1300:
2770:
2734:
2722:
2758:
2746:
2479:, which is derived from a Slavic term that can take on the same meaning (see above for similar in Slovenia, etc.), ultimately from this function. This, though, was merely a continuation of a semi-formal arrangement with the Poles, before escalating feuds, political infighting in Poland, and religious differences (mainly Eastern Orthodox vs. Roman Catholic) saw a loose coalition of Ukrainian lords and independent landowners collectively known as the Cossacks shift to ally with the Russian Empire.
1325:
883:
2857:
1512:
2459:
1891:
2175:
2129:, a hybrid system of marches existed which was condemned as barbaric at the time. The Irish marches constituted the territory between English and Irish-dominated lands, which appeared as soon as the English did and were called by King John to be fortified. By the 14th century, they had become defined as the land between
454:
entities developed, self-sufficient and agrarian, each ruled by a small hereditary military elite. The sequence in the County of
Barcelona exhibits a pattern that emerges similarly in marches everywhere: The count is appointed by the king (from 802), the appointment settles on the heirs of a strong
2133:
and the rest of
Ireland. Local Anglo-Irish and Gaelic chieftains who acted as powerful spokespeople were recognised by the Crown and given a degree of independence. Uniquely, the keepers of the marches were given the power to terminate indictments. In later years, wardens of the Irish marches took
831:
and became part of the domains of the French crown. It was divided into Haute-Marche (i.e. "Upper Marche") and Basse-Marche (i.e. "Lower Marche"), the estates of the former being in existence until the 17th century. From 1470 until the
Revolution the province was under the jurisdiction of the
2121:
as the name of his earldom for several reasons: Welsh marches referred to several counties, whereby the title signified superiority compared to usual single county-based earldoms. Mercia was an ancient kingdom. His wife's ancestors had been Counts of La Marche and
Angouleme in France.
2558:"In distant Westminster, where it was impossible to imagine the stress of life in the Irish marches, march law (like Irish law, which Edward I had once described as 'detestable to God and contrary to all laws') was outrightly condemned," notes James F. Lydon
2498:. As settlement advanced and the borders moved, the Tsars transferred or formed Cossack units to perform similar functions on other borderlands/marches further south and east in (for example) the Kuban and in Siberia, forming (for example) the
2339:, however, their military strength and strategic importance were typically much greater than the counties'. Over time, however, the commanderies were eventually developed into regular provinces and then discontinued entirely during the
434:
and in economic and military terms as a mechanism to entice settlers to a depopulated border region. Such self-sufficient landholders would aid the counts in providing armed men in defense of the
Frankish
1037:
155:
135:
2377:
at the time. In 1590, this land was granted to the
Kakizaki clan, who took the name Matsumae from then on. The Lords of Matsumae, as they are sometimes called, were exempt from owing rice to the
1969:
and the Anglo-Saxon invaders, although P. Hunter Blair has argued an alternative interpretation that they emerged along the frontier between the
Kingdom of Northumbria and the inhabitants of the
1613:. During the 17th and 18th centuries these borderlands were called Markland in the area of Transylvania that bordered with the Kingdom of Hungary and was controlled by a Count or Countess.
455:
count (Sunifred) and the appointment becomes a formality, until the position is declared hereditary (897) and then the count declares independence (by
Borrell II in 985). At each stage the
1543:, effective until the mid-13th century, can be considered as marches even though in its organisation it shows major differences from Western European feudal marches. For one thing, the
2406:
By guarding the border, rather than conquering or colonizing Ezo, the
Matsumae, in essence, made the majority of the island an Ainu reservation. This also meant that Ezo, and the
2153:) all had their origins in feudal lords who held trusted positions in the borderlands. The English title was a foreign importation from France, tested out tentatively in 1385 by
1738:, "mark" meant "borderlands" and "forest"; in present-day Norwegian and Swedish it has acquired the meaning "ground", while in Danish it has come to mean "field" or "grassland".
391:("castellan" or lord of the castle) in an area largely defined by a day's ride, and the region became known, like Castile at a later date, as "Catalunya". Counties in the
4719:
4693:
2917:
785:
58:
under joint control of two states in which different laws might apply. In both of these senses, marches served a political purpose, such as providing warning of
2410:
beyond, were left essentially open to
Russian colonization. However, the Russians never did colonize Ezo, and the marches were officially eliminated during the
4673:
447:) emanated directly from the Carolingian king, and they reinforced central loyalties, to counterbalance the local power exercised by powerful marcher counts.
268:
In Old English, "mark" meant "boundary" or "sign of a boundary", and the meaning only later evolved to encompass "sign" in general, "impression" and "trace".
2066:
was recognized in the end of the 13th century to use the name March as his earldom in Scotland, otherwise known as Dunbar, Lothian, and Northumbrian border.
586:
2872:
2185:
2084:, was a usurper who had deposed, and allegedly arranged the murder of, King Edward II. He was created an earl in September 1328 at the height of his
1839:
1014:
3281:
2056:
to defend the frontier areas known as the Marches. They were hand-picked for their suitability for the challenges the responsibilities presented.
1573:
were usually guarded by tribes who had joined the Hungarian nation and were granted special rights for their services at the borders, such as the
766:
2910:
518:
3331:
1069:
801:
708:, was originally a small border district between the Duchy of Aquitaine and the domains of the Frankish kings in central France, partly of
426:
in deserted areas, and included special rights and immunities that resulted in a range of independence of action. Historians interpret the
4688:
2688:
Carleton, D., & Phillipps, T. (1841). Sir Dudley Carleton's State Letters, during his Embassy at the Hague, AD 1627. first edited by
1233:
and is no longer called "Mark". The title, in the form "Count of the Mark", survived the territory as a subsidiary title of the Dukes of
2877:
2940:
1234:
4062:
2903:
2091:
1471:
in 1702 (Braudel 1984, fig 26) reveals the independent, though socially and economically dependent arc of small territories from the
485:
provides a fairly typical career of another such march county, the only modern survivor in the Pyrenees of the Hispanic Marches.
2475:, from the Moscow-centric Russian viewpoint, functioned as a "borderland" or "march" and arguably could have gained its current
4724:
3968:
2491:
369:
in 801. Thus he established a foothold in the borderland between the Franks and the Moors. The Carolingian "Hispanic Marches" (
4182:
3220:
3911:
4187:
3615:
3119:
2414:
in the late 19th century, when the Ainu came under Japanese control, and Ezo was renamed Hokkaidō, and annexed to Japan.
4114:
2059:
1965:
for "boundary folk", and the traditional interpretation was that the kingdom originated along the frontier between the
1908:
4000:
3948:
3857:
2673:
2214:
2069:
1930:
280:
4137:
4077:
4037:
3943:
3921:
3705:
3360:
3355:
3026:
921:. In modern German, "Mark" denotes a piece of land that historically was a borderland, as in the following names:
4202:
3963:
3127:
4644:
4197:
3446:
3377:
2286:
1912:
781:
4496:
3571:
1593:
in the twelfth century helped to establish uninhabited marchland between the empire's territory and Hungary.
