182:
38:
393:. If this is correct, it provides a badly-needed anchor point in the chronology of Manuel's Life. The other possible reason was suggested by Rustam Shukurov: it is well known that Manuel's Mongol overlords were favorable towards Christianity, and perhaps Manuel was encouraged by this favor to seek a connection with the "undisputed head of the crusader movement and indefatigable warrior against Islam."
414:—the characteristic coin of the Empire—were struck then, more than any other ruler of Trebizond, in addition to other silver and bronze currency. (John II is a distant second, having struck around 138 types of aspers during his reign.) Trapezuntine coins circulated widely outside the empire, especially in
425:
The cause of this sudden explosion in the volume of currency is not clearly known. Certainly not all of them came from Manuel's silversmiths. Both Wroth and
Retowski identified a number of coins minted as imitations in Georgia to meet demand there. Michel Kuršanskis has suggested some of these types
401:
Manuel's reign is notable for being the first
Emperor of Trebizond to issue large numbers of coins. This is important for two reasons: the first is that issuing coins in a precious metal, such as silver or gold, is commonly considered a demonstration of sovereignty by a ruler; the second is that the
268:
notes, for the personal visit of a vassal ruler to the Khan’s camp was regarded as an indispensable ceremony; it brought these persons into the "family" of the Great Khan. "Seljuk
Anatolia was under tight Mongol control," Shukurov writes. "Any serious change in social and political life (including
466:
were within the borders of the Empire of
Trebizond during the 13th century, and could provide the raw material for these coins; but further investigation has shown that these silver mines were not heavily exploited before the 18th century. Kuršanskis has suggested that these coins represent the
380:
testifies to Manuel's wealth, stating he sent Louis "a present of various jewels, and also, among other things, some bows made of cornel-wood. The notches for the shafts were screwed into the bows, and when these shafts were loosed, you could see they were very sharp and well-made."
467:
tribute extracted by the dominant
Mongols of Persia, although this does not explain the care taken in minting all of these coins: most of this tribute would, following its delivery to the Mongol overlords, have been melted down and either used to produce other coins or jewelry.
426:
were struck during the reigns of Manuel's successors—Andronikos and George—because their Mongol overlords forbade them from minting silver coins in their own names. Nevertheless, this leaves the vast majority of the coins with his name on them as being struck during his reign.
384:
Although Miller fails to offer a reason for Manuel's overtures to King Louis, two more recent writers have, and these are not exclusive. Kuršanskis has pointed out that the timing of the embassy would make sense if his first wife, a
Trapezuntine noblewoman
510:
Manuel had children by three different women; four of his children reigned after him. Older scholars, like Miller and Finlay, assumed all three women were his wives, but more recently Michel Kuršanskis has argued that only two were his wives, and that
220:, a 14th-century Trapezuntine chronicler, calls Manuel "the greatest general and the most fortunate" and states he ruled "virtuously in the eyes of God", the only event he documents for Manuel's reign is a catastrophic fire striking the city of
457:
to
Trebizond, instead of to the Mediterranean. However, Anthony Bryer has pointed out the volume of trade carried on this route was minuscule, and taxes and duties extracted from the goods passing through Trebizond (known as the
1646:
594:("grand Komnenos"), commonly applied to all the Trapezuntine Komnenos emperors by modern historians, began as a nickname and was not formally used in an official capacity until the reign of Manuel I's son
260:. Despite this, the Seljuk forces were shattered, and both the Seljuks and their allies had to settle their own submission to the victorious Mongols. Manuel visited in person the court of the Great Khan
483:
recaptured
Constantinople from the Latin Empire in 1261 he unsuccessfully demanded that Manuel abandon his claim to the title of "Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans", the one commonly used by the
296:
prior to this attack, although he admits doing so would have been inconsistent with the practices of the
Trapezuntine emperors. For the years Manuel held this port, the
462:) would at most have been 30% of the Empire's total revenues in a busy year, and more often 6%. Another author has pointed out that the silver mines in the region of
479:
monastery in
Trebizond between 1250 and 1260. Eastmond describes Manuel's church as "the finest surviving Byzantine imperial monument of its period." When
507:, one of the sources states that Alexios has "grown sons in Trebizond who are capable of governing", so it is likely that Manuel was born before 1214.
