Malabar Muslims - Knowledge

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social and religious affairs in Malabar. The Portuguese tried to establish a monopoly in the spice trade in India, using violent naval warfare. Whenever a formal war was broke out between the Portuguese and the Calicut rulers, the Portuguese attacked and plundered, as the opportunity offered, the Muslim ports in Kerala. Small, lightly armed, and highly mobile vessels of the Mappilas remained a major threat to Portuguese shipping all along the west coast of India. Mappila merchants, now controlling pepper trade in Calicut in the place of the West Asian Muslims, drew Mappila corsairs and used them to transport the spices past Portuguese blockades. Some Mappila traders even tried to outwit the Portuguese by reorienting their trade to Western Indian ports. Some chose an overland route, across the Western Ghats, for the export of spices. By the end of the 16th century, the Portuguese were finally able to deal with the "Mappila challenge". Kunjali Marakkar was defeated and killed, with the help of the Calicut ruler, in c. 1600 AD. The Ali Rajas of Cannanore was given permission to send ships to even to the Red Sea, as a way of ensuring their cooperation. The relentless battles led to the eventual decline of the Muslim community in Kerala, as they gradually lost control of the spice trade. The Muslims — who had been depended solely on commerce — were reduced into severe economic perplexity. Some traders turned inland (South Malabar) in search of alternate occupations to commerce. The Muslims of Kerala gradually became a society of small traders, landless labourers and poor fishermen. The once affluent, and urban, Muslim population became predominantly rural in Kerala.

2106: 3146:(14th century) has recorded the considerably huge presence of Muslim merchants and settlements of sojourning traders in most of the ports of Kerala. Immigration, intermarriage and missionary activity/conversion — secured by the common interest in the spice trade — helped in this development. The monopoly of overseas spice trade in the Arabian Sea was safe with the Arab and Persian shipping magnates from the Malabar Coast. Fortunes of these merchants depended on the political patronage of the native chiefs of Calicut (Kozhikode), Cannanore (Kannur), Cochin (Kochi), and Quilon (Kollam). The chiefs of these tiny kingdoms derived a great part of their revenue from taxing the spice trade. A 13th century granite inscription, in Old Malayalam and Arabic, at 3281:. The big Mappila traders in Cochin supplied large quantities of Southeast Asian spices to the Portuguese carracks. These traders, along with the Syrian Christians, acted as brokers and intermediaries in the purchase of spices and in the sale of the goods brought from Europe. Wealthy Muslim merchants of the Malabar Coast – including Mappilas – provided large credits to the Portuguese. These businessmen received large trading concessions, stipends and privileges in return. Interaction between the Portuguese private traders and Mappila merchants also continued to be tolerated by the Portuguese state. Kingdom of Calicut, whose shipping was increasingly looted by the Portuguese, evolved into a centre of Muslim resistance. In February 1446: 3343: 3162:

mentions Shah Bandars in Calicut and Quilon (Ibrahim Shah Bandar and Muhammed Shah Bandar). The "nakhudas", merchant magnates owning ships, spread their shipping and trading business interests across the Indian Ocean. The famous nakhuda Mishkal who possessed ships for the trade with China, Yemen and Persia was active in Calicut in the 1340s. But unlike in some of the other regions of the Indian Ocean, in Kerala, it seems that the nakhudas did not held any positions of commercial, communal leadership. The Muslim line of Ali Rajas of Arakkal, near Cannanore, who were the vassals of the Kolathiri, ruled over the

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The peace was soon broken, with the assassination of the qazi of Cannanore Abu Bakr Ali (1545), and the Portuguese again came down hard on the Mappilas. In the meantime, the Portuguese also entered into friendship with some of the leading Middle Eastern merchants residing on the Malabar Coast (1550). The mantle of the Muslim resistance was now taken by the Ali Rajas of Cannanore, who even forced the king of Calicut to turn against the Portuguese once again. By the close of the 16th century, the Ali Rajas had emerged as figures with as much influence in Kerala as the Kolathiri (Chirakkal Raja) himself.

3423:, invaded and occupied northern Kerala in the late-18th century. In the following Mysore rule of Malabar, Muslims were favoured against the high caste Hindu landlords. Some were able to obtain some land rights and administrative positions. There was a sharp increase in community's growth, especially through conversions from the "outcaste" society. However, such measures of the Mysore rulers only widened the communal imbalance of Malabar. The East India Company — taking advantage of the situation — allied with the Hindu high castes to fight against the occupied regime. The British subsequently won the 2884:

Abu ibn Udthorman in Hijra 166. The mosque itself contains two medieval royal charters, one on a block of granite built into the steps of the mosque tank and another one a loose stone lying outside, of the Kodungallur Chera king Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladitya (962–1021 AD). The position of the royal Chera charter (in Old Malayalam) inside the mosque suggests that the city belonged to the Muslims or included them or came into their possession at a later stage. A few Umayyad (661–750 AD) coins were discovered from Kothamangalam in the eastern part of Ernakulam district.

2876: 2703: 9199: 3841: 2585:(Kollam)). They were traditionally elite merchants who were all part of the brisk foreign trade. Until well into the European period, the Muslims were almost exclusively concentrated in the port cities. Middle Eastern sailors had to rely on lighterage at most of the Kerala ports in the medieval period. This led them to enter into mutually beneficial relationships with the traditional sea fishermen community. A large majority of fishermen, once low-caste Hindus, in northern Kerala now follow Islam. 1344: 3206: 2205: 2683: 51: 3170: 3822: 9251: 9211: 2891:(c. 883 AD, "the Tabula Quilonensis") is written in Old Malayalam in Vatteluttu script, and concludes with a number of "signatures" in Kufic Arabic, Middle Persian in Pahlavi script and Judaeo-Persian. The charter shows Atikal, in presence of the royal representative from Kodungallur (prince Kota Ravi Vijayaraga) and regional civil and military officials, granting land and serfs to the Tarisapalli, built by Mar Sapir Iso, and conferring privileges on 3862: 9242: 9223: 1280: 795: 3185:) from the Malabar Coast. Export items across the Arabian Sea included spices such as pepper, ginger and cardamom, trans-shipped textiles, coconuts and associated products. Gold, copper, and silver, horses, silk and various aromatics were imported into Kerala. The native Muslims dominated the trade to Pegu, Mergui, Melaka (in Myanmar and Malaysia) and points east, and the Indian coastal trade (Canara, Malabar, 2717: 862: 2691: 2833:, which was the link between the West and ports of East Asia, even before Islam had been established in Arabia. The western coast of India was the chief centre of Middle Eastern trading activities right from at least 4th century AD and by about 7th century AD, and several West Asian merchants had taken permanent residence in some port cities of the Malabar Coast. According to popular tradition, 3197:. Muslims, with Gujarati Vanias, also took part in the trade with ports of Gujarat. The Indian coastal trade included goods such as coconuts, coir, pepper, cardamom, cinnamon and rice. Rice was a major import item into Kerala, from the Canara and the Coromandel Coast. Low-value but high-volume trade in foodstuffs that passed through the Gulf of Mannar was also handled by the native Muslims. 3801: 194: 2904:

the charter prove that the associates of Mar Sapir Iso included Jews and Muslims too. Muslim Arabs and some Persians must have formed permanent settlements at Kollam by this period. The charter gives proof of the status and privileges of trading guilds in Kerala. "Anjuvannam", mentioned in the copper plate, was a merchant association composed Christians, Jews and Muslims.

2029:. In general, a Muslim Mappila is either a descendant of any higher caste native convert to Islam or a mixed descendant of any Middle Eastern — Arab or Persian — individual. Mappilas are but one among the many communities that form the Muslim population of Kerala. No Census Report where the Muslim communities were mentioned separately is also available. 2924:". While there is no concrete historical evidence for this tradition, there can be little doubt of the early Muslim presence, and of the religious tolerance based on economic imperatives, on the Malabar Coast. The account of conversion of Islam by the then Cheraman Perumal is generally considered apocryphal by mainstream scholars. 5965:... Aurangzeb and Dara Shukoh participated in Aceh's trade, and Aurangzeb even exchanged presents with Aceh's sultan in 1641. For two decades after the Dutch conquest of Portuguese Melaka in 1641, the VOC tried to attract trade to Melaka by the VOC tried to attract trade to Melaka by restricting Muslim trade to Aceh. Angered by 3571:

backwardness began to change. The Mappila community is now considered as section of Indian Muslims marked by recovery, change and positive involvement in the modern world. Mappila women are now not reluctant to join professional vocations and assuming leadership roles. As per the latest government data, female literacy rate in

3166:. Zayn al-Din Makhdum (c. 1498–1581) estimates that 10% of the population of Malabar was Muslim by the midpoint of the 16th century AD. Samarqandi said that in Calicut he met Muslims among the "horde of infidels", and that both kings and beggars wear the same thing but that the Muslims wear fine clothing in the Arab fashion. 2872:(973–1052 AD) appears to have been the first to call the region by this name. Masudi of Baghdad (896–965 AD) speaks about the contacts between Malabar and Arabia. Authors such as Ibn Khurdad Beh (869 – 885 AD), Ahmad al Baladhuri (892 AD), and Abu Zayd of Ziraf (916 AD) mentions Malabar ports in their works. 3518:

Active participation in the state elections gave rise to a psychology of accommodation that took the Muslims into cooperate relationships with Hindus and Christians of Kerala. The Communist-lead Kerala government granted the wish of the Muslim League for the formation of a Muslim majority district in

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was a popular form of social entertainment among the Muslims of Kerala. It is generally presented by women numbering about fifteen including musicians, as a part of wedding ceremonies a day before the wedding day. The bride, dressed in all finery, covered with gold ornaments, is the chief spectator;

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in Cochin, now planning to capture the spice trade through the Gulf of Mannar and to Sri Lanka, came into the conflict with Mappilas and the (Tamil) Maraikkayars. The narrow gulf held the key to the trade to Bengal (especially Chittagong). By the 1520s, open confrontations between the Portuguese and

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in south Kerala was the southernmost of the Kerala ports associated with black pepper. It served as the region's gateway to the eastern Indian Ocean. East and Southeast Asia were the primary markets for Kerala's main export, the spices, until at least the c. 15th century. In 1403, it seems that, the

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reads: " to this Maymun ibn Ibrahim, Muhammad ibn Manih, Sulh ibn 'Ali, 'Uthaman ibn al-Marzuban, Muhammad ibn Yahya, 'Amr ibn Ibrahim, Ibrahim ibn al-Tayy, Bakr ibn Mansur, al-Qasim ibn Hamid, Mansur ibn 'Isa and, Isma'il ibn Ya'qub". The presence of non-Christian signatures and the names found in

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After and during the Portuguese period, some of the Muslim merchants were forced to turn inland (Malabar) in search of alternative occupations to commerce. Some acquired land and became landowners and some became agricultural labourers. Between 16th and 20th centuries, the collective Mappila numbers

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16th century. The ballads are compiled in complex blend of Malayalam/Tamil and Arabic, Persian/Urdu in a modified Arabic script. Mappila songs have a distinct cultural identity, as they sound a mix of the ethos and culture of Dravidian South India as well as West Asia. They deal with themes such as

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The Muslim material strength — along with the extent of modern education, theological "reform", and active participation in democratic process — recovered slowly after the 1921–22 Uprising. The Muslim numbers in provincial and central government posts remained staggeringly low. The Mappila literacy

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to oppose the Portuguese. The Portuguese maintained patrolling squadrons off the Kerala ports and continued their raids on departing Muslim fleets at Calicut and Quilon. After a series of naval battles, the once powerful Mappila chief was finally forced to sue for peace with the Portuguese in 1540.

