425:, causing the enemy to retreat and recapturing the lost towns. However, Governor Wu took the opportunity to send in his own men into Lüshun and claimed the achievements for himself, but withdrew from the garrison in winter in fear of another Jurchen attack and suggested to the Ming court to abandon defense altogether. Mao argued for regarrison and gained the support of the Minister of Defense Wang Zaijin (王在晉) and other officials, who praised Mao's garrisons in Dongjiang as an "offshore Great Wall (海外長城)". Tianqi Emperor himself also praised Mao for his work "making the barbarians troubled and unable to head west". Nurhaci sent messengers in attempt to convince Mao to defect, but Mao steadfastly refused.
421:, appealed to have a canal built between Jīnzhou and Lüshun, and pressured the local garrisons to start the construction project without considering the military situation. The news got leaked to the Later Jin, who attacked and captured the two towns, killing Mao's commanders Zhang Pan (張盤) and Zhu Guochang (朱國昌) who were in charge of the canal construction. Mao responded by sending troops to cut off the Later Jin
652:, contributing heavily to the booming economy of northern China. He was eventually caught for smuggling and executed by Yuan Chonghuan, a fellow military commander who had been conferred the imperial sword of absolute authority by the last Ming emperor. It is believed that Mao's death led in part to an economic downturn in the Ming dynasty.
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Canton to Peking are ingeniously described by John
Nieuhoff ; also an epistle of Father John Adams, their antagonist, concerning the whole negotiation ; with an appendix of several remarks taken out of Father Athanasius Kircher ; Englished and set forth with their several sculptures by John Ogilby
1281:》（卷259）：崇焕因诘文龙违令数事，文龙抗辩。崇焕厉色叱之，命去冠带絷缚，文龙犹倔强。崇焕曰：“尔有十二斩罪，知之乎？祖制，大将在外，必命文臣监。尔专制一方，军马钱粮不受核，一当斩。人臣之罪莫大欺君，尔奏报尽欺罔，杀降人难民冒功，二当斩。人臣无将，将则必诛。尔奏有牧马登州取南京如反掌语，大逆不道，三当斩。每岁饷银数十万，不以给兵，月止散米三斗有半，侵盗军粮，四当斩。擅开马市于皮岛，私通外番，五当斩。部将数千人悉冒己姓，副将以下滥给札付千，走卒、舆夫尽金绯，六当斩。自宁远还，剽掠商船，自为盗贼，七当斩。强取民间子女，不知纪极，部下效尤，人不安室，八当斩。驱难民远窃人参，不从则饿死，岛上白骨如莽，九当斩。辇金京师，拜
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However, Yuan soon decided that Mao
Wenlong, who also held a sword of state granted by the late Tianqi Emperor, was becoming a problem for him. Mao was already impeached by other government ministers as his garrisons in Dongjiang were getting too costly for the Treasury, and there were accusations of
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On June 1, 1629, Yuan arrived in Lüshun to discuss matters with Mao, but after three days of negotiation Mao still refused to let Yuan appoint and manage the logistics of his garrison. Yuan then trying to convince Mao to retire, who rejected the offer citing that he was more experienced to deal with
748:
An embassy from the East-India
Company of the United Provinces, to the Grand Tartar Cham, emperor of China : delivered by their excellencies Peter de Goyer and Jacob de Keyzer, at his imperial city of Peking wherein the cities, towns, villages, ports, rivers, &c. in their passages from
577:
In his report to the
Emperor, Yuan justified his decision to execute Mao with the accusations of latter refusing to accept supervisors, overbudgeting, misreporting of manpower, and killing civilians as falsified enemy kills. Chongzhen Emperor grew suspicious over Yuan's claims, but accepted the
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as proof of authority. Under Mao's management, Dongjiang became an sizable settlement hosting hundreds of thousands of refugees who were displaced by the
Jurchen invasion. Mao would then launch repeated raids into Jurchen-controlled Liaodong, at the same time trading with the Koreans and the
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the affairs of
Liaodong and Joseon. Two days later, Yuan pretended to invite Mao to review an archery training, and had him seized and his uniform stripped off. When Mao protested, Yuan presented his own sword of state and announced that Mao had "twelve crimes", and then had him
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was planning on attacking the Ming dynasty, Mao sent four divisions to attack the Later Jin from four different fronts, which forced the
Jurchens to abandon their campaign. Mao's divisions also managed gain a foothold on the southern Liaodong Peninsula, recruiting over 4,000
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among the
Dongjiang troops, Yuan then announced that Mao would be the only one to answer for the accused crimes, and all others will be exempted from any charges. Yuan then appointed the command to Mao's deputy Chen Jisheng (陳繼盛), and increased Dongjiang's budget to 180,000
