivadavia 408:Age of Enlightenment 346:Battle of Vilcapugio 6423:José Severo Malabia 6403:José Ignacio Thames 6375:Congress of Tucumán 6286:Agustín José Donado 6281:Juan Ramón Balcarce 6256:Bernardo Monteagudo 6251:Tomás Antonio Valle 5921:Miguel de Azcuénaga 5854:Miguel de Azcuénaga 5768:Santiago de Liniers 5398:Santiago de Liniers 5118:Battle of Paraguarí 5059:Telégrafo Mercantil 4999:8 June 2017 at the 4303:Antonio Luis Beruti 4301:, Manuel Belgrano, 4295:Miguel de Azcuénaga 3910:Chasteen, pp. 77–78 3113:) which dealt with 3103:Vicente Fidel López 3003:Casa de la Libertad 2885:American Revolution 2861:Juan Ramón Balcarce 2853:Santiago del Estero 2826:mixed-sex education 2751:, like in Britain. 2638:José González Islas 1914:and were caused by 1833:Encarnación Ezcurra 1825:Encarnación Ezcurra 1795:Joaquín V. González 1651:Congress of Tucuman 1617:Charles IV of Spain 1476:, by Arístides Papi 1409:, Cornelio Zelaya, 1310:Battle of Paraguarí 1121:absolutist monarchy 1092:, the Spanish king 1042:Santiago de Liniers 961:Telégrafo Mercantil 695:Santiago del Estero 576:Congress of Tucumán 473:Bernardo de Velasco 324:Battle of Paraguarí 206:Domestic partner(s) 167:Viceroyalty of Peru 95:Miguel de Azcuénaga 6721:Argentine generals 6453:Pedro Miguel Aráoz 6383:Tomás de Anchorena 6336:Ángel Mariano Toro 6306:Francisco Argerich 6165:Juan Pedro Aguirre 6135:Juan José Viamonte 6074:Second Triumvirate 6054:Feliciano Chiclana 6049:Manuel de Sarratea 6021:Atanasio Gutiérrez 5864:Juan José Castelli 5689:José de San Martín 4363:José de San Martín 4307:Juan José Castelli 4281:The list includes 4237:, 6 September 1902 3799:Galasso, pp. 25–48 3042: 3018:Corso Buenos Aires 2980:Córdoba, Argentina 2927: 2894:Gettysburg Address 2837:XIII year Assembly 2768:José de San Martín 1920:respiratory system 1900: 1829: 1725:Juan José Viamonte 1712: 1676:José de San Martín 1613:Francisco de Paula 1591: 1560:Belgrano's illness 1556:José de San Martín 1552: 1545:José de San Martín 1514:Juan José Castelli 1478: 1463:Second Triumvirate 1434: 1360: 1257: 1186: 1183:Pedro Subercaseaux 1078: 985:Juan José Castelli 937:Juan José Castelli 920: 916:Juan José Castelli 784: 657: 636:"¡Ay, Patria mía!" 557:José de San Martín 553:Second Triumvirate 475:at the battles of 99:Juan José Castelli 6761:Deaths from edema 6673: 6672: 6669: 6668: 6665: 6664: 6535: 6534: 6531: 6530: 6413:Gerónimo Salguero 6388:Juan Agustín Maza 6346:Gregorio Ferreira 6221:José Julián Pérez 6177: 6176: 6173: 6172: 6117:Supreme Directors 6097:José Julián Pérez 6041:First Triumvirate 5961:José Julián Pérez 5911:Cornelio Saavedra 5844:Cornelio Saavedra 5815: 5814: 5811: 5810: 5807: 5806: 5738: 5737: 5684:Cornelio Saavedra 5645: 5644: 5641: 5640: 5521:Paraguay campaign 5462:Army of the North 5457:Army of the Andes 5420: 5419: 5416: 5415: 5367:La Paz revolution 5236: 5235: 5183: 5182: 5170:Battle of Ayohuma 5155:Battle of Tucumán 5145:Flag of Argentina 5123:Battle of Tacuarí 5105:Paraguay campaign 4872:978-987-1494-05-4 4854:978-0-292-71271-3 4833:978-987-609-171-8 4823:Memoria autógrafa 4812:978-0-19-953309-1 4772:978-987-07-0837-7 4724:"Manuel Belgrano" 4714:978-0-19-517881-4 4666:978-950-04-3189-7 4640:Macintyre, p. 471 4631:Macintyre, p. 469 4565:Women's education 4476:5 August 2012 at 4347:Carlos Pellegrini 4216:4 August 2012 at 4172:Luna, pp. 135–137 4154:Luna, pp. 134–135 4103:Luna, pp. 124–125 4085:Luna, pp. 117–119 3345:978-1-78308-751-8 3171:Argentine austral 2881:George Washington 2737:French Revolution 2725:Latin Americanist 2707:Political thought 2699: 2698: 2439: 2438: 2050: 2049: 2042: 1918:, and not in the 1749:Supreme Directors 1680:Army of the Andes 1660:Inca civilisation 1621:French Revolution 1588:Flag of Argentina 1456:Battle of Tucumán 1430:Flag of Argentina 1375:Cornelio Saavedra 1364:First Triumvirate 1357:Flag of Argentina 1355:First use of the 1343:Flag of Argentina 1319:Battle of Tacuarí 1247:Paraguay campaign 