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Sooner rather than later, tensions arose between the wealthy Mappila traders of Cannanore and the Portuguese state. The ships of the Cannanore Mappilas again and again fell prey to the Portuguese sailors off the coast of Maldives, an important point between Southeast Asia and the Red Sea. Interests

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Scholar C. N. Ahammad Moulavi has mentioned that he has seen at Irikkalur near Valapattanam a tombstone bearing the date 670 AD/Hijra 50 (it seems that the tombstone is now lost). Inscriptions found on a tombstone on the beach outside the Juma'h Mosque in Panthalayani Kollam record the death of one

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Modern Mappila theological revisions and social reforms were initiated by Wakkom Maulavi (1873–1932) in Kollam. The Maulavi was initially influenced by Muḥammad 'Abduh and Rashīd Riḍā, and to some degree by the ideas of Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī and Muḥammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhāb. He notably encouraged

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as the major port city in Kerala. Some of the important administrative positions in the kingdom of Calicut, such as that of the port commissioner, were held by Muslims. The port commissioner, the "shah bandar", represented commercial interests of the Muslim merchants. In his account, Ibn Batttutah

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ballad singing is prevalent amongst people who practice folkloric traditions in the Mappila community of Wayanad. Unlike usual religious interpretations, Mappila Ramayan or Lamayan evokes cultural memories and is set in Malabar Muslim milieu. Their Ramayan ballards are usually laced with everyday

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Before the 16th century, Middle Eastern Muslims dominated the economic, social and religious affairs of Kerala Muslims. Many of these merchants fled Kerala in the course of the 16th century. The vacuum created economic opportunities for some Mappila traders, who also took on a greater role in the

2920:(c. 570–632). Perumal's proselytisers, led by Malik ibn Dinar, established a series of mosques in his kingdom and north of it, thus facilitating the expansion of Islam in Kerala. It is assumed that the first recorded version of this legend is an Arabic manuscript of anonymous authorship known as " 2907:

In keeping with Kodungallur's significant role in the spice trade, the legends of Kerala Christians, Jews and Muslims all depict this port city as the focal point for the spread of their respective faiths. According to the legend of Cheraman Perumal, or as per one version of it, the first Indian

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Vaikom Muhammad Basheer (1910–1994), followed by, U. A. Khader, K. T. Muhammed, N. P. Muhammed and Moidu Padiyath are leading Mappila authors of the modern age. Mappila periodical literature and newspaper dailies — all in Malayalam — are also extensive and critically read among the Muslims. The

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The latter, also known as the "Paradesi Muslims", in fact came from all over the Islamic world. They included Arabs, Persians, Egyptians, Turks, Iraqis, Gujaratis, Khorasanis and Deccanis (and Melakans, Sumatrans, Bengalis). These Muslims were not unsettled navigators but had settled in Kerala.

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The Malabar Muslims have also been nicknamed such due to their presence in Malabar region. Mappila Muslims is a diverse group of people, including descendants of Arab traders and local converts to Islam. They share the Malayalam language with other communities in Kerala and have a rich cultural

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in the following years (beginning in the mid-1960s). This widespread participation in the Gulf Rush produced huge economic and social benefits for the community. Great influx funds from the earnings of Mappilas employed followed. Issues such as widespread poverty, unemployment and educational

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The discriminatory land tenure system — tracing its origins to pre modern Kerala — gave Muslims of Kerala (and other tenants and labourers) no access to land ownership. This led to a series of violent attacks against the high caste landlords and colonial administration (the Mappila Outbreaks,

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CE (c. 1500–1520), Portuguese traders were successful in reaching in agreements with the local Hindu chiefs and native Muslim (Mappila) merchants in Kerala. The major contradiction was between the Portuguese state and the Arab and Persian traders, and the Kingdom of Calicut. In January

2857:. Arab writers such as Masudi of Baghdad (934–955 AD), Idrisi (1154 AD), Abul-Fida (1213 AD) and al-Dimishqi (1325 AD) mentions the Muslim communities in Kerala. Some historians assume that the Mappilas can be considered as the first native, settled Islamic community in South Asia. 2044:, of which the Kerala state, as early as the 7th century AD. Before being overtaken by the Europeans in the spice trade, Malabar Muslims were a prosperous trading community, settled mainly in the coastal urban centres of Kerala. The continuous interaction of the Mappilas with the 3547:(1886–1964), E. K. Maulavi (1879–1974) and M. K. Haji carried his work forward to the modern age. K. M . Maulavi tried to spread the new ideas of southern Kerala to the more orthodox Malabar region. C. O. T. Kunyipakki Sahib, Maulavi Abussabah Ahmedali (died 1971), K. A. Jaleel, 2071:, does exist among the Muslims of Kerala (although all Muslims are allowed to worship in all Kerala mosques, certain communities are held in "lower status" to others). A number of different communities, some of them having distant ethnic roots, exist as status groups in Kerala. 2097:(Mappila Arabs) s, about one-quarter of Kerala's population (26.56%) are Muslims. The calculated Muslim population (2011) in Kerala state is 88,73,472. The number of Muslims in rural areas is only 42,51,787, against an urban population of 46,21,685. 3698:

In 17th century, after the arrival of Hadrami sufis to malabar the Ash'ari sufism become widespread among the malabar muslims. Which transformed muslim community into spiritually connected with the Sufi doctrines. This gives importance to apostles

3636:, while the other theological orientations, of which the Salafi Mujahids constitute a large majority, are seen as modern "reform" movements within the Sunni Islam. Both the Sunnis and Mujahids again have been divided to a number of sub-identities. 4673:"Remittances and its Impact on the Kerala Economy and Society – International Migration, Multi-local Livelihoods and Human Security: Perspectives from Europe, Asia and Africa", Institute of Social Studies, The Netherlands, 30–31 August 2007 2598:

interior. The peak of the Muslim distribution in Kerala had gradually shifted to the interior Malabar District. William Logan, comparing the Census Reports of 1871 and 1881, famously concluded that within ten years some 50,000 people from the

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has created a profound impact on their life, customs, and culture. This has resulted in the formation of a unique Indo-Islamic synthesis — within the large spectrum of Kerala culture — in literature, art, food, language, and music.

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she sits on a peetham, around which the singing and dancing take place. While women sing, they clap their hands rhythmically and move around the bride in steps. Two or three girls begin the songs and the rest join the chorus.

3591:, is another major Muslim entrepreneur from Kerala. During his state visit to Saudi Arabia in 2016, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi presented the Saudi king Salman with a gold-plated replica of the Kodungallur Mosque. 2149:

concerns of the British Empire. Diaspora groups of Mappilas are also found in Singapore and Malaysia. Furthermore, a substantial proportion of Muslims have left Kerala to seek employment in the Middle East, especially in

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Upadhyaya, U. Padmanabha. Coastal Karnataka: Studies in Folkloristic and Linguistic Traditions of Dakshina Kannada Region of the Western Coast of India. Udupi: Rashtrakavi Govind Pai Samshodhana Kendra, 1996.P-

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The Edinburgh review: or critical journal – Sydney Smith, Lord Francis Jeffrey Jeffrey, Macvey Napier, Sir George Cornewall Lewis, William Empson, Harold Cox, Henry Reeve, Arthur Ralph Douglas Elliot (Hon.)

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Hafiz Mohamad, N. P. "Socioeconomic determinants of the continuity of matrilocal family system among Mappila Muslims of Malabar" Unpublished Ph.D. thesis (2013) Department of History, University of Calicut

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The Middle Eastern Muslim traders and Kerala mercantile community went through a long period of peaceful intercultural growth till the arrival of the Portuguese explorers (early 16th century).

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Sousa, João de (1790). "Da mesmo Governador escrita ao Almirante D. Vasco da Gama Vice-Rei da India" [From the same Governor written to Admiral Dom Vasco da Gama, Viceroy of India].

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the Mappilas, from Ramanathapuram, and Thoothukudi to northern Kerala, and to western Sri Lanka, became a common occurrence. The Mappila traders actively worked in even in the island of

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and in the north Kerala a small proportion vote Communist Left. Politically, the Muslims in Kerala have exhibited more unanimity than any other major communities in modern Kerala.

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The earliest major epigraphic evidence of Muslim merchants in Kerala is a royal charter by Ayyan Atikal, the powerful governor of Kollam under the Chera king of Kodungallur. The

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community (former untouchables) converted to Islam. Muslim growth in the 20th century has considerably outpaced that of the general Kerala population due to higher birth rates.

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P. P., Razak Abdul "Colonialism and community formation in Malabar: a study of Muslims of Malabar" Unpublished Ph.D. thesis (2013) Department of History, University of Calicut

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Muslim Architecture of South India: The Sultanate of Ma'bar and the Traditions of the Maritime Settlers on the Malabar and Coromandel Coasts (Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Goa)

5693:"Document 9: ANTT, Cartas Orientais No. 47- Chenicheri Kurup to the Viceroy Vasco da Gama, in "Letters from Kannur, 1500–50: A Little Explored Aspect of Kerala History"" 5526:

Muslim Architecture of South India: The Sultanate of Ma'bar and the Traditions of the Maritime Settlers on the Malabar and Coromandel Coasts (Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Goa)

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Till the 16th century, as noticed by the contemporary observers, Muslims settled mainly along the coastal tracts of Kerala (especially in major Kerala ports such as

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heritage that blends local traditions with Islamic practices. They were also referred to as 'Mouros da Terra'(Arabs of land) and Mouros Malabares' (Malabar Arabs).

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islands in Southern India. The term Mappila is used to denote Muslims of middle eastern descent in Northern Kerala, and in Southern Kerala for Mar thoma Nazarenes (

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1836–1921 led the officials to make and maintain a distinction between the interior Mappilas and the 'respectable' Mappila traders of the coastal cities, such as

4641: 1445: 3511:. K. O. Ayesha Bai, a member of Muslim community, the first Muslim women to rise to public fame in modern Kerala, became the Deputy Speaker of the Communist 1947: 6211: 5332:

Mohammad, K.M. "Arab relations with Malabar Coast from 9th to 16th centuries" Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. Vol. 60 (1999), pp. 226–234.

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A model of the old structure of the Kodungallur Mosque. According to the Cheraman Perumal tradition, the first Indian mosque was built at Kodungallur.

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Lastly, there were the converts from the Backward and Scheduled Hindu castes (such as the South Malabar interior Mappilas, Pusalars/Puyislans and the

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Ever since in the Indian Independence from the British in 1947, the overwhelming majority of Muslims in former Malabar District have supported the

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in Calicut mentions a donation by the king to the mosque. The inscription is the only surviving historical document recording royal endowment by a

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can also be seen. When the British supremacy on Malabar District was established, many Mappilas were recruited for employment in plantations in

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school of religious law (known in Kerala as the traditionalist Sunnis) while a large minority follow modern movements that developed within

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increased rapidly in Malabar and Travancore and Kochi regions, chiefly by the conversion among the lower and 'outcaste' Hindu groups of the

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The Muslim community originated primarily as a result of the West Asian contacts with Kerala, which was fundamentally based upon commerce ("

2014:). Muslims of Kerala make up 26.56% of the population of the state (2011), and as a religious group they are the second largest group after 7478: 6273: 5672: 8097: 6692: 5608: 9141: 8618: 3724:

romance, satire, religion, and politics. Moyinkutty Vaidyar (1875–91) is generally considered as the poet laureate of Mappila Songs.

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Kolkkali was a popular dance form among the Muslims of Kerala. It is played in group of 12 people with two sticks, similar to the

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during 16th-century CE is the first-ever known book fully based on the history of Kerala, written by a Keralite. It is written in

6618: 568: 4247:"Sea, community and language: a study on the origin and development of Arabi- Malayalam language of mappila muslims of Malabar" 2939:, the first mosque was built by Malik ibn Dinar in Kodungallur, while the rest of the mosques were founded by Malik ibn Habib. 1934: 3408:

in the 16th century CE. For decades, the Malabari Mappila Muslims which representing the Mughal empire are already patronized

9275: 9114: 8963: 6025: 5988: 5820: 5786: 5618: 5591: 5561: 5534: 5448: 5414: 5380: 5299: 5265: 5209: 5175: 5141: 5103: 5050: 4850: 4352: 4174: 3551:, and K. O. Ayesha Bai were other prominent social and political reformers of the 20th century. An organisation known as the 2814:(5th century BCE) records that in his time the cinnamon spice industry was monopolised by the Egyptians and the Phoenicians. 1308: 455: 9290: 2853:. A number of foreign accounts have mentioned about the presence of considerable Muslim population in the coastal towns of 2750:

and it is still referred to as the "Garden of Spices" or as the "Spice Garden of India". Kerala's spices attracted ancient

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faded into memory in the rest of India, it remained a serious political force in the state of Kerala with leaders such as

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The Middle Eastern Muslims controlled the lucrative western arm of the overseas long-distance trade (to the ports of the

1904: 1894: 1463: 6144: 1343: 9203: 9151: 9132: 5719: 5225: 1909: 4616: 9300: 9055: 8953: 8948: 6559: 5951: 5643: 5353: 4940: 4792: 4771:

Subrahmanyam, Sanjay."The Political Economy of Commerce: Southern India 1500–1650" Cambridge University Press, (2002)

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and the native rulers, the Portuguese attacked and plundered, as the opportunity offered, the Muslim ports in Kerala.

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As the modern Mappila literature developed after the 1921–22 Uprising, religious publications dominated the field.