1242:》（卷4）：“崇焕应曰臣请五年为陛下肃清边陲。上曰：五年灭敌，朕不吝封侯之赏。时四辅臣钱龙锡等侍立。俱奏曰：崇焕肝胆、意气、识见、方略，种种可嘉，真奇男子也。上悦。赐茶果瓜饼而退，焕出，朝臣问五年之期，当有定算否？焕曰：上期望甚迫，故以五年慰圣心。识者曰：主上英明，后且按期责效，崇焕不旋踵矣。时期议忧毛文龙难驭，大学士钱龙锡，过崇焕语及之，遂定计出，癸未赐崇焕尚方剑。先是降将李永芳，献策于大清主曰：兵入中国，恐文龙截后，须通书崇焕，使杀文龙，佯许还辽。大清主从之。崇焕答书密允，复以告病回籍，乃寝。至是，再任，思杀文龙，则辽可得。”
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and
Shenyang (which was Later Jin's capital), preventing the Jurchens' from fully committed to their invasion westwards. In June, Nurhaci again sent messengers trying to turn Mao to his side, but Mao reported the letter to the Ming court and in August organized an
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operations in border areas in response to increasing
Jurchen incursions, allowing him to gain a long-waited promotion the following year. After Xiong was impeached and removed in political struggles, the new governor Yuan Yingtai (袁應泰) reassigned Mao to manage
1203:》（卷259）：“帝悉從之，賜崇煥酒饌而出。崇煥以前此熊廷弼、孫承宗皆為人排構，不得竟其志，上言：‘恢復之計，不外臣昔年以遼人守遼土，以遼土養遼人，守為正著，戰為奇著，和為旁著之說。法在漸不在驟，在實不在虛，此臣與諸邊臣所能為。至用人之人，與為人用之人，皆至尊司其鑰。何以任而勿貳，信而勿疑？蓋馭邊臣與廷臣異，軍中可驚可疑者殊多，但當論成敗之大局，不必摘一言一行之微瑕。事任既重，為怨實多，諸有利於封疆者，皆不利於此身者也。況圖敵之急，敵亦從而間之，是以為邊臣甚難。陛下愛臣知臣，臣何必過疑懼，但中有所危，不敢不告’。”
267:. He joined the Ming military and participated in a military selection exam in late 1605, in which he ranked sixth among the recruits. For his military talents in terrain analysis, Mao was promoted to the rank of an officer, and became the commander of
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into the ranks of Later Jin, which helped solidifying the Jurchens' control of Lower Manchuria and thus reduced the success rate of Mao's raids. Meanwhile, Tianqi Emperor died in late September 1627 and was succeeded by his overambitious half-brother
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and attacked Lüshun with over 10,000 troops. Mao's troops managed to withstand the siege and defeated the attacks using an ambush. Nurhaci then sent an emissary to discuss peace deal, but Mao arrested the messenger and handed him to the Ming court.
394:, annihilating all the Jurchen defenders and forcing Nurhaci to turn back east with 40,000 troops. before withdrawing. In October, Mao's forces again utilized the civilians' hatred towards the Jurchen invaders and recaptured the towns of
633:, a Ming ally at that time. When the Later Jin forces mounted a punitive expedition into Joseon, Mao ordered a general retreat of all Ming forces. This angered many Beijing merchants who had previously traded with the
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to recruit refugees into his troops. In June 1622, Mao was appointed the General Commander of the Liao Region (平遼將軍總兵官) by the Ming court, and in February the next year was promoted to Governor and Marshal with a
1349:》（附录·四）：“臣自到任，即收拾关宁兵马，未暇及此，每章奏必及之，收其心翼其改也。至关宁之营制定而此事可为矣。于是乎设文臣以监之，其不以道臣而以饷臣者，令其将若兵有所利而无所疑也。又严海禁以窘之，文龙禁绝外人，以张继善横绝旅顺不许一人入其军。臣改贡道于宁远者，欲借此为间，皆所以图文龙矣。赖皇上天纵神武，一一许臣，自去年十二月臣安排已定，文龙有死无生矣。为文龙者，束身归命于朝廷，一听臣之节制，其能为今是非，则有生无死。”
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and large quantities of Later Jin weaponries. In September, Mao received reports that Nurhaci was planning to attack the defensive line around Shanhai Pass, so he led 30,000 men to raid the old Later Jin capital
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Mao never dared to drag major Later Jin cities into war even when there was a strategic advantage in doing so. In this way Mao was able to bring to bear the influence of many powerful Ming officials against
931:《东江疏揭塘报节抄》卷2天启三年七月二十二日塘报：“职随于六月十八日，率领参谋生员葛应贞、旗鼓都司时可达、游击尤景和、沈世魁等马步家丁八千余员名，于二十八日亲至镇江、汤站、凤-{}-凰-{}-城等处安营下寨，以图进剿。其千家庄进兵，则令游击朱家龙、任大镇、杨模等；其凤-{}-凰-{}-城进兵，则令游击王辅、王承鸾、郑继魁等；其昌城进兵，则令游击曲承恩等；其满浦进兵，则令参将易承惠、都司林茂春等。”
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situation and did not enquire any further. The matter of the Mao Wenlong affair was however brought up again months later after the humiliating Jisi Incident, and became a major factor for Yuan's own
344:) on July 14, and attacked the city at night, capturing several Manchu nobles, ambushing and killing the Jurchen commanders who was returning from raids on the surrounding towns. The success of this
593:
Mao's old subordinates, whose loyalty to the Ming dynasty largely relied on their personal affiliation to Mao, were disheartened and lost faith in the cause against the Jurchens. Many of them
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led to numerous other fortresses surrendering to Mao, but his forces were still forced to retreat after no Ming reinforcements were send to bolster up defenses against Jurchen counterattacks.