1169:Cornelio Saavedra 1046:Cornelio Saavedra 991:British invasions 827:political economy 788:French Revolution 714:Misiones Province 612:Army of the Andes 578:, which declared 533:Battle of Tucumán 509:Army of the North 505:First Triumvirate 501:flag of Argentina 469:Paraguay campaign 412:French Revolution 393:flag of Argentina 365: 364: 351:Battle of Ayohuma 336:Battle of Tucumán 329:Battle of Tacuarí 314:Paraguay campaign 288:Army of the North 283:Paraguay campaign 6813: 6584: 6552: 6551: 6541: 6540: 6498:José Darragueira 6458:Tomás Godoy Cruz 6438:Pedro León Gallo 6368: 6261:Mariano Perdriel 6241:Gervasio Posadas 6206:Hipólito Vieytes 6194: 6193: 6183: 6182: 6102:Gervasio Posadas 5996:Hipólito Vieytes 5986:Marcelino Poblet 5896: 5832: 5831: 5821: 5820: 5799:Martín de Álzaga 5758: 5757: 5746: 5669: 5668: 5662: 5661: 5651: 5650: 5483: 5448: 5447: 5426: 5425: 5372:Mutiny of Álzaga 5323: 5291: 5290: 5278: 5277: 5263: 5256: 5249: 5240: 5239: 5101: 5100: 5091: 5047:Political career 5033: 5026: 5019: 5010: 5009: 5005: 4990: 4975: 4965: 4960: 4959: 4958: 4951: 4946: 4945: 4944: 4937: 4935:Argentina portal 4932: 4931: 4930: 4923: 4921:Biography portal 4918: 4917: 4916: 4902: 4886: 4875: 4858: 4837: 4816: 4795: 4776: 4757: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4718: 4697: 4684: 4678: 4670: 4641: 4638: 4632: 4629: 4620: 4617: 4608: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4594:. Archived from 4588: 4582: 4579: 4568: 4548: 4539: 4536: 4527: 4514: 4505: 4492: 4486: 4466: 4460: 4447: 4441: 4421: 4396: 4395: 4383: 4377: 4376: 4279: 4273: 4253: 4238: 4232: 4226: 4206: 4200: 4197: 4191: 4188: 4182: 4179: 4173: 4170: 4164: 4161: 4155: 4152: 4146: 4143: 4134: 4131: 4125: 4122: 4113: 4110: 4104: 4101: 4095: 4092: 4086: 4083: 4077: 4074: 4068: 4065: 4059: 4056: 4050: 4047: 4041: 4038: 4032: 4029: 4023: 4020: 4014: 4012: 3986: 3977: 3974: 3968: 3965: 3959: 3956: 3950: 3947: 3938: 3935: 3929: 3926: 3920: 3917: 3911: 3908: 3902: 3899: 3893: 3890: 3884: 3881: 3875: 3872: 3866: 3863: 3857: 3854: 3848: 3845: 3839: 3836: 3830: 3827: 3821: 3818: 3812: 3809: 3800: 3797: 3791: 3788: 3782: 3779: 3773: 3770: 3761: 3758: 3749: 3746: 3740: 3737: 3731: 3728: 3719: 3716: 3707: 3704: 3698: 3695: 3689: 3686: 3680: 3677: 3671: 3668: 3662: 3659: 3653: 3650: 3644: 3641: 3632: 3629: 3623: 3620: 3614: 3611: 3605: 3602: 3596: 3593: 3587: 3584: 3575: 3572: 3566: 3563: 3557: 3554: 3548: 3535: 3529: 3526: 3520: 3517: 3511: 3504:Mitre, Bartolomé 3501: 3495: 3492: 3486: 3483: 3477: 3474: 3468: 3465: 3459: 3456: 3450: 3447: 3441: 3438: 3432: 3429: 3423: 3420: 3414: 3411: 3405: 3402: 3393: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3331: 3322: 3321:Pigna, pp. 11–12 3319: 3313: 3293: 3284: 3281: 3270: 3267: 3261: 3258: 3249: 3246: 3240: 3237: 3231: 3228: 3222: 3219: 3213: 3210: 3204: 3201: 3175:pesos argentinos 3167:pesos argentinos 3091:Great Man theory 2992:Avenida Belgrano 2988:Avenida Belgrano 2971:General Belgrano 2960:General Belgrano 2883:, leader of the 2867:a decade later. 2809:and learn basic 2784:educative system 2446: 2445: 2057: 2056: 2045: 2038: 2034: 2031: 2025: 1994: 1986: 1970:. The liver and 1912:digestive system 1765:"Ay, Patria mía" 1745:Battle of Cepeda 1730:Abraham González 1720:Estanislao López 1644:Estanislao López 1428:Blessing of the 1388:House of Bourbon 1235:Hipólito Vieytes 1227:literary forgery 1132:Junta of Seville 1106:Carlota Joaquina 1098:Joseph Bonaparte 974:Hipólito Vieytes 889:Antonio Genovesi 871:Antonio Genovesi 847:François Quesnay 823:living languages 720:European studies 624:Estanislao López 616:across the Andes 495:attack from the 438:Carlota Joaquina 427: 399:of the country. 