364:
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33:
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305:, natural fats, sugars and other bodies he proved that organic compounds can be formed by ordinary methods of chemical manipulation and obey the same principles as inorganic substances, thus exhibiting the "creative character in virtue of which chemistry actually realizes the abstract conceptions of its theories and classificationsâa prerogative so far possessed neither by the natural nor by the historical sciences."
356:
285:
The fundamental conception that underlay all
Berthelot's chemical work was that all chemical phenomena depend on the action of physical forces which can be determined and measured. When he began his active career it was generally believed that, although some instances of the synthetic production of
229:
that organic compounds required organisms in their synthesis. Berthelot was convinced that chemical synthesis would revolutionize the food industry by the year 2000, and that synthesized foods would replace farms and pastures. "Why not", he asked, "if it proved cheaper and better to make the same
852:
In 1902, Marcellin P. Berthelot, often called the founder of modern organic chemistry, was one of France's most celebrated scientistsâif not the world's. He was permanent secretary of the French
Academy, having succeeded the giant Louis Pasteur, the renowned microbiologist. Unlike Delage, an
233:
He was considered "one of the most famous chemists in the world." Upon being appointed to the post of
Minister of Foreign Affairs for the French government in 1895, he was considered "the most eminent living chemist" in France. In 1901, he was elected as one of the "Forty Immortals" of the
881:
Although Delage made it clear that he did not regard Jesus as the resurrected Son of God, his paper upset the atheist members of the
Academy, including its secretary, Marcellin Berthelot, who prevented its full publication in the Academy's
1035:
382:(1901). He stated that chemical phenomena are not governed by any peculiar laws special to themselves, but are explicable in terms of the general laws of mechanics that are in operation throughout the
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1298:, Paris, Belin, 1987. (The author, who admits not liking Berthelot, seeks to sort out the chaff and good grain, not only in his political and ideological activity, but also in his scientific work.)
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remained an analytical science and could not become a constructive one, because the formation of the substances with which it deals required the intervention of
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394:(1897). This branch of study naturally conducted him to the investigation of explosives, and on the theoretical side led to the results published in his work
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398:(1872), while in practical terms it enabled him to render important services to his country as president of the scientific defence committee during the
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where the vast majority of intellectuals were being educated. After doing well at school in history and philosophy, he became a scientist.
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explosions using a special chamber fitted with a piston, and was able to distinguish burning of mixtures of hydrogen and oxygen from true
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on the subject of vitalism, in which
Pasteur took the vitalist position on the basis of his work on alcoholic fermentation.
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His investigations on the synthesis of organic compounds were published in numerous papers and books, including
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715:. Vol. 1. New York American and Journal, Hearst's Chicago American and San Francisco Examiner. p. 219
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430:(1889), He also translated various old Greek, Syriac and Arabic treatises on alchemy and chemistry:
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and subsequently as chief of the French explosives committee. He performed experiments to determine
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To this attitude he offered uncompromising opposition, and by the synthetic production of numerous
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655:"A Century Before the Lab-Grown Burger, This Chemist Imagined "Toothsome" Manufactured Food"
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254:, on 25 October 1827, the son of a doctor. He decided with his friend, the great historian
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During later life he researched and wrote books on the early history of chemistry such as
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from inorganic substances, providing a large amount of counter-evidence to the theory of
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927:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 811; see para 2.
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Berthelot died suddenly on 18 March 1907, immediately after the death of his wife
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238:. He gave all his discoveries not only to the French government but to humanity.
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544:(1862â1939), Marie-HĂ©lĂšne (1863â1895), Camille (1864â1928), Daniel (1865â1927),
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386:; and this view he developed, with the aid of thousands of experiments, in his
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Biographies of
Scientific Men/Berthelot - Wikisource, the free online library
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Untersuchungen ĂŒber die
AffinitĂ€ten, ĂŒber Bildung und Zersetzung der Ăther.
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1918:
814:
M. Berthelot, Sciences et
Morales, On education, Paris, Impr. Nouvelle,
1194:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 811.
149:
32:
411:
270:
176:
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1255:. Vol. 2. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 63â72.
1175:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
908:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
3472:
Corresponding members of the Saint
Petersburg Academy of Sciences
1249:
Crosland, M.P. (1970â1980). "Berthelot, Pierre EugĂšne
Marcelin".
