302:
and, indeed, exist as castes in
Maharashtra today. What differentiated, for example, "Maratha" from "Kunbi"? It was precisely the martial tradition, of which they were proud, and the rights (watans and inams) they gained from military service. It was these rights which differentiated them from the ordinary cultivator, ironworkers and tailors, especially at the local level
461:
Together with the
Marathas, the Maratha Kunbi belonged originally, says Enthoven, to the same caste; and both their exogamous kuls and exogamous devaks are identical with those of the Marathas. Enthoven opines that the totemic nature of their devak system suggests that they are largely of a non-Aryan
402:
His theory, which is based on scant historical evidence , doubtless echoed this episode in
Maharashtra's history,whereas in fact Shivaji, a Maratha-Kunbi, was a Shudra. Nevertheless, he had won power and so expected the Brahmins to confirm his new status by writing for him an adequate genealogy. This
440:
An indication that the Shudra varna of elite marathas remained unchanged was the maratha practice of hypergamy which permitted inter-marriage with rising peasant kunbi lineages, and created a hierarchy of maratha kuls, whose boundaries were flexible enough to incorporate, by the twentieth century,
301:
Looking backward from ample material on the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, we know that
Maratha as a category of caste represents the amalgamation of families from several castes - Kunbi, Lohar, Sutar, Bhandari, Thakar, and even Dhangars (shepherds) – which existed in the seventeenth century
335:
The early history of the marathas is obscure, but they were predominantly of the sudra(peasant) class, though later, after they gained a political role in the Deccan, they claimed to be
Kshatriyas(warriors) and dressed themselves up with pedigrees of appropriate grandeur, with the Bhosles
462:
origin. ... The Kunbi cultivators are also
Marathas but of a somewhat inferior social standing. The Maratha claim to belong to the ancient 96 Kshatriya families has no foundation in fact and may have been adopted after the Marathas became with Shivaji a power to be reckoned with.
204:). Various lists have been compiled, purporting to list the 96 "true Maratha" clans, but these lists vary greatly and are disputed. The list of ninety-six clans is divided into five ranked tiers, the highest of which contains the five primary Maratha clans.
184:. The conquest of Javali allowed Shivaji to extend his raids into south and southwest Maharashtra. Other strategies included forming marital alliances, dealing directly with village Patils to bypass the Deshmukhs, or subduing them by force.
336:
specifically claiming descent from the
Sidodia's of Mewar. The fact however is that the marathas were not even a distinct caste, but essentially a status group, made up of individual families from different Maharashtrian castes..
564:
207:
Within a clan, ranking also depends on whether a man is progeny of proper marriage or a product of hypergamy. High ranking
Maratha clans also historically held rights to hereditary estate or
81:
castes in
Maharashtra. The 96 kul(clans) and genealogies were fabricated after they gained political prominence. These clans were flexible enough that most of the
407:, but sociologists refer to such emulation of Kshatriyas by Shudras as ' Kshatriyaisation ' and describe it as a variant of Sanskritisation.
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Caste, Conflict and
Ideology: Mahatma Jotirao Phule and Low Caste Protest in Nineteenth-Century Western India
57:
is divided into were originally formed in the earlier centuries from the amalgamation of families from the (
172:, he had to fight, or subdue these families using a variety of strategies. One of them included killing of
609:
778:
215:
or policing (Police Patilki) of a village. Higher ranking clans held rights to larger estates or
773:
734:
510:
476:"Deccan (Maharashtra) Under the Muslim Rulers from Khaljis to Shivaji: A Study in Interaction"
352:
318:
700:
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marathas not being accounted as of kshatriya status, a false genealogy had to be fabricated
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Proceedings of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
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manner. People belonging to a clan usually have a common surname, a common
141:
628:"A Comparative Analysis of Systems of Kinship and Marriage in South Asia"
88:
Thus, due to the mainly peasant origin, the claim of the 96 clans to the
42:
495:
651:
627:
475:
197:
168:
family came to prominence later then these families. In his quest for
100:
calls such claims "Kshatriyatisation", which he considers similar to
220:
145:
89:
643:
425:
Dominance and State Power in Modern India: Decline of a Social Order
208:
176:, a fellow Maratha feudatory of Bijapur, and seizing the valley of
137:
125:
117:
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population got absorbed into these clans even in the 20th century.