397:Founding Fathers 382: 377: 260: 259: 246:Military service 241: 184: 155: 153: 137:Personal details 126: 85: 59: 40: 39: 6821: 6820: 6816: 6815: 6814: 6812: 6811: 6810: 6776:Manuel Belgrano 6676: 6675: 6674: 6661: 6636: 6603: 6585: 6576: 6562:Operations plan 6546: 6527: 6369: 6360: 6188: 6169: 6111: 6068: 6035: 6031:Joaquín Campana 5897: 5888: 5859:Manuel Belgrano 5826: 5803: 5777: 5747: 5734: 5713: 5699:Manuel Belgrano 5656: 5637: 5613:Arequito Revolt 5596: 5530: 5484: 5475: 5442: 5412: 5381: 5340: 5324: 5315: 5294:Political ideas 5285: 5272: 5267: 5237: 5232: 5211: 5179: 5160:Battle of Salta 5127: 5097:Military career 5092: 5083: 5042: 5040:Manuel Belgrano 5037: 5003: 5001:Wayback Machine 4988: 4986:Wayback Machine 4973: 4961: 4956: 4954: 4947: 4942: 4940: 4933: 4928: 4926: 4919: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4899: 4855: 4834: 4813: 4792: 4773: 4754: 4732: 4730: 4715: 4672: 4671: 4667: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4635: 4630: 4623: 4619:Lagleyze, p. 55 4618: 4611: 4601: 4599: 4598:on 6 March 2016 4590: 4589: 4585: 4581:Lagleyze, p. 49 4580: 4571: 4549: 4542: 4538:Lagleyze, p. 47 4537: 4530: 4515: 4508: 4502:The religiosity 4497:La religiosidad 4493: 4489: 4483:The common good 4467: 4463: 4452:Panamericanismo 4448: 4444: 4422: 4399: 4384: 4380: 4335:Bartolomé Mitre 4280: 4276: 4254: 4241: 4233: 4229: 4207: 4203: 4198: 4194: 4189: 4185: 4180: 4176: 4171: 4167: 4162: 4158: 4153: 4149: 4144: 4137: 4132: 4128: 4123: 4116: 4111: 4107: 4102: 4098: 4093: 4089: 4084: 4080: 4075: 4071: 4066: 4062: 4057: 4053: 4048: 4044: 4039: 4035: 4030: 4026: 4021: 4017: 4001: 3987: 3980: 3976:Luna, pp. 85–86 3975: 3971: 3966: 3962: 3957: 3953: 3948: 3941: 3936: 3932: 3927: 3923: 3918: 3914: 3909: 3905: 3900: 3896: 3891: 3887: 3882: 3878: 3873: 3869: 3864: 3860: 3855: 3851: 3846: 3842: 3837: 3833: 3828: 3824: 3819: 3815: 3810: 3803: 3798: 3794: 3790:Saldaña, p. 158 3789: 3785: 3780: 3776: 3771: 3764: 3759: 3752: 3747: 3743: 3739:Saavedra, p. 59 3738: 3734: 3729: 3722: 3717: 3710: 3705: 3701: 3696: 3692: 3687: 3683: 3678: 3674: 3669: 3665: 3660: 3656: 3651: 3647: 3642: 3635: 3630: 3626: 3621: 3617: 3613:Luna, pp. 33–34 3612: 3608: 3603: 3599: 3594: 3590: 3585: 3578: 3573: 3569: 3564: 3560: 3555: 3551: 3536: 3532: 3528:Luna, pp. 21–22 3527: 3523: 3518: 3514: 3502: 3498: 3493: 3489: 3485:Lagleyze, p. 13 3484: 3480: 3475: 3471: 3466: 3462: 3457: 3453: 3448: 3444: 3439: 3435: 3431:Luna, pp. 23–24 3430: 3426: 3421: 3417: 3412: 3408: 3403: 3396: 3391:Wayback Machine 3382: 3378: 3371: 3357: 3353: 3346: 3332: 3325: 3320: 3316: 3294: 3287: 3282: 3273: 3268: 3264: 3259: 3252: 3248:Lagleyze, p. 10 3247: 3243: 3238: 3234: 3229: 3225: 3220: 3216: 3211: 3207: 3202: 3195: 3191: 3163:Peso Ley 18.188 3159: 3143:primary sources 3069:Bartolomé Mitre 3056:), authored by 3039:Bartolomé Mitre 3026: 2976:Puerto Belgrano 2921: 2902: 2877:Bartolomé Mitre 2873: 2780: 2745:Marian theology 2709: 2704: 2444: 2055: 2046: 2035: 2029: 2026: 2011: 1995: 1984: 1948:stomach disease 1908:Battle of Salta 1877:Camila O'Gorman 1872: 1818: 1810:Bartolomé Mitre 1761:Dominican Order 1696: 1633:European powers 1597: 1580: 1498: 1486:Battle of Salta 1474:Battle of Salta 1349: 1339: 1302:natural barrier 1249: 1243: 1223:Operations plan 1160: 1154: 1126:A new viceroy, 1067: 1061: 1053:Robert Craufurd 999: 993: 897: 722: 702:family business 649: 644: 559:. By then, the 541:Battle of Salta 375: 372:Manuel Belgrano 357: 341:Battle of Salta 297: 254: 195:Political party 186: 182: 157: 151: 149: 148: 147: 127: 122: 109: 86: 81: 64: 62: 50: 45: 44:Manuel Belgrano 36: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6819: 6809: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6766:Flag designers 6763: 6758: 6756:Lay Dominicans 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6671: 6670: 6667: 6666: 6663: 6662: 6660: 6659: 6652: 6644: 6642: 6638: 6637: 6635: 6634: 6629: 6628: 6627: 6622: 6611: 6609: 6605: 6604: 6602: 6601: 6599:Historiography 6595: 6593: 6587: 6586: 6579: 6577: 6575: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6558: 6556: 6555:Related topics 6548: 6547: 6545:Related topics 6537: 6536: 6533: 6532: 6529: 6528: 