168:, she questions him about the nature of love. Rattled by the question, as his only wife has died, leaving two sons and a daughter, Dr. Aziz takes temporary leave of her to have a cigarette. Adela is attracted to him, though the feeling is not mutual. They realise simultaneously that a relationship is out of the question. When Adela enters a cave, her claustrophobia, as well as what some critics have assumed is a sexual desire for Aziz, and the consequent guilt over her lack of feeling for Ronny, combine to overwhelm her. She flees the caves down a steep incline and is pierced and lacerated by strongly thorned plants along the way. Adela manages to find someone at the bottom of the slopes who helps her to return to Chandrapore where she lodges a charge of molestation against Dr. Aziz. A trial ensues which is central to the novel's development of the cultural biases and conflicts that occur during the
20:
172:. Later, during the trial, Adela overcomes the echo that has followed her from the caves and accepts her mistake. Aziz is released but he remains furious over the incident. The caves incident leads to a rift between these characters and Aziz starts believing he has been cheated by Fielding and Adela. He wants Adela to pay for the troubles she caused but Fielding persuades him to not to harass the poor girl further who made the mistake out of fear and confusion. This makes Aziz and other Muslims suspect Fielding and Adela and if they are in a relationship.
184:
both Mrs Moore and Adela. The confusion born inside the caves destroys the equilibrium in people's personal lives and relationships. Mrs Moore dies soon after the incident on her way back to
England. Aziz remains suspicious of his friends, including Fielding and Adela Quested. He proceeds to reject Western influence to find solace among his own people and society. Marabar Caves and the myths born of them represent a unique side of the Indian culture and how it keeps people within their respective compartments. The caves represent, metaphorically, the
112:. Forster was gay and was in love with Masood, who was straight and therefore could not reciprocate. Forster also learned that Masood would be marrying. On Forster's last day in Bankipore, he visited the Barabar Caves. Forster wrote in his diary that that day was "long and sad." It has been speculated that the rejection of Forster's love was used as inspiration for the book: though not said, perhaps Miss Quested admitted her love to Aziz in the caves. That final day and the visit to the caves left a huge impression on Forster.
240:, this basic difficulty had lamed him. Unlike Gide or Lawrence, he had found no sensuous enactment adequate to his vision of sex. Gesture recedes in a cloying mist. The mysterious outrage in the Marabar caves is a perfect solution. Though, as the rest of the novel will show, 'nothing has happened' in that dark and echoing place, the force of sexual suggestion is uncompromising. As only a true writer can, Forster had found his way to a symbolic action richer, more precise than any single concrete occurrence.
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to set a turning point in the novel, not just for the character Adela, but also for Mrs Moore, Cyril
Fielding and Dr. Aziz: the caves mark a turning point in the novel and their lives. The caves are significant because they mark the hollowness in the lives of the four main characters. None of them are getting what they want and are trying to find a balance in life amid expanding chaos.
96:, there was more awareness of the real-life Barabar Caves. It led to a slight increase in tourism to the area. A study published in 2009 to assess making the caves an official eco-tourism site concluded that the lack of infrastructure near the caves made it a poor location to attract large amounts of tourists.
183:
The caves are central to both the theme and the structure of the novel and add meaning to its plot. They also give the novel a definite tone. Forster calls India a muddle and uses the caves to explain the sense of mystery and muddle enveloping India. The caves remain mysterious and the echo haunts
154:
also made an adaption of the novel for the stage. In an interview, he stresses the importance of the caves. The caves are central in his adaption: "It reduces the story to focus purely on what happens in the
Marabar Caves. The greatest achievement of Martin's adaptation is that it's not just about
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The caves serve as an important plot location and motif in the story. Key features of the caves are the glass-smooth walls and a peculiar resonant echo amplifying any sound made in the caves. The echo makes the sound “ou-boum” and that sound haunts the characters afterwards. Forster chose the caves
163:
The main characters Mrs. Moore, Adela
Quested, and Dr. Aziz are in a large group that journeys to the Marabar Caves. During the tour of the caves Adela, Dr. Aziz, and a local guide carry on separately from the group. Adela privately questions her love for Ronny, a British Civil Magistrate in
188:. Aziz's journey throughout the caves, and his subsequent trial, represent the development of nationalist and pro-independence ideals among the populace of India. The caves also symbolize the cosmic forces that remain prominent throughout the novel till the end.