265:
212:
and his wife, Theodora. At the time Manuel reigned, the Empire of Trebizond comprised a band of territory stretching along the southern coast of the
1206:
389:, had died before that year and thought a matrimonial alliance with the French king was desirable; and after Louis sent his regrets, Manuel wed
344:
Manuel Megas Komnenos died in March 1263, having "recommended and chosen"—to use Panaretos' words—his oldest son Andronikos as his successor.
1072:
Anthony Bryer believes she was the daughter of Manuel's son George. (Bryer, "The Fate of George Komnenos, Ruler of Trebizond (1266–1280),"
2029:
1394:
1499:
1478:
851:, 1911 (Braunschweig: Klinkhardt & Biermann, 1974). The coins of Manuel are described on pp. 17-69; those of John II on pp. 72-107
1546:
534:
512:
115:
1541:
1494:
1440:
1663:
1531:
1684:
1651:
1519:
1461:
801:
733:
709:
1973:
1634:
1629:
1614:
1569:
976:
956:"The Question of Byzantine Mines in the Pontos: Chalybian Iron, Chaldian Silver, Koloneian, Alum and the Mummy of Cheriana"
224:
in January 1253. The major events of his reign are known from external sources, most important of which is the recovery of
1867:
1657:
1199:
1110:
1380:
1679:
1536:
1619:
1358:
2034:
1624:
1574:
1293:
402:
volume of coins issued by a ruler is frequently used as an indicator of economic activity. Although some copper
364:, seeking to marry a daughter of his house. "The King had no French princesses with him on the crusade," writes
1456:
1192:
1095:
369:
315:
Shuja al-Din 'Abd al-Rahman, the Seljuk naval commander-in-chief, who had taken part in the Seljuk embassy to
1563:
1215:
311:, who were the masters of the Seljuk Turks; the governor of Sinope at the time Manuel captured the port was
52:
1754:
1258:
595:
555:
329:. A few years later, in October 1256, one of the three brothers who inherited the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum,
139:
269:
appointments to key offices) required Mongol approval and sanction, which was embodied, in particular, in
1804:
1278:
1740:
1253:
1176:
526:
365:
131:
89:
28:
463:
1238:
1074:
361:
1850:
1417:
1313:
830:
D.M. Metcalf & I.T. Roper: "A Hoard of Copper Trachea of Andronicus I of Trebizond (1222-35)",
480:
434:
1896:
1873:
1779:
1323:
1318:
1273:
619:
307:
by the Ilkhanite Mongols to recover Sinope, and argues further that it was done to embarrass the
257:
418:. His coins became so common there that his name became the generic word in Georgian for money;
1956:
1926:
1843:
1697:
1586:
1373:
1342:
1334:
1283:
1226:
496:
209:
165:
1825:
1747:
1592:
1303:
1268:
562:
541:
476:
135:
43:
372:, to which the aid of 'so great and rich a man' would be useful against Vatatzes, the Greek
2024:
1914:
1879:
1786:
1761:
1609:
1504:
1328:
1308:
1263:
1166:
570:
205:
143:
1000:
Art and identity in thirteenth-century Byzantium: Hagia Sophia and the empire of Trebizond
935:"A Note on the South-Eastern Borders of the Empire of Trebizond in the Thirteenth Century"
8:
1715:
1640:
1412:
1398:
1243:
1159:
500:
341:, moving Anatolia from the sphere the Golden Horde controlled firmly into the Ilkhanite.
79:
56:
875:
Catalogue of the Coins of the Vandals, Ostrogoths and Lombards ... in the British Museum
1933:
1920:
1811:
1467:
1347:
1288:
1030:
353:
1111:
https://web.archive.org/web/20070926234941/http://www.ancientworlds.net/aw/Post/971835
1580:
1473:
1366:
639:
484:
415:
377:
300:
were landlocked, making Trebizond once again the major naval power in the Black Sea.