6526: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6508:Juan José Paso 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6408:José Colombres 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6379: 6377: 6371: 6370: 6363: 6361: 6359: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6311:Antonio Suárez 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6276:Nicolás Laguna 6273: 6271:José Ugarteche 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6211:Valentín Gómez 6208: 6202: 6200: 6190: 6189: 6179: 6178: 6175: 6174: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6121: 6119: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6082:Juan José Paso 6078: 6076: 6070: 6069: 6067: 6066: 6061: 6059:Juan José Paso 6056: 6051: 6045: 6043: 6037: 6036: 6034: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5956:Gregorio Funes 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5936:Manuel Alberti 5933: 5928: 5926:Domingo Matheu 5923: 5918: 5916:Juan José Paso 5913: 5907: 5905: 5899: 5898: 5891: 5889: 5887: 5886: 5884:Juan José Paso 5881: 5879:Mariano Moreno 5876: 5871: 5869:Domingo Matheu 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5849:Manuel Alberti 5846: 5840: 5838: 5828: 5827: 5817: 5816: 5813: 5812: 5809: 5808: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5785: 5783: 5779: 5778: 5776: 5775: 5770: 5764: 5762: 5755: 5749: 5748: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5735: 5733: 5732: 5730:Mariano Moreno 5727: 5721: 5719: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5675: 5673: 5666: 5658: 5657: 5647: 5646: 5643: 5642: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5618:Cry of Asencio 5615: 5610: 5604: 5602: 5598: 5597: 5595: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5538: 5536: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5492: 5490: 5486: 5485: 5478: 5476: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5452: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5440: 5437: 5434: 5422: 5421: 5418: 5417: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5389: 5387: 5383: 5382: 5380: 5379: 5377:May Revolution 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5357:Peninsular War 5354: 5348: 5346: 5342: 5341: 5339: 5338: 5332: 5330: 5326: 5325: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5297: 5295: 5287: 5286: 5274: 5273: 5266: 5265: 5258: 5251: 5243: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5230: 5225: 5219: 5217: 5213: 5212: 5210: 5209: 5204: 5197: 5191: 5189: 5188:Historiography 5185: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5137: 5135: 5129: 5128: 5126: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5109: 5107: 5098: 5094: 5093: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5069:May Revolution 5066: 5061: 5056: 5050: 5048: 5044: 5043: 5036: 5035: 5028: 5021: 5013: 5007: 5006: 4991: 4976: 4967: 4966: 4952: 4938: 4924: 4908: 4907:External links 4905: 4904: 4903: 4897: 4876: 4864:Mariano Moreno 4859: 4853: 4838: 4832: 4817: 4811: 4796: 4790: 4777: 4771: 4758: 4752: 4739: 4719: 4713: 4698: 4685: 4665: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4642: 4633: 4621: 4609: 4583: 4569: 4540: 4528: 4506: 4487: 4461: 4457:Panamericanism 4442: 4397: 4378: 4343:Juan José Paso 4339:Mariano Moreno 4311:Domingo French 4287:Manuel Alberti 4274: 4239: 4227: 4223:His last rites 4201: 4192: 4183: 4174: 4165: 4156: 4147: 4135: 4126: 4114: 4105: 4096: 4087: 4078: 4069: 4060: 4051: 4042: 4033: 4024: 4015: 3999: 3978: 3969: 3960: 3951: 3939: 3930: 3921: 3912: 3903: 3894: 3885: 3876: 3867: 3858: 3849: 3840: 3831: 3822: 3813: 3801: 3792: 3783: 3774: 3762: 3750: 3741: 3732: 3730:Shumway, p. 20 3720: 3708: 3699: 3690: 3681: 3672: 3663: 3654: 3645: 3633: 3624: 3615: 3606: 3604:Shumway, p. 19 3597: 3595:Shumway, p. 17 3588: 3576: 3567: 3558: 3549: 3530: 3521: 3512: 3496: 3487: 3478: 3469: 3460: 3451: 3442: 3433: 3424: 3415: 3406: 3394: 3376: 3369: 3351: 3344: 