953:
2486:
became a significant part of Russian military history in their role as military border/buffer-troops in the
4314:
4121:
3933:
3471:
3348:
3187:
183:
4057:
3802:
1472:
1294:
126:
1336:
735:; on the south by Limousin itself and on the west by Poitou. It embraced the greater part of the modern
4172:
3683:
3271:
2249:
1290:
1173:("Central March"), the area surrounding Berlin. Today, this region makes up for the bulk of the German
1144:
994:
224:
70:
4372:
4344:
4162:
3926:
3678:
3291:
2534:
2045:
383:
with armed retainers, who theoretically owed allegiance through a Count to the Emperor or, with less
286:"marches", which in this instance referred explicitly to the territory's position on the Anglo-Saxon
122:
2895:
2040:
is a term for the border regions on both sides of the border between England and Scotland. From the
4377:
4142:
3483:
3160:
1866:
1425:. It was afterwards once more recovered by the Church and governed by papal legates as part of the
258:
171:
1201:, the Brandenburg–Pomeranian borderland. The name is still in use for the region as well as for a
754:
3985:
3845:
3823:
3588:
3180:
2927:
2244:
2049:
1901:
1751:
The forests surrounding Norwegian cities are called "Marka" – the marches. For example, the
1153:(margrave, literally "march-count"). It was further divided into regions also designated "Mark":
879:, who battled the Romans in the 1st and 2nd centuries, were simply the "men of the borderlands".
613:
28:
4424:
1638:
1453:
because of its positioning and as an act of defiance against the hated Austro-Hungarian empire.
4501:
4337:
4332:
3862:
3700:
3600:
3336:
3256:
2499:
2196:
1644:
Likewise, Córdoba set up its own marches as a buffer to the Christian states to the north. The
1218:
1122:
1002:
827:
held it from 1435 to 1477, when it reverted to the Bourbons, and in 1527 it was seized by King
507:
24:
797:
4597:
3833:
3517:
3501:
3461:
3451:
3286:
3150:
3132:
2978:
2154:
2117:, had been border lords and leaders of defenders of Welsh marches for centuries. He selected
2081:
960:
4734:
4714:
4564:
3456:
3016:
2495:
2320:
2192:
2063:
1524:
1418:
1273:
1202:
895:
813:
558:
236:
857:
8:
4572:
4409:
4067:
3995:
3690:
3648:
3536:
3466:
3441:
3228:
3175:
2988:
2983:
2300:(藩), referring to feudatory domains and petty kingdoms on the borderlands of the empire.
2018:
1626:
1625:, Iberia was home to several marches set up by the native states. The future kingdoms of
1459:
were repeated on a miniature level, fringing many of the small territorial states of pre-
1442:
1434:
1263:
1239:
986:
828:
805:
732:
709:
514:
396:
298:
148:
102:
2494:
brought considerable devastation and depopulation to this area prior to the rise of the
1463:
Italy with a ring of smaller dependencies on their borders, which represent territorial
1229:("Higher Mark"). The former "Lower Mark" (between Ruhr and Lippe rivers) is the present
1214:
4683:
4404:
4392:
4327:
4322:
4042:
3828:
3712:
3595:
3478:
3411:
3303:
3261:
3101:
2801:
Lewis, Archibald R. (1965). "Chapter 5:Southern French and Catalan Society (778-828)".
2308:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2077:
2026:
1844:
1735:
1630:
1532:
1399:
1299:
914:
687:
575:
482:
376:
50:, as opposed to a state's "heartland". More specifically, a march was a border between
1634:
4446:
4434:
4082:
4072:
3695:
3673:
3578:
3542:
3436:
3323:
3313:
3298:
3155:
3088:
2669:
2519:
2449:
2411:
2324:
2270:
1705:
1446:
1304:
1286:
1174:
1095:
950:
918:
817:
720:
653:
620:
317:
244:
220:
90:
2703:
845:
20:
4729:
4491:
4289:
3852:
3758:
3511:
3395:
3266:
3246:
3210:
3083:
3054:
2993:
2689:
2539:
2254:
2037:
1948:
1865:
was the frontier area near the border to Norway. Almost all of it is now a part of
1862:
1713:
1601:
1590:
1430:
1414:
1395:
1184:
1084:
1028:
824:
780:
Marche first appeared as a separate fief about the middle of the 10th century when
758:
724:
697:
692:
571:
567:
541:
216:
86:
82:
2832:
Violence, custom and law: the Anglo-Scottish border lands in the later Middle Ages
1693:
66:
4678:
4663:
Used by ten or more countries or having derived terms. Historical derivations in
4539:
4167:
3870:
3773:
3717:
3654:
3625:
3610:
3390:
3385:
3343:
3308:
3108:
3073:
3048:
2529:
2476:
2390:
2041:
1798:
1787:
1709:
1468:
1438:
1422:
1391:
1268:
1062:
1052:
1041:
942:
941:. In 1134, in the wake of a German crusade against the Wends, the German magnate
934:
671:
664:
657:
590:
371:
355:
345:
329:
139:
110:
2666:
Byzantium's Balkan Frontier: A Political Study of the Northern Balkans, 900-1204
2605:
2385:
1778:
1520:
4010:
3978:
3840:
3778:
3768:
3763:
3583:
3549:
3417:
3367:
3318:
3011:
2503:
2407:
2336:
2328:
2114:
2014:
1308:
1192:
1103:
1010:
998:
990:
946:
930:
889:
719:
Its area was increased during the 13th century and remained the same until the
645:
579:
498:(sometimes regarded as just a series of forts rather than a march) between the
414:
In the early ninth century, Charlemagne issued his new kind of land grant, the
291:
287:
229:
209:
4471:
2365:
on the southern tip of Hokkaidō which was at Japan's northern border with the
2157:, but not naturalized until the mid-15th century, and now more often spelled "
737:
450:
But communications were arduous, and the power centre was far away. Primitive
4708:
4192:
4032:
3794:
3643:
3506:
3276:
3251:
3094:
2881:. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 689–690.
2868:
2863:
2507:
2434:
2362:
2233:
2053:
2030:
2005:
1981:
1944:
1728:
1677:
1669:
1367:
1247:
1210:
1118:
978:
545:
1980:, the border areas between England and Wales were collectively known as the
4592:
4584:
4579:
4544:
4052:
4047:
3958:
3428:
3078:
3040:
2973:
2524:
2340:
2316:
2304:
1997:
1966:
1954:
1554:
was a strip of land that was specially fortified or made impassable, while
1460:
1450:
1426:
1374:, the Marca Camerinese for the district farther north, including a part of
1126:
1099:
746:
609:
605:
495:
4486:
2052:, border clashes were common and the monarchs of both countries relied on
1988:), while the native Welsh lands to the west were considered Wales Proper (
1187:("New March") since the 1250s was Brandenburg's eastern extremity between
4212:
4157:
4020:
4015:
4005:
3740:
3735:
3633:
3605:
3170:
3165:
3032:
2487:
2463:
2366:
1970:
1962:
1752:
1685:
1645:
1563:
1222:
1178:
728:
522:
499:
470:
Some counts aspired to the characteristically Frankish (Germanic) title "
375:) became a buffer zone ruled by a number of feudal lords, among them the
351:
272:
55:
35:
4399:
2370:
1854:
1760:
1574:
1324:
757:. Its area was about 1,900 square miles (4,900 km) its capital was
4099:
3638:
3493:
3192:
2352:
1915: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1827:
1744:
was the Norse name of an area in North America discovered by Norwegian
1700:, facing León and Portugal. These too would give rise to Kingdoms, the
1681:
1488:
1379:
1170:
1058:
964:
876:
675:
649:
639:
601:
444:
359:
2802:
463:
assertion, which merely regularizes an existing fact of life. This is
265:"boundary, sign", denoting a borderland between two centres of power.