269:
He was an atheist but was very influenced by his wife, who was a
206:
1072:
Introduction Ă l'Ă©tude de la chimie, des anciens et du moyen Ăąge
867:
The Sign: The Shroud of Turin and the Secret of the Resurrection
333:
in 1833. In 1895, he was elected an International Member of the
490:
Introduction a l'Ă©tude de la chimie des anciens et du Moyen Age
428:
Introduction Ă l'Ă©tude de la chimie des anciens et du moyen Ăąge
780:"Former Fellows of The Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783 â 2002"
329:. He was elected an International Member of the United States
3477:
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
942:. Universitat de ValĂšncia, Valencia, Spain. pp. 67â122.
247:
57:
344:
940:
From Friedrich Wöhler's urine to Eduard Buchner's alcohol
595:"Notice sur la vie et les travaux de Marcellin Berthelot"
838:
The Truth About the Shroud of Turin: Solving the Mystery
442:(1886), which contains a well-known letter to Renan on "
355:
529:(1837â1907), in Paris. His professorship was filled by
3487:
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
712:
The American Almanac, Year-book, Cyclopaedia and Atlas
853:
agnostic, Berthelot was an atheistâand militantly so.
3467:
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
417:
396:
Sur la force de la poudre et des matiĂšres explosives
325:in 1880. In 1881 he became a foreign member of the
286:organic substances had been observed, on the whole
864:
321:. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the
294:in some shape. He engaged in a long argument with
1648:
3457:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
3393:
991:. Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
938:Friedmann, H C (1997). Cornish-Bowden, A (ed.).
835:
826:Abraham Louis Breguet on www.hautehorlogerie.com
205:; 25 October 1827 â 18 March 1907) was a French
2097:
3492:Recipients of the Pour le MĂ©rite (civil class)
1437:
1276:Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft
327:Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
3502:Members of the American Philosophical Society
2083:
1634:
1423:
1332:Newspaper clippings about Marcellin Berthelot
1248:
1104:Histoire des sciences: La chimie au moyen Ăąge
896:
894:
892:
890:
468:Ostwalds Klassiker der exakten Wissenschaften
359:Bombs used for hydrogen explosion experiments
317:; he was also awarded the Grand Cross of the
1363:Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts
259:
592:
3462:Officers of the French Academy of Sciences
2090:
2076:
1641:
1627:
1430:
1416:
887:
31:
937:
599:Bulletin de la Société Chimique de France
16:French chemist and politician (1827â1907)
1296:Berthelot 1827-1907, autopsie d'un mythe
1180:
913:
512:
444:La Science idéale et la science positive
432:Collection des anciens alchimistes grecs
362:
354:
3422:Academic staff of the CollĂšge de France
1198:
1084:Collection des anciens alchimistes Grec
969:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences
964:"Book of Members, 1780â2010: Chapter B"
614:
612:
476:University and State Library DĂŒsseldorf
376:Chimie organique fondée sur la synthÚse
3394:
1935:Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz
1269:
763:
708:
648:
646:
347:was named after him on 25 March 1907.
2071:
1622:
1411:
1318:Works by or about Marcellin Berthelot
757:
702:
672:
618:
323:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
246:Berthelot was born in Rue du Mouton,
200:
3482:Foreign members of the Royal Society
956:
766:Les éléments chimiques et les hommes
652:
609:
493:(in French). Paris: Steinheil. 1889.
454:(1897), and of numerous articles in
3442:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
772:
643:
548:(1866â1934), and RenĂ© (1872â1960).
536:He was buried with his wife in the
13:
1252:Dictionary of Scientific Biography
1242:
1201:"Pierre Eugene Marcelin Berthelot"
1186:Berthelot, Marcellin Pierre EugĂšne
1094:(Paris : G. Steinheil, 1887).
919:Berthelot, Marcellin Pierre EugĂšne
313:In 1863 he became a member of the
14:
3513:
3417:Members of the Académie Française
1302:
1128:La révolution chimique: Lavoisier
727:
448:La RĂ©volution chimique, Lavoisier
418:Historical and philosophical work
194:Pierre EugĂšne Marcellin Berthelot
44:Pierre EugĂšne Marcellin Berthelot
1168:
901:
503:(in French). Paris: Alcan. 1890.
460:, which he helped to establish.
241:
1145:
1133:
1121:
1109:
1097:
1077:
1065:
1053:
1028:
1003:
981:
931:
858:
840:. Regnery Gateway. p. 23.
829:
820:
653:Ogle, Maureen (7 August 2013).