3323: 3314: 3285: 3271: 3262: 3250: 3241: 3232: 3223: 3214: 3205: 3203:Lagleyze, p. 8 3192: 3190: 3187: 3183:Argentine peso 3181:. The current 3158: 3155: 3067:The historian 3025: 3024:Historiography 3022: 3007:Sucre, Bolivia 3001:In the museum 2947:Jujuy Province 2901: 2898: 2875:The historian 2872: 2869: 2833:gold kilograms 2779: 2776: 2708: 2705: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2672: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2625: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2567: 2565: 2564: 2563:Juana de Islas 2561: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2549: 2545: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2467: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2435: 2434: 2431: 2429: 2424: 2422: 2418: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2357: 2354: 2352: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2319: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2227: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2047: 1998: 1996: 1989: 1983: 1980: 1952:low production 1871: 1868: 1817: 1814: 1799:Pablo Riccheri 1734:shrew's fiddle 1695: 1692: 1593:Main article: 1579: 1576: 1497: 1494: 1411:José María Paz 1403:Manuel Dorrego 1368:Banda Oriental 1338: 1335: 1269:Banda Oriental 1245:Main article: 1242: 1239: 1215:Mariano Moreno 1158:May Revolution 1156:Main article: 1153: 1152:May Revolution 1150: 1136:Mariano Moreno 1110:Rio de Janeiro 1088:. Through the 1063:Main article: 1060: 1057: 1031:Banda Oriental 995:Main article: 992: 989: 972:, directed by 964:, directed by 945:Domingo Matheu 926:commerce with 896: 893: 875:free education 728:, philosophy, 721: 718: 710:Banda Oriental 648: 645: 643: 640: 551:, leading the 525:Jujuy Province 454:May Revolution 450:Peninsular War 363: 362: 359: 358: 356: 355: 354: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 332: 331: 326: 321: 305: 303: 299: 298: 296: 295: 290: 285: 279: 277: 273: 272: 269: 265: 264: 252: 248: 247: 243: 242: 235: 231: 230: 227: 223: 222: 217: 211: 210: 207: 203: 202: 196: 192: 191: 187:Buenos Aires, 185:(aged 50) 179: 175: 174: 145: 143: 139: 138: 134: 133: 130: 129: 119: 118: 111: 110: 103:Domingo Matheu 91:Manuel Alberti 88: 78: 77: 70: 69: 66: 65: 60: 52: 51: 46: 43: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6818: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 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Amenábar 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6184: 6180: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6122: 6120: 6118: 6114: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6079: 6077: 6075: 6071: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6046: 6044: 6042: 6038: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5900: 5895: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5837: 5836:Primera Junta 5833: 5829: 5822: 5818: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5786: 5784: 5780: 5774: 5773:Vicente Nieto 5771: 5769: 5766: 5765: 5763: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5750: 5745: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5716: 5710: 5709:William Brown 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5670: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5652: 5648: 5634: 5633:Yatasto relay 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5599: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5562:Martín García 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5539: 5537: 5535:Major battles 5533: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5487: 5482: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5438: 5435: 5432: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5386:Last viceroys 5384: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5349: 5347: 5343: 5337: 5334: 5333: 5331: 5327: 5322: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5298: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5264: 