204:. Murat Salar, however suggests that the caves represent an awakening, opposing other interpretations of caves as places of darkness in Western literature. Sunu Rose Joseph provides an existentialist analysis of the caves. One reviewer takes a
104:
Forster travelled to India during a trip which inspired his novel. While there, he visited his friend Syed Ross Masood. Masood told
Forster about the Barabar Caves and said "you will write a novel about it."
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sect during 322–185 BCE and eventually became somewhat of a tourist attraction. E. M. Forster, having heard about them, decided to visit during a trip to India in 1913 and was left impressed by them.
1054:"Architecture Scholar: Threatened MARABAR is "an important piece of America's art heritage" and "certainly one of the great works of the later twentieth century" | The Cultural Landscape Foundation"
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What really happened inside the caves remains a mystery and no one discovers what really happened. Aziz and
Fielding suspect it was the guide who molested her, but nothing is conclusively proven.
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Some interpretations have been made by academics about the symbolism and meaning of the caves. For example, Vinod
Cardoza, suggests a
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430:"Assessment of socio-economic impact of tourism/eco-tourism at Barabar and Nagarjuni (B and N) hills in Bihar (India)". 2009.
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in New
Zealand took its inspiration from the novel’s depiction of the caves. The exhibition was titled The Marabar Caves.
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In the film version of the book, the real
Barabar caves were not used. Instead, the scenes were filmed in
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interpretation for the caves, suggesting that the characters could have experienced the principle of
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A Passage To India (1924): A Digital
Edition of E.M. Forster's Novel, Edited by Amardeep Singh
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Artist Linda Day has an artwork titled "Ou-boum" after the sound the caves make in the novel.
253:, is named Marabar, inspired by the location in the book. It is one of her most famous works.
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1126:"Edgar Allan Poets – Noir Rock Band | E.A.Poets Approved/Bands We Like - The Marabar Caves"
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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346470002_Effects_of_Marabar_Caves_on_modern_man
684:"DISTURBING THE UNIVERSE: JUDY DAVIS IN DAVID LEan's "A PASSAGE TO INDIA" - Cinema Retro"
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led a trip to the Barabar Caves after being inspired by the Marabar Caves of the novel.
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approach, saying that the caves represent the central psychological symbol of the plot.
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band from Northampton England is named The Marabar Caves after the place in the novel.
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147:. In it, the caves are presented during the second act. This play inspired the film.
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Subtlest of all is Forster’s solution of the problem of 'physical realization.' In
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A granite and water artwork in Washington DC, created by American architect
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315:"E. M. Forster's a Passage to India: What Really Happened in the Caves"
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https://dc.etsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2226&context=etd
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1150:"NMF2019: Celebrating Northampton's Music Scene From Rock To Opera"
1022:"In New Plan, National Geographic Will Move an Acclaimed Sculpture"
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Forster dedicated the book to Masood. It would be his final novel.
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The book was first adapted in 1960 by Indian-American playwright
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587:"EM Forster: 'But for Masood, I might never have gone to India'"
354:"The Marabar Mystery an Addition to the Case-Book on the Caves"
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getting to the end, but about the repercussions of the case."
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610:
https://academic.oup.com/camqtly/article/50/2/143/6355153
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https://academic.oup.com/camqtly/article/50/2/143/6355153
930:""A Passage to India": The Meaning of the Marabar Caves"
755:""A Passage to India": The Meaning of the Marabar Caves"
730:"Rushdie, the Raj and a return to the Marabar Caves..."
471:"Mild and quietly tormented: EM Forster's inner life"
164:Chandrapore. Assuming that the Muslim Dr. Aziz has
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551:"A Passage To India (1924): Forster with Masood"
222:the modest achievement of Forster's other novel
1003:London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, pp. 433-481.