217:
126:
61:
1388:
1818:
1525:
1509:
1434:
1298:
631:
429:
Some writers attribute this large number of aspers to a change in the route of the
373:
229:
155:
551:, his last wife and another Trapezuntine noblewoman, he had four known children:
548:
504:
390:
261:
119:
664:, Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library 52 (Cambridge: Harvard University, 2019), p. 5
181:
2001:
1950:
1690:
1231:
338:
245:
197:
2018:
2004:
who are independently notable are shown. Rulers and co-rulers are denoted in
1989:
643:
407:
279:
225:
1063:
of Bishop Stephanos, cited in Kuršanskis, "L'usurpation de Théodora", p. 200
1514:
519:
406:
have been identified as coming from Andronikos I Gidos' mint, according to
386:
308:
297:
241:
111:
710:"La dernière reconquête de Sinope par les Grecs de Trébizonde (1254-1265)"
37:
454:
438:
334:
1184:
1025:
955:
934:
330:
635:
673:
Sources in Rustam Shukurov, "Trebizond and the Seljuks (1204-1299)",
446:
430:
316:
289:
213:
1390:
1124:
1109:
Latin and French Documents on the Empire of Trebizond available at
403:
325:
624:
Foundations: The Journal of the Foundation for Mediaeval Genealogy
368:, "but recommended Manuel to make a matrimonial alliance with the
450:
442:
271:
249:
221:
150:
773:
Trebizond: The last Greek Empire of the Byzantine Era: 1204-1461
720:(1964), pp. 241-9; Shukurov, "Trebizond and the Seljuks", p. 121
411:
284:
253:
186:
660:, ch. 3. Greek text and English translation in Scott Kennedy,
319:, ruler of the Golden Horde in 1253, where he received Batu's
303:
Shukurov argues with Kurškanskis that Manuel had been given a
357:
978:
Monnaies divisionnaires en argent de l'Empire de Trébizonde
240:
In 1243, a Trapezuntine army is recorded as assisting the
1026:"The Foundation of the Empire of Trebizond (1204-1222)"
786:
Joinville and Villehardouin: Chronicles of the Crusades
292:
port. Kurškanskis suggests that Manuel had obtained a
499:, the first emperor of Trebizond; his older brother,
208:
from 1238 until his death. He was the son of Emperor
422:
is derived from "kuros' Manuel" or "Caesar Manuel".
753:
Shukurov, "Trebizond and the Seljuks", pp. 116, 122
441:in 1258 revived the trade route running north from
734:"L'empire de Trébizonde et les Turcs au 13e siècle
916:Bryer, "The Estates of the Empire of Trebizond",
796:
794:
2016:
728:
726:
620:"A Genealogy of the Grand Komnenoi of Trebizond"
617:
347:
264:as early as 1246; this was an important act, as
791:
1374:
1200:
821:Shukurov, "Trebizond and the Seljuks", p. 123
762:Shukurov, "Trebizond and the Seljuks", p. 117
723:
699:Shukurov, "Trebizond and the Seljuks", p. 122
690:Shukurov, "Trebizond and the Seljuks", p. 121
503:, was his predecessor as Emperor. During the
1951:Theodora Megale Komnene ("Despina Khatun")
1381:
1367:
1207:
1193:
877:(London: British Museum, 1911), p. lxxviii
36:
1214:
1055:
1053:
802:"L'usurpation de Théodora Grande Comnène"
235:
46:depicting Emperor Manuel I Megas Komnenos
784:Joinville, translated by M. R. B. Shaw,
490:
180:
116:Rusudan of Georgia, Empress of Trebizond
1921:Maria Megale Komnene, Byzantine Empress
775:, 1926 (Chicago: Argonaut, 1969), p. 25
2017:
1050:
1880:Eudokia Megale Komnene, Lady of Sinop
1868:Anna Megale Komnene, Queen of Georgia
1685:Theodora Komnene, Princess of Antioch
1510:Adrianos/John IV, Archbishop of Ohrid
1362:
1188:
849:Die Münzen der Komnenen von Trapezunt
561:Anonymous daughter, who married King
1974:Eudokia Komnene, Lady of Montpellier
1630:Theodora Komnene, Queen of Jerusalem
1615:Theodora Komnene, Duchess of Austria
522:, a Trapezuntine noblewoman he had:
352:In 1253, Manuel sent envoys to King
228:in 1254, which had been lost to the
396:
278:On 24 June 1254, Manuel recaptured
244:, along with a detachment from the
13:
2030:13th-century emperors of Trebizond
1088:
29:Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans
16:Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans
14:
2046:
1680:Maria Komnene, Queen of Jerusalem
1103:
618:Jackson Williams, Kelsey (2007).