1060:《东江疏揭塘报节钞》卷4天启五年八月二十二日具奏：“臣又有说焉，阅邸报有张攀撤回皇城岛守冬之疏，无容再啄，不知旅顺为登莱门户，为鲜江饷道咽喉，一旦撤而之他，当冰冻之日，倘奴贼乘坚而来，绝我咽喉，守而弗去，则三千余员名之官兵，置之何地？一百三十里之膏腴，属之何人？将东江数十万之生灵，津、登往来之船只，不从此梗绝乎？臣虑及此，业遣参将李-{鑛}-防守其地，更授方略，以为御冬之机。”
1190:》（卷4）：“崇焕应曰臣请五年为陛下肃清边陲。上曰：五年灭敌，朕不吝封侯之赏。时四辅臣钱龙锡等侍立。俱奏曰：崇焕肝胆、意气、识见、方略，种种可嘉，真奇男子也。上悦。赐茶果瓜饼而退，焕出，朝臣问五年之期，当有定算否？焕曰：上期望甚迫，故以五年慰圣心。识者曰：主上英明，后且按期责效，崇焕不旋踵矣。时期议忧毛文龙难驭，大学士钱龙锡，过崇焕语及之，遂定计出，癸未赐崇焕尚方剑。”
1087:《满文老档》太祖第64册天命十年正月至三月：“二月初一日，遣刘维国、金盛晋遗书毛文龙。书曰：‘尔所遣之奸细，哨探等人均已被获……尔若如此与我相倚，迫使朝鲜投降，则尔之前途无量矣。尔既得罪与尔帝，已不能回明，而朝鲜又不容尔，我能置尔于不顾乎？尔向何处？倘若尔因派遣奸细，收纳逃人而恐我责备于尔，各为其主效力，岂有复存恶念之理乎？尔若降我，岂不亦如此效力与我乎？古之
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1187:
542:
The Later Jin celebrated the news of Mao's death, with "drinking parties" being reportedly organized. Hong Taiji immediately organized a raid through the
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1151:《东江疏揭塘报节抄》卷5天启六年九月初二日具奏：“随于本月初四日，差千总石景选、毛永科带兵一百五十名，前往细探。老奴背果患疮，带兵下营狗儿岭汤泉洗疮。石景选、毛永科兵少粮微，不忍失此机会，即于对岭高山顶上，初十黑夜，枪炮喊呐，以寒奴胆。奴贼惊恐，次早上船顺水西去。此石景选、毛永科差回确报也。”
1425:
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486:(who was previously removed by Wei's party) as the new Minister of Defense. In July, Yuan boasted to Chongzhen that he could "recover the
1375:
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850:《明史纪事本末补遗》卷4《毛帅东江》：“文龙率乌合之众二百人，涉海三千里，镇江既复，宽、叆一带城堡相继降，数百里之内，望风归附。”《满文老档》太祖第24册天命六年七月：“汤站堡人执汤站堡守堡以献，险山堡人亦执险山堡以献，毛文龙执永奠守堡以去，长奠守堡自愿往投。”
1370:
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1177:·崇祯实录》（卷一）：“癸酉，召廷臣及督师尚书袁崇焕于平台。上慰劳甚，至问边关何日可定？崇焕应曰：‘臣期五年为陛下肃清边陲’。慷慨请兵械转饷。且曰：‘边臣效命，动忧掣肘；吏部用人，兵部指挥，户部措饷，言路持论，皆与边臣尽相呼，应始可成功’。上曰：‘然’。”
465:
inherited the throne. Hong Taiji changed his father's way of ruling to a more ethnically tolerant policy and started recruiting
1420:
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at the end of 1636, allowing the Qing forces to eliminate further threat in the rear, and paved the way for Qing's successful
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from military service. However, in 1619 a new governor named Xiong Tingbi (熊廷弼) was appointed, who ordered Mao to conduct
1126:《枣林杂俎》和集《丛赘·毛文龙》：“天启丙寅六月，金人遗毛文龙书曰：‘古国家兴亡，皆天运循环。其将亡也，必灾异屡降，各处兵起。其将兴也，必天默护佑，动而成功。南朝运终，死数未尽，天使丧亡，将军岂能救之乎？良禽择木而栖，贤臣择主而事。韩信、
570:. Following that, the Jurchens no longer had any concerns committing to invading westwards, and also successfully
1415:
1268:》（卷259）：“至是，遂以閱兵為名，泛海抵雙島，文龍來會。崇煥與相燕飲，每至夜分，文龍不覺也。崇煥議更營制，設監司，文龍怫然。崇煥以歸鄉動之，文龍曰：「向有此意，但惟我知東事，東事畢，朝鮮衰弱，可襲而有也。」崇煥益不悅。”
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1255:》（卷259）：“工科給事中潘士聞劾文龍糜餉殺降，尚寶卿董茂忠請撤文龍，治兵關、寧。兵部議不可，而崇煥心弗善也，嘗疏請遣部臣理餉。文龍惡文臣監製，抗疏駁之，崇煥不悅。及文龍來謁，接以賓禮，文龍又不讓，崇煥謀益決。”