4518:
4476:
4451:
4309:
4264:
4152:
4094:
3916:
3665:
2925:
2010:
1820:
1764:
1756:
1578:
1558:
was the mostly uninhabited or sparsely inhabited land beyond it. The
1500:
1496:
1476:
1421:
with the whole territory of the three marches, under the name of the
1230:
1198:
1188:
1164:
1159:("Old March"), the western region of the former margraviate, between
972:
903:
882:
834:
774:
534:
464:
431:
313:
251:
202:
4554:
4549:
2458:
2395:
2379:
1890:
1516:
1511:
917:
and had a long career as purely conventional designations under the
861:
762:
387:, to his Carolingian and Ottonian successors. Such territory had a
4304:
4274:
4104:
4027:
3938:
3750:
3528:
3238:
2483:
2453:
2158:
2146:
2130:
2110:
2086:
2022:
1874:
1833:
1804:
1782:
1774:
1741:
1661:
1653:
1609:
1403:
1255:
1111:
809:
793:
530:
471:
436:
400:
392:
130:
59:
4614:
4508:
4359:
2862:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
849:
4609:
4534:
4364:
4354:
4294:
4207:
4177:
4109:
3990:
3202:
3003:
2471:
2423:
2282:
2266:
2142:
2126:
1993:
1794:
1724:
1697:
1484:
1371:
1160:
1156:
1073:
1022:
1018:
968:
416:
2804:
The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718-1050
4639:
4629:
4624:
4559:
4513:
4429:
4299:
4284:
4279:
4269:
3953:
3560:
3142:
2073:
2013:: one in the northern marches, as an alternative title for the
1958:
1858:
1808:
1745:
1582:
1492:
1480:
1383:
1375:
1356:
1077:
1006:
899:
770:
742:
713:
624:
594:
503:
451:
408:
404:
384:
276:
47:
4384:
1586:
1181:, and thus in modern usage is referred to as Mark Brandenburg.
379:. It had its own outlying territories, each ruled by a lesser
4634:
4619:
4604:
4481:
4466:
4456:
4441:
4419:
4414:
4349:
4147:
4089:
3973:
1701:
1407:
1311:
in the middle of the 19th century (marked with a red outline)
1130:
1088:
938:
913:
were territorial organisations created as borderlands in the
816:
and a few years later (1327) it passed into the hands of the
789:
750:
553:
549:
363:
195:
51:
4461:
3727:
3065:
2445:
526:
422:
366:
323:
2628:
2335:). As the commanderies formed the front lines between the
937:'s territorial organisation on the conquered areas of the
4259:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2400:
2399:) had to spend half the year at court (in the capital of
2374:
1633:
were founded as marcher counties intended to protect the
19:"Marches" redirects here. For the commune in France, see
2814:
The Making of Ireland: from ancient times to the present
1767: – i.e. the northern, eastern and western marches.
1246:
used in Carolingian documents referring to the area of
334:
2668:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 124.
2640:
2583:
1849:(Swedish: Södermark), a village in Noormarkku, Finland
1830:(Swedish: Norrmark), a former municipality of Finland
395:
that appeared in the 9th century, in addition to the
174:, and corresponding titles in other European states.
1770:
In Norway, there are – or have been – the counties:
1242:("Eastern March") is a modern rendition of the term
312:("wood", "forest") up to the present. Following the
304:
The name "Denmark" preserves the Old Norse cognates
1035:, the "Eastern March" or "Bavarian Eastern March" (
4720:Defunct types of subdivision in the United Kingdom
4242:
2710:
1996:lords in the Welsh Marches were to become the new
1475:in the northwest across the south to the duchy of
420:, which redisposed land belonging to the Imperial
316:, the Nazi German government revived the old name
812:for his youngest son the Prince, afterwards King
792:. In the 12th century it passed to the family of
153:'march count'; masculine) or margravine (
4706:
2616:
1441:still controlled territory Italian nationalists
841:Several communes of France are named similarly:
488:
2701:
1684:, faced the western Pyrenees and Asturias. The
1449:, which Italian nationalists began to call the
1262:has been variously used to denote Austria, the
1213:, a medieval territory that is recalled in the
648:, established under Charlemagne from a part of
2823:The History of Ireland from the Earliest Kings
2315:, 郡) functioned as marches, ranking below the
1664:, and included the Distant or Farthest March (
301:, usage of the word spread throughout Europe.
2911:
2692:. Typis Medio-Montanis, impressit C. Gilmour.
1362:From the Carolingian period onwards the name
656:), erected as a border territory against the
474:of the Hispanic March", a "margrave" being a
1836:(Swedish: Påmark), a municipality of Finland
1148:
4689:List of administrative divisions by country
2888:Les États provinciaux de la France centrale
2807:(Prin ed.). University of Texas Press.
2600:
2598:
2417:
2021:); and one, that was held by the family of
1195:. Since 1945, the area is a part of Poland.
887:
765:, and among its other principal towns were
182:The word "march" derives ultimately from a
165:
16:Medieval European borderland or buffer zone
2918:
2904:
2663:
1378:, and the Marca Anconitana for the former
989:, later divided into smaller marches (the
2838:
2776:
2706:[The name Telemark and Grenland].
2215:Learn how and when to remove this message
2092:Joan de Geneville, 2nd Baroness Geneville
1931:Learn how and when to remove this message
1869:. In the Middle Ages the area was called
924:
69:(masculine) or marchioness (feminine) in
2956:
2867:
2651:
2634:
2595:
2589:
2457:
2303:In their initial development during the
2253:(pl. "marzer, մարզեր"), a loanword from
1510:
1298:
1272:, the territories Prussia gained in the
881:
616:that became the Margraviate of Austria);
324:Historical examples of marches and marks
3894:
2327:and below the more secure and populous
2296:The Chinese concept of March is called
2186:not related to the topic of the article
2098:was one of the heiresses of the French
1957:kingdom in the midlands of England was
875:The Germanic tribes that Romans called
362:and eventually took Barcelona from the
170:'march countess', feminine) in
4707:
2492:Tatar slave raids in East Slavic lands
1819:occurs in the following placenames in
1641:, to the south and east respectively.
