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In 1993, a geological history of southern
Ambergris Caye and the Marco Gonzalez area was published by R.K. Dunn and S.J. Mazzullo, which provides a theory as to why the site was abruptly abandoned around 500 years ago. A representative cross-section of the site revealed evidence that, between roughly
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that litters the site is made from mixtures of clay and quartz; since there is no available source of these materials on
Ambergris Caye, they (or perhaps even the pots themselves) must have been brought to the site from overseas. Other artefacts at the site, such as chert and flint tools and other
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The discovery of artefacts below present sea level, and beneath the mangrove peats, indicated that the habitable area of the site was much larger in the past than now; and subsequently that the inhabitants moved to progressively higher ground as sea level rose and the swamps encroached upon them.
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Rapid rising in sea levels caused by the melting of the last
Pleistocene glaciers caused the geography of the coastal area around Marco Gonzalez to change. As sea levels rose, the coastline shifted to shelter the surrounding area from currents, allowing mangrove swamps to completely surround the
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granite artefacts, minor jade and obsidian, were also obviously imported from elsewhere since the materials have no natural source anywhere on
Ambergris Caye. The site's setting on the tip of the island may have given it a strategic position on maritime trade routes that existed at the time.
229:, soil composed primarily of artefacts (e.g., pottery, tools), conch and other shells, building remains and other debris resulting from millennia of human habitation. The presence of artefacts beneath the mangal swamps indicates that the site was once larger than what is now exposed.
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period. From then, the site appears to have been continuously inhabited until roughly 1500 CE, at which time it was abruptly abandoned. The peak period of occupation at the site was during the
Postclassic period, from about 1200 to 1400 CE.
492:, while elsewhere the building plan appears less formal. All of the structures are relatively low platforms, ranging in height from 30 centimetres (12 in) to 4.2 metres (14 ft). There are none of the
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Surrounded by thick jungle, access to the site is difficult, especially during and immediately after the rainy season. The trails leading there have become increasingly overgrown and visitors are rare.
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The ruins are about 185 by 355 metres (607 by 1,165 ft) in size, and are easily visible from the air flying into San Pedro town. The low-lying area around the site is predominated by red (
169:, had been known to the town's inhabitants for many years, as had most of the other sites that dot the island. The site was excavated by Drs. Graham and Pendergast between 1984 and 1994.
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The excavations conducted by Graham and
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There are at least 49 distinct structures and walls within the mapped area of the site. The structures at the northern end appear to be arranged around
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Dunn, R.K. and
Mazzullo, S.J. (1993). "Holocene paleocoastal reconstruction and its relationship to Marco Gonzalez, Ambergris Caye, Belize" in
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site. Eventually, the encroachment of the surrounding jungle and swamplands made the site inhospitable, and the Maya abandoned it.
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floors were found in some structures, and evidence suggests that many of the habitations were of pole-and-thatch-roof design.
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Graham, E. and
Pendergast, D.M. (1989). "Excavations at the Marco Gonzalez Site, Ambergris Cay, Belize, 1986" in
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Pendergast, D.M. and Graham, E. (1987). "No site too small: The ROM's Marco
Gonzalez Excavations in Belize" in
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2000 and 1000 years ago, the coastal geography changed from open, shallow sea to mangal swampland.
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The Maya inhabitants are believed to have been predominantly fisherfolk and later, during the late
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The existence of the site, which is located approximately 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) south of
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This article is about the pre-Columbian archaeological site. For the
Chilean footballer, see
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Pendergast, D.M. and Graham, E. (1990). "An island paradise(??): Marco Gonzalez 1990" in
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that was most likely quarried from local sources. Other building materials include the
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Graham, E. and Pendergast, D.M. (1987). "Cays to the kingdom" in
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14th-century disestablishments in the Maya civilization
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1st-century BC establishments in the Maya civilization
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Building foundations are composed mainly of blocks of
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Archaeological Newsletter of the Royal Ontario Museum
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Archaeological Newsletter of the Royal Ontario Museum
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The site is littered with enormous amounts of broken
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archaeological site located near the southern tip of
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Entrance to the Marco Gonzalez Archaeological Reserve
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Populated places disestablished in the 14th century
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for more articles see Category:Maya sites in Mexico
2215:Populated places established in the 1st century BC
162:, and was named by them after their local guide.