5259: 5257: 5252: 5250: 5245: 5244: 5241: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5214: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5202: 5198: 5196: 5195:Autobiography 5193: 5192: 5190: 5186: 5176: 5175:Yatasto relay 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5142: 5139: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5130: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5102: 5099: 5095: 5090: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5074:Primera Junta 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5051: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5034: 5029: 5027: 5022: 5020: 5015: 5014: 5011: 5002: 4998: 4995: 4992: 4987: 4983: 4980: 4977: 4972: 4969: 4968: 4964: 4953: 4950: 4939: 4936: 4925: 4922: 4911: 4900: 4898:0-520-08284-2 4894: 4890: 4885: 4884: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4860: 4856: 4850: 4846: 4845: 4839: 4835: 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2468: 2457:José de Islas 2447: 2442:Mother's side 2436: 2428: 2419: 2416: 2408: 2406: 2398: 2396: 2395: 2384: 2376: 2374: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2344: 2341: 2333: 2331: 2323: 2321: 2320: 2309: 2301: 2299: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2284: 2263: 2261: 2231: 2229: 2214: 2211: 2203: 2201: 2193: 2191: 2190: 2179: 2171: 2169: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2139: 2136: 2128: 2126: 2118: 2116: 2115: 2104: 2096: 2094: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2058: 2053:Father's side 2044: 2041: 2033: 2030:February 2018 2023: 2019: 2015: 2009: 2008: 2004: 1999:This section 1997: 1993: 1988: 1987: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1966:in the right 1965: 1961: 1957: 1956:gastric acids 1953: 1949: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1896: 1892: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1842: 1836: 1834: 1826: 1822: 1816:Personal life 1813: 1811: 1806: 1805: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1791:Santo Domingo 1788: 1783: 1781: 1780:state funeral 1777: 1773: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1741: 1739: 1738:Bernabé Araoz 1735: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1717: 1709: 1705: 1700: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1678:: create the 1677: 1671: 1669: 1668:national flag 1665: 1661: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1645: 1641: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1601:Ferdinand VII 1596: 1589: 1584: 1575: 1573: 1572:autobiography 1569: 1565: 1564:Yatasto relay 1561: 1557: 1550: 1549:Yatasto relay 1546: 1541: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1493: 1489: 1487: 1483: 1475: 1470: 1466: 1464: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1438: 1431: 1426: 1422: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1344: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1322: 1320: 1314: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1283:Curuzú Cuatiá 1279: 1277: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1253: 1248: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1219:Real Audience 1216: 1211: 1210:autobiography 1206: 1204: 1203:Primera Junta 1199: 1198:King of Spain 1195: 1191: 1184: 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459: 455: 451: 447: 446:Ferdinand VII 443: 439: 435: 431: 426: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 400: 398: 394: 390: 386: 381: 373: 369: 360: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 316: 315: 312: 311: 310: 307: 306: 304: 300: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 280: 278: 274: 270: 266: 263: 258: 253: 249: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 221: 218: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 197: 193: 190: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 144: 140: 135: 131: 125: 120: 