470:; 173 Leipzig: Engelmann, 1910
350:
3452:Recipients of the Copley Medal
3447:Burials at the Panthéon, Paris
1130:(Paris Germer-BailliĂšre, 1890)
808:
787:The Royal Society of Edinburgh
586:
335:American Philosophical Society
315:Académie Nationale de Médecine
308:
280:
230:materials than to grow them?"
1:
1161:
1106:(Imprimerie nationale, 1893).
559:created a bust of Berthelot.
438:(1893). He was the author of
3432:19th-century French chemists
1309:Works by Marcellin Berthelot
1074:(Paris, G. Steinheil, 1889).
1062:(Paris, G. Steinheil, 1885).
989:"M. Berthelot (1827 - 1907)"
331:National Academy of Sciences
7:
2099:Foreign Ministers of France
1510:Pierre Jean Georges Cabanis
1502:Claude-Carloman de RulhiĂšre
1390:Minister of Foreign Affairs
1336:20th Century Press Archives
865:Thomas de Wesselow (2012).
593:Jungfleisch, Ămile (1913).
562:
517:Rodin's bust of Berthelot.
481:
215:ThomsenâBerthelot principle
86:ThomsenâBerthelot principle
10:
3518:
1879:Jean-Baptiste Boussingault
1855:August Wilhelm von Hofmann
1494:Nicolas Thyrel de Boismont
1227:10.1126/science.25.641.592
1199:Doremus, CG (April 1907).
1060:Les origines de l'alchemie
735:"Contemporary celebrities"
569:Abiogenic petroleum origin
424:Les Origines de l'alchimie
400:siege of Paris (1870â1871)
3246:
3188:
3163:
3125:
2767:
2689:
2611:
2518:
2445:
2422:
2399:
2366:
2313:
2105:
1657:
1448:
1396:
1387:
1379:
1369:
1360:
1352:
1347:
1288:10.1002/cber.190804103193
836:Robert K. Wilcox (2010).
619:Gross, Daniel A. (2015).
551:
508:
213:politician noted for the
187:
172:
165:
142:
109:
99:
94:Principle of maximum work
81:
65:
39:
30:
23:
2812:Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire
1574:Marie-Jean-Lucien Lacaze
1518:Antoine Destutt de Tracy
579:
380:Les Carbures d'hydrogĂšne
1823:Julius Robert von Mayer
1191:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
924:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
540:. He had six children:
3412:Politicians from Paris
1895:James Joseph Sylvester
1711:Michel EugĂšne Chevreul
1671:Alexander von Humboldt
1116:Science et philosophie
709:Hearst, W. R. (1903).
522:
519:Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek
500:La RĂ©volution chimique
457:La Grande Encyclopédie
440:Science et philosophie
436:La Chimie au moyen Ăąge
371:
368:La RĂ©volution chimique
360:
260:
221:. He synthesized many
3497:Scientists from Paris
1999:George Gabriel Stokes
1903:Charles Adolphe Wurtz
1839:Hermann von Helmholtz
1807:Henri Victor Regnault
1687:Johannes Peter MĂŒller
1679:Heinrich Wilhelm Dove
764:Talbot, Jean (1995).
521:, Copenhagen, Denmark
516:
366:
358:
3437:French life senators
1983:Stanislao Cannizzaro
1951:Joseph Dalton Hooker
1815:James Prescott Joule
1727:Wilhelm Eduard Weber
1272:"Marcelin Berthelot"
1040:search.amphilsoc.org
1036:"APS Member History"
1011:"M. P. E. Berthelot"
796:on 19 September 2015
684:Bulletin of Pharmacy
273:(his wife came from
227:Jöns Jakob Berzelius
2055:Marcellin Berthelot
2047:John William Strutt
2031:Albert von Kölliker
1959:Thomas Henry Huxley
1943:Franz Ernst Neumann
1791:Karl Ernst von Baer
1703:Henri Milne-Edwards
1550:Marcellin Berthelot
1534:Jean-Baptiste Dumas
1486:Jean-François Boyer
1470:Jacques de Tourreil
1383:Jean Casimir-Perier
1270:Graebe, O. (1908).