3555:(MES), founded in 1964 by P. K. Abdul Ghafoor and friends, also played a role in the development of the community. 3543:

the Mappilas to adopt English education. Notable reformers such as K. M. Seethi Sahib (1898–1960), Khatib Muhammad

1871: 883: 233: 6241: 6049:"Moplahs a Menace for Several Years — Malabar Fanatics Said to Have Been Emboldened by Shifting of British Troops" 9006: 8991: 6449: 5761: 4690:. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India 3567: 3500: 1548: 825: 9011: 2708: 770: 4606:

Miller, Roland. E., "Mappila" in "The Encyclopedia of Islam". Volume VI. E. J. Brill, Leiden. 1987 pp. 458–56.

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rice are some of the other specialties. The characteristic use of spices is the hallmark of Mappila cuisine—

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The community was able to produce a number of high-regarded leaders in the following years. This included

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records its foundation year as Hijra 518 (1124 AD). The mosque in the heart of the old Chera capital, the

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The Sunnis referred here are identified by their conventional beliefs and practices and adherence to the

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islands in the Arabian Sea. A small number of Malayali Muslims have settled in the southern districts of

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Kaleidoscopic Ethnicity: International Migration and the Reconstruction of Community Identities in India

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M. G. S. Narayanan. "Kozhikkodinte Katha". Malayalam/Essays. Mathrubhumi Books. Second Edition (2017)

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Kunhali, V. "Muslim Communities in Kerala to 1798" PhD Dissertation Aligarh Muslim University (1986)

4378: 3258: 1924: 1553: 1458: 1301: 913: 871: 718: 430: 5927: 3212:(Cannanore) in northern Kerala in the 16th century. Whenever a formal war was broke out between the 9295: 9215: 8938: 8604: 8359: 4404:

Miller, Roland. E., "Mappila" in "The Encyclopedia of Islam". Volume VI. E. J. Brill, Leiden. 1987

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food culture. This confluence of culinary cultures is best seen in the preparation of most dishes.

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This article is about Malabar Muslims or Jonaka Mappilas. For other uses of the title Mappila, see

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Sanjay Subrahmanyam, The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama, Cambridge University Press, 1997, 288

3761:(also called Dubh Muttu) was an art form prevalent among Muslims of Kerala, using the traditional 3102:

which dates back to the 10th century CE. It is a rare surviving document recording patronage by a

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According to some scholars, the Malabar Muslims are the oldest settled native Muslim community in

8747: 8459: 8454: 7551: 7393: 6474: 6309: 4103: 3496: 2646:) – at the top were the aristocratic Tangals (the Sayyids), who claim descent from the family of 2448: 2011: 1968: 1538: 1325: 908: 245: 17: 5507: 2631:. The Colonial administrates also kept a distinction between coastal and inland Mappilas of the 8996: 8677: 8042: 6604: 6283: 5583: 4078: 3583:, 19th richest man in India, is the richest Malayali, according to the Forbes magazine (2018). 3480: 2875: 2511:

The Muslims present in Kerala were distinguished by the Portuguese historians into two groups:

1578: 1208: 893: 699: 465: 5978: 5843: 5810: 5776: 5524: 5404: 5370: 5255: 5199: 9180: 8958: 8087: 7688: 6832: 6578: 6357: 6306:"Madikeri, Coorg, "Gaddige Mohiyadeen Ratib" Islamic religious "dikr" is held once in a year" 6015: 5289: 5165: 5131: 4191: 3732: 3520: 3361: 1558: 1523: 926: 694: 519: 303: 258: 5438: 4285:

Poetics of Piety Devoting and Self Fashioning in the Mappila Literary Culture of South India

4246: 3735:", founded in 1934, played as significant role in the development of the Mappila community. 2698:

map showing the then trade routes. The spice trade was mainly along the water routes (blue).

8918: 7736: 7521: 7255: 6857: 6574: 5668: 5577: 4373: 3672: 3356: 3310: 3115: 2162: 2155: 1851: 1846: 1373: 1294: 844: 108: 56: 8: 8515: 8082: 7930: 7185: 4874: 3983: 3588: 3572: 3548: 3508: 3389: 3213: 2315: 1899: 1856: 1468: 1453: 1243: 903: 818: 704: 338: 238: 5496:

VIII, no. 162, Madras: Govt of India, Central Publication Branch, Calcutta, 1932. p. 69.

4886: 8731: 8289: 7900: 7408: 7343: 7036: 6923: 6792: 6721: 5020: 3790: 3492: 3460: 3377: 3302: 2429: 2372: 2296: 2239: 1674: 1614: 1593: 1413: 888: 728: 685: 655: 638: 613: 558: 514: 226: 5095:

Striving for Sustainability: Environmental Stress and Democratic Initiatives in Kerala

4808: 4307: 3459:

being temporarily instituted in the region and the leaders of the rebellion tried and

9280: 8032: 7443: 6170: 6021: 5984: 5947: 5934: 5816: 5782: 5688: 5639: 5614: 5587: 5557: 5530: 5444: 5410: 5376: 5349: 5295: 5261: 5205: 5171: 5137: 5099: 5046: 5012: 4936: 4856: 4846: 4820: 4788: 4737: 4348: 4317: 4264: 4232: 4212: 4170: 3444: 3432: 3416: 3314: 3266: 2846: 2829:. It is generally agreed among scholars that Middle Eastern merchants frequented the 2574: 2410: 2353: 2334: 1866: 1508: 1498: 1488: 1428: 1423: 1408: 1398: 1388: 1358: 1185: 1163: 1023: 779: 765: 733: 680: 593: 553: 415: 5291:

Mediaeval Deccan History: Commemoration Volume in Honour of Purshottam Mahadeo Joshi

2720: 2653:

Landed Aristocracy - the Arabis were followed by the landed aristocracy, centred on

8672: 8439: 8369: 8241: 8236: 8115: 8052: 8047: 8022: 7973: 7882: 7658: 7348: 7240: 7170: 7016: 7001: 6898: 6802: 6757: 4882: 4816: 4511: 4289: 4254: 4162: 4098: 3957: 3576: 3524: 3484: 3424: 3373: 3221: 3220:

In the past, there were many Muslim traders in the ports of Malabar. Following the

3194: 2547: 2277: 2122: 1826: 1598: 1588: 1518: 1493: 1393: 1363: 1158: 578: 573: 524: 509: 494: 403: 282: 165: 4683: 3648:— mainly two groups (majority of traditional Sunnis in Kerala are Shafiʽis). 2702: 9078: 9063: 8645: 8627: 8231: 8163: 8120: 8092: 7988: 7786: 7776: 7531: 7488: 7433: 7423: 7413: 7363: 7285: 7245: 7089: 6933: 6918: 6913: 6903: 6893: 6878: 6873: 6717: 5938: 5747: 5343: 5093: 4930: 4926: 4782: 4731: 4405: 4311: 4073: 3894: 3676: 3658: 3619: 3580: 3147: 3139:

from one pepper merchant, a Muslim believed to have come from the Malabar Coast.

2623:

in North Malabar — arguably converts from high caste Hindus — and the Muslims of

2467: 2391: 2258: 2146: 2060: 1779: 1654: 1603: 1583: 1543: 1528: 1383: 1259: 1249: 1168: 898: 760: 713: 529: 489: 478: 460: 363: 308: 221: 124: 4581: 3270: 9254: 8986: 8869: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8707: 8580: 8530: 8487: 8414: 8399: 8389: 8246: 8198: 7920: 7887: 7877: 7726: 7640: 7612: 7516: 7453: 7378: 7318: 7270: 7150: 7107: 6968: 6943: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6747: 6727: 6712: 6647: 6627: 6120:"Silver jubilee does not bring cheer to Karipur airport users – Times of India" 4340: 4088: 4048: 3898: 3560: 3504: 3452: 3409: 3306: 3099: 2558: 1861: 1714: 1689: 1684: 1639: 1333: 1100: 1028: 811: 673: 660: 618: 563: 177: 6591: 6305: 6260: 6148: 5372:

Struggling with History: Islam and Cosmopolitanism in the Western Indian Ocean

3840: 3531:, currently the twelfth busiest airport in India, was inaugurated in 1988. An 3372:

and contains pieces of information about the resistance put up by the navy of

3236:, the Portuguese began to expand their territories and ruled the seas between 73: 9269: 9185: 8923: 8890: 8802: 8715: 8667: 8565: 8555: 8550: 8510: 8505: 8434: 8429: 8329: 8319: 8304: 8211: 8188: 8057: 8009: 7999: 7940: 7905: 7844: 7834: 7741: 7711: 7678: 7673: 7663: 7630: 7526: 7428: 7418: 7398: 7368: 7358: 7313: 7305: 7210: 7165: 7135: 7061: 7051: 6976: 6888: 6797: 6652: 5038: 5016: 4860: 4268: 4219:

First All India Conference of Dravidian Linguistics, Thiruvananthapuram, 1973

3544: 3405: 3381: 3290: 3286: 3241: 3190: 3118:, has a granite foundation exhibiting 11th–12th century architectural style. 3089: 2913: 2842: 2830: 2818: 2799: 2779: 2658: 2632: 2595: 2165:, the district-wise distribution of the Muslim population is as shown below: 2041: 1889: 1841: 1821: 1649: 1644: 1624: 1503: 1403: 1110: 1043: 1018: 1013: 738: 643: 603: 153: 6596: 5229: 9246: 8752: 8545: 8535: 8520: 8158: 8140: 8130: 7852: 7819: 7781: 7751: 7668: 7653: 7338: 7333: 7230: 7215: 7145: 7140: 7071: 7006: 6981: 6958: 6953: 6938: 6928: 6732: 6677: 6667: 6662: 4377:. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner. Archived from 4345:

Against Lord and State: Religion and Peasant Uprisings in Malabar 1836–1921

4038: 3962: 3942: 3752: 3322: 3278: 3249: 3182: 3169: 3132: 3111: 2900: 2860:

The Southwestern Coast of India was known as "Malabar" (a mixture of Tamil

2822: 2795: 2682: 2151: 1914: 1699: 1629: 1513: 1284: 1264: 1178: 1092: 799: 745: 482: 214: 203: 50: 4733:

The Portuguese Empire in Asia, 1500–1700: A Political and Economic History

4660: 3205: 2619:. The two other regional groupings are the high-status Muslim families of 2204: 2121:

The number of Muslims is particularly high in the northern Kerala (former

9190: 9068: 9035: 8913: 8864: 8540: 8525: 8497: 8479: 8444: 8394: 8314: 8168: 8067: 7862: 7857: 7703: 7607: 7473: 7468: 7403: 7323: 7117: 7084: 7056: 6852: 6737: 5257:

The Supreme Muslim Council: Islam Under the British Mandate for Palestine

4043: 4024: 3821: 3640: 3630: 3615: 3584: 3456: 3428: 3318: 3294: 3163: 3143: 3077: 2956: 2909: 2838: 2826: 2807: 2775: 2767: 2755: 2746:

Kerala has been a major spice exporter since 3000 BCE, according to

2126: 2056: 2045: 2033: 2007: 1679: 861: 852: 541: 499: 423: 137: 96: 60: 5163: 5024: 5000: 4313:

Missionary Tropics: The Catholic Frontier in India (16th–17th centuries)

4293: 4259: 3661:—with different splinter factions (with varying degrees of puritanism). 3443:

1836–1921) and in 1921–22; it took in the form of an explosion known as

8560: 8469: 8349: 8324: 8153: 7960: 7925: 7801: 7483: 7383: 7250: 7205: 7066: 6883: 6752: 6195:"Yusuf Ali is the richest Malayali and he is richer than Donald Trump" 6069: 3872: 3812: 3682: 3645: 3611: 3094: 3081: 2896: 2892: 2740: 2624: 2068: 2053: 2026: 1694: 1634: 1378: 1096: 546: 3566:

A large number of Muslims of Kerala found extensive employment in the

8797: 8641: 8464: 8364: 8251: 8216: 8183: 7945: 7915: 7892: 7824: 7811: 7796: 7498: 7463: 7290: 7220: 7155: 7046: 6762: 6278: 6094: 4283: 3971: 3876: 3758: 3563:(founded 1948) also promoted the higher education among the Muslims. 3420: 3335: 3298: 3274: 3245: 3229: 3158: 3085: 3052: 3040: 3016: 3004: 2869: 2811: 2763: 2736: 2732: 2695: 2616: 2566: 2130: 2019: 1669: 1225: 1173: 1050: 445: 120: 100: 5940:

Leaves of the Same Tree Trade and Ethnicity in the Straits of Melaka

5692: 5001:"From Communitas to the Structure of Islam: The Mappilas of Malabar" 4552: 4530: 8859: 8844: 8792: 8474: 8354: 8266: 8261: 8027: 7994: 7983: 7867: 7602: 7589: 7536: 7438: 7328: 7300: 7280: 7225: 7112: 7026: 7021: 6996: 6908: 5480:: an introduction, A. Sreedhara Menon, East-West Publications, 1978 4093: 4033: 3946: 3716: 3668: 3623: 3346:

Kolattiri Raja's minister Kuruppu's Arabic letter to da Gama (1524)

3151: 3064: 2917: 2803: 2647: 2133:, while the scattered presence of the community in major cities of 1774: 1739: 1659: 1608: 1418: 1106: 973: 966: 755: 723: 437: 371: 161: 157: 8596: 5610:

Communication and Colonialism in Eastern India: Bihar, 1760s-1880s

3154:

ruler, in the form of a grant, to the Muslim community in Kerala.