868:《满文老档》太祖第24册天命六年七月：“命四贝勒、都堂栋鄂额驸率兵三千，往剿镇江一带之叛民，并谕曰：‘其首恶者杀之，余众编户携归。’谕毕遣之。是夜思之，惟恐有不妥，二十七日，又遣阿敏贝勒、达尔汉侍卫率兵二千往援。”
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stretch of coast line, capturing several enemy officers. His detachment arrived at Zhenjiang (modern day
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Wang Huazhen (王化貞) to organize a volunteer detachment operating in territories at the Jurchen's rear.
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After forcing to give up Zhenjiang, Mao started to based his operations on Pi Island (the modern day
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1336:》（卷259）：“崇煥雖誅文龍，慮其部下為變，增餉銀至十八萬。崇煥言：「東江一鎮，牽制所必資。今定兩協，馬軍十營，步軍五，歲餉銀四十二萬，米十三萬六千。」帝頗以兵減餉增為疑，以崇煥故，特如其請。”
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was massacred by the Jurchens, prompting him to sign up to a recruitment call by the Liaodong
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so he travelled north for Liaodong. Along the way he visited a maternal uncle in the capital
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474:, whose impatience led him to have unrealistic expectations. In early 1628, after purging
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Mao did not gain any further promotion for over a decade, prompting him to even consider
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warfare and successfully incorporating Western-style tactics into the Chinese military.
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566:, with the Jurchens ransacking and looting virtually unchallenged to the outskirts of
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1323:》（卷二五九）：崇焕上言：“文龙一匹夫，不法至此，以海外易为乱也。其众合老稚四万七千，妄称十万，且民多，兵不能二万，妄设将领千。今不宜更置帅，即以继盛摄之，于计便。”
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990:《明史纪事本末补遗》卷4《毛帅东江》：“建州兵又率万骑来攻旅顺，奇兵奋起，建骑不能下，遣使招降盘，即斩以殉，于是围益急。盘设伏南北两山夹攻，建州兵大败而去。”
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954:《东江疏揭塘报节抄》卷2天启三年八月初二日塘报：“既得扼要，则西南之双岛，正南之旅顺口，东之三犋牛，皆为我有。自城南之一百二十里，俱可屯聚兵粮，招抚屯种。”
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972:《东江疏揭塘报节抄》卷2天启三年十月初□日塘报：“及得斩获，细鞫生擒，供吐奴贼于十五日，在辽阳新城，正欲往西，闻梆声传至，即统达贼四万余，前来老寨救应。”
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1142:，桓公之仇也，不杀用相之，遂成霸业。敬德，太宗之仇也，不杀而将之，以有天下。今将军纵竭力办事，君臣皆迷，反受祸患。南朝气运已尽，时势已尽，悔之不及。’”
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Later in July, Mao led 197 men into Later Jin territories and attacked the
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922:《东江疏揭塘报节抄》卷2天启三年七月二十二日塘报：“据投来顺民李连功等供称：老憨暗传四王子与八王子，李佟二附马，准于七月初六、十九二日，直要叩关。”
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the finance of his troops in early 1629, Yuan decided to get rid of Mao.