1219:1907Sci....25..592D
574:Berthelot's reagent
90:Berthelot's reagent
25:Marcellin Berthelot
2759:La Tour d'Auvergne
2447:Second Restoration
1799:Charles Wheatstone
1439:Académie française
1348:Political offices
739:Current Literature
659:Slate/Future Tense
621:"Brave New Butter"
523:
388:MĂ©canique chimique
372:
361:
258:, not to attend a
236:Académie française
3389:
3388:
3256:Couve de Murville
3238:Couve de Murville
2495:Montmorency-Laval
2401:First Restoration
2065:
2064:
1871:James Dwight Dana
1650:Copley Medallists
1616:
1615:
1582:Jacques Chastenet
1478:Jean-Roland Malet
1454:Daniel de Priézac
1406:
1405:
1397:Succeeded by
1370:Succeeded by
1313:Project Gutenberg
1262:978-0-684-10114-9
1154:at mapage.noos.fr
1140:Science Et Morale
1015:www.nasonline.org
876:978-1-101-58855-0
847:978-1-59698-600-8
605:(Extrait): 1â260.
452:Science et morale
288:organic chemistry
223:organic compounds
202:[bÉÊtÉlo]
191:
190:
167:Scientific career
3509:
2837:Challemel-Lacour
2739:La Tour Auvergne
2092:
2085:
2078:
2069:
2068:
2058:
2050:
2042:
2034:
2026:
2018:
2015:Karl Weierstrass
2010:
2007:Edward Frankland
2002:
1994:
1986:
1978:
1970:
1962:
1954:
1946:
1938:
1930:
1922:
1914:
1906:
1898:
1890:
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1874:
1866:
1858:
1850:
1842:
1834:
1831:Friedrich Wöhler
1826:
1818:
1810:
1802:
1794:
1786:
1778:
1770:
1762:
1754:
1746:
1738:
1730:
1722:
1714:
1706:
1698:
1690:
1682:
1674:
1666:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1620:
1619:
1609:
1601:
1598:Pierre-Jean RĂ©my
1593:
1585:
1577:
1569:
1561:
1553:
1545:
1537:
1529:
1521:
1513:
1505:
1497:
1489:
1481:
1473:
1465:
1457:
1432:
1425:
1418:
1409:
1408:
1380:Preceded by
1353:Preceded by
1345:
1344:
1322:Internet Archive
1291:
1282:(3): 4805â4872.
1266:
1238:
1213:(641): 592â595.
1195:
1174:
1172:
1171:
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1143:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1057:
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1026:
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1023:
1021:
1007:
1001:
1000:
998:
996:
985:
979:
978:
976:
974:
968:
960:
954:
953:
935:
929:
928:
907:
905:
904:
898:
885:
884:
862:
856:
855:
833:
827:
824:
818:
817:
812:
806:
805:
803:
801:
795:
789:. Archived from
784:
776:
770:
769:
761:
755:
754:
752:
750:
731:
725:
724:
722:
720:
706:
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676:
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667:
665:
650:
641:
640:
638:
636:
616:
607:
606:
590:
531:Emil Jungfleisch
504:
494:
434:(1887â1888) and
341:Avenue Berthelot
319:Legion of Honour
265:
204:
199:
104:Sophie Berthelot
72:
53:
51:
35:
21:
20:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3427:French atheists
3392:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3291:François-Poncet
3242:
3190:Fourth Republic
3184:
3166:
3159:
3121:
2763:
2719:Drouyn de Lhuys
2699:Drouyn de Lhuys
2685:
2681:Drouyn de Lhuys
2661:Drouyn de Lhuys
2641:Drouyn de Lhuys
2613:Second Republic
2607:
2514:
2460:A. E. Richelieu
2441:
2418:
2395:
2362:
2309:
2125:A. J. Richelieu
2101:
2096:
2066:
2061:
2053:
2045:
2039:William Huggins
2037:
2029:
2021:
2013:
2005:
1997:
1989:
1981:
1973:
1965:
1957:
1949:
1941:
1933:
1925:
1919:William Thomson
1917:
1909:
1901:
1893:
1887:Rudolf Clausius
1885:
1877:
1869:
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1647:
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1612:
1604:
1596:
1590:Georges Dumézil
1588:
1580:
1572:
1564:
1558:Francis Charmes
1556:
1548:
1542:Joseph Bertrand
1540:
1532:
1526:François Guizot
1524:
1516:
1508:
1500:
1492:
1484:
1476:
1468:
1462:Michel Le Clerc
1460:
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1444:
1436:
1402:
1393:
1385:
1375:
1366:
1358:
1305:
1263:
1245:
1243:Further reading
1184:, ed. (1911). "
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950:
936:
932:
917:, ed. (1911). "
902:
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778:
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768:. Paris: SIRPE.