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73:which Forster visited during a trip to India.
978:https://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2105834.pdf
293:The caves have been used in reference to the
85:The real-life Barabar Caves were used by an
525:English Literature in Transition, 1880-1920
1102:"An Exploratory Trip to the Barabar Caves"
392:"A Passage to India (1924): Marabar Caves"
999:Reprinted in Gardner, Philip (ed) (1973)
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186:rising movement in India for independence
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16:Fictional caves created by E. M. Forster
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53:. The caves are based on the real life
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786:"Marabar: The Caves of Deconstruction"
698:"THEATER ABROAD: Passage to the Stage"
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846:: What Really Happened in the Caves"
39:are fictional caves which appear in
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228:served to magnify the greatness of
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790:The Journal of Narrative Technique
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1020:Ritzel, Rebecca J. (2021-03-09).
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658:Riemer, Andrew (2014-03-21).
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495:"Los Angeles Review of Books"
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585:Galgut, Damon (2014-08-08).
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1199:"The Marabar Caves complex"
1082:The Artwork of Linda A. Day
660:"A passage to E.M. Forster"
499:Los Angeles Review of Books
406:"A passage to E.M. Forster"
108:Forster visisted Masood in
81:The real-life Barabar Caves
10:
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1078:"Ou-boum Artist Statement"
889:MFS Modern Fiction Studies
850:MFS Modern Fiction Studies
319:MFS Modern Fiction Studies
267:An art history class from
260:Marabar by Elyn Zimmerman.
127:, southwest of Bangalore.
31:and (at left) Sudama cave.
664:The Sydney Morning Herald
519:Rosenbaum, S. P. (1986).
410:The Sydney Morning Herald
352:Mukherjee, Sujit (1966).
295:Insurgency in Balochistan
928:Clubb, Roger L. (1963).
784:Barratt, Robert (1993).
753:Clubb, Roger L. (1963).
1130:www.edgarallanpoets.com
145:a play by the same name
451:Cite journal requires
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159:Relevance in the novel
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623:"LITERARY SPELUNKING"
281:An exhibition at the
274:An influential 1980s
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51:film of the same name
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816:"A Passage To India"
176:Mystery of the caves
150:American playwright
1203:The Express Tribune
631:. Washington, D.C.
628:The Washington Post
92:After the book and
1179:Gus Fisher Gallery
1106:Nalanda University
1026:The New York Times
901:10.1353/mfs.0.0443
862:10.1353/mfs.0.0443
844:A Passage to India
331:10.1353/mfs.0.0443
283:Gus Fisher Gallery
269:Nalanda University
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230:A Passage to India
63:Jehanabad District
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41:E. M. Forster
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37:Marabar Caves
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25:Barabar Caves
21:
1207:. Retrieved
1205:. 2011-08-03
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1156:. 2019-06-05
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822:. 2008-04-16
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735:. 2002-09-14
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591:the Guardian
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501:. 2014-07-21
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934:CLA Journal
759:CLA Journal
119:In the film
1209:2022-11-18
1184:2022-11-18
1160:2022-11-18
1135:2022-11-18
1111:2022-11-18
1087:2022-11-18
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914:2018-01-04
826:2022-11-18
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645:1330888409
596:2022-11-18
560:2022-11-18
505:2022-11-18
480:2022-11-18
416:2022-11-18
301:References
245:Influences
135:In theater
129:David Lean
125:Savandurga
1034:0362-4331
946:0007-8549
909:162355345
870:162355345
710:0040-781X
637:0190-8286
537:1559-2715
339:162355345
276:punk rock
110:Bankipore
27:in 1870;
1223:Category
954:44324420
802:30225384
771:44324420
436:55667353
49:and the
238:Maurice
225:Maurice
206:Jungian
87:Ajivika
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905:S2CID
866:S2CID
798:JSTOR
767:JSTOR
432:S2CID
374:JSTOR
335:S2CID
198:Hindu
143:into
71:India
67:Bihar
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