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against his officers. After Mao refused to let Yuan appoint officials to
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Europeans, making Dongjiang a strategic threat to the Later Jin's flank.
1039:《东江疏揭塘报节抄》卷4天启五年二月二十三日塘报：“金州南关铺游击张盘失守间，职于初七日业差都司石成玉飞驾多船，前往金、旅收拾残兵，仍着据险。”
904:《燃藜室记述》卷21《废主光海君故事本末》：“明朝升毛文龙为总兵、都督，赐尚方剑、玺书，仍开府于椵岛，号东江镇。辽民来投者日众，前后数十万口。”
739:
Mao Wenlong's name is rendered by Martini into Latin as "Maovenlungus".
1139:
1088:
1021:《三朝辽事实录》卷14：“登抚前议城南至旅顺口一百三十里，三面距海，唯北面狭束东西，相距仅十里许，挑断此地，引海水以图自固……已经覆议允行。”
676:
666:
606:
598:
503:
462:
450:
378:
159:
551:
429:
352:
336:
292:
190:
155:
386:
832:《东江疏揭塘报节抄》卷5天启六年二月初六日塘报：“遂将毛总兵有原驻鞍山堡内毛文仪等一百余名口，一门老幼，绑献奴酋诛戮，抄屠一方甚惨。”
562:, was the first time the Later Jin forces successfully invaded the
487:
391:
316:
312:
304:
244:
209:
76:
50:
46:
546:
later that year, completely circumventing Yuan's heavily invested
796:《东江疏揭塘报节抄》卷4天启五年九月初四日具奏：“因自叹曰：‘愿乘长风破万里浪，此志竟负却矣！盍者归以承寡母菽水欢。’正欲南旋。”
726:
587:
567:
555:
406:
373:
341:
260:
224:
collapse of the Dongjiang defensive line. This eventuated in the
1108:《东江塘报疏揭节抄》卷5天启六年正月二十日塘报眉批：“东兵之进而捣沈阳以覆其巢，攻海州以遏其归者，已先奴一日而发，亦綦神速矣。”
630:
526:
320:
256:
213:
166:
130:
72:
490:
in five years", which pleased Chongzhen enough to grant him a
1229:》（卷259）：“崇煥始受事，即欲誅毛文龍。”“方崇煥在朝，嘗與大學士錢龍錫語，言及毛文龍可用则用之，不可用去之不难。”。
507:
324:
252:
981:《三朝辽事实录》卷13：“守金州都司张盘，探得复州奴贼摽掠恣淫，于三年十月初五日夜半领兵袭之，奴众奔窜，永宁等堡俱下。”
381:
from the refugees and successfully recapturing the towns of
531:
522:
963:《东江疏揭塘报节抄》卷2天启三年十月初□日塘报：“据哨探千总马成功禀称：探听奴酋兵马不多，只说九月中准要往西寇关。”
732:
Regni Sinensis a Tartaris evastati depopulatique enarratio
1285:为父，塑冕旒像于岛中，十当斩。铁山之败，丧军无算，掩败为功，十一当斩。开镇八年，不能复寸土，观望养敌，十二当斩。”
446:
405:
In the beginning of 1624, the Jurchens traversed across
291:, where he gained another promotion for works involving
1164:·崇祯实录》（卷一）：“罢蓟辽督师王之臣。命袁崇焕为兵部尚书，兼右副都御史，督师蓟辽、登莱、天津，移驻关门。”
769:《东江疏揭塘报节抄》卷4天启五年九月初四日具奏：“臣草野微贱，元年有亲伯毛得春，系海州卫试百户也，无嗣承袭。”
534:
of silver. He then organized a proper burial for Mao.
461:
After Nurhaci died in late August 1626, his eighth son
428:
In January 1626, Nurhaci attacked Ningyuan (modern day
413:
In January 1625, Wu Zhiwang (武之望), the Governor of the
208:
upon the latter's arrival to take over the command of
1431:
People executed by the Ming dynasty by decapitation
648:Mao engaged in widespread smuggling using the Ming
482:control within the Ming court, Chongzhen appointed
162:that defended the coastal corridor into the Ming
1387:
372:In summer of 1623, after receiving reports that
645:(1584–1630), a fellow Ming military commander.