870:
784:, gave it to one of his vassals named
745:, a considerable part of the northern
190:, meaning "edge, boundary". The root *
4241:
3893:
2955:
2938:
2899:
2811:
2800:
2740:
2716:
2622:
1366:begins to appear in Italy, first the
1221:. The northern portion (north of the
1217:district (formed in 1975) of today's
723:. Marche was bounded on the north by
2361:applies just as well to the fief of
2227:
2168:
1913:adding citations to reliable sources
1884:
1319:
804:in 1303, when it was seized by King
335:Frankish Empire and successor states
65:Marches gave rise to titles such as
2829:
2728:
2276:
2164:
1961:. The name "Mercia" comes from the
1566:than traditional European marches.
1355:For the modern Italian region, see
993:, which later was reestablished as
800:, until the death of the childless
13:
2060:Patrick Dunbar, 8th Earl of Dunbar
1562:is much more comparable to modern
1547:was not controlled by a Marquess.
1280:
1117:three marches were created in the
339:
257:meaning "borderland, forest", and
62:or regulating cross-border trade.
14:
4746:
2939:
2820:
2764:
2070:Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March
109:(both masculine and feminine) in
46:was, in broad terms, any kind of
3706:Organized incorporated territory
2855:
2791:
2752:
2173:
2080:during the minority of her son,
1976:Latinizing the Anglo-Saxon term
1889:
1880:
1429:. The Marche became part of the
1323:
967:, stretching approximately from
358:ventured beyond the province of
4694:Slavic administrative divisions
2575:is a peculiarity of each title.
2561:
2552:
2428:
1900:needs additional citations for
1621:In addition to the Carolingian
1585:. A ban on settlement north of
1467:on a small scale. A map of the
1445:. One of these territories was
443:grants (the first ones were in
215:("region, border, valley") and
4243:Non-English terms or loanwords
3447:Direct-controlled municipality
2695:
2682:
2657:
2287:Kleisoura (Byzantine district)
2260:
2044:of England until the reign of
1719:
1443:still claimed as part of Italy
782:William III, duke of Aquitaine
1:
4725:Marches (country subdivision)
3572:Special administrative region
2841:A History of Medieval Ireland
2785:
2704:"Navnet Telemark og Grenland"
2606:"Online Etymology Dictionary"
2195:or discuss this issue on the
489:Marches set up by Charlemagne
3472:Mountain resort municipality
3349:Intermediate school district
3332:Educational service district
3188:Regional county municipality
1515:Local autonomies (including
1390:was given in investiture to
1370:for the mountainous part of
1307:against incursions from the
933:, the "Northern March", the
177:
85:-speaking countries and the
7:
3803:Autonomous territorial unit
2513:
1473:principality of Castiglione
1295:Slavonian Military Frontier
1048:) in modern lower Austria);
350:After some early setbacks,
10:
4751:
3684:National capital territory
3405:Indian reserve/reservation
3272:Indian government district
2926:Designations for types of
2443:
2439:
2432:
2421:
2393:, under which most lords (
2350:
2280:
2238:
2231:
1942:
1807:, "the borderlands of the
1777:, "the borderlands of the
1527:) in the late 13th century
1506:
1354:
1291:Croatian Military Frontier
1284:
1258:or "county of the mark").
1145:Margraviate of Brandenburg
995:Margraviate of Brandenburg
343:
327:
18:
4674:Autonomous administration
4661:
4527:
4252:
4248:
4237:
4130:
3904:
3900:
3889:
3813:
3787:
3749:
3726:
3679:Federal capital territory
3664:
3624:
3559:
3527:
3492:
3427:
3404:
3376:
3292:Non-metropolitan district
3282:Local government district
3237:
3219:
3201:
3141:
3118:
3064:
3039:
3025:
3002:
2966:
2962:
2951:
2947:
2934:
2664:Stephenson, Paul (2004).
2535:Marz (territorial entity)
2383:in tribute, and from the
2137:
2076:of England together with
2046:King James VI of Scotland
2009:is at least two distinct
1616:
808:. In 1316 it was made an
681:
467:in the larger landscape.
3484:Specialized municipality
3161:Consolidated city-county
2812:Lydon, James F. (1998).
2702:Alexander Bugge (1918).
2545:
2418:Persia (Sassanid Empire)
2357:The European concept of
2346:
2291:
1753:forests surrounding Oslo
1727:means "the march of the
1315:
1137:
788:, who took the title of
478:("count") of the march.
3846:Military exclusion zone
3824:Exclusive economic zone
3589:National capital region
3181:Non-metropolitan county
2928:administrative division
2878:Encyclopædia Britannica
2245:subdivisions of Armenia
2050:King James I of England
1203:Brandenburgian district
1147:, its ruler designated
906:, established about 810
674:against the Muslims of
459:situation precedes the
29:Marche (disambiguation)
3863:Self-administered zone
3701:Incorporated territory
3568:Administrative region
3337:Local service district
3257:Congressional district
2794:The History of Ireland
2500:Black Sea Cossack Host
2467:
2389:system established by
2062:, a descendant of the
1797:, "the borderlands of
1528:
1312:
1219:North Rhine-Westphalia
1149:
1045:
985:), a precursor of the
925:Later medieval marches
907:
898:or border between the
888:
701:
160:
143:
25:March (disambiguation)
23:. For other uses, see
3834:Special economic zone
3518:Praetorian prefecture
3502:Autonomous prefecture
3462:Regional municipality
3452:District municipality
3287:Metropolitan district
3151:Administrative county
3133:Residential community
2979:Local government area
2461:
2281:Further information:
2232:Further information:
2184:may contain material
1943:Further information:
1877:and not of Värmland.
1514:
1402:ceded the marches of
1302:
1285:Further information:
1235:Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
961:March of the Billungs
885:
755:Saint-Benoît-du-Sault
430:both as the basis of
328:Further information:
105:-speaking countries;
4425:Njësi administrative
3457:Neutral municipality
3396:Subdivision of India
3128:Autonomous community
3017:Metropolitan borough
2957:Common English terms
2839:Otway-Ruthven, J.A.
2830:Neville, Cynthia J.
2496:Zaporozhian Cossacks
2193:improve this section
2064:Earls of Northumbria
1909:improve this article
1656:, faced the eastern
1600:originates from the
1525:Transylvanian Saxons
1274:partitions of Poland
1007:Free state of Saxony
749:, and a fragment of
556:dwelling behind the
506:rivers, against the
297:During the Frankish
228:("borderland"). The
4068:Autonomous republic
3996:Enclave and exclave
3895:Other English terms
3691:Dependent territory
3537:Autonomous province
3467:Resort municipality
3442:County municipality
3229:Overseas department
3176:Metropolitan county
2989:Unincorporated area
2637:, pp. 689–690.