117: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 84: 79: 76: 75:Primera Junta 71: 67: 58: 53: 49: 41: 38: 34: 30: 26: 22: 6654: 6647: 6608:Celebrations 6226:Pedro Agrelo 6160:José Rondeau 6140:José Rondeau 5903:Junta Grande 5858: 5698: 5623:Jujuy Exodus 5601:Other events 5430:Combatants 5199: 5150:Jujuy Exodus 5039: 5004:(in Spanish) 4989:(in Spanish) 4974:(in Spanish) 4949:Spain portal 4882: 4863: 4843: 4821: 4801: 4781: 4762: 4743: 4731:. Retrieved 4703: 4689: 4654: 4647:Bibliography 4636: 4600:. Retrieved 4596:the original 4592:"Ley 25.644" 4586: 4551: 4517: 4495: 4490: 4469: 4464: 4450: 4445: 4426:Enfermedades 4424: 4391: 4381: 4372: 4327:Juan Lavalle 4277: 4270:His children 4256: 4234: 4230: 4211:Sus Exequias 4209: 4204: 4195: 4186: 4181:Luna, p. 137 4177: 4168: 4163:Luna, p. 135 4159: 4150: 4145:Luna, p. 134 4133:Luna, p. 132 4129: 4124:Luna, p. 133 4112:Luna, p. 129 4108: 4099: 4094:Luna, p. 121 4090: 4081: 4076:Luna, p. 113 4072: 4067:Luna, p. 112 4063: 4058:Luna, p. 100 4054: 4045: 4036: 4027: 4018: 3990: 3972: 3963: 3954: 3933: 3924: 3915: 3906: 3897: 3888: 3879: 3870: 3861: 3852: 3843: 3834: 3825: 3816: 3795: 3786: 3777: 3744: 3735: 3702: 3693: 3684: 3675: 3666: 3657: 3648: 3627: 3618: 3609: 3600: 3591: 3570: 3561: 3552: 3543:" (Spanish: 3538: 3533: 3524: 3515: 3507: 3499: 3490: 3481: 3472: 3463: 3454: 3445: 3436: 3427: 3418: 3409: 3379: 3360: 3354: 3335: 3317: 3308:" (Spanish: 3296: 3265: 3244: 3235: 3226: 3217: 3208: 3178: 3174: 3160: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3110: 3106: 3072: 3066: 3053: 3049: 3043: 3032: 3017: 3011: 3002: 3000: 2991: 2987: 2970: 2959: 2956:The cruiser 2955: 2951:Jujuy Exodus 2930: 2928: 2918:Buenos Aires 2874: 2871:Translations 2830: 2819: 2803:free schools 2800: 2792:preservation 2781: 2753: 2710: 2426: 2036: 2027: 2012:Please help 2000: 1945: 1934: 1928: 1904:blood vomits 1901: 1873: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1837: 1830: 1802: 1784: 1771: 1769: 1764: 1752: 1742: 1713: 1672: 1648: 1637: 1598: 1553: 1518: 1499: 1490: 1479: 1460: 1439: 1435: 1400: 1372: 1361: 1347:Jujuy Exodus 1323: 1315: 1295: 1291:Apipé island 1280: 1276:Paraná River 1273: 1258: 1207: 1190:open cabildo 1187: 1161: 1146: 1139: 1125: 1114: 1102:power vacuum 1079: 1050: 1038:British Army 1035: 1027: 1000: 978: 969: 959: 957: 953: 949:Manuel Godoy 921: 898: 886: 881: 879: 859: 854: 850: 820: 809: 785: 754:astrological 742:Pope Pius VI 723: 699: 692: 677: 658: 635: 600:Buenos Aires 586:to create a 569: 521:Jujuy Exodus 466: 425:peninsulares 404:Buenos Aires 401: 371: 367: 366: 302:Battles/wars 183:(1820-06-20) 181:20 June 1820 159:Buenos Aires 123: 82: 37: 32: 28: 21:Spanish name 6791:Physiocrats 6696:1820 deaths 6691:1770 births 6291:Pedro Vidal 6236:Juan Larrea 6231:José Moldes 6107:Juan Larrea 6026:Juan Alagón 5931:Juan Larrea 5874:Juan Larrea 5825:Governments 5572:San Lorenzo 4733:28 December 4524:The economy 4519:La economía 4323:Juan Larrea 4049:Luna, p. 99 4040:Luna, p. 95 4022:Luna, p. 90 3967:Luna, p. 80 3949:Luna, p. 85 3937:Luna, p. 83 3928:Luna, p. 77 3883:Luna, p. 72 3865:Luna, p. 68 3856:Luna, p. 65 3829:Luna, p. 63 3811:Luna, p. 60 3679:Luna, p. 48 3661:Luna, p. 39 3643:Luna, p. 38 3586:Luna, p. 31 3565:Luna, p. 30 3556:Luna, p. 29 3519:Luna, p. 21 3440:Luna, p. 24 3404:Luna, p. 19 3283:Luna, p. 13 3260:Luna, p. 11 3157:Numismatics 2908:Belgrano's 2770:during the 2764:cartography 2756:physiocracy 2729:common good 1982:Family tree 1968:epigastrium 1950:, having a 1392:Virgin Mary 941:Juan Larrea 862:physiocracy 762:Montesquieu 738:metaphysics 673:Peninsulars 537:Pío Tristán 448:during the 442:Viceroyalty 434:aspirations 156:3 June 1770 107:Juan Larrea 6680:Categories 6187:Congresses 5592:Vilcapugio 4563:(Spanish: 4522:(Spanish: 4500:(Spanish: 4481:(Spanish: 4455:(Spanish: 4436:(Spanish: 4268:(Spanish: 4221:(Spanish: 2922:Sculptor: 2760:free trade 2741:monarchist 1976:hamartomas 1889:rheumatism 1885:San Isidro 