877:《枫窗脞语·朝鲜颂毛碑文》：“奴酋惮之，阴使人抵义州府郑遵，谋杀公。遵密告于废王，王许之。”
251:in his youth. When he was 29, he became an
150:, best known for commanding an independent
1216:·崇祯实录》（卷一）：“时朝仪忧毛文龙难驭。大学士钱龙锡遇崇焕，语及之。遂定计出。”
558:defensive line. This attack, known as the
298:
158:, a strategically important island in the
625:. He was known for operating against the
449:in Shenyang) that Nurhaci was visiting a
1376:United States Government Printing Office
1138:弃宋而归元，此皆默识天时，择主而事，名垂后世。自古天生帝王，不念仇隙，只论功德。
1047:
1045:
941:
939:
937:
710:United States Government Printing Office
334:and various other islands along a 2,000-
146:, was a Chinese military general of the
805:《熊襄愍公集》卷3《申明还兵情由疏》：“密遣守备毛文龙等安置诸毒，以待其来。”
688:
616:
307:and defeated the Ming garrisons in the
243:Mao was born into a merchant family in
1388:
1358:
1069:《大明熹宗实录》卷42天启三年十二月：“今日所恃海外长城者，非毛文龙者乎？”
778:《明季北略》卷2《毛文龙入皮岛》：“九月，兵巡道白某考武举，文龙列名第六。”
453:, but the latter escaped the attempt.
216:of his old subordinates, many of whom
212:. His death effectively destroyed the
189:). He was also known for excelling in
1042:
934:
255:son to a childless paternal uncle in
1371:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period
1099:而降唐，因其降而成大功，留美名与后世，有何人谓其不忠于君而归叛他主？’”
1063:
1012:《三朝辽事实录》卷13：“连奴酋来使暨李永芳恶札星夜差官缄封护送进呈。”
705:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period
597:within just a few years, among them
311:, capturing the strategic cities of
139:; 10 February 1576 – 24 July 1629),
1426:People executed by the Ming dynasty
1078:《大明熹宗实录》卷55天启五年正月：“使奴狼顾而不敢西向，惟尔是赖！”
13:
682:
303:In 1621, Later Jin forces invaded
200:with the newly appointed governor
14:
1442:
1030:《皇明通纪集要》卷56：“已而游击林茂春等邀击其归路，擒斩有差。”
494:as a proof of supreme authority.
432:), and Mao sent troops to attack
319:. Over 100 of Mao's relatives in
621:Mao is sometimes blamed for the
220:two years later, and led to the
1352:
1339:
1326:
1306:
1297:
1288:
1271:
1258:
1245:
1232:
1219:
1206:
1193:
1180:
1167:
1154:
1145:
1120:
1111:
1102:
1081:
1072:
1054:
1033:
1024:
1015:
1006:
999:《三朝辽事实录》卷13：“七月初二，忽有奴酋咨文移龙求和，又接
993:
984:
975:
966:
957:
948:
925:
916:
907:
898:
889:
880:
871:
862:
853:
844:
609:, who were instrumental in the
230:invasion and conquest of China
1003:手札，将龙在辽族属未遭屠戮者尽行优待，诱龙同叛，中分土地。”
835:
826:
823:《表忠录·毛将军文龙传》：“经略袁应泰命文龙造火药山海关。”
817:
808:
799:
790:
781:
772:
763:
135:
1:
1421:Executed people from Zhejiang
787:《毛总戎墓志铭》：“尝密走关宁，觇其山川形势，捬髀咨嗟。”
756:
238:
169:, where he engaged harassing
623:Later Jin invasion of Joseon
588:execution by a thousand cuts
572:invaded the Korean peninsula
537:
518:in front of the whole camp.
456:
7:
722:De Bello Tartarico Historia
655:
441:when received reports from
10:
1447:
100:
263:, who recommended him to
247:and reported worked as a
196:Mao later fell victim to
126:
91:
83:
57:
35:
28:
21:
346:Battle of Fort Zhenjiang
185:(which later became the
16:Chinese military general
751:(1673), p. 266 sq.
299:Career against Jurchens
226:Qing invasion of Joseon
1416:Generals from Zhejiang
629:from bases within the
611:Qing conquest of China
445:(who was serving as a
1406:Ming dynasty generals
1360:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.
814:《毛大将军海上情形》：“熊公甫拔之都阃。”
700:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.
595:mutinied and defected
439:assassination attempt
218:mutinied and defected
1411:People from Hangzhou
1365:"Mao Wên-lung"
695:"Mao Wên-lung"
617:Political criticisms
590:the following year.
1294:《明季北略》卷5《袁崇焕通敌射满桂》。
613:two decades later.
309:Battle of Shen-Liao
235:two decades later.
43:Shangcheng District
895:《大明熹宗实录》卷31天启三年二月。
886:《大明熹宗实录》卷23天启二年六月。
690:Kennedy, George A.