323:investing him with the office of
1099:, Oxford University Press, 1991.
175:possibly Theodora Axouchina
1625:Maria Komnene, Queen of Hungary
1066:
1037:
1018:
1005:
1002:, Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2004
992:
969:
948:
927:
910:
897:
880:
867:
854:
841:
824:
815:
788:(London: Penguin, 1963), p. 313
778:
765:
756:
1096:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
747:
702:
693:
684:
667:
650:
611:
584:
370:Latin Empire of Constantinople
1:
1805:Andronikos III Megas Komnenos
1134:
605:
495:Manuel was the second son of
348:Embassy to Louis IX of France
337:and fled to sanctuary in the
1741:Andronikos II Megas Komnenos
7:
806:Revue des études byzantines
738:Revue des études byzantines
714:Revue des études byzantines
529:, who succeeded as emperor.
433:during Manuel's reign. The
10:
2051:
1851:Alexios III Megas Komnenos
1998:
1982:
1966:
1943:
1906:
1897:Alexios IV Megas Komnenos
1888:
1874:Manuel III Megas Komnenos
1860:
1835:
1796:
1780:Alexios II Megas Komnenos
1771:
1732:
1707:
1672:
1602:
1555:
1487:
1449:
1426:
1405:
1222:
1173:
1164:
1156:
1151:
1118:
1075:Byzantinische Zeitschrift
890:, pp. 22f, 66-68; Wroth,
832:Spink Numismatic Circular
515:was simply his mistress.
470:
410:over 200 types of silver
201:
171:
161:
149:
125:
107:
99:
95:
85:
75:
67:
51:
35:
26:
21:
1957:Alexios V Megas Komnenos
1927:Alexander Megas Komnenos
1844:Manuel II Megas Komnenos
1698:Alexios I Megas Komnenos
1418:Manuel Erotikos Komnenos
924:(1978), p. 371 and note.
577:
481:Michael VIII Palaiologos
360:after his defeat at the
1826:John III Megas Komnenos
1748:Theodora Megale Komnene
1723:Manuel I Megas Komnenos
204:; died March 1263) was
194:Manuel I Megas Komnenos
136:Theodora Megale Komnene
22:Manuel I Megas Komnenos
2035:Grand Komnenos dynasty
1915:John IV Megas Komnenos
1787:Michael Megas Komnenos
1762:John II Megas Komnenos
1587:John Tzelepes Komnenos
1120:Manuel I of Trebizond
662:Two Works on Trebizond
435:destruction of Baghdad
236:Manuel and the Mongols
190:
144:John II Megas Komnenos
132:Andronikos II Komnenos
2002:male-line descendants
1934:David Megas Komnenos
1755:George Megas Komnenos
1593:Andronikos I Komnenos
1216:Emperors of Trebizond
563:Demetre II of Georgia
491:Family and succession
453:and then through the
184:
140:George Megas Komnenos
1967:Uncertain generation
1812:Basil Megas Komnenos
1610:John Doukas Komnenos
1505:Constantine Komnenos
1167:Emperor of Trebizond
903:For example Miller,
708:Maria Nystazooulou,
232:forty years before.