1694:Last years 1625:Napoleon I 1530:Cochabamba 1521:Vilcapugio 1341:See also: 1298:Candelaria 1261:Corrientes 1011:Portuguese 932:free trade 877:for some. 843:Adam Smith 816:monarchist 770:Filangieri 545:Vilcapugio 517:Upper Peru 383:), was an 251:Allegiance 226:Profession 215:Alma mater 152:1770-06-03 5753:Royalists 5547:Chacabuco 5306:Carlotism 5216:Monuments 5079:Inca plan 5064:Carlotism 4675:cite book 4392:La Prensa 4258:Sus hijos 4235:La Prensa 3179:australes 2815:catechism 2001:does not 1881:Maldonado 1856:freemason 1839:husband, 1804:La Prensa 1690:with it. 1656:Inca Plan 1615:, son of 1082:Carlotist 1065:Carlotism 1059:Carlotism 924:monopolic 750:heretical 642:Biography 584:Inca plan 477:Paraguarí 385:Argentine 271:1810–1819 234:Signature 201:, Patriot 199:Carlotism 171:Argentina 124:In office 83:In office 6656:Flag day 5782:Civilian 5761:Military 5718:Civilian 5672:Military 5665:Patriots 5577:Suipacha 5141:Creation 4997:Archived 4982:Archived 4556:Archived 4474:Archived 4438:diseases 4429:Archived 4261:Archived 4214:Archived 4009:39024726 3387:Archived 3384:Ley 1066 3301:Archived 2943:Flag Day 2916:Square, 2910:monument 2813:and the 2717:polyglot 1936:Cinchona 1931:paludism 1870:Diseases 1860:Catholic 1432:at Jujuy 1331:isolated 1265:Santa Fe 981:syphilis 792:equality 766:Rousseau 706:arranged 647:Ancestry 628:mutinied 590:with an 565:war flag 493:royalist 276:Commands 33:González 29:Belgrano 19:In this 5655:Leaders 5587:Tucumán 5582:Tacuarí 5542:Ayohuma 5436:Battles 5329:Economy 5143:of the 3079:Spanish 2939:Rosario 2822:weaving 2022:removed 2007:sources 1941:endemic 1924:autopsy 1547:at the 1534:Ayohuma 1396:Rosario 1379:Rosario 1208:In his 1117:John VI 1007:British 796:freedom 758:obscene 734:physics 684:Liguria 680:Imperia 669:criollo 618:. When 549:Ayohuma 539:at the 489:Rosario 481:Tacuarí 420:criollo 25:surname 6591:Legacy 5552:Huaqui 5439:Events 5345:Events 5283:Causes 4895: 4870: 4851: 4830: 4809: 4788: 4769: 4750: 4711: 4663: 4602:9 July 4357:, and 4007: 3997: 3367: 3342: 3071:wrote 2974:, and 2900:Legacy 2851:, and 2841:Tarija 1972:spleen 1943:zone. 1916:stress 1757:dropsy 1502:Potosí 1443:exodus 1287:Yapeyu 1138:wrote 943:, and 845:, and 829:, and 768:, and 704:, and 632:dropsy 503:. The 229:Lawyer 5567:Salta 5557:Maipú 3189:Notes 3014:Genoa 2845:Jujuy 2811:maths 2796:pests 2702:Works 2226:Tomás 1964:tumor 1960:edema 1568:Luján 1526:Macha 1506:Oruro 1181:, by 1165:junta 935:were 928:Cadiz 730:logic 726:Latin 513:Jujuy 169:(now 4893:ISBN 4868:ISBN 4849:ISBN 4828:ISBN 4807:ISBN 4786:ISBN 4767:ISBN 4748:ISBN 4735:2011 4709:ISBN 4681:link 4661:ISBN 4604:2010 4361:. 4005:OCLC 3995:ISBN 3365:ISBN 3340:ISBN 3097:and 2969:ARA 2958:ARA 2005:any 2003:cite 1883:and 1718:and 1688:Lima 1642:and 1472:The 1345:and 1036:The 794:and 756:and 622:and 592:Inca 547:and 479:and 178:Died 142:Born 105:and 48:TOSD 3137:" ( 3129:" ( 3121:" ( 3109:" ( 3052:" ( 3012:In 3005:at 2912:in 2016:by 1954:of 1009:or 527:to 511:at 436:of 27:is 6682:: 4891:. 4677:}} 4673:{{ 4624:^ 4612:^ 4572:^ 4543:^ 4531:^ 4509:^ 4400:^ 4390:. 4353:, 4349:, 4345:, 4341:, 4337:, 4333:, 4329:, 4325:, 4321:, 4317:, 4313:, 4309:, 4305:, 4297:, 4293:, 4289:, 4285:, 4242:^ 4138:^ 4117:^ 4003:. 3981:^ 3942:^ 3804:^ 3765:^ 3753:^ 3723:^ 3711:^ 3636:^ 3579:^ 3506:: 3397:^ 3326:^ 3288:^ 3274:^ 3253:^ 3196:^ 3153:. 3081:: 3020:. 2982:, 2953:. 2933:, 2847:, 2843:, 1926:. 1866:. 1812:. 1782:. 1458:. 1405:, 1263:, 1237:. 1033:. 939:, 841:, 837:, 825:, 818:. 764:, 736:, 732:, 712:, 682:, 675:. 567:. 165:, 161:, 101:, 97:, 93:, 5262:e 5255:t 5248:v 5032:e 5025:t 5018:v 4901:. 4874:. 4857:. 4836:. 4815:. 4794:. 4775:. 4756:. 4737:. 4717:. 4696:. 4683:) 4669:. 4606:. 4567:) 4526:) 4504:) 4485:) 4459:) 4440:) 4272:) 4225:) 4013:. 4011:. 3547:) 3373:. 3348:. 3312:) 3077:( 2920:. 2043:) 2037:( 2032:) 2028:( 2024:. 2010:. 853:( 374:( 173:) 154:) 150:( 35:.

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