2466:in the 17th century
2100:Counts of La Marche
2090:rule. His wife was
2019:Peerage of Scotland
1867:Årjäng Municipality
1435:Italian unification
1264:Saxon Eastern March
987:Saxon Eastern March
894:was an unfortified
871:Germany and Austria
798:Counts of Angoulême
646:Steiermark (Styria)
552:river, against the
397:County of Barcelona
299:Carolingian dynasty
279:took its name from
184:Proto-Indo-European
60:military incursions
4684:Electoral district
4001:Federal dependency
3829:Free economic zone
3713:Overseas territory
3596:Development region
3479:Rural municipality
3412:Indian reservation
3304:Municipal district
3262:Electoral district
3102:Free imperial city
2610:www.etymonline.com
2504:Kuban Cossack Host
2468:
2305:later Zhou dynasty
2096:Jeanne of Lusignan
2078:Isabella of France
2048:, who also became
2027:Peerage of England
1873:and was a part of
1529:
1335:. You can help by
1313:
1244:marchia orientalis
1225:) is still called
951:Holy Roman Emperor
915:Carolingian Empire
908:
688:province of France
576:March of Merseburg
521:march between the
483:history of Andorra
377:Count of Barcelona
4702:
4701:
4657:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4233:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4221:
4220:
3885:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3799:Territorial unit
3696:Federal territory
3674:Capital territory
3579:Autonomous region
3543:Overseas province
3437:City municipality
3328:Service district
3324:Sanitary district
3314:Regional district
3299:Military district
3156:Autonomous county
3089:Incorporated city
2520:American Frontier
2508:Amur Cossack Host
2490:of Ukraine. The
2450:Zasechnaya cherta
2412:Meiji Restoration
2271:Military Frontier
2228:Abbasid Caliphate
2225:
2224:
2217:
1941:
1940:
1933:
1447:Austrian Littoral
1353:
1352:
1305:Military Frontier
1287:Military Frontier
1250:that was later a
1096:March of Carniola
1033:marcha Orientalis
919:Holy Roman Empire
818:family of Bourbon
796:, sometimes also
727:, on the east by
721:French Revolution
640:Carantanian march
529:rivers in modern
235:gave rise to the
169:
152:
4742:
4290:Regierungsbezirk
4250:
4249:
4239:
4238:
3902:
3901:
3891:
3890:
3853:Free speech zone
3759:Charter township
3512:Super-prefecture
3356:Special district
3267:Federal district
3247:Capital district
3211:Overseas country
3084:Independent city
3055:Imperial capital
2994:Unorganized area
2964:
2963:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2936:
2935:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2897:
2896:
2882:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2844:
2835:
2826:
2817:
2808:
2797:
2780:
2774:
2768:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2744:
2738:
2732:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2699:
2693:
2690:Thomas Phillipps
2686:
2680:
2679:
2661:
2655:
2649:
2638:
2632:
2626:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2602:
2593:
2587:
2576:
2565:
2559:
2556:
2277:Byzantine Empire
2247:are each called
2220:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2200:
2177:
2176:
2169:
2165:Related concepts
2094:, whose mother,
2038:Scottish Marches
2017:(c. 1290 in the
1953:The name of the
1949:Scottish Marches
1936:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1916:
1893:
1885:
1863:Nordmark Hundred
1848:
1781:" (known to the
1674:al-Tagr al-Awsat
1660:and the western
1639:Cordoban Emirate
1591:Byzantine Empire
1569:Portions of the
1431:Kingdom of Italy
1415:Emperor Henry IV
1400:Countess Matilda
1396:Pope Gregory VII
1388:marca Anconitana
1386:). In 1080, the
1348:
1345:
1327:
1320:
1215:Märkischer Kreis
1152:
1059:Carantania march
1040:
1029:March of Austria
945:was granted the
893:
706:Marche Limousine
587:Franconian march
572:March of Meissen
568:March of Lusatia
208:("borderland"),
167:
164:
158:
147:
138:
97:(masculine) and
77:(masculine) and
4750:
4749:
4745:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4739:
4705:
4704:
4703:
4698:
4679:Census division
4649:
4523:
4244:
4217:
4168:Imperial Circle
4126:
3896:
3877:
3871:Free-trade zone
3809:
3783:
3774:Survey township
3745:
3722:
3718:Union territory
3660:
3655:Sovereign state
3620:
3611:Overseas region
3555:
3523:
3488:
3423:
3414:(United States)
3400:
3391:Police division
3386:Census division
3372:
3344:School district
3309:Police district
3233:
3215:
3197:
3137:
3114:
3109:Royal free city
3074:Autonomous city
3060:
3049:Federal capital
3035:
3021:
2998:
2958:
2943:
2930:
2924:
2871:, ed. (1911). "
2856:
2854:
2821:Moore, Thomas.
2792:Gwyn, Stephen.
2788:
2783:
2775:
2771:
2763:
2759:
2751:
2747:
2739:
2735:
2727:
2723:
2715:
2711:
2700:
2696:
2687:
2683:
2676:
2662:
2658:
2650:
2641:
2633:
2629:
2621:
2617:
2604:
2603:
2596:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2579:
2566:
2562:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2530:List of marches
2516:
2456:
2442:
2437:
2431:
2426:
2420:
2391:Tokugawa Ieyasu
2355:
2349:
2294:
2289:
2279:
2263:
2241:
2236:
2230:
2221:
2210:
2204:
2201:
2190:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2145:, marchese and
2140:
2134:Irish tenants.
2042:Norman conquest
2029:), in the west
1951:
1937:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1906:
1894:
1883:
1842:
1722:
1690:al-Tagr al-Adna
1666:al-Tagr al-Aqsa
1658:Marca Hispanica
1652:), centered on
1650:al-Tagr al-A'la
1635:Kingdom of León
1623:Marca Hispanica
1619:
1509:
1499:, the count of
1483:: the lords of
1469:Duchy of Mantua
1439:Austria-Hungary
1433:in 1860. After
1423:March of Ancona
1392:Robert Guiscard
1360:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1333:needs expansion
1318:
1297:
1283:
1281:Habsburg Empire
1269:Ostmarkenverein
1140:
1063:March of Styria
1053:Hungarian March
1036:
1015:Merseburg March
943:Albert the Bear
935:Ottonian empire
927:
902:and the Slavic
873:
684:
672:Marca Hispanica
665:March of Friuli
621:Pannonian march
591:Upper Franconia
491:
372:Marca Hispánica
348:
346:Marca Hispanica
342:
340:Marca Hispanica
337:
332:
330:List of marches
326:
180:
154:
134:
117:(masculine) or
36:medieval Europe
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4748:
4738:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4700:
4699:
4697:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4655:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4601:
4600:
4595:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4576:
4575:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4531:
4529:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4505:
4504:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4438:
4437:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4387:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4375:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4256:
4254:
4246:
4245:
4235:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4119:
4118:
4117:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4086:
4085:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3919:
3914:
3908:
3906:
3898:
3897:
3887:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3849:
3848:
3841:Exclusion zone
3838:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3820:Economic zone
3817:
3815:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3805:
3797:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3779:Urban township
3776:
3771:
3769:Paper township
3766:
3764:Civil township
3761:
3755:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3732:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3681:
3670:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3630:
3628:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3584:Capital region
3581:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3565:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3550:Roman province
3546:
3539:
3533:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3498:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3433:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3418:Indian reserve
3415:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3382:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3368:Urban district
3365:
3364:
3363:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3326:
3321:
3319:Rural district
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3243:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3225:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3207:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3147:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3124:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3070:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3051:
3045:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3012:County borough
3008:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2970:
2968:
2960:
2959:
2945:
2944:
2932:
2931:
2923:
2922:
2915:
2908:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2869:Chisholm, Hugh
2846:
2845:
2836:
2827:
2818:
2809:
2798:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2769:
2757:
2745:
2733:
2721:
2709:
2694:
2681:
2674:
2656:
2654:, p. 690.