516:summarily executed
478:and restoring the
206:summarily executed
175:amphibious battles
69:Lüshunkou District
627:Later Jin dynasty
564:North China Plain
472:Chongzhen Emperor
332:Changshan Islands
99:
98:
1438:
1380:
1379:
1367:
1356:
1350:
1343:
1337:
1330:
1324:
1310:
1304:
1301:
1295:
1292:
1286:
1275:
1269:
1262:
1256:
1249:
1243:
1236:
1230:
1223:
1217:
1210:
1204:
1197:
1191:
1184:
1178:
1171:
1165:
1158:
1152:
1149:
1143:
1124:
1118:
1117:《皇明续纪三朝法传全录》卷15。
1115:
1109:
1106:
1100:
1085:
1079:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1040:
1037:
1031:
1028:
1022:
1019:
1013:
1010:
1004:
997:
991:
988:
982:
979:
973:
970:
964:
961:
955:
952:
946:
943:
932:
929:
923:
920:
914:
911:
905:
902:
896:
893:
887:
884:
878:
875:
869:
866:
860:
857:
851:
848:
842:
839:
833:
830:
824:
821:
815:
812:
806:
803:
797:
794:
788:
785:
779:
776:
770:
767:
738:
713:
697:
635:Korean peninsula
137:
128:
84:Other names
64:
39:10 February 1576
31:
19:
18:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1357:
1353:
1344:
1340:
1331:
1327:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1276:
1272:
1263:
1259:
1250:
1246:
1237:
1233:
1224:
1220:
1211:
1207:
1198:
1194:
1185:
1181:
1172:
1168:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1007:
998:
994:
989:
985:
980:
976:
971:
967:
962:
958:
953:
949:
944:
935:
930:
926:
921:
917:
912:
908:
903:
899:
894:
890:
885:
881:
876:
872:
867:
863:
858:
854:
849:
845:
840:
836:
831:
827:
822:
818:
813:
809:
804:
800:
795:
791:
786:
782:
777:
773:
768:
764:
759:
736:
717:Martino Martini
685:
683:Further reading
658:
619:
540:
500:insubordination
459:
301:
241:
198:power struggles
116:
79:
66:
62:
53:
40:
29:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1444:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1382:
1381:
1362:, ed. (1943).
1351:
1338:
1325:
1305:
1296:
1287:
1270:
1257:
1244:
1231:
1218:
1205:
1192:
1179:
1166:
1153:
1144:
1119:
1110:
1101:
1080:
1071:
1062:
1053:
1041:
1032:
1023:
1014:
1005:
992:
983:
974:
965:
956:
947:
933:
924:
915:
906:
897:
888:
879:
870:
861:
852:
843:
834:
825:
816:
807:
798:
789:
780:
771:
761:
760:
758:
755:
754:
753:
740:
714:
684:
681:
680:
679:
674:
672:Geng Zhongming
669:
664:
657:
654:
643:Yuan Chonghuan
631:Joseon dynasty
618:
615:
603:Geng Jingzhong
539:
536:
492:sword of state
484:Yuan Chonghuan
458:
455:
443:Geng Zhongming
366:Tianqi Emperor
362:sword of state
300:
297:
280:scorched earth
240:
237:
204:, who had him
202:Yuan Chonghuan
97:
96:
93:
89:
88:
85:
81:
80:
67:
65:(aged 53)
59:
55:
54:
41:
37:
33:
32:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1443:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1366:
1361:
1355:
1348:
1342:
1335:
1329:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1300:
1291:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1267:
1261:
1254:
1248:
1241:
1235:
1228:
1222:
1215:
1209:
1202:
1196:
1189:
1183:
1176:
1170:
1163:
1157:
1148:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1114:
1105:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1084:
1075:
1066:
1057:
1048:
1046:
1036:
1027:
1018:
1009:
1002:
996:
987:
978:
969:
960:
951:
942:
940:
938:
928:
919:
910:
901:
892:
883:
874:
865:
859:《东江疏揭塘报节抄》卷1。
856:
847:
838:
829:
820:
811:
802:
793:
784:
775:
766:
762:
752:
750:
744:
743:Johan Nieuhof
741:
734:
733:
728:
724:
723:
718:
715:
711:
707:
706:
701:
696:
691:
687:
686:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
662:Wuqiao mutiny
660:
659:
653:
651:
646:
644:
638:
636:
632:
628:
624:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
591:
589:
585:
581:
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
560:Jisi Incident
557:
553:
549:
545:
544:Yan Mountains
535:
533:
528:
524:
519:
517:
511:
509:
505:
501:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
476:Wei Zhongxian
473:
468:
464:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
435:
431:
426:
424:
420:
416:
411:
408:
403:
401:
397:
393:
388:
384:
380:
375:
370:
367:
363:
358:
354:
349:
347:
343:
339:
338:
333:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
296:
294:
290:
286:
281:
277:
272:
270:
266:
265:Li Chengliang
262:
258:
254:
250:
249:fortuneteller
246:
236:
234:
233:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
194:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
142:
141:courtesy name
138:
132:
124:
120:
114:
113:
108:
104:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
38:
34:
27:
20:
1369:
1354:
1341:
1328:
1308:
1303:《三朝辽事实录》卷11。
1299:
1290:
1273:
1260:
1247:
1234:
1221:
1208:
1195:
1182:
1169:
1156:
1147:
1122:
1113:
1104:
1083:
1074:
1065:
1056:
1051:《三朝辽事实录》卷15。
1035:
1026:
1017:
1008:
995:
986:
977:
968:
959:
950:
945:《三朝辽事实录》卷13。
927:
918:
913:《三朝辽事实录》卷10。
909:
900:
891:
882:
873:
864:
855:
846:
841:《皇明通纪集要》卷45。
837:
828:
819:
810:
801:
792:
783:
774:
765:
746:
730:
720:
703:
650:marine corps
647:
639:
620:
592:
576:
548:Shanhai Pass
541:
520:
512:
496:
460:
427:
412:
404:
371:
350:
335:
329:
302:
295:production.