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472:Digital edition
420:
390:(1878) and his
353:
311:
283:
244:
219:thermochemistry
197:
181:thermochemistry
161:
138:
92:
88:
77:
74:
70:
61:
55:
54:25 October 1827
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3248:Fifth Republic
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2877:Casimir-Perier
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2819:
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2769:Third Republic
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2475:M. Montmorency
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2043:
2035:
2027:
2023:Carl Gegenbaur
2019:
2011:
2003:
1995:
1991:Rudolf Virchow
1987:
1979:
1971:
1963:
1955:
1947:
1939:
1931:
1923:
1915:
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1863:Claude Bernard
1859:
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1827:
1819:
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1803:
1795:
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1783:Julius PlĂŒcker
1779:
1775:Michel Chasles
1771:
1767:Charles Darwin
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1400:LĂ©on Bourgeois
1398:
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1373:EugĂšne Spuller
1371:
1368:
1359:
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1304:
1303:External links
1301:
1300:
1299:
1294:Jean Jacques,
1292:
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1196:
1182:Chisholm, Hugh
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915:Chisholm, Hugh
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527:Sophie Niaudet
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3213:MendĂšs France
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2691:Second Empire
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2520:July Monarchy
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2480:Chateaubriand
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2107:Ancien RĂ©gime
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2016:
2012:
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1975:Simon Newcomb
1972:
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1967:George Salmon
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1911:Arthur Cayley
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1847:Louis Pasteur
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1735:Robert Bunsen
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1719:Charles Lyell
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1695:LĂ©on Foucault
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2432:Caulaincourt
2424:Hundred Days
2391:Caulaincourt
2368:First Empire
2323:Lebrun-Tondu
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256:Ernest Renan
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156:Copley Medal
121:Marie-HĂ©lĂšne
71:(1907-03-18)
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3407:1907 deaths
3402:1827 births
3271:Bettencourt
3165:Provisional
2646:Tocqueville
2240:Ă. Choiseul
2235:C. Choiseul
2230:Ă. Choiseul
2140:Bouthillier
1927:Carl Ludwig
1652:(1851â1900)
1356:René Goblet
869:. Penguin.
745:: 139. 1902
690:: 574. 1895
450:(1890), of
426:(1885) and
378:(1860) and
309:Recognition
281:Discoveries
3396:Categories
3286:Guiringaud
3167:Government
2802:Waddington
2797:Banneville
2787:A. Broglie
2734:La Valette
2724:La Valette
2588:Montebello
2573:V. Broglie
2553:V. Broglie
2548:SĂ©bastiani
2455:Talleyrand
2414:Talleyrand
2376:Talleyrand
2358:Talleyrand
2348:Talleyrand
2300:Dubouchage
1394:1895â1896
1367:1886â1887
1162:References
1092:Volume 2â3
412:explosions
211:Republican
150:Davy Medal
50:1827-10-25
2997:Millerand
2962:Doumergue
2952:Bourgeois
2947:Doumergue
2912:Bourgeois
2892:Bourgeois
2887:Berthelot
2847:Freycinet
2832:FalliĂšres
2822:Freycinet
2807:Freycinet
2714:Thouvenel
2621:Lamartine
2510:Mortemart
2465:Dessolles
2381:Champagny
2343:Delacroix
2328:Deforgues
2295:Chambonas
2285:Dumouriez
2275:Montmorin
2265:Montmorin
2260:Vergennes
2250:Aiguillon
2210:Puisieulx
2190:Chauvelin
1152:Individus
882:bulletin.