2639:
2627:
2615:
2594:
2592:, p. 689.
2581:
2578:
2577:
2560:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2515:
2512:
2441:
2438:
2430:
2427:
2419:
2416:
2408:Kurile Islands
2348:
2345:
2325:original fiefs
2293:
2290:
2278:
2275:
2262:
2259:
2240:
2237:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2181:
2179:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2139:
2136:
2015:Earl of Dunbar
1986:marchia Wallia
1939:
1938:
1897:
1895:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1851:
1850:
1837:
1831:
1813:
1812:
1802:
1792:
1721:
1718:
1692:), centred on
1676:), centred on
1618:
1615:
1596:The Hungarian
1535:the system of
1508:
1505:
1437:in the 1860s,
1398:, to whom the
1351:
1350:
1330:
1328:
1317:
1314:
1309:Ottoman Empire
1282:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1237:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1196:
1193:Greater Poland
1182:
1168:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1115:
1104:White Carniola
1092:
1081:
1066:
1055:
1049:
1026:
1019:Milzener March
1011:March of Zeitz
999:Lusatian March
991:Northern March
976:
971:(Szczecin) to
957:
947:Northern March
926:
923:
890:Limes Saxoniae
872:
869:
868:
867:
855:
846:Marches, Drôme
823:The family of
712:and partly of
683:
680:
679:
678:
668:
661:
643:
636:
627:(divided into
617:
598:
593:, against the
583:
580:March of Zeitz
564:
538:
533:, against the
511:
490:
487:
344:Main article:
341:
338:
336:
333:
325:
322:
292:Romano-British
230:Proto-Germanic
179:
176:
121:(feminine) in
101:(feminine) in
81:(feminine) in
21:Marches, Drôme
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4747:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4660:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4526:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4369:Kommun/Kunta
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4240:
4236:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4193:Roman diocese
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4129:
4123:
4120:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4033:Neighbourhood
4031:
4029:
4026:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3912:Alpine resort
3910:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3892:
3888:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3839:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3795:Regional unit
3793:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3644:Federal state
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3623:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3507:Subprefecture
3505:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3426:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3369:
3366:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3277:Land district
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3252:City district
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3095:Imperial city
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2941:English terms
2937:
2933:
2929:
2921:
2916:
2914:
2909:
2907:
2902:
2901:
2898:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2864:public domain
2853:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2842:
2837:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2816:. p. 81.
2815:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2789:
2778:
2777:Otway-Ruthven
2773:
2766:
2761:
2754:
2749:
2742:
2737:
2730:
2725:
2719:, p. 81.
2718:
2713:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2685:
2677:
2675:0-521-77017-3
2671:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2652:Chisholm 1911
2648:
2646:
2644:
2636:
2635:Chisholm 1911
2631:
2624:
2619:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2599:
2591:
2590:Chisholm 1911
2586:
2582:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2555:
2551:
2541:
2540:No man's land
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2473:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2436:
2435:Limes Romanus
2425:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2363:Matsumae clan
2360:
2354:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2299:
2288:
2284:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2243:The specific
2235:
2219:
2216:
2208:
2205:November 2010
2198:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2182:This section
2180:
2171:
2170:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2055:
2054:Marcher Lords
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2032:
2031:Welsh Marches
2028:
2025:(1328 in the
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2011:feudal titles
2008:
2007:
2006:Earl of March
2001:
1999:
1998:Marcher Lords
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1982:Welsh Marches
1979:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1946:
1945:Welsh Marches
1935:
1932:
1924:
1921:November 2010
1914:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1898:This section
1896:
1892:
1887:
1886:
1881:British Isles
1878:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1846:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1737:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1479:southeast of
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1413:In 1105, the
1411:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1368:Marca Fermana
1365:
1358:
1347:
1338:
1334:
1331:This section
1329:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1248:Lower Austria
1245:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1175:federal state
1172:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1119:Low Countries
1116:
1113:
1110:), in modern
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1094:the Krain or
1093:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1065:(Steiermark);
1064:
1060:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
983:march of Gero
980:
979:Marca Geronis
977:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
955:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
929:
928:
922:
920:
916:
912:
905:
901:
897:
892:
891:
884:
880:
878:
866:
863:
859:
856:
854:
851:
847:
844:
843:
842:
839:
837:
836:
830:
826:
821:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
778:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
739:
734:
730:
726:
722:
717:
715:
711:
707:
704:), sometimes
703:
699:
695:
694:
689:
677:
673:
669:
666:
662:
659:
655:
651:
647:
644:
641:
637:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
615:
614:Eastern March
611:
607:
603:
599:
596:
592:
588:
584:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
562:
560:
555:
551:
547:
546:Sorbian march
543:
539:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
492:
486:
484:
479:
477:
473:
468:
466:
462:
458:
453:
448:
446:
442:
438:
433:
429:
425:
424:
419:
418:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
373:
368:
365:
361:
357:
353:
347:
331:
321:
320:for Austria.
319:
315:
311:
308:("boundary")
307:
302:
300:
295:
294:to the west.