8977: 8885: 8877: 8839: 8829: 8824: 8575: 8424: 8409: 8404: 8309: 8284: 8279: 8206: 8102: 8037: 7968: 7935: 7910: 7872: 7761: 7721: 7716: 7625: 7617: 7584: 7574: 7569: 7541: 7506: 7260: 7235: 7200: 7190: 7180: 7127: 7031: 6991: 6807: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6697: 6672: 6657: 4125:

T. Nandakumar, "54.72 % of population in Kerala are Hindus"

4053: 4029: 4015: 4006: 3931: 3910: 3880: 3807: 3633: 3575:, centre of Mappila distribution, stood at 91.55% (2011 Census). 3365: 3178: 3136: 2912:

with the mandate of the last the ruler (the Cheraman Perumal) of

2850: 2759: 2639: 2600: 2578: 2551: 1769: 1744: 1368: 1002: 933: 588: 265: 5980:

Firearms of the Islamic World: in the Tared Rajab Museum, Kuwait

4288:(PhD). The English and Foreign Languages University, Hyderabad. 3861: 2849:

in 661 CE. His grave is believed to be located on the island of

8973: 8849: 8787: 8651: 8449: 8419: 8384: 8374: 8344: 8339: 8299: 8271: 8256: 8226: 8221: 8173: 8135: 8125: 8110: 8062: 7978: 7950: 7839: 7829: 7791: 7766: 7756: 7746: 7731: 7693: 7648: 7594: 7561: 7458: 7265: 7195: 7175: 7094: 7079: 7041: 6986: 6948: 6842: 6837: 6812: 6767: 6742: 6707: 6702: 5477: 5406:

Mappila Muslims: A Study on Society and Anti Colonial Struggles

4011: 3890: 3868: 3744: 3651: 3401: 3385: 3369: 3225: 3209: 3186: 3127: 3107: 3028: 2992: 2980: 2968: 2854: 2728: 2724: 2716: 2654: 2643: 2628: 2620: 2582: 2570: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2211: 2114: 2110: 2003: 1999: 1749: 1734: 1704: 1220: 1195: 1129: 1071: 1064: 1057: 983: 878: 608: 598: 387: 355: 347: 332: 326: 210: 104: 92: 6561:

Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language

5677:. London: Reprint. Asian Educational Services. pp. 19–47. 3388:. A copy of this edition has been preserved in the library of 3157:

By the early decades of the 14th century, travellers speak of

3110:

of Kerala. The Arabic inscription on a copper slab within the

8854: 8834: 8570: 8294: 8193: 8145: 8077: 8072: 7771: 7579: 7546: 7511: 7448: 7388: 7373: 7353: 7295: 7275: 7160: 7011: 6847: 6687: 6682: 5465:

Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast.

4083: 4019: 3975: 3950: 3914: 3431:

and, consequently, Malabar was organised as a district under

3393: 3237: 3103: 2834: 2787: 2783: 2747: 2723:(shaded in dark blue) is the most-prominent school among the 2690: 2677: 2665: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2064: 2037: 2015: 1709: 1664: 1619: 1215: 1137: 1120: 943: 938: 750: 628: 319: 277: 270: 193: 185: 149: 5440:

Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast

4984:

Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast

4200: 3780:

activities of the community and embellished with Urdu terms.

3277:'s navy marked the beginning of Portuguese conflicts in the 2518:

Mouros da Arabia/Mouros de Meca ("Moors from Arabia/Mecca").

8944:

Sayyid Abdurahman Imbichikoya Thangal Al-Aydarusi Al-Azhari

8017: 6642: 5043:

Politics, Women and Well Being: How Kerala Became 'a Model'

4506: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4464: 3937: 3902: 3852: 3282: 3254: 3233: 2798:, must have made the first long voyage to Kerala and other 2791: 2771: 2751: 2611:

During the British period the so-called Mappila Outbreaks,

2531: 1133: 1006: 978: 953: 948: 379: 287: 6557: 5892: 5890: 5170:. Permanent Black and Ravi Dayal Publisher. pp. 39–. 4684:"Population By Religious Community – 2011 Census of India" 4462: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4444: 3800: 3380:

from 1498 to 1583 against Portuguese attempts to colonise

5749:

PT/TT/CART/891.1/47: Carta de Guinguir, Guazil de Cananor

3889:

The Mohammaden Mappila cuisine is a blend of traditional

3773:. Participants dance to the rhythm as they beat the duff. 3766: 3605: 3527:

being its major catchment area, was established in 1968.

988: 5368: 3665:(K. N. M) is the largest Mujahid organisation in Kerala. 3404:

community of Kerala as well as the general condition of

5887: 5505: 5085: 4441: 3472:

rate was only 5% in 1931. Even by 1947, only 3% of the

2766:

to the Malabar Coast in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BCE.

2530:

A descendant of any native convert (vast majority were

4642:"Caste system exists among Muslims though not overtly" 4229:

Gulf Dream: For Indians The Golden Beaches Still gleam

3447:. The uprising — which initially had the supported of 6450:"Calicut Biryani Recipe I Kozhikodan Biriyani Recipe" 5697:

Clio and her descendants: Essays for Kesavan Veluthat

5164:

Shail Mayaram; M. S. S. Pandian; Ajay Skaria (2005).

3974:

is another popular item, which has an influence from

3610:

Most of the Muslims of Kerala follow the traditional

3598:. In south Kerala, the community generally supported 2868:, most probably) to the West Asians. Persian scholar 5575: 5571: 5569: 5253: 5249: 5247: 5092:

Chattopadhyay, Srikumar; Franke, Richard W. (2006).

4932:

Communism in Kerala: A Study in Political Adaptation

4361: 6236:Shajahan Madampat, "Malappuram Isn't Mini Kashmir" 5774: 5091: 3707:). Still today it retains some of these practices. 5341: 5157: 4169:. State University of New York Press. p. xi. 3815:, is one of the common breakfast dishes in Malabar 3455:- was suppressed by the colonial government, with 2770:established trade with Kerala during this period. 2059:, while a large minority follow movements such as 6261:Islamism and Social Reform in Kerala, South India 5933: 5566: 5402: 5362: 5244: 5129: 4251:Muallim Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 1948:Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1989–present) 9267: 5946:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 121–122. 5808: 5802: 5781:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 293–294. 5768: 5522: 5516: 5167:Muslims, Dalits, and the Fabrications of History 4767: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4753: 3710: 2916:, who converted to Islam during the lifetime of 2083: 2022:with the other religious communities of Kerala. 6095:"Kozhikode Calicut International Airport (CCJ)" 6070:"Official website of Calicut University – Home" 6013: 5287: 5201:Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania 4547: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4316:. University of Michigan. p. 99 and note. 3738: 3535:(IIM) was established at Kozhikode in 1996 and 3088:town. The Koyilandy Jumu'ah Mosque contains an 3034:Shahab al-Din ibn 'Umar ibn Muhammad ibn Malik 2018:(54.73%). Muslims share the common language of 6573:(The English translation of the historic work 5396: 4522: 4121: 4119: 2899:. The attestation to the copper plates in the 2557:A descendant of a marriage alliance between a 1943:Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1926–1989) 8612: 6626: 6612: 6009: 6007: 5976: 5550: 5509:Madras District Gazetteers Malabar (Volume-I) 5328: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5318: 5281: 5065: 4750: 4518:. Vol. VI. E. J. Brill. pp. 458–66. 4244: 4189: 3784: 3070:Zayn al-Din ibn Muhammad ibn Malik al-Madani 1976: 1302: 819: 6282:. Chennai, India. 7 May 2006. Archived from 5903: 5667: 5512:. Madras Government Press. pp. 423–424. 4780: 4729: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4534: 4245:Kottaparamban, Musadhique (1 October 2019). 3121: 6504:"Flavours unlimited from the Malabar coast" 6266: 6137: 5674:An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon 5606: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4116: 3189:, Maldives and Coromandel Coast, and other 3173:Early Arab settlements in Kerala up to 1496 2661:, arguably converts from high caste Hindus. 2063:. Contrary to a popular misconception, the 8619: 8605: 6619: 6605: 6020:. Rutgers University Press. pp. 51–. 6004: 5970: 5636:kabir:The Apposaitle of Hindu Muslim Unity 5634:Muhammed, Hedayuthabdulla (January 2009). 5576:Henry Morse Stephens (1897). "Chapter 1". 5375:. Columbia University Press. p. 333. 5315: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5005:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 4589:PhD Dissertation Aligarh Muslim University 4369:"Population by religious community – 2011" 4335: 4333: 4157: 3618:. The latter section consists of majority 2928:First mosques of Malabar according to the 2678:Arrival of Islam in Kerala and Lakshadweep 2506: 1983: 1969: 1309: 1295: 826: 812: 49: 9142:Samastha Kerala Sunni Students Federation 6212:"TOI's top 10: World's richest Malayalis" 5687: 5443:. Cambridge University Press. p. 2. 5066:Pradeep Kumar, Kaavya (28 January 2014). 4840: 4648: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4258: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4137: 3046:Hussayn ibn Muhammad ibn Malik al-Madani 2825:rim, via spice and silk traders from the 2052:Most of the Muslims in Kerala follow the 43:Malabar Muslims of Kerala and Lakshadweep 6395: 5633: 4935:. C. Hurst and Company. pp. 23–25. 4925: 4900: 4781:Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (29 October 1998). 4556: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4339: 4281: 3491:, and most crucially, the inspirational 3476:officers in Malabar region were Muslim. 3384:. It was first printed and published in 3341: 3204: 3168: 3135:court first learned of the existence of 2874: 2715: 2701: 2689: 2681: 2104: 8845:Vattakkolis (the Bhatkalis) or Navayats 7590:Vattakkolis (the Bhatkalis) or Navayats 6577:written about the society of Kerala by 6497: 6495: 6447: 5860: 5775:Sanjay Subrahmanyam (29 October 1998). 5699:. Delhi: Primus Books. pp. 123–125 5488: 5486: 5112: 5037: 4579: 4330: 4306: 4001:are prepared by the Mappila community. 3285:, the defeat of the joint fleet of the 2879:Quilon Syrian Copper Plate (c. 883 AD) 2606: 2561:individual and a native low caste woman 14: 9268: 8660: 6501: 6475:"Chicken and rosewater biryani recipe" 6256: 6254: 6252: 6250: 6248: 5866: 5778:The Career and Legend of Vasco Da Gama 5499: 5436: 5068:"Of Kerala, Egypt, and the Spice link" 4978: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4813:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 4784:The Career and Legend of Vasco Da Gama 4730:Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (30 April 2012). 4725: 4595: 4582:"Muslim Communities in Kerala to 1798" 4510: 4300: 4161: 4134: 3606:Theological orientations/denominations 3587:, chairman of the Dubai-headquartered 3400:also describes the history of Mappila 3200: 2515:Mouros da Terra ("Moors of the Land"). 1935:All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen 8600: 6600: 6529:"Arikkadukka – Spicy Stuffed Mussels" 6396:Sabhnani, Dhara Vora (14 June 2019). 6391: 6389: 6387: 6385: 6383: 6381: 6379: 6364:from the original on 27 December 2023 6332:"Muslim Ramayana traditions of India" 6312:from the original on 12 December 2021 5909:A G Noorani. Islam in Kerala. Books 5717: 5467:Cambridge University Press, 2018. 98. 5294:. Popular Prakashan. pp. 54–55. 4998: 4994: 4992: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4669: 4667: 4393: 4056:made of flour, like a baked, layered 6492: 6274:"Preserve identity of Mappila songs" 5752:(in Arabic). Lisbon. 1524. p. 1 5638:. Motilal Banarasidess. p. 47. 5483: 5228:. lakshadweep.nic.in. Archived from 5204:. Infobase Publishing. p. 506. 5197: 5130:A Sreedhara Menon (1 January 2007). 4014:paste covering a mixture of cashew, 3466: 3445:Mappila Uprising (Malabar Rebellion) 3092:inscription written in a mixture of 1930:Muslim chronicles for Indian history 1905:All India Ulema & Mashaikh Board 87:Regions with significant populations 9222: 9060:Kerala Samsthana Jem-iyyathul Ulama 8626: 6558:S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar (1942), 6245: 5437:Prange, Sebastian R. (3 May 2018). 5369:Edward Simpson; Kai Kresse (2008). 5031: 4986:. Cambridge University Press, 2018. 4887:10.1163/9789004206106_eifo_com_0673 3559:(founded in 1922, Kodungallur) and 2706:Names, routes and locations of the 1895:All India Muslim Personal Law Board 24: 9152:Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama 9133:Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama 9056:Dakshina Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama 9050:Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama 9044:Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama 6551: 6376: 5977:Robert Elgood (15 November 1995). 5470: 5045:. Palgrave McMillan. p. 112. 4989: 4949: 4702: 4664: 4617:"Kerala Public Service Commission" 4609: 1996:Malabar Muslims or Muslim Mappilas 1910:Ahle Sunnat Movement in South Asia 25: 9312: 6585: 6398:"Straight from the Malabar Coast" 6014:Prema A. Kurien (7 August 2002). 5815:. Psychology Press. p. 147. 5809:Mehrdad Shokoohy (29 July 2003). 5529:. Psychology Press. p. 144. 5523:Mehrdad Shokoohy (29 July 2003). 3867:Halwas are popular in towns like 2002:community found predominantly in 1920:All India Shia Personal Law Board 9250: 9249: 9240: 9221: 9210: 9209: 9198: 9197: 5506:Charles Alexander Innes (1908). 5492:Aiyer, K. V. Subrahmanya (ed.), 5198:West, Barbara A. (19 May 2010). 4821:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_com_0673 3860: 3839: 3820: 3799: 3715:Mappila Songs/Poems is a famous 3693: 3537:National Institute of Technology 3058:Sa'd al-Din ibn Malik al-Madani 2588: 2203: 1872:Madeenathul Uloom Arabic College 1444: 1342: 1278: 860: 793: 192: 9007:Sayyid Sadiq Ali Shihab Thangal 6521: 6467: 6441: 6415: 6350: 6324: 6298: 6230: 6204: 6189: 6163: 6112: 6087: 6062: 6041: 5914: 5836: 5740: 5726:Academia das Ciências de Lisboa 5711: 5681: 5661: 5652: 5627: 5600: 5457: 5430: 5335: 5218: 5191: 5059: 4867: 4834: 4801: 4774: 4676: 4634: 4410: 3501:Syed Abdurrahiman Bafaki Tangal 3291:Mamlûk Burji Sultanate of Egypt 3222:discovery of a direct sea route 2841:, situated just to the west of 2100: 2088: 1572:Famous Families and ethnicities 55:A rebuilt structure of the old 9012:Sayed Abbas Ali Shihab Thangal 6592:BBC Hindi on Muslims in Kerala 5586:. Asian Educational Services. 5409:. Other Books. pp. 179–. 5098:. Concept Publishing Company. 4787:. Cambridge University Press. 4282:Kuzhiyan, Muneer Aram (2015). 4275: 4238: 4222: 4183: 3533:Indian Institute of Management 3248:. In the first two decades of 3193:shores) with the Chettis from 2908:mosque was built in 624 AD at 2709:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea 2125:). Mappilas are also found in 2074: 1817:Jami'a Nooriyya Arabic College 13: 1: 9002:Sayed Hyderali Shihab Thangal 6502:Kurian, Shijo (2 July 2014). 6423:"Thalassery Chicken Biriyani" 5983:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 164–. 5898:Kerala History and its Makers 5348:. M. E. Sharpe. p. 123. 5254:Uri M. Kupferschmidt (1987). 4845:. State Univ Of New York Pr. 4109: 3935:(a type of rice pancake) and 3711:Mohammaden Mappila literature 3529:Calicut International Airport 2802:. They must have brought the 2786:. The Arabs on the coasts of 2084:Demographics and distribution 1832:Darul Huda Islamic University 1534:Sayyid Sanaullah Makti Tangal 9276:Muslim communities of Kerala 9100:Traditionalist (Sunnī Islam) 6581:during sixteenth century CE) 6074:www.universityofcalicut.info 5476:Pg 58, Cultural heritage of 5136:. DC Books. pp. 57–58. 3739:Mohammaden Mappila folk arts 3106:king (Bhaskara Ravi) to the 2036:"). As per local tradition, 7: 9291:Social groups of Tamil Nadu 9087:Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen 9016:Munavvar Ali Shihab Thangal 8934:Pangil Ahmed Kutty Musliyar 6175:Government of Kerala, India 5613:. Anthem Press. p. 8. 5342:Jonathan Goldstein (1999). 5260:. Brill. pp. 458–459. 4347:. Oxford University Press. 4067: 3834:(mussels stuffed with rice) 3663:Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen 2172:District wise map of Kerala 2067:, like from other parts of 1955:Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen 367:("Stories of the Prophets") 10: 9317: 9161:Sunni Students' Federation 8929:Varakkal Mullokoya Thangal 5494:South Indian Inscriptions. 5403:Husain Raṇṭattāṇi (2007). 5133:A Survey Of Kerala History 4999:Razak, P.P. Abdul (2007). 4841:Roland E., Miller (2016). 4196:. Madras Government Press. 3788: 3785:Mohammaden Mappila Cuisine 3688: 3673:the Jama'at-i-Islami India 3553:Muslim Educational Society 3495:(1898–1960). Although the 2889:Quilon Syrian Copper Plate 2672: 2202: 1837:Markazu Saqafathi Sunniyya 29: 9237: 9173: 9150: 9131: 9124: 9108:E. K. Aboobacker Musliyar 9099: 9077: 9034: 9027: 8972: 8906: 8899: 8817: 8780: 8740: 8724: 8697: 8690: 8634: 8496: 8008: 7959: 7810: 7702: 7639: 7560: 7497: 7126: 6967: 6866: 6635: 5724:(in Portuguese). Lisbon: 4736:. John Wiley & Sons. 4516:The Encyclopedia of Islam 4193:Malabar Manual (Volume-I) 4028:(ripe banana filled with 4010:(deep-fried, boiled ripe 3259:First Battle of Cannanore 3122:Growth of Islam in Kerala 2986:'Abd al-Rahman ibn Malik 1925:Indian Muslim nationalism 1554:E. K. Aboobacker Musliyar 1086:Sunni schools of theology 148: 143: 136: 131: 119: 114: 91: 86: 72: 67: 48: 9301:South Indian communities 8954:Jifri Muthukkoya Thangal 8939:Kanniyath Ahmed Musliyar 6099:www.kozhikodeairport.com 5288:A. Rā Kulakarṇī (1996). 3828:Kallummakkaya nirachathu 3659:Salafists (the Mujahids) 3620:Salafists (the Mujahids) 3600:Indian National Congress 3449:Indian National Congress 3313:marked the beginning of 2930:Qissat Shakarwati Farmad 2922:Qissat Shakarwati Farmad 2778:were the first to enter 2145:and for manual labor in 1799:List of mosques in India 456:Medieval Islamic science 32:Mappila (disambiguation) 9286:Social groups of Kerala 8992:Panakkad Shihab Thangal 8460:Shaikh of Uttar Pradesh 8455:Sayyid of Uttar Pradesh 6533:Faces Places and Plates 4879:Encyclopédie de l’Islam 3978:. Various varieties of 3263:Third Portuguese Armada 2821:, a part of the larger 2507:Portuguese distinctions 2012:Saint Thomas Christians 1728:Religious jurisprudence 1549:Panakkad Shihab Thangal 1539:Maulana Abul Kalam Azad 884:Prophets and Messengers 9115:AP Aboobacker Musliyar 8997:Umerali Shihab Thangal 8964:AP Aboobacker Musliyar 8748:Vaikom Muhammad Bashir 6564:, University of Madras 6448:Shamsul (7 May 2016). 5922:Mappila Muslim Culture 5584:Rulers of India series 4843:Mappila muslim culture 4190:William Logan (1887). 