289:Shanhai Pass
273:
242:
231:
221:
195:
187:Qing dynasty
177:against the
164:vassal state
148:Ming dynasty
143:
134:
118:
117:
110:
103:Chinese name
87:Zhennan (振南)
63:(1629-07-24)
61:24 July 1629
1401:1629 deaths
1396:1576 births
729:, 1654) or
584:prosecution
580:impeachment
521:To prevent
488:Liao region
467:Han Chinese
423:supply line
364:granted by
136:Máo Wénlóng
119:Mao Wenlong
107:family name
23:Mao Wenlong
1390:Categories
757:References
737:(in Latin)
677:Shang Kexi
667:Kong Youde
607:Shang Kexi
599:Kong Youde
504:corruption
463:Hong Taiji
451:hot spring
379:militiamen
239:Early life
160:Yellow Sea
152:detachment
92:Occupation
574:in 1636.
538:Aftermath
457:Execution
430:Xingcheng
353:Ka Island
293:gunpowder
285:logistics
276:discharge
271:in 1608.
191:artillery
183:Later Jin
156:Dongjiang
154:based in
1091:弃楚霸王而归汉，
735:(1661).
692:(1943).
656:See also
552:Ningyuan
400:Yongning
392:Hetu Ala
325:governor
317:Liaoyang
313:Shenyang
305:Liaodong
245:Hangzhou
222:de facto
210:Liaodong
101:In this
77:Liaoning
51:Zhejiang
47:Hangzhou
727:Antwerp
702:(ed.).
568:Beijing
556:Jinzhou
523:rioting
480:Donglin
434:Haizhou
407:sea ice
383:Jīnzhou
374:Nurhaci
357:Tieshan
342:Dandong
287:at the
261:Beijing
253:adopted
144:Zhennan
123:Chinese
95:General
1130:弃楚而归汉，
527:mutiny
396:Fuzhou
387:Lüshun
355:) and
321:Anshan
269:Aiyang
257:Anshan
232:proper
214:morale
179:Manchu
167:Joseon
133::
131:pinyin
125::
105:, the
73:Dalian
698:. In
532:taels
508:audit
181:-led
171:naval
1347:崇祯长编
1240:明季北略
1188:明季北略
605:and
586:and
525:and
502:and
415:Deng
398:and
385:and
315:and
173:and
58:Died
36:Born
1317:张廷玉
1283:魏忠贤
1214:明实录
1175:明实录
1162:明实录
1136:吕文焕
1097:刘武周
1093:胡敬德
1001:李永芳
447:spy
419:Lai
127:毛文龍
112:Mao
109:is
30:毛文龍
1392::
1374:.
1368:.
1334:明史
1321:明史
1279:明史
1266:明史
1253:明史
1227:明史
1201:明史
1140:管仲
1132:刘整
1128:陈平
1089:韩信
1044:^
936:^
745:,
719:,
708:.
637:.
601:,
582:,
402:.
337:li
129:;
75:,
71:,
49:,
45:,
1378:.
1345:《
1332:《
1319:《
1315:·
1313:清
1277:《
1264:《
1251:《
1238:《
1225:《
1212:《
1199:《
1186:《
1173:《
1160:《
1134:、
1095:弃
725:(
712:.
554:-
550:-
417:-
121:(
115:.
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