293:
289:
285:
282:
278:
274:
269:
266:
264:
260:
256:
253:
250:, as well as
249:
246:
242:
238:
234:
231:
227:
226:
222:
218:
214:
211:
207:
204:
200:
197:
193:
189:
185:
175:
173:
162:
157:
150:
145:
141:
137:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
63:
61:
57:
54:or a neutral
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
30:
26:
22:
4664:
4585:Maalaiskunta
4545:Heerlijkheid
4385:Län (Sweden)
4053:Protectorate
4048:Principality
3969:Constituency
3858:Neutral zone
3653:
3548:
3541:
3516:
3429:Municipality
3107:
3100:
3093:
3079:Charter city
3053:
2984:Special area
2974:Insular area
2887:
2876:
2849:Attribution:
2848:
2847:
2840:
2831:
2822:
2813:
2803:
2793:
2772:
2760:
2748:
2736:
2724:
2712:
2697:
2684:
2665:
2659:
2630:
2618:
2609:
2585:
2572:
2568:
2567:The styling
2563:
2554:
2525:Buffer state
2481:
2470:
2469:
2429:Roman Empire
2405:
2394:
2386:sankin-kōtai
2384:
2378:
2358:
2356:
2341:Tang dynasty
2337:major states
2332:
2312:
2309:commanderies
2302:
2297:
2295:
2264:
2248:
2242:
2211:
2202:
2191:Please help
2183:
2150:
2141:
2124:
2118:
2109:His family,
2108:
2085:
2068:
2058:
2035:
2004:
2002:
1989:
1985:
1977:
1975:
1952:
1927:
1918:
1907:Please help
1902:verification
1899:
1871:Nordmarkerna
1870:
1852:
1816:
1815:In Finland,
1814:
1786:
1769:
1750:
1740:
1733:
1723:
1689:
1673:
1670:Middle March
1665:
1657:
1649:
1643:
1622:
1620:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1595:
1570:
1568:
1564:buffer zones
1559:
1555:
1551:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1531:In medieval
1530:
1521:Székely Land
1464:
1461:Risorgimento
1456:
1455:
1451:Julian March
1427:Papal States
1412:
1387:
1363:
1361:
1341:
1337:adding to it
1332:
1267:
1259:
1251:
1243:
1226:
1127:Valenciennes
1107:
1100:Windic march
1032:
1003:Meißen March
982:
965:Baltic coast
910:
909:
874:
864:
852:
840:
833:
822:
779:
747:Haute-Vienne
736:
718:
705:
691:
685:
632:
628:
557:
519:Nordalbingen
496:Danish March
480:
475:
469:
460:
456:
449:
440:
427:
421:
415:
413:
388:
380:
370:
349:
309:
305:
303:
296:
283:
270:
267:
262:
254:
247:
240:
232:
223:
212:
205:
201:("margin"),
198:
191:
187:
181:
118:
114:
106:
98:
94:
78:
74:
64:
43:
39:
33:
4735:Geopolitics
4715:Marquisates
4580:Landskommun
4472:Savivaldybė
4338:Switzerland
4333:South Tyrol
4213:Viceroyalty
4006:Governorate
3964:Condominium
3867:Trade zone
3741:Market town
3736:Census town
3634:Proto-state
3606:Microregion
3171:County town
3166:County seat
3033:Half-canton
2886:A. Thomas,
2779:, p. .
2767:, p. .
2755:, p. .
2743:, p. .
2731:, p. .
2488:Wild Fields
2464:Wild Fields
2462:Map of the
2373:, known as
2367:Ainu people
2261:The Balkans
1990:pura Wallia
1971:River Trent
1963:Old English
1955:Anglo-Saxon
1843: [
1755:are called
1720:Scandinavia
1686:Lower March
1646:Upper March
1303:Map of the
1256:margraviate
1252:markgraftum
1223:Lippe River
1179:Brandenburg
1108:White March
865:département
853:département
738:département
729:Bourbonnais
612:(the later
399:, included
352:Charlemagne
275:kingdom of
273:Anglo-Saxon
237:Old English
56:buffer zone
4709:Categories
4528:Historical
4492:Shahrestān
4435:Autonomous
4183:Presidency
4131:Historical
4100:Suzerainty
4083:Autonomous
3927:Autonomous
3649:Free state
3639:City-state
3601:Mesoregion
3494:Prefecture
3221:Department
2786:References
2741:Lydon 1998
2717:Lydon 1998
2623:Lewis 1965
2444:See also:
2433:See also:
2422:See also:
2353:Han system
2351:See also:
2250:marz, մարզ
2234:Al-'Awasim
2155:Richard II
2082:Edward III
2003:The title
1840:Söörmarkku
1828:Noormarkku
1809:Þela tribe
1696:and later
1682:Medinaceli
1680:and later
1380:Pentapolis
1171:Mittelmark
1085:Sann March
1070:Drau March
1005:in modern
877:Marcomanni
838:of Paris.
814:Charles IV
802:Count Hugh
761:and later
676:Al-Andalus
660:and Slavs;
650:Carantania
610:Wienerwald
608:river and
602:Avar march
589:in modern
542:Thuringian
481:The early
445:Septimania
360:Septimania
281:West Saxon
161:Markgräfin
103:Portuguese
48:borderland
4569:Landskap
4565:Län/Lääni
4519:Vingtaine
4487:Seniūnija
4477:Selsoviet
4452:Poblacion
4389:Landskap
4319:Gemeinde
4310:Freguesia
4265:Apskritis
4188:Residency
4153:Exarchate
4095:Sultanate
3986:Eldership
3917:Bailiwick
3666:Territory
3616:Subregion
3361:in the US
3193:Viscounty
3120:Community
2883:Endnote:
2343:reforms.
2197:talk page
2113:Lords of
2104:Angouleme
1821:Satakunta
1765:Vestmarka
1757:Nordmarka
1637:from the
1579:Pechenegs
1560:gyepűelve
1556:gyepűelve
1541:gyepűelve
1501:Novellare
1497:Guastalla
1489:Sabioneta
1477:Mirandola
1417:invested
1344:June 2008
1266:, or, as
1231:Ruhr area
1227:Hohe Mark
1199:Uckermark
1189:Pomerania
1165:Magdeburg
1038:‹See Tfd›
973:Schleswig
954:Lothar II
904:Obotrites
858:La Marche
835:parlement
829:Francis I
806:Philip IV
775:Confolens
702:la Marcha
654:Carinthia
561:sorabicus
535:Obotrites
465:feudalism
432:feudalism
318:"Ostmark"
314:Anschluss
290:with the
252:Old Norse
203:Old Irish
194:produced
178:Etymology
156:‹See Tfd›
136:‹See Tfd›
93:regions;
4670:See also
4405:Maakunta
4400:Località
4345:Gemeente
4305:Frazione
4275:Barangay
4105:Townland
4043:Precinct
4028:Muftiate
3979:District
3939:Cadastre
3751:Township
3529:Province
3420:(Canada)
3378:Division
3239:District
2573:marquess
2514:See also
2506:and the
2484:Cossacks
2454:Cossacks
2371:Hokkaidō
2329:counties
2159:marquess
2151:Markgraf
2147:margrave
2131:The Pale
2111:Mortimer
2087:de facto
2023:Mortimer
1973:valley.
1875:Dalsland
1855:Värmland
1834:Pomarkku
1805:Telemark
1775:Finnmark
1761:Østmarka
1742:Markland
1706:Zaragoza
1662:Pyrenees
1654:Zaragoza
1627:Portugal
1610:palisade
1607:meaning
1575:Székelys
1404:Camerino
1150:Markgraf
1112:Slovenia
1001:and the
931:Nordmark
825:Armagnac
810:appanage
794:Lusignan
759:Charroux
753:, up to
733:Auvergne
710:Limousin
623:east of
604:between
531:Holstein
472:Margrave
457:de facto
437:frontier
401:Cerdanya
393:Pyrenees
288:frontier
245:Frankish
221:Armenian
159:German:
144:Markgraf
131:margrave
127:Scotland
119:marquise
99:marquesa
91:Galician
79:marquesa
67:marquess
4730:Borders
4665:italics
4625:Satrapy
4610:Pargana
4535:Commote
4393:Finland
4373:Finland
4365:Kampong
4355:Hromada
4328:Germany
4323:Austria
4295:Comarca
4253:Current
4208:Tithing
4178:Monthon
4163:Hundred
4110:Village
4063:Regency
4058:Quarter
3991:Emirate
3959:Commune
3949:Circuit
3905:Current
3203:Country
3041:Capital
3004:Borough
2890:(1879).