4167:Mappila Muslim Culture 4079:Arabi Malayalam script 3568:Persian Gulf countries 3481:Mohammed Abdur Rahiman 3364:(born around 1532) of 3347: 3217: 3174: 2880: 2864:and Arabic or Persian 2810:. The Greek historian 2743: 2713: 2699: 2687: 2581:), Cochin (Kochi) and 2118: 1579:Islam in Uttar Pradesh 1152:Contemporary movements 967:Rightly-Guided Caliphs 894:Succession to Muhammad 466:Succession to Muhammad 109:States of Persian Gulf 8959:K. Ali Kutty Musliyar 8891:Bohras (Daudi Bohras) 8840:Tangals (the Sayyids) 8088:Bhale Sultan Khanzada 7631:Bohras (Daudi Bohras) 7585:Tangals (the Sayyids) 6579:Zainuddin Makhdoom II 6427:The Take It Easy Chef 5463:Prange, Sebastian R. 4982:Prange, Sebastian R. 3966:, popularly known as 3719:tradition emerged in 3521:University of Calicut 3427:against Mysore ruler 3362:Zainuddin Makhdoom II 3345: 3208: 3172: 2878: 2719: 2705: 2693: 2685: 2526:A Mappila is either, 2108: 1998:, is a member of the 1559:K. Ali Kutty Musliyar 1524:Zainuddin Makhdoom II 144:Related ethnic groups 8919:Zainuddin Makhdoom I 8698:Religious literature 7931:Shaikhs of Rajasthan 6575:Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen 6263:Modern Asian Studies 6171:"Literacy Rate 2011" 5896:A. Sreedhara Menon. 5848:. A. Constable. 1922 5607:Nitin Sinha (2014). 4580:Kumhali, V. (1986). 4374:2011 Census of India 3953:are used profusely. 3811:, a pancake made of 3731:newspaper known as " 3357:Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen 3301:with support of the 3076:It is believed that 2739:unlike from rest of 2607:British distinctions 2163:2011 Census of India 2156:United Arab Emirates 1852:Al Jamiatul Ashrafia 1847:Al-Jame-atul-Islamia 1374:Cheraman Juma Masjid 934:Declaration of Faith 505:Association football 57:Cheraman Juma Mosque 9186:Suprabhaatham Daily 9028:Major denominations 6058:. 4 September 1921. 5937:(22 January 2008). 5920:Roland E. Miller. 5875:on 21 December 2012 5721:Documentos Arabicos 4927:Nossiter, Thomas J. 4514:(1988). "Mappila". 4060:with rich filling, 4004:The snacks include 3589:Aster DM Healthcare 3573:Malappuram District 3549:C. N. Ahmad Moulavi 3509:C. H. Mohammed Koya 3398:Tuhfatul Mujahideen 3390:Al-Azhar University 3201:The European period 3159:Calicut (Kozhikode) 3142:Moroccan traveller 3027:Jurfatan/Jirfatan ( 3022:Malik ibn Muhammad 2962:Muhammad ibn Malik 2943: 1900:Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind 1857:Darul Uloom Deoband 266:Profession of Faith 239:Day of Resurrection 45: 9125:Influential bodies 8882:Dakhnis or Pathans 8732:Moyinkutty Vaidyar 7622:Dakhnis or Pathans 7434:Shaikhs of Gujarat 6360:. 8 January 2011. 6358:"Malabari Ramayan" 6336:The Times of India 6286:on 7 November 2012 6216:The Times of India 6124:The Times of India 6056:The New York Times 5900:. D C Books (2011) 5689:Devadevan, Manu V. 3929:(soft flatbread), 3791:Thalassery cuisine 3523:, with the former 3493:K. M. Seethi Sahib 3453:Mohandas K. Gandhi 3419:, ruled by Sultan 3378:Zamorin of Calicut 3348: 3329:of the Portuguese 3303:Republic of Venice 3218: 3175: 3116:Kodungallur Mosque 2998:Ibrahim ibn Malik 2942: 2881: 2744: 2714: 2700: 2688: 2487:Thiruvananthapuram 2119: 1884:Influential bodies 1763:Schools of thought 1615:Hyderabadi Muslims 1594:Rajasthani Muslims 1414:Kunhali Marakkar I 1191:Neo-traditionalism 42: 9261: 9260: 9169: 9168: 9095: 9094: 9023: 9022: 8949:Athippatta Usthad 8776: 8775: 8686: 8685: 8594: 8593: 8232:Kayastha Musalman 8033:Bachgoti Khanzada 7444:Sayyid of Gujarat 7310:Maliks of Gujarat 6197:Malayala Manorama 6027:978-0-8135-3089-5 5990:978-1-85043-963-9 5935:Leonard Y. Andaya 5869:"Islam in Kerala" 5822:978-0-415-30207-4 5788:978-0-521-64629-1 5620:978-1-78308-311-4 5593:978-81-206-1524-3 5562:978-81-8267-114-0 5536:978-0-415-30207-4 5450:978-1-108-42438-7 5416:978-81-903887-8-8 5382:978-0-231-70024-5 5345:The Jews of China 5301:978-81-7154-579-7 5267:978-90-04-07929-8 5211:978-1-4381-1913-7 5177:978-81-7824-115-9 5143:978-81-264-1578-6 5105:978-81-8069-294-9 5052:978-0-333-54808-0 4852:978-1-4384-5600-3 4512:Miller, Roland E. 4422:Outlook Traveller 4381:on 25 August 2015 4354:978-0-19562-139-6 4260:10.33306/mjssh/31 4233:Malayala Manorama 4176:978-1-4384-5601-0 4165:(27 April 2015). 4163:Miller, Roland E. 4025:pazham nirachathu 3755:dance of Gujarat. 3622:and the minority 3467:Post-colonial era 3433:Madras Presidency 3417:Kingdom of Mysore 3317:dominance of the 3287:Sultan of Gujarat 3267:Kingdom of Cochin 3074: 3073: 2991:Fakanur/Makanur ( 2935:According to the 2817:Islam arrived in 2806:of Kerala to the 2800:eastern countries 2504: 2503: 2161:According to the 2095:to the 2011 censu 1993: 1992: 1509:Nizamuddin Auliya 1499:Moinuddin Chishti 1489:Sheikh Ubaidullah 1429:Malabar Rebellion 1424:Kingdom of Mysore 1409:Deccan sultanates 1399:Gujarat Sultanate 1389:Bahmani Sultanate 1359:Sheikh Ubaidullah 1319: 1318: 1164:Deobandi movement 836: 835: 766:Deobandi jihadism 171: 170: 16:(Redirected from 9308: 9253: 9252: 9247:Islam portal 9245: 9244: 9243: 9225: 9224: 9213: 9212: 9201: 9200: 9129: 9128: 9032: 9031: 8924:Mampuram Thangal 8904: 8903: 8695: 8694: 8673:Malayalam script 8658: 8657: 8621: 8614: 8607: 8598: 8597: 8440:Sadaat-e-Bilgram 8405:Rajput Musalmaan 8380:Qaum-e-Punjabian 8242:Khokhar Khanzada 8179:Gujjar Musalmaan 6621: 6614: 6607: 6598: 6597: 6572: 6571: 6569: 6545: 6544: 6542: 6540: 6525: 6519: 6518: 6516: 6514: 6499: 6490: 6489: 6487: 6485: 6471: 6465: 6464: 6462: 6460: 6445: 6439: 6438: 6436: 6434: 6419: 6413: 6412: 6410: 6408: 6393: 6374: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6354: 6348: 6347: 6345: 6343: 6338:. 9 October 2016 6328: 6322: 6321: 6319: 6317: 6302: 6296: 6295: 6293: 6291: 6270: 6264: 6258: 6243: 6234: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6223: 6208: 6202: 6193: 6187: 6186: 6184: 6182: 6177:. 14 August 2019 6167: 6161: 6160: 6158: 6156: 6147:. Archived from 6141: 6135: 6134: 6132: 6130: 6116: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6105: 6091: 6085: 6084: 6082: 6080: 6066: 6060: 6059: 6053: 6045: 6039: 6038: 6036: 6034: 6011: 6002: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5974: 5968: 5967: 5962: 5960: 5945: 5931: 5925: 5924:SUNY Press, 2015 5918: 5912: 5907: 5901: 5894: 5885: 5884: 5882: 5880: 5871:. 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Archived from 4414: 4408: 4402: 4391: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4337: 4328: 4327: 4308:Županov, Ines G. 4304: 4298: 4297: 4279: 4273: 4272: 4262: 4242: 4236: 4226: 4220: 4204: 4198: 4197: 4187: 4181: 4180: 4159: 4132: 4129:August 26, 2015 4123: 4099:Sri Lankan Moors 3864: 3843: 3824: 3803: 3769:, also known as 3525:Malabar District 3485:E. Moidu Moulavi 3451:leaders such as 3425:Anglo-Mysore War 3374:Kunjali Marakkar 3331:casado moradores 3195:Coromandel Coast 2974:Hasan ibn Malik 2944: 2941: 2748:Sumerian records 2712:(1st century CE) 2577:(Tanur), Funan ( 2207: 2173: 2168: 2167: 2147:South East Asian 2123:Malabar District 2117:– District-wise. 2109:Distribution of 1985: 1978: 1971: 1827:Aliah University 1793:Mosques in India 1599:Gujarati Muslims 1589:Kashmiri Muslims 1519:Sarkar Waris Pak 1494:Malik bin Deenar 1448: 1394:Bengal Sultanate 1369:Cheraman Perumal 1364:Malik bin Deenar 1346: 1336: 1321: 1320: 1311: 1304: 1297: 1285:Islam portal 1283: 1282: 1281: 1159:Barelvi movement 1125: 1124: 1038: 1037: 864: 855: 849: 848: 838: 837: 828: 821: 814: 800:Islam portal 798: 797: 796: 196: 173: 172: 166:Sri Lankan Moors 81: 68:Total population 53: 46: 41: 27:Muslim community 21: 9316: 9315: 9311: 9310: 9309: 9307: 9306: 9305: 9296:Islam in Kerala 9266: 9265: 9262: 9257: 9241: 9239: 9233: 9181:Chandrika Daily 9165: 9146: 9120: 9091: 9073: 9064:Islam in Kerala 9019: 8968: 8895: 8813: 8772: 8736: 8725:Religious Poets 8720: 8712:Khissa Pattukal 8682: 8678:Arabi Malayalam 8656: 8646:Mappila dialect 8630: 8628:Islam in Kerala 8625: 8595: 8590: 8492: 8488:Tyagi Musalmaan 8267:Lalkhani Rajput 8164:Gautam Khanzada 8141:Dhobi Musalmaan 8107:Muslim Bhumihar 8093:Bhatti Khanzada 8004: 7989:Deccani Muslims 7955: 7806: 7787:Muslim Raj Gond 7777:Konkani Muslims 7698: 7635: 7556: 7532:Konkani Muslims 7493: 7464:Sulaymani Bohra 7424:Sandhai Muslims 7246:Ghanchi-Pinjara 7122: 7104:Shaikh of Bihar 6963: 6862: 6718:Deccani Muslims 6631: 6625: 6588: 6567: 6565: 6554: 6552:Further reading 6549: 6548: 6538: 6536: 6527: 6526: 6522: 6512: 6510: 6500: 6493: 6483: 6481: 6473: 6472: 6468: 6458: 6456: 6446: 6442: 6432: 6430: 6421: 6420: 6416: 6406: 6404: 6394: 6377: 6367: 6365: 6356: 6355: 6351: 6341: 6339: 6330: 6329: 6325: 6315: 6313: 6304: 6303: 6299: 6289: 6287: 6272: 6271: 6267: 6259: 6246: 6240:21 August 2017 6235: 6231: 6221: 6219: 6210: 6209: 6205: 6194: 6190: 6180: 6178: 6169: 6168: 6164: 6154: 6152: 6145:"The Institute" 6143: 6142: 6138: 6128: 6126: 6118: 6117: 6113: 6103: 6101: 6093: 6092: 6088: 6078: 6076: 6068: 6067: 6063: 6051: 6047: 6046: 6042: 6032: 6030: 6028: 6012: 6005: 5995: 5993: 5991: 5975: 5971: 5958: 5956: 5954: 5943: 5932: 5928: 5919: 5915: 5908: 5904: 5895: 5888: 5878: 5876: 5865: 5861: 5851: 5849: 5842: 5841: 5837: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5807: 5803: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5773: 5769: 5755: 5753: 5746: 5745: 5741: 5731: 5729: 5716: 5712: 5702: 5700: 5686: 5682: 5666: 5662: 5657: 5653: 5646: 5632: 5628: 5621: 5605: 5601: 5594: 5574: 5567: 5555: 5551: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5521: 5517: 5504: 5500: 5491: 5484: 5475: 5471: 5462: 5458: 5451: 5435: 5431: 5421: 5419: 5417: 5401: 5397: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5367: 5363: 5356: 5340: 5336: 5331: 5316: 5306: 5304: 5302: 5286: 5282: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5252: 5245: 5235: 5233: 5224: 5223: 5219: 5212: 5196: 5192: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5162: 5158: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5128: 5113: 5106: 5090: 5086: 5076: 5074: 5064: 5060: 5053: 5036: 5032: 4997: 4990: 4981: 4950: 4943: 4924: 4901: 4891: 4889: 4873: 4872: 4868: 4853: 4839: 4835: 4825: 4823: 4807: 4806: 4802: 4795: 4779: 4775: 4770: 4751: 4744: 4728: 4703: 4693: 4691: 4688:Census of India 4682: 4681: 4677: 4672: 4665: 4658: 4649: 4640: 4639: 4635: 4625: 4623: 4615: 4614: 4610: 4605: 4596: 4584: 4578: 4557: 4550: 4535: 4527: 4523: 4509: 4442: 4431: 4429: 4428:on 15 July 2012 4416: 4415: 4411: 4403: 4394: 4384: 4382: 4367: 4366: 4362: 4355: 4341:Panikkar, K. N. 4338: 4331: 4324: 4305: 4301: 4280: 4276: 4243: 4239: 4227: 4223: 4205: 4201: 4188: 4184: 4177: 4160: 4135: 4124: 4117: 4112: 4104:Nasrani Mappila 4074:Arabi Malayalam 4070: 3925:meaning meat), 3887: 3886: 3885: 3884: 3883: 3865: 3857: 3856: 3844: 3836: 3835: 3825: 3817: 3816: 3804: 3793: 3787: 3777:Mappila Ramayan 3741: 3713: 3696: 3691: 3677:political Islam 3675:)—representing 3608: 3581:M. A. Yusuf Ali 3513:Kerala Assembly 3469: 3273:and Zamorin of 3203: 3148:Muchundi Mosque 3128:Quilon (Kollam) 3124: 3100:Grantha scripts 3010:Musa ibn Malik 2837:was brought to 2680: 2675: 2609: 2591: 2554:) to Islam (or) 2509: 2171: 2103: 2091: 2086: 2077: 2034:the spice trade 1989: 1960: 1959: 1885: 1877: 1876: 1812: 1804: 1803: 1794: 1786: 1785: 1784: 1764: 1756: 1755: 1754: 1729: 1721: 1720: 1719: 1655:Dakhini Muslims 1604:Konkani Muslims 1584:Bengali Muslims 1573: 1565: 1564: 1563: 1544:Syed Ahmad Khan 1529:Ahmad Raza Khan 1483: 1475: 1474: 1473: 1449: 1442: 1434: 1433: 1384:Delhi Sultanate 1354: 1334: 1315: 1279: 1277: 1272: 1271: 1250:Kutub al-Sittah 1239: 1231: 1230: 1211: 1201: 1200: 1154: 1144: 1143: 1118: 1117: 1088: 1078: 1077: 1035: 1034: 1009: 994: 993: 969: 959: 958: 929: 919: 918: 874: 851: 850: 842: 841: 832: 794: 792: 785: 784: 761:Salafi jihadism 719:Other religions 714:Arabic language 676: 666: 665: 594:Moral teachings 485: 471: 470: 461:Spread of Islam 406: 396: 395: 383:(jurisprudence) 365:Qisas al-Anbiya 314: 313: 293: 292: 261: 251: 250: 206: 125:Arabi Malayalam 76: 63: 44: 40: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9314: 9304: 9303: 9298: 9293: 9288: 9283: 9278: 9259: 9258: 9238: 9235: 9234: 9232: 9231: 9219: 9207: 9194: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9177: 9175: 9171: 9170: 9167: 9166: 9164: 9163: 9157: 9155: 9148: 9147: 9145: 9144: 9138: 9136: 9126: 9122: 9121: 9119: 9118: 9111: 9103: 9101: 9097: 9096: 9093: 9092: 9090: 9089: 9083: 9081: 9075: 9074: 9072: 9071: 9066: 9061: 9058: 9053: 9047: 9040: 9038: 9029: 9025: 9024: 9021: 9020: 9018: 9017: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8987:Pukkoya Tangal 8983: 8981: 8970: 8969: 8967: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8910: 8908: 8901: 8897: 8896: 8894: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8880: 8875: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8821: 8819: 8815: 8814: 8812: 8811: 8808: 8807:Muttum Viliyum 8805: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8784: 8782: 8778: 8777: 8774: 8773: 8771: 8770: 8768:Moidu Padiyath 8765: 8763:N. P. Muhammed 8760: 8758:K. T. Muhammed 8755: 8750: 8744: 8742: 8738: 8737: 8735: 8734: 8728: 8726: 8722: 8721: 8719: 8718: 8713: 8710: 8708:Majlis Al-Noor 8705: 8701: 8699: 8692: 8688: 8687: 8684: 8683: 8681: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8664: 8662: 8655: 8654: 8649: 8638: 8636: 8632: 8631: 8624: 8623: 8616: 8609: 8601: 8592: 8591: 8589: 8588: 8583: 8581:Shershahabadia 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8531:Iraqi Biradari 8528: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8502: 8500: 8494: 8493: 8491: 8490: 8485: 8482: 8480:Teli Musalmaan 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8212:Kakorvi Shaikh 8209: 8204: 8201: 8199:Iraqi Biradari 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8014: 8012: 8006: 8005: 8003: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7965: 7963: 7957: 7956: 7954: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7816: 7814: 7808: 7807: 7805: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7708: 7706: 7700: 7699: 7697: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7645: 7643: 7641:Madhya Pradesh 7637: 7636: 7634: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7566: 7564: 7558: 7557: 7555: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7503: 7501: 7495: 7494: 7492: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7132: 7130: 7124: 7123: 7121: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7108:Shershahabadia 7105: 7102: 7100:Syed (Mallick) 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7037:Malik of Bihar 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6973: 6971: 6965: 6964: 6962: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6870: 6868: 6864: 6863: 6861: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6818:Muslim Rajputs 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6748:Iraqi Biradari 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6639: 6637: 6633: 6632: 6624: 6623: 6616: 6609: 6601: 6595: 6594: 6587: 6586:External links 6584: 6583: 6582: 6553: 6550: 6547: 6546: 6535:. 