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562:extensively with other Maya sites. The abundant
189:. The site itself is covered by white mangrove (
597:". Casado Internet Group. Retrieved 2011-04-21.
554:(from about 800–500 CE), involved in intensive
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154:. It was first recorded in 1984 by Drs.
2225:1st-century BC establishments in Belize
650:Marco Gonzalez Reserve Official website
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513:as well as other shells. Crude
20:. For the baseball player, see
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623:Journal of Field Archaeology
609:Journal of Field Archaeology
401:Spanish conquest of the Maya
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1059:Archaeological reserves
632:, v. 20, p. 34-40.
571:Theories on abandonment
538:Mesoamerican chronology
802:St. Herman's Blue Hole
625:, v. 16, p. 1-16.
444:Mesoamerica portal
1250:Actun Tunichil Muknal
817:Actun Tunichil Muknal
536:Further information:
482:Further information:
392:Classic Maya collapse
191:Laguncularia racemosa
117:Excavation dates
2205:Maya sites in Belize
1432:Altar de Sacrificios
871:Wildlife sanctuaries
207:Cameraria belizensis
132:Royal Ontario Museum
1136:Yarborough Cemetery
974:Mountain Pine Ridge
832:Thousand Foot Falls
160:David M. Pendergast
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767:Mayflower Bocawina
762:Laughing Bird Caye
689:Protected areas of
223:Roystonea oleracea
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179:Rhizophora mangle
150:off the coast of
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1437:Arroyo de Piedra
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199:Bursera simaruba
183:Avicennia nitida
156:Elizabeth Graham
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1482:Cotzumalhuapa
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1360:Nohoch CheĘĽen
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1187:Runaway Creek
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1172:Golden Stream
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1116:Nohoch Che'en
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1040:Port Honduras
1038:
1036:
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1030:Glover's Reef
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1023:
1021:
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1016:
1015:Bacalar Chico
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1012:
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994:Swasey Bladen
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987:
985:
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979:Maya Mountain
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903:Spanish Creek
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837:Victoria Peak
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787:Peccary Hills
785:
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782:Payne's Creek
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727:Bacalar Chico
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722:Aguas Turbias
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714:Belize portal
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219:cabbage palms
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181:) and black (
180:
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2187:
2117:
2038:San Gervasio
1878:Chichen Itza
1823:Aguada FĂ©nix
1777:Zapote Bobal
1707:Takalik Abaj
1697:San Clemente
1350:Nim Li Punit
1339:
1111:Nim Li Punit
1105:
1071:Barton Creek
1020:Caye Caulker
989:Sittee River
924:Caye Caulker
908:Swallow Caye
893:Crooked Tree
878:Aguacaliente
857:Burdon Canal
777:Elijio Panti
654:
636:
629:
622:
615:
608:
588:Bibliography
582:
578:
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549:
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487:
314:Architecture
231:
222:
214:
206:
198:
190:
182:
178:
176:
164:
139:
138:
2145:Casa Blanca
2132:El Salvador
1883:Chunchucmil
1838:Balankanche
1747:Wajxaklajun
1712:Tamarindito
1692:San Bartolo
1622:Mixco Viejo
1577:Kaminaljuyu
1512:El Porvenir
1457:Cerro Quiac
1400:Xunantunich
1375:San Estevan
1330:Lower Dover
1131:Xunantunich
969:Monkey Caye
964:Mango Creek
949:Grants Work
898:Gales Point
888:Corozal Bay
508:queen conch
501:Pleistocene
215:Thrinax sp.