242:
192:
In Maratha society, membership of a Kul or clan is acquired in a
165:
157:
149:
62:
169:
153:
129:
320:
Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals
216:
201:
82:
70:
66:
58:
38:
387:
Dr Ambedkar and Untouchability: Analysing and Fighting Caste
211:.This included land grants, tax collection rights (revenue
41:. These Marathas primarily reside in the Indian state of
736:
Homo hierarchicus: the caste system and its implications
698:
452:
45:, with smaller regional populations in other states.
383:
128:
system. Influential families from this era include,
124:
and the Mughals from 14th century onwards under the
37:
clans. The clans together form the Maratha caste of
120:for the Bahmani sultanate, and its successors, the
621:
619:
574:. The New Cambridge History of India. p. 69.
480:Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute
765:
692:
671:
616:
379:
377:
535:
459:. Oxford University Press. pp. 191, 202.
289:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 15–17.
282:
187:
316:
223:records stretching back several generations.
739:. University of Chicago Press. p. 121.
732:
705:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 17–.
421:
374:
278:
276:
357:. Open Road + Grove/Atlantic. p. 565.
312:
310:
565:"Shivaji (1630–80) and the Maratha polity"
542:. Cambridge University Press. p. 85.
529:
346:
344:
256:
417:
415:
350:
273:
473:
428:. Oxford University Press. p. XVI.
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219:. Clans with watan usually hold written
446:
341:
269:. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2009.
180:, near the present-day hill station of
766:
625:
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512:India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765
412:
563:Gordon, Stewart (16 September 1993).
508:
323:. Penguin Books India. p. 435.
283:Stewart Gordon (16 September 1993).
233:List of Maratha dynasties and states
16:Clan system within Marathas of India
107:
13:
14:
800:
726:
665:
556:
390:. Permanent Black. p. 39.
502:
467:
453:John Vincent Ferreira (1965).
1:
672:Kathleen Kuiper, ed. (2010).
441:most of the kunbi population.
384:Christophe Jaffrelot (2006).
249:
112:Many Maratha clans served as
784:Social groups of Maharashtra
7:
515:. Penguin UK. p. 198.
351:John Keay (12 April 2011).
226:
200:, and a common clan totem (
188:Kinship, Deities and Totems
10:
805:
699:Rosalind O'Hanlon (2002).
509:Eaton, Richard M. (2019).
580:10.1017/CHOL9780521268837
48:
403:process recalls that of
96:is considered spurious.
27:Shahannava Kuli Marathas
536:Stewart Gordon (2007).
474:Kulkarni, G.T. (1991).
266:Encyclopædia Britannica
53:The 96 clans that the
789:Ethnic groups in India
626:Carter, A. T. (1973).
572:The Marathas 1600–1818
539:The Marathas 1600–1818
317:Abraham Eraly (2000).
286:The Marathas 1600-1818
73:), carpenter (Sutar),
733:Louis Dumont (1980).
678:. Rosen. p. 34.
422:M. S. A. Rao (1989).
94:Hindu Varna hierarchy
92:ritual status in the
25:(also referred to as
675:The Culture of India
263:"Maratha (people)".
238:Maratha caste origin
33:) refers to the 96
23:Maratha Clan System
482:. 51/52: 501–510.
589:978-0-521-26883-7
549:978-0-521-03316-9
522:978-0-14-196655-7
456:Totemism in India
435:978-0-19-562098-6
397:978-81-7824-156-2
364:978-0-8021-9550-0
330:978-0-14-100143-2
296:978-0-521-26883-7
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164:. Shivaji's own
108:Military history
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69:), blacksmith (
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750:. Retrieved
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250:References
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134:Sawantwadi
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598:cite book
488:0045-9801
146:Nimbalkar
126:watandari
118:Deshmukhs
98:Jaffrelot
90:Kshatriya
496:42930434
227:See also
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152:, Mane,
138:Ghorpade
75:Bhandari
652:3031719
243:Shitole
213:Patilki
166:Bhosale
158:Mahadik
150:Phaltan
63:Dhangar
35:Maratha
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217:Jagirs
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162:Mohite
154:Shirke
142:Mudhol
130:Sawant
114:Patils
79:Thakar
49:Origin
648:JSTOR
568:(PDF)
492:JSTOR
209:Watan
202:Devak
83:Kunbi
71:Lohar
67:Gavli
59:Kunbi
39:India
754:2011
741:ISBN
720:2011
707:ISBN
680:ISBN
659:2020
636:1973
610:help
584:ISBN
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484:ISSN
430:ISBN
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