30 June 2020 6520: 6491: 6466: 6440: 6429:. 23 June 2017 6414: 6375: 6349: 6323: 6297: 6265: 6244: 6229: 6203: 6188: 6162: 6136: 6111: 6086: 6061: 6040: 6026: 6003: 5989: 5969: 5952: 5926: 5913: 5902: 5886: 5859: 5835: 5821: 5801: 5787: 5767: 5739: 5728:. pp. 4–5 5710: 5680: 5660: 5651: 5644: 5626: 5619: 5599: 5592: 5565: 5549: 5535: 5515: 5498: 5482: 5469: 5456: 5449: 5429: 5415: 5395: 5381: 5361: 5354: 5334: 5314: 5300: 5280: 5266: 5243: 5232:on 14 May 2012 5217: 5210: 5190: 5176: 5156: 5142: 5111: 5104: 5084: 5058: 5051: 5039:Jeffrey, Robin 5030: 4988: 4948: 4941: 4899: 4866: 4851: 4833: 4800: 4793: 4773: 4749: 4742: 4701: 4675: 4663: 4647: 4633: 4608: 4594: 4555: 4533: 4521: 4440: 4438:December, 2009 4418:"Oh! Calicut!" 4409: 4392: 4360: 4353: 4329: 4322: 4299: 4274: 4237: 4235:Yearbook 1990; 4221: 4199: 4182: 4175: 4133: 4114: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4107: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4089:Beary language 4086: 4081: 4076: 4069: 4066: 4049:chatti pathiri 3866: 3859: 3858: 3845: 3838: 3837: 3826: 3819: 3818: 3805: 3798: 3797: 3796: 3795: 3794: 3786: 3783: 3782: 3781: 3774: 3756: 3749: 3740: 3737: 3712: 3709: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3686: 3685: 3680: 3666: 3656: 3655: 3654: 3649: 3607: 3604: 3561:Farook College 3505:Pukkoya Tangal 3503:, P. M. S. A. 3489:Congress Party 3468: 3465: 3410:Aceh Sultanate 3376:alongside the 3307:Ottoman Empire 3202: 3199: 3123: 3120: 3072: 3071: 3068: 3060: 3059: 3056: 3048: 3047: 3044: 3036: 3035: 3032: 3024: 3023: 3020: 3012: 3011: 3008: 3000: 2999: 2996: 2988: 2987: 2984: 2976: 2975: 2972: 2964: 2963: 2960: 2952: 2951: 2948: 2721:Shafiʽi school 2679: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2670: 2669: 2662: 2651: 2608: 2605: 2590: 2587: 2563: 2562: 2559:Middle Eastern 2555: 2520: 2519: 2516: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2483: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2464: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2449:Pathanamthitta 2445: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2426: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2407: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2388: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2369: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2356: 2350: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2331: 2330: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2312: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2293: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2274: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2255: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2236: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2208: 2200: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2102: 2099: 2090: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2076: 2073: 1991: 1990: 1988: 1987: 1980: 1973: 1965: 1962: 1961: 1958: 1957: 1952: 1951: 1950: 1945: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1886: 1883: 1882: 1879: 1878: 1875: 1874: 1869: 1867:Ma'din Academy 1864: 1862:Manzar-e-Islam 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1813: 1810: 1809: 1806: 1805: 1802: 1801: 1795: 1792: 1791: 1788: 1787: 1783: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1766: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1758: 1757: 1753: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1731: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1718: 1717: 1715:Shershahabadia 1712: 1707: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1685:Iraqi Biradari 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1640:Bihari Muslims 1637: 1632: 1627: 1625:Dawoodi Bohras 1622: 1617: 1612: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1575: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1567: 1566: 1562: 1561: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1485: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1477: 1476: 1472: 1471: 1466: 1464:Indo-Saracenic 1461: 1456: 1450: 1443: 1440: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1355: 1352: 1351: 1348: 1347: 1339: 1338: 1335:Islam in India 1330: 1329: 1317: 1316: 1314: 1313: 1306: 1299: 1291: 1288: 1287: 1274: 1273: 1270: 1269: 1268: 1267: 1256: 1255: 1254: 1253: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1233: 1232: 1229: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1212: 1207: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1199: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1182: 1181: 1176: 1166: 1161: 1155: 1150: 1149: 1146: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1115: 1114: 1104: 1089: 1084: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1076: 1075: 1068: 1061: 1054: 1047: 1032: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1010: 1000: 999: 996: 995: 992: 991: 986: 981: 976: 970: 965: 964: 961: 960: 957: 956: 951: 946: 941: 936: 930: 925: 924: 921: 920: 917: 916: 911: 909:Predestination 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 875: 870: 869: 866: 865: 857: 856: 834: 833: 831: 830: 823: 816: 808: 805: 804: 803: 802: 787: 786: 783: 782: 776: 775: 774: 773: 768: 763: 758: 748: 743: 742: 741: 736: 726: 721: 716: 710: 709: 708: 707: 702: 697: 689: 688: 683: 677: 674:Related topics 672: 671: 668: 667: 664: 663: 658: 656:Social welfare 653: 648: 647: 646: 636: 631: 626: 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 596: 591: 586: 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 556: 551: 550: 549: 544: 534: 533: 532: 522: 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 492: 486: 477: 476: 473: 472: 469: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 442: 441: 434: 427: 419: 418: 413: 407: 402: 401: 398: 397: 394: 393: 385: 376: 375: 369: 361: 353: 344: 343: 323: 315: 312: 311: 306: 300: 299: 298: 295: 294: 291: 290: 285: 280: 274: 273: 268: 262: 257: 256: 253: 252: 249: 248: 246:Predestination 242: 241: 236: 230: 229: 227:Revealed Books 224: 218: 217: 207: 202: 201: 198: 197: 189: 188: 182: 181: 169: 168: 146: 145: 141: 140: 134: 133: 129: 128: 117: 116: 112: 111: 89: 88: 84: 83: 70: 69: 65: 64: 54: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9313: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9273: 9271: 9264: 9256: 9248: 9236: 9230: 9229: 9220: 9218: 9217: 9208: 9206: 9205: 9196: 9195: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9178: 9176: 9172: 9162: 9159: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9149: 9143: 9140: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9130: 9127: 9123: 9116: 9112: 9109: 9105: 9104: 9102: 9098: 9088: 9085: 9084: 9082: 9080: 9076: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9051: 9048: 9045: 9042: 9041: 9039: 9037: 9033: 9030: 9026: 9015: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8975: 8971: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8911: 8909: 8905: 8902: 8900:Major figures 8898: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8822: 8820: 8816: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8803:Arabana Muttu 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8785: 8783: 8779: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8745: 8743: 8739: 8733: 8730: 8729: 8727: 8723: 8717: 8716:Mappila Pattu 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8703: 8702: 8700: 8696: 8693: 8689: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8668:Arabic script 8666: 8665: 8663: 8659: 8653: 8650: 8647: 8643: 8640: 8639: 8637: 8633: 8629: 8622: 8617: 8615: 8610: 8608: 8603: 8602: 8599: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8511:Dawoodi Bohra 8509: 8507: 8504: 8503: 8501: 8499: 8495: 8489: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8465:Shaikh Ja'fri 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8435:Sadaat-e-Bara 8433: 8431: 8430:Sadaat Amroha 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8330:Nagar Muslims 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8320:Muslim Chhipi 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8015: 8013: 8011: 8010:Uttar Pradesh 8007: 8001: 8000:Dawoodi Bohra 7998: 7996: 7993: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7966: 7964: 7962: 7958: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7941:Sindhi-Sipahi 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7845:Dawoodi Bohra 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7817: 7815: 7813: 7809: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7742:Dawoodi Bohra 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7709: 7707: 7705: 7701: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7679:Muslim Chhipi 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7664:Dawoodi Bohra 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7646: 7644: 7642: 7638: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7567: 7565: 7563: 7559: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7527:Kodava Maaple 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7504: 7502: 7500: 7496: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7369:Multani Lohar 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7211:Dawoodi Bohra 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7133: 7131: 7129: 7125: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7062:Muslim Chhipi 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6974: 6972: 6970: 6966: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6871: 6869: 6865: 6859: 6858:Urdu-speaking 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6723: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6640: 6638: 6634: 6629: 6628:Indian Muslim 6622: 6617: 6615: 6610: 6608: 6603: 6602: 6599: 6593: 6590: 6589: 6580: 6576: 6563: 6562: 6556: 6555: 6534: 6530: 6524: 6509: 6505: 6498: 6496: 6480: 6476: 6470: 6455: 6451: 6444: 6428: 6424: 6418: 6403: 6399: 6392: 6390: 6388: 6386: 6384: 6382: 6380: 6363: 6359: 6353: 6337: 6333: 6327: 6311: 6307: 6301: 6285: 6281: 6280: 6275: 6269: 6262: 6257: 6255: 6253: 6251: 6249: 6242: 6239: 6233: 6218:. 4 June 2015 6217: 6213: 6207: 6201: 6198: 6192: 6176: 6172: 6166: 6151:on 8 May 2017 6150: 6146: 6140: 6125: 6121: 6115: 6100: 6096: 6090: 6075: 6071: 6065: 6057: 6050: 6044: 6029: 6023: 6019: 6018: 6010: 6008: 5992: 5986: 5982: 5981: 5973: 5966: 5955: 5953:9780824831899 5949: 5942: 5941: 5936: 5930: 5923: 5917: 5911: 5906: 5899: 5893: 5891: 5874: 5870: 5863: 5847: 5846: 5839: 5824: 5818: 5814: 5813: 5805: 5790: 5784: 5780: 5779: 5771: 5763: 5751: 5750: 5743: 5727: 5723: 5722: 5714: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5684: 5676: 5675: 5670: 5664: 5655: 5647: 5645:9788120833739 5641: 5637: 5630: 5622: 5616: 5612: 5611: 5603: 5595: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5580: 5572: 5570: 5563: 5559: 5553: 5538: 5532: 5528: 5527: 5519: 5511: 5510: 5502: 5495: 5489: 5487: 5479: 5473: 5466: 5460: 5452: 5446: 5442: 5441: 5433: 5418: 5412: 5408: 5407: 5399: 5384: 5378: 5374: 5373: 5365: 5357: 5355:9780765601049 5351: 5347: 5346: 5338: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5303: 5297: 5293: 5292: 5284: 5269: 5263: 5259: 5258: 5250: 5248: 5231: 5227: 5221: 5213: 5207: 5203: 5202: 5194: 5179: 5173: 5169: 5168: 5160: 5145: 5139: 5135: 5134: 5126: 5124: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5107: 5101: 5097: 5096: 5088: 5073: 5069: 5062: 5054: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5034: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4995: 4993: 4985: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4944: 4942:9780905838403 4938: 4934: 4933: 4928: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4870: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4848: 4844: 4837: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4804: 4796: 4794:9780521646291 4790: 4786: 4785: 4777: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4745: 4743:9780470672914 4739: 4735: 4734: 4726: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4689: 4685: 4679: 4670: 4668: 4661: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4643: 4637: 4622: 4618: 4612: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4590: 4583: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4553: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4531: 4525: 4517: 4513: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4413: 4407:. pp. 458–56. 