195:gumbo-limbo
2200:Maya sites
2194:Categories
2176:See also:
2160:San Andrés
2140:Cara Sucia
2053:Tortuguero
1928:Hormiguero
1903:Comalcalco
1873:Chinkultic
1858:Chacchoben
1732:Tres Islas
1617:Machaquila
1607:La Joyanca
1517:El Temblor
1502:El Mirador
1477:Chutixtiox
1467:Chitinamit
1380:Santa Rita
1325:Louisville
1285:Chaa Creek
1270:Cahal Pech
1260:Baking Pot
1234:Maya sites
1177:Monkey Bay
1121:Santa Rita
1086:Cerro Maya
1076:Cahal Pech
939:Deep River
792:RĂo Blanco
772:Monkey Bay
757:Honey Camp
752:Guanacaste
544:Preclassic
173:Topography
112:Site notes
98:Preclassic
2098:Yaxchilan
2028:Punta Sur
1963:Kohunlich
1923:EkĘĽ Balam
1908:Dzibanche
1893:ChunlimĂłn
1888:Chunhuhub
1800:El Puente
1677:QĘĽumarkaj
1612:La Muerta
1602:La Corona
1597:La Blanca
1592:La Amelia
1522:El Tintal
1487:Dos Pilas
1419:Guatemala
1335:Lubaantun
1305:KaĘĽKabish
1192:Shipstern
1182:RĂo Bravo
1162:Block 127
1101:Lubaantun
929:Chiquibul
737:Chiquibul
504:limestone
420:Guatemala
319:Astronomy
304:Sacrifice
299:Mythology
284:Languages
227:anthrosol
187:mangroves
167:San Pedro
128:E. Graham
120:1984–1994
86:Abandoned
49:San Pedro
2150:Cihuatán
2113:YoĘĽokop
2013:Palenque
2008:Oxkintok
1868:Chicanná
1853:Calakmul
1848:Bonampak
1787:Honduras
1767:Zacpeten
1737:Uaxactun
1682:RĂo Azul
1672:Quiriguá
1637:Naachtun
1587:KĘĽatepan
1567:Ixtonton
1442:Balberta
1427:Aguateca
1365:Pacbitun
1315:La Milpa
1300:El Pilar
1255:Altun Ha
1091:El Pilar
1066:Altun Ha
1035:Hol Chan
494:pyramids
359:Medicine
339:Textiles
324:Calendar
294:Religion
246:a series
104:Cultures
45:Location
2165:Tazumal
2093:Xtampak
2033:RĂo Bec
2003:OcomtĂşn
1983:Mayapan
1968:Komchen
1863:ChactĂşn
1833:Balamku
1818:Acanceh
1772:Zaculeu
1727:Topoxte
1717:Tayasal
1657:Pajaral
1652:Naranjo
1627:Montana
1552:Iximche
1532:Guaytán
1527:El Zotz
1507:El PerĂş
1497:El Chal
1492:El BaĂşl
1472:Chocolá
1452:Cancuén
1447:Bejucal
1390:Uxbenka
1370:Pusilha
1345:Minanha
1320:Lamanai
1275:Caracol
1096:Lamanai
1081:Caracol
959:Manatee
954:Machaca
630:Rotunda
564:pottery
532:History
526:looting
522:pottery
515:plaster
415:Chiapas
410:Yucatán
378:History
369:Warfare
364:Cuisine
289:Writing
279:Society
94:Periods
89:1500 CE
81:100 BCE
78:Founded
73:History
55:,
51:,
2103:Yaxuná
2088:Xpuhil
2083:Xlapak
2073:Xcaret
2048:Toniná
2023:Pomona
1978:La Mar
1948:JoljaĘĽ
1933:Izamal
1810:Mexico
1757:Xultun
1752:Witzna
1742:Ucanal
1702:Seibal
1572:Ixtutz
1542:Holtun
1537:Holmul
1395:Xnaheb
1355:Nohmul
1310:KĘĽaxob
1295:Cuello
1280:Cerros
1242:Belize
852:Bladen
692:Belize
560:traded
490:plazas
329:Stelae
309:Cities
274:People
248:on the
152:Belize
63:Region
57:Belize
2078:Xelha
2063:Uxmal
2058:Tulum
2043:Sayil
1998:Muyil
1973:Labna
1958:Kiuic
1953:Kabah
1943:Jaina
1938:Izapa
1918:Edzna
1843:Becan
1795:Copán
1762:Yaxha
1722:Tikal
1687:Sacul
1647:Nakum
1642:Nakbe
1582:Kinal
1557:Ixkun
1547:Itzan
1462:Chama
1290:Colha
984:Sibun
425:Petén
354:Dance
349:Music
344:Trade
237:Ruins
142:is a
2108:Yula
2068:Uxul
1988:ManĂ
1898:Coba
1562:Ixlu
1385:Tipu
999:Vaca
158:and
144:Maya
107:Maya
1828:Aké
334:Art
217:),
209:),
201:),
193:),
2196::
528:.
185:)
2122:)
2116:(
1226:e
1219:t
1212:v
681:e
674:t
667:v
471:e
464:t
457:v
221:(
213:(
205:(
197:(
24:.
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