271:Calvinist
177:Chemistry
3381:Séjourné
3371:Le Drian
3346:Kouchner
3331:Villepin
3321:Charette
3296:Cheysson
3266:Schumann
3135:Baudouin
3117:Baudouin
3107:Daladier
3097:Daladier
3062:Daladier
3017:Lefebvre
3012:Poincaré
2967:Delcassé
2932:Poincaré
2902:Delcassé
2897:Hanotaux
2882:Hanotaux
2852:Flourens
2817:Gambetta
2749:Ollivier
2729:Moustier
2704:Walewski
2656:La Hitte
2651:Rayneval
2505:Polignac
2500:Portalis
2470:Pasquier
2409:Laforest
2353:Reinhard
2270:Vauguyon
2205:Argenson
2200:Noailles
2195:Chaillou
2185:Morville
2175:Huxelles
2160:Pomponne
2145:Chavigny
2120:Villeroy
1235:17749176
1088:Volume 1
1045:15 March
1020:15 March
995:23 April
800:30 April
749:30 April
719:30 April
694:30 April
664:30 April
635:30 April
631:(1): 6â7
563:See also
546:Philippe
538:Panthéon
482:Editions
408:hydrogen
384:universe
131:Philippe
110:Children
60:, France
3376:Colonna
3366:Ayrault
3336:Barnier
3326:VĂ©drine
3306:Raimond
3208:Bidault
3203:Schuman
3198:Bidault
3175:Bidault
3145:Flandin
3112:Reynaud
3102:Reynaud
3077:Flandin
3067:Barthou
3052:Herriot
3047:Tardieu
3032:Herriot
3022:Herriot
3002:Leygues
2987:Barthou
2972:Viviani
2957:Viviani
2937:Jonnart
2907:Rouvier
2872:Develle
2862:Spuller
2827:Duclerc
2792:Decazes
2782:RĂ©musat
2754:Gramont
2709:Baroche
2671:Baroche
2666:Brénier
2636:Bastide
2626:Bastide
2563:Bresson
2533:Jourdan
2386:Bassano
2290:Naillac
2280:Lessart
2220:Rouillé
2165:Croissy
2150:Brienne
2130:Sillery
1442:seat 40
1338:of the
1334:in the
1320:at the
1215:Bibcode
1206:Science
1179::
912::
474:by the
406:during
207:chemist
198:French:
124:Camille
3361:Fabius
3276:Jobert
3233:Pleven
3228:Pineau
3150:Darlan
3092:Bonnet
3082:Delbos
3037:Briand
3027:Briand
3007:Briand
2992:Pichon
2977:Briand
2942:Pichon
2927:Selves
2922:Cruppi
2917:Pichon
2857:Goblet
2676:Turgot
2631:Bedeau
2603:Guizot
2598:Thiers
2578:Thiers
2543:Maison
2528:Bignon
2437:Bignon
2338:Herman
2333:Goujon
2255:Bertin
2225:Bernis
2180:Dubois
2155:Lionne
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2025:(1896)
2017:(1895)
2009:(1894)
2001:(1893)
1993:(1892)
1985:(1891)
1977:(1890)
1969:(1889)
1961:(1888)
1953:(1887)
1945:(1886)
1937:(1885)
1929:(1884)
1921:(1883)
1913:(1882)
1905:(1881)
1897:(1880)
1889:(1879)
1881:(1878)
1873:(1877)
1865:(1876)
1857:(1875)
1849:(1874)
1841:(1873)
1833:(1872)
1825:(1871)
1817:(1870)
1809:(1869)
1801:(1868)
1793:(1867)
1785:(1866)
1777:(1865)
1769:(1864)
1761:(1863)
1753:(1862)
1745:(1861)
1737:(1860)
1729:(1859)
1721:(1858)
1713:(1857)
1705:(1856)
1697:(1855)
1689:(1854)
1681:(1853)
1673:(1852)
1665:(1851)
1608:(2013)
1600:(1988)
1592:(1978)
1584:(1956)
1576:(1936)
1568:(1918)
1560:(1908)
1552:(1900)
1544:(1884)
1536:(1875)
1528:(1836)
1520:(1808)
1512:(1803)
1504:(1787)
1496:(1755)
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1472:(1692)
1464:(1662)
1456:(1639)
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552:In art
509:Family
446:," of
370:, 1890
252:France
173:Fields
158:(1900)
152:(1883)
143:Awards
127:Daniel
100:Spouse
3356:Juppé
3316:Juppé
3311:Dumas
3301:Dumas
3261:Debré
3223:Pinay
3218:Faure
3155:Laval
3140:Laval
3072:Laval
3042:Laval
2982:Ribot
2867:Ribot
2842:Ferry
2777:Favre
2593:Soult
2568:Rigny
2558:Rigny
2485:Damas
2170:Torcy
2115:Revol
967:(PDF)
794:(PDF)
783:(PDF)
580:Notes
248:Paris
117:André
58:Paris
3180:Blum
2744:Daru
2583:Molé
2538:Molé
1257:ISBN
1231:PMID
1047:2024
1022:2024
997:2016
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944:ISBN
871:ISBN
842:ISBN
816:1895
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751:2018
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696:2018
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637:2018
345:Lyon
209:and
135:René
66:Died
40:Born
1340:ZBW
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343:in
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