4406: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4380: 4376: 4375: 4370: 4364: 4356: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4336: 4334: 4325: 4323:0-472-11490-5 4319: 4315: 4314: 4309: 4303: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4286: 4278: 4270: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4241: 4234: 4230: 4225: 4218: 4217:81-86668-06-3 4214: 4210: 4203: 4195: 4194: 4186: 4178: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4131: 4128: 4122: 4120: 4115: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4084:Beary Muslims 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4071: 4065: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4050: 4045: 4041: 4040: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4026: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4008: 4002: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3987: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3964: 3959: 3954: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3939: 3934: 3933: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3907:Kallummakkaya 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3863: 3855: 3854: 3849: 3842: 3833: 3829: 3823: 3814: 3810: 3809: 3802: 3792: 3778: 3775: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3757: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3743: 3742: 3736: 3734: 3728: 3725: 3722: 3718: 3708: 3706: 3703:) or matrys ( 3702: 3694:Yemeni Sufism 3684: 3681: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3667: 3664: 3660: 3657: 3653: 3650: 3647: 3644: 3643: 3642: 3639: 3638: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3627: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3603: 3601: 3597: 3596:Muslim League 3592: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3562: 3558: 3557:Aikya Sangham 3554: 3550: 3546: 3545:K. M. Maulavi 3540: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3516: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3497:Muslim League 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3477: 3475: 3464: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3436: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3413: 3411: 3407: 3406:Malabar Coast 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3382:Malabar coast 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3358: 3352: 3344: 3340: 3337: 3332: 3326: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3311:Battle of Diu 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3251: 3247: 3244:and south to 3243: 3242:Malabar Coast 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3198: 3196: 3192: 3191:Bay of Bengal 3188: 3184: 3180: 3171: 3167: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3140: 3138: 3134: 3129: 3119: 3117: 3113: 3112:Madayi Mosque 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3096: 3091: 3090:Old Malayalam 3087: 3083: 3079: 3069: 3066: 3062: 3061: 3057: 3054: 3050: 3049: 3045: 3042: 3038: 3037: 3033: 3030: 3026: 3025: 3021: 3018: 3014: 3013: 3009: 3006: 3002: 3001: 2997: 2994: 2990: 2989: 2985: 2982: 2978: 2977: 2973: 2970: 2966: 2965: 2961: 2958: 2955:Kalankallur ( 2954: 2953: 2949: 2946: 2945: 2940: 2938: 2933: 2932: 2931: 2925: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2914:Chera dynasty 2911: 2905: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2885: 2877: 2873: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2858: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2843:Malabar Coast 2840: 2836: 2832: 2831:Malabar Coast 2828: 2824: 2820: 2819:Malabar Coast 2815: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2780:Malabar Coast 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2711: 2710: 2704: 2697: 2692: 2684: 2667: 2663: 2660: 2659:North Malabar 2656: 2652: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2638: 2637: 2636: 2634: 2633:South Malabar 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2604: 2602: 2597: 2596:South Malabar 2589:Inland Growth 2586: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2569:(Kozhikode), 2568: 2560: 2556: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2528: 2527: 2524: 2517: 2514: 2513: 2512: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2484: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2465: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2446: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2427: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2408: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2389: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2371: 2370: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2351: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2332: 2328: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2313: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2294: 2290: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2275: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2257: 2256: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2241: 2238: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2213: 2209: 2206: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2170: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2116: 2112: 2107: 2098: 2096: 2081: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2055: 2050: 2047: 2043: 2042:Malabar Coast 2039: 2035: 2030: 2028: 2023: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1986: 1981: 1979: 1974: 1972: 1967: 1966: 1964: 1963: 1956: 1953: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1890:Muslim Jamaat 1888: 1887: 1881: 1880: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1842:Jamiatur Raza 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1822:Jamia Nizamia 1820: 1818: 1815: 1814: 1808: 1807: 1800: 1797: 1796: 1790: 1789: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1767: 1760: 1759: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1732: 1725: 1724: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1690:Arabs (India) 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1650:Tamil Muslims 1648: 1646: 1645:Oriya Muslims 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1576: 1569: 1568: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1504:Bakhtiar Kaki 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1482:Major figures 1479: 1478: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1451: 1447: 1438: 1437: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1404:Mughal Empire 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1356: 1350: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1340: 1337: 1332: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1322: 1312: 1307: 1305: 1300: 1298: 1293: 1292: 1290: 1289: 1286: 1276: 1275: 1266: 1263: 1262: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1252: 1251: 1247: 1246: 1245: 1242: 1241: 1235: 1234: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1213: 1210: 1205: 1204: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1171: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1156: 1153: 1148: 1147: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1126: 1122: 1112: 1111:Ahl al-Hadith 1108: 1105: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1087: 1082: 1081: 1074: 1073: 1069: 1067: 1066: 1062: 1060: 1059: 1055: 1053: 1052: 1048: 1046: 1045: 1041: 1040: 1039: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1004: 998: 997: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 971: 968: 963: 962: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 931: 928: 923: 922: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 904:Judgement Day 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 876: 873: 868: 867: 863: 859: 858: 854: 846: 840: 839: 829: 824: 822: 817: 815: 810: 809: 807: 806: 801: 791: 790: 789: 788: 781: 778: 777: 772: 771:Military laws 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 753: 752: 749: 747: 744: 740: 737: 735: 732: 731: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 711: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 692: 691: 690: 687: 684: 682: 679: 678: 675: 670: 669: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 645: 642: 641: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 629:Proselytizing 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 548: 545: 543: 540: 539: 538: 537:Denominations 535: 531: 528: 527: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 487: 484: 480: 475: 474: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 443: 440: 439: 435: 433: 432: 428: 426: 425: 421: 420: 417: 414: 412: 409: 408: 405: 400: 399: 392: 390: 386: 384: 382: 378: 377: 373: 370: 368: 366: 362: 360: 358: 354: 352: 350: 346: 345: 341: 340: 335: 334: 329: 328: 324: 322: 321: 317: 316: 310: 307: 305: 302: 301: 297: 296: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 275: 272: 269: 267: 264: 263: 260: 255: 254: 247: 244: 243: 240: 237: 235: 232: 231: 228: 225: 223: 220: 219: 216: 212: 209: 208: 205: 200: 199: 195: 191: 190: 187: 184: 183: 179: 175: 174: 167: 163: 159: 155: 154:Kodava Maaple 151: 147: 142: 139: 135: 130: 126: 122: 118: 113: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 85: 80: 75: 71: 66: 62: 58: 52: 47: 37: 33: 19: 9263: 9226: 9214: 9202: 9154:(AP faction) 9135:(EK faction) 9052:(EK faction) 9046:(AP faction) 8753:U. A. Khader 7399:Patani Bohra 7339:Meta Qureshi 7141:Alavi Bohras 6959:Alavi Bohras 6954:Goan Muslims 6566:, retrieved 6560: 6537:. Retrieved 6532: 6523: 6511:. Retrieved 6507: 6482:. Retrieved 6478: 6469: 6457:. Retrieved 6453: 6443: 6431:. Retrieved 6426: 6417: 6405:. Retrieved 6401: 6366:. Retrieved 6352: 6340:. Retrieved 6335: 6326: 6314:. Retrieved 6300: 6288:. Retrieved 6284:the original 6277: 6268: 6237: 6232: 6220:. Retrieved 6215: 6206: 6196: 6191: 6179:. Retrieved 6174: 6165: 6153:. Retrieved 6149:the original 6139: 6127:. Retrieved 6123: 6114: 6102:. Retrieved 6098: 6089: 6077:. Retrieved 6073: 6064: 6055: 6043: 6031:. Retrieved 6016: 5994:. Retrieved 5979: 5972: 5964: 5957:. Retrieved 5939: 5929: 5921: 5916: 5905: 5897: 5877:. Retrieved 5873:the original 5867:AG Noorani. 5862: 5850:. Retrieved 5844: 5838: 5826:. Retrieved 5811: 5804: 5792:. Retrieved 5777: 5770: 5760:– via 5756:10 September 5754:. Retrieved 5748: 5742: 5732:10 September 5730:. Retrieved 5720: 5713: 5703:10 September 5701:. Retrieved 5696: 5683: 5673: 5669:Knox, Robert 5663: 5654: 5635: 5629: 5609: 5602: 5578: 5552: 5540:. Retrieved 5525: 5518: 5508: 5501: 5493: 5472: 5464: 5459: 5439: 5432: 5420:. Retrieved 5405: 5398: 5386:. Retrieved 5371: 5364: 5344: 5337: 5305:. Retrieved 5290: 5283: 5271:. Retrieved 5256: 5234:. Retrieved 5230:the original 5220: 5200: 5193: 5181:. Retrieved 5166: 5159: 5147:. Retrieved 5132: 5094: 5087: 5075:. Retrieved 5071: 5061: 5042: 5033: 5008: 5004: 4983: 4931: 4890:. Retrieved 4878: 4869: 4842: 4836: 4824:. Retrieved 4812: 4803: 4783: 4776: 4732: 4692:. Retrieved 4687: 4678: 4636: 4624:. Retrieved 4620: 4611: 4588: 4524: 4515: 4430:. Retrieved 4426:the original 4421: 4412: 4383:. Retrieved 4379:the original 4372: 4363: 4344: 4312: 4302: 4294:10603/213506 4284: 4277: 4250: 4240: 4228: 4224: 4208: 4202: 4192: 4185: 4166: 4126: 4064:, and more. 4061: 4057: 4047: 4037: 4023: 4005: 4003: 3998: 3997:and Ponnani 3994: 3993:, Kozhikode 3990: 3985: 3979: 3967: 3961: 3955: 3943:black pepper 3936: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3919:irachi puttu 3918: 3906: 3888: 3851: 3847: 3831: 3827: 3806: 3770: 3762: 3729: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3704: 3700: 3697: 3683:Shīiah Islam 3628: 3609: 3593: 3565: 3556: 3541: 3517: 3478: 3473: 3470: 3440: 3437: 3414: 3397: 3355: 3353: 3349: 3330: 3327: 3323:Indian Ocean 3279:Indian Ocean 3271:João da Nova 3261:between the 3250:16th century 3219: 3183:Persian Gulf 3176: 3156: 3144:Ibn Battutah 3141: 3125: 3093: 3075: 3053:Panthalayani 3051:Fandarinah ( 2936: 2934: 2929: 2927: 2926: 2906: 2901:Kufic script 2886: 2882: 2865: 2861: 2859: 2823:Indian Ocean 2816: 2796:Persian Gulf 2745: 2707: 2612: 2610: 2592: 2564: 2525: 2521: 2510: 2232: 2227: 2222: 2217: 2210: 2197:% of Muslims 2196: 2191: 2186: 2181: 2176: 2160: 2152:Saudi Arabia 2120: 2101:Distribution 2094: 2092: 2089:Demographics 2078: 2065:caste system 2051: 2031: 2024: 1995: 1994: 1915:Raza Academy 1811:Universities 1700:Goan Muslims 1680:Sunni Bohras 1514:Amir Khusrow 1459:Indo-Islamic 1441:Architecture 1248: 1179:Ahl-i Hadith 1119:In terms of 1116: 1070: 1063: 1056: 1049: 1042: 1033: 927:Five Pillars 746:Islamophobia 525:Demographics 520:Circumcision 436: 429: 422: 388: 380: 364: 356: 348: 337: 331: 325: 318: 78: 39:Ethnic group 36: 9228:WikiProject 9191:Siraj Daily 8914:Malik Dinar 8818:Communities 8810:Vattappattu 8704:Mala-Mawlid 8498:West Bengal 8068:Banu Israil 7863:Hela Mehtar 7737:Chhaparband 7704:Maharashtra 7522:Chhaparband 7469:Sunni Bohra 7404:Patni Jamat 6630:communities 6454:CookAwesome 6368:27 December 6342:27 December 6316:17 February 6308:. 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