206:Emperor of Trebizond
1641:Alexios II Komnenos
1570:Andronikos Komnenos
1532:Andronikos Komnenos
1479:Nikephoros Komnenos
1413:Nikephoros Komnenos
1399:Empire of Trebizond
966:(1982), pp. 138-143
800:Michel Kuršanskis,
518:By his first wife,
475:Manuel rebuilt the
282:, and made Ghadras
1468:Alexios I Komnenos
1034:, 11 (1936), p. 27
983:Revue numismatique
567:Anonymous daughter
535:Rusudan of Georgia
513:Rusudan of Georgia
485:Byzantine Emperors
362:Battle of Fariskur
356:, who was then at
354:Louis IX of France
333:, was defeated by
258:Battle of Köse Dağ
191:
2012:
2011:
1581:Manuel I Komnenos
1474:Adrianos Komnenos
1356:
1355:
1183:
1182:
1174:Succeeded by
1059:According to the
1045:History of Greece
960:Anatolian Studies
939:Anatolian Studies
838:(1975), pp. 237-9
378:Jean de Joinville
374:Emperor of Nicaea
218:Michael Panaretos
179:
178:
71:1238 – March 1263
62:Byzantine Emperor
2042:
1983:Related subjects
1819:Anna Anachoutlou
1664:Alexios Komnenos
1647:Alexios Komnenos
1620:Alexios Komnenos
1564:Alexios Komnenos
1547:Theodora Komnene
1526:John II Komnenos
1500:Alexios Komnenos
1435:Isaac I Komnenos
1395:Byzantine Empire
1383:
1376:
1369:
1360:
1359:
1339:
1209:
1202:
1195:
1186:
1185:
1171:1238–1263
1157:Preceded by
1147:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1116:
1115:
1083:
1070:
1064:
1057:
1048:
1041:
1035:
1024:A. A. Vasiliev,
1022:
1016:
1009:
1003:
996:
990:
973:
967:
954:A. A. M. Bryer,
952:
946:
945:(1962), pp. 171f
933:David Winfield,
931:
925:
914:
908:
901:
895:
884:
878:
871:
865:
858:
852:
845:
839:
828:
822:
819:
813:
812:(1975). pp. 198f
798:
789:
782:
776:
771:William Miller,
769:
763:
760:
754:
751:
745:
730:
721:
706:
700:
697:
691:
688:
682:
681:(2005), pp. 120f
671:
665:
654:
648:
647:
615:
599:
588:
397:Manuel's coinage
230:Sultanate of Rum
203:
202:Μανουήλ Κομνηνός
40:
19:
18:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2008:
1994:
1978:
1962:
1944:16th generation
1939:
1907:15th generation
1902:
1889:14th generation
1884:
1861:13th generation
1856:
1836:12th generation
1831:
1797:11th generation
1792:
1772:10th generation
1767:
1728:
1716:John I Axouchos
1703:
1668:
1652:Manuel Komnenos
1598:
1551:
1542:Eudokia Komnene
1483:
1457:Manuel Komnenos
1445:
1422:
1401:
1387:
1357:
1352:
1331:
1218:
1213:
1179:
1170:
1162:
1141:
1137:
1130:
1129:
1121:
1106:
1091:
1089:Further reading
1086:
1082:(1973), p. 345)
1071:
1067:
1058:
1051:
1042:
1038:
1023:
1019:
1010:
1006:
997:
993:
974:
970:
953:
949:
932:
928:
918:Archeion Pontou
915:
911:
902:
898:
885:
881:
873:Warwick Wroth,
872:
868:
859:
855:
846:
842:
829:
825:
820:
816:
799:
792:
783:
779:
770:
766:
761:
757:
752:
748:
731:
724:
707:
703:
698:
694:
689:
685:
672:
668:
655:
651:
616:
612:
608:
603:
602:
589:
585:
580:
573:, later Emperor
558:, later Emperor
549:Irene Syrikaina
505:Siege of Sinope
501:John I Axouchos
493:
473:
399:
391:Irene Syrikaina
350:
266:Rustam Shukurov
238:
142:
138:
134:
120:Irene Syrikaina
118:
114:
59:
47:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2048:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2010:
2009:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1953:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1918:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1870:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1847:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1783:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1736:
1734:
1733:9th generation
1730:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1719:
1711:
1709:
1708:8th generation
1705:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1694:
1691:David Komnenos
1687:
1682:
1676:
1674:
1673:7th generation
1670:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1606:
1604:
1603:6th generation
1600:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1589:
1584:
1577:
1575:Isaac Komnenos
1572:
1567:
1559:
1557:
1556:5th generation
1553:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1537:Isaac Komnenos
1534:
1529:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1491:
1489:
1488:4th generation
1485:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1464:
1462:Isaac Komnenos
1459:
1453:
1451:
1450:3rd generation
1447:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1430:
1428:
1427:2nd generation
1424:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1409:
1407:
1406:1st generation
1403:
1402:
1386:
1385:
1378:
1371:
1363:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1279:Andronikos III
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1212:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1189:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1172:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1152:Regnal titles
1149:
1148:
1122:
1119:
1114:
1113:
1105:
1104:External links
1102:
1101:
1100:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1084:
1065:
1049:
1036:
1017:
1004:
991:
989:(1977), p. 105
985:, 6th series,
968:
947:
926:
909:
896:
879:
866:
853:
840:
823:
814:
790:
777:
764:
755:
746:
744:(1988), p. 121
722:
701:
692:
683:
666:
649:
609:
607:
604:
601:
600:
592:Megas Komnenos
582:
581:
579:
576:
575:
574:
568:
565:
559:
545:
544:
531:
530:
492:
489:
472:
469:
445:and the upper
398:
395:
366:William Miller
349:
346:
339:Nicaean Empire
248:, against the
246:Nicaean Empire
237:
234:
177:
176:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
153:
147:
146:
129:
123:
122:
109:
105:
104:
101:
97:
96:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
69:
65:
64:
49:
48:
41:
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2047:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1990:AIMA prophecy
1988:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1658:John Komnenos
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1636:
1635:Maria Komnene
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1521:
1520:Maria Komnene
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1495:John Komnenos
1493:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1441:John Komnenos
1439:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1384:
1379:
1377:
1372:
1370:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1254:Andronikos II
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1198:
1196:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1178:
1177:Andronikos II
1169:
1168:
1161:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1069:
1062:
1056:
1054:
1046:
1040:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1021:
1014:
1008:
1001:
998:A. Eastmond,
995:
988:
984:
980:
979:
972:
965:
961:
957:
951:
944:
940:
936:
930:
923:
919:
913:
906:
900:
894:, pp. 254-256
893:
889:
883:
876:
870:
863:
857:
850:
844:
837:
833:
827:
818:
811:
807:
803:
797:
795:
787:
781:
774:
768:
759:
750:
743:
739:
735:
729:
727:
719:
715:
711:
705:
696:
687:
680:
676:
670:
663:
659:
653:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
614:
610:
597:
593:
587:
583:
572:
569:
566:
564:
560:
557:
554:
553:
552:
550:
543:
540:
539:
538:
536:
528:
527:Andronikos II
525:
524:
523:
521:
516:
514:
508:
506:
502:
498:
488:
486:
482:
478:
468:
465:
461:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
427:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
408:Otto Retowski
405:
394:
392:
388:
382:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
345:
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
327:
322:
318:
314:
313:ra’is al-bahr
310:
306:
301:
299:
295:
291:
287:
286:
281:
276:
274:
273:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
199:
195:
188:
183:
174:
170:
167:
164:
160:
157:
154:
152:
148:
145:
141:
137:
133:
130:
128:
124:
121:
117:
113:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
91:
90:Andronikos II
88:
84:
81:
78:
74:
70:
66:
63:
58:
54:
50:
45:
39:
34:
31:
30:
25:
20:
2005:
1955:
1932:
1925:
1913:
1895:
1872:
1849:
1842:
1824:
1817:
1810:
1803:
1785:
1778:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1739:
1722:
1721:
1714:
1696:
1689:
1656:
1639:
1591:
1579:
1562:
1524:
1515:Anna Komnene
1466:
1433:
1333:
1248:
1239:Andronikos I
1230:
1165:
1143:
1131:
1123:
1094:
1079:
1073:
1068:
1060:
1044:
1039:
1029:
1020:
1012:
1007:
999:
994:
986:
982:
977:
975:Kuršanskis,
971:
963:
959:
950:
942:
938:
929:
921:
917:
912:
904:
899:
891:
887:
882:
874:
869:
861:
856:
848:
843:
835:
831:
826:
817:
809:
805:
785:
780:
772:
767:
758:
749:
741:
737:
732:Kuršanskis,
717:
713:
704:
695:
686:
678:
674:
669:
661:
657:
652:
627:
623:
613:
591:
586:
546:
532:
520:Anna Xylaloe
517:
509:
494:
477:Hagia Sophia
474:
459:
428:
424:
419:
400:
387:Anna Xylaloe
383:
351:
343:
324:
320:
312:
309:Golden Horde
304:
302:
298:Seljuk Turks
293:
283:
277:
270:
242:Seljuk Turks
239:
193:
192:
112:Anna Xylaloe
44:Hagia Sophia
42:Fresco from
27:
2025:1263 deaths
1314:Alexios III
1138: 1218
656:Panaretos,
455:Zigana Pass
439:Hulagu Khan
216:. Although
189:of Manuel I
76:Predecessor
2019:Categories
1324:Alexios IV
1319:Manuel III
1274:Alexios II
1146:March 1263
888:Die Münzen
886:Retowski,
847:Retowski,
636:10023/8570
630:(3): 175.
606:References
590:The style
537:, he had:
460:kommerkion
449:valley to
420:kirmaneoul
331:Kaykaus II
1343:Alexios V
1335:Alexander
1284:Manuel II
1227:Alexios I
1013:Trebizond
905:Trebizond
892:Catalogue
862:Trebizond
675:Mesogeios
658:Chronicle
644:1479-5078
497:Alexios I
464:Gümüşhane
447:Euphrates
431:Silk Road
404:scyphates
317:Batu Khan
290:Black Sea
222:Trebizond
214:Black Sea
210:Alexios I
166:Alexios I
86:Successor
60:Claimant
57:Trebizond
1397:and the
1391:Komnenoi
1304:John III
1269:Theodora
1249:Manuel I
1125:Komnenid
1047:, p. 436
1043:Finlay,
1031:Speculum
1011:Miller,
860:Miller,
542:Theodora
272:yarlighs
156:Komnenos
1393:of the
1329:John IV
1309:Michael
1264:John II
1127:dynasty
1015:, p. 27
907:, p. 26
864:, p. 26
571:John II
547:By his
451:Erzerum
443:Armenia
416:Georgia
321:yarligh
305:yarligh
294:yarligh
288:of the
256:at the
250:Mongols
185:Silver
151:Dynasty
53:Emperor
1259:George
1244:John I
1160:John I
1142:
1061:Annals
642:
596:George
556:George
471:Legacy
412:aspers
285:archon
280:Sinope
254:Persia
226:Sinope
172:Mother
162:Father
108:Spouse
80:John I
2000:Only
1348:David
1294:Irene
1289:Basil
1232:David
1144:Died:
1132:Born:
679:25-26
578:Notes
358:Sidon
335:Baiju
326:na'ib
262:Güyük
198:Greek
187:asper
127:Issue
68:Reign
2006:bold
1389:The
1332:(w.
1299:Anna
1229:(w.
640:ISSN
103:1263
100:Died
808:,
736:",
632:hdl
533:By
437:by
376:."
275:."
252:of
55:of
2021::
1135:c.
1080:66
1078:,
1052:^
1028:,
987:19
981:,
964:32
962:,
958:,
943:12
941:,
937:,
922:35
920:,
836:83
834:,
810:33
804:,
793:^
742:46
740:,
725:^
718:22
716:,
712:,
677:,
638:.
626:.
622:.
487:.
200::
1382:e
1375:t
1368:v
1338:)
1235:)
1208:e
1201:t
1194:v
646:.
634::
628:2
598:.
196:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