2866::
2729:Neville
2569:marquis
2472:Ukraine
2440:Ukraine
2424:Marzban
2396:daimyōs
2359:marches
2283:Akritai
2267:Krajina
2255:Persian
2239:Armenia
2143:Marquis
2127:Ireland
2115:Wigmore
1992:). The
1795:Hedmark
1746:Vikings
1725:Denmark
1714:Badajoz
1698:Badajoz
1668:). The
1631:Castile
1602:Turkish
1589:by the
1533:Hungary
1517:Cumania
1507:Hungary
1372:Picenum
1260:Ostmark
1240:Ostmark
1185:Neumark
1161:Hamburg
1157:Altmark
1123:Antwerp
1098:, also
1074:Marburg
1046:Ostmark
1023:Bautzen
1021:around
969:Stettin
963:on the
949:by the
911:Marches
860:in the
848:in the
698:Occitan
690:called
548:on the
461:de jure
441:Aprisio
428:aprisio
417:aprisio
364:Moorish
354:'s son
259:derived
217:Persian
172:Germany
168:
151:
115:marquis
107:markesa
95:marquês
87:Catalan
83:Spanish
75:marqués
71:England
4640:Syssel
4630:Socken
4598:Greece
4573:Sweden
4560:Korale
4555:Köping
4550:Komunë
4514:Tehsil
4430:Oblast
4378:Sweden
4300:Comune
4285:Bezirk
4280:Bashki
4270:Bakhsh
4143:Barony
4138:Agency
4115:Summer
4078:Sector
4073:Riding
4038:Parish
4011:Hamlet
3954:Colony
3944:Circle
3922:Banner
3561:Region
3143:County
3027:Canton
2873:Marche
2860:
2672:
2502:, the
2452:, and
2380:shōgun
2319:' and
2307:, the
2138:Titles
2074:Regent
1994:Norman
1959:Mercia
1859:Sweden
1712:, and
1710:Toledo
1702:Taifas
1694:Mérida
1678:Toledo
1617:Iberia
1583:Cumans
1493:Dosolo
1485:Bozolo
1481:Mantua
1465:marche
1457:Marche
1419:Werner
1384:Ancona
1376:Umbria
1357:Marche
1293:, and
1078:Pettau
1042:German
1017:; the
1013:; the
1009:; the
997:; the
900:Saxons
862:Nièvre
771:Bellac
763:Guéret
743:Creuse
714:Poitou
693:Marche
682:France
625:Vienna
595:Czechs
504:Schlei
452:feudal
409:Urgell
405:Girona
385:fealty
277:Mercia
233:*marko
192:mereg-
188:mereg-
186:root *
140:German
123:France
111:Basque
52:realms
4635:Subah
4620:Rreth
4615:Plasă
4605:Pagus
4593:Egypt
4589:Nome
4509:Sýsla
4502:China
4482:Sitio
4467:Raion
4457:Purok
4447:Ostān
4442:Okrug
4420:Mukim
4415:Muban
4410:Megye
4360:Județ
4350:Gmina
4203:Tenth
4173:March
4148:Burgh
4090:Shire
4021:Royal
4016:Manor
3974:Duchy
3934:Block
3626:State
2765:Moore
2546:Notes
2347:Japan
2321:kings
2317:dukes
2292:China
2119:March
1978:mearc
1967:Welsh
1847:]
1799:heath
1788:Finns
1783:Norse
1736:Norse
1729:Danes
1598:gyepű
1571:gyepű
1552:Gyepű
1545:gyepű
1537:gyepű
1408:Fermo
1364:marca
1316:Italy
1138:Other
1131:Ename
1089:Cilli
939:Wends
896:limes
850:Drôme
790:count
767:Dorat
751:Indre
725:Berry
658:Avars
633:Lower
629:Upper
559:limes
554:Sorbs
550:Saale
523:Eider
515:Saxon
508:Danes
500:Eider
389:catlá
381:miles
356:Louis
306:merki
284:mearc
263:merki
261:from
248:marka
241:mearc
239:word
210:Welsh
206:mruig
199:margo
196:Latin
40:march
4645:Zhou
4462:Qark
4198:Seat
4158:Hide
4122:Ward
3814:Zone
3788:Unit
3728:Town
3066:City
2967:Area
2753:Gwyn
2670:ISBN
2482:The
2477:name
2446:Krai
2333:xiàn
2285:and
2269:and
2265:See
2102:and
2036:The
1947:and
1817:mark
1779:Sámi
1763:and
1629:and
1605:yapi
1581:and
1550:The
1539:and
1523:and
1406:and
1211:Mark
1191:and
1163:and
1143:The
1102:and
1083:the
1076:and
1068:the
1057:the
1051:the
959:the
886:The
786:Boso
773:and
731:and
686:The
670:the
663:the
638:the
631:and
619:the
606:Enns
600:the
585:the
578:and
566:the
540:the
527:Elbe
525:and
513:the
502:and
494:The
476:graf
423:fisc
407:and
367:emir
310:mǫrk
271:The
255:mǫrk
243:and
225:marz
219:and
166:lit.
149:lit.
125:and
89:and
44:mark
38:, a
27:and
4540:Gau
4497:Sum
4260:Amt
2875:".
2571:or
2403:).
2401:Edo
2375:Ezo
2369:of
2313:jùn
2298:Fan
2161:".
2125:In
1911:by
1857:in
1853:In
1785:as
1748:.
1734:In
1731:".
1704:of
1587:Niš
1394:by
1339:.
1177:of
1061:or
741:of
544:or
517:or
213:bro
42:or
34:In
4711::
4667:.
4315:Fu
2642:^
2608:.
2597:^
2510:.
2448:,
2323:'
2273:.
2257:.
2106:.
2072:,
2033:.
2000:.
1861:,
1845:fi
1823::
1759:,
1716:.
1708:,
1577:,
1519:,
1503:.
1495:,
1491:,
1487:,
1410:.
1289:,
1129:,
1125:,
1121::
1091:);
1080:);
1044::
1025:);
820:.
777:.
769:,
716:.
700::
635:);
574:,
570:,
439:.
411:.
403:,
163:,
146:,
142::
129:,
113:;
73:;
2919:e
2912:t
2905:v
2843:.
2834:.
2825:.
2796:.
2678:.
2625:.
2612:.
2331:(
2311:(
2218:)
2212:(
2207:)
2203:(
2199:.
2189:.
2149:(
1984:(
1934:)
1928:(
1923:)
1919:(
1905:.
1811:"
1801:"
1791:)
1688:(
1672:(
1648:(
1382:(
1359:.
1346:)
1342:(
1276:.
1254:(
1205:.
1167:.
1133:.
1114:.
1106:(
1087:(
1072:(
1031:(
981:(
975:;
956:.
696:(
667:;
652:(
642:;
597:;
582:;
563:;
537:;
510:;
133:(
31:.
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