Marine protected area

1100:. This area encompasses 94,000 square kilometres (36,000 sq mi) and all fishing activity including transshipment, and dumping or discharge of waste is prohibited with the exception of scientific research endeavors. On 28 October 2016, the CCAMLR, composed of 24 member countries and the European Union at the time, agreed to establish the world's largest marine park encompassing 1.55 million km (600,000 sq mi) in the Ross Sea after several years of failed negotiations. Establishment of the Ross Sea MPA required unanimity of the commission members and enforcement will begin in December 2017. However, due to a sunset provision inserted into the proposal, the new marine park will only be in force for 35 years. 833:—Community-managed MPAs empower local communities to operate partially or completely independent of the governmental jurisdictions they occupy. Empowering communities to manage resources can lower conflict levels and enlist the support of diverse groups that rely on the resource such as subsistence and commercial fishers, scientists, recreation, tourism businesses, youths and others. Mistrust between fishermen and regulating authorities is of central importance there, and needs to be addressed. Recent evidence from regions like Scandinavia, Spain, Portugal or Canada reveals success stories based on the tested cooperation between marine scientists and fishermen in jointly managing coastal marine reserves. 2031: 1093:. In so doing, it also established a commission of the original signatories and acceding parties called the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) to advance these aims through protection, scientific study, and rational use, such as harvesting, of those marine resources. Though separate, the Antarctic Treaty and CCAMLR, make up part the broader system of international agreements called the Antarctic Treaty System. Since 1982, the CCAMLR meets annually to implement binding conservations measures like the creation of 'protected areas' at the suggestion of the convention's scientific committee. 41: 9128: 926:, such as France and USA (>11 million km), and Australia, Russia, UK, and Indonesia (>6 million km). Some states have very small land areas but extremely large EEZ's such as Kiribati, the Federated States of Micronesia, Marshall Islands, and Cook Islands who have individual EEZ areas of between 1.9 and 3.5 million km. The national EEZ's are the ones where governance is easier, and agreements to create marine parks are within national jurisdictions, such as is the case with Marae Moana and the Cook Islands. 322: 4599: 4325: 8828: 4571: 995: 9382: 7674:

Rand, Matt; Villagomez, Angelo; Ban, Natalie C.; Gurney, Georgina G.; Spalding, Ana K.; Bennett, Nathan J.; Briggs, Johnny; Morgan, Lance E.; Moffitt, Russell; Deguignet, Marine; Pikitch, Ellen K.; Darling, Emily S.; Jessen, Sabine; Hameed, Sarah O.; Di Carlo, Giuseppe; Guidetti, Paolo; Harris, Jean M.; Torre, Jorge; Kizilkaya, Zafer; Agardy, Tundi; Cury, Philippe; Shah, Nirmal J.; Sack, Karen; Cao, Ling; Fernandez, Miriam; Lubchenco, Jane (2021).

1604: 132: 8853: 811: 8860: 4585: 1624: 8839: 8590: 1760: 620: 118:. In 2020, only around 7.5 to 8% of the global ocean area falls under a conservation designation. This area is equivalent to 27 million square kilometres, equivalent to the land areas of Russia and Canada combined, although some argue that the effective conservation zones (ones with the strictest regulations) occupy only 5% of the ocean area (about equivalent to the land area of Russia alone). 6909: 1006:"The establishment by 2010 of terrestrial and by 2012 for marine areas of comprehensive, effectively managed, and ecologically representative national and regional systems of protected areas that collectively, inter alia through a global network, contribute to achieving the three objectives of the Convention and the 2010 target to significantly reduce the current late of 827:—These are the most common and arguably the most effective. These areas employ two or more protections. The most important sections get the highest protection, such as a no take zone and are surrounded with areas of lesser protections. Multiple-use MPAs can make use of very diverse fisheries regulations to balance fisheries extraction with nature protection. 4394:– enables coherent evaluation of levels of protection of marine protected areas and serve as a guide for improving, planning and monitoring these such as in efforts towards the 30%-protection-goal adopted as part of the Convention on Biological Diversity's "Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework" in December 2022, the "Global Deal For Nature" and the UN's 4422:. The general concept is to create overpopulation within the MPA. The fish expand into the surrounding areas to reduce crowding, increasing the population of unprotected areas. This helps support local fisheries in the surrounding area, while maintaining a healthy population within the MPA. Such MPAs are most commonly used for coral reef ecosystems. 1700:

conflicts caused by MNRs (such as the survival of coastal fishermen) and greater matching of national economic development strategies. Depending on local ecological considerations, SMPAs will subdivide into different functional zones. Areas with rare and endangered species or damaged and fragile environments are strict no-take areas and

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fishing techniques yet only 0.01% of the ocean's area is designated as a "no take zone". This coverage is far below the projected goal of 20%-30% Those targets have been questioned mainly due to the cost of managing protected areas and the conflict that protections have generated with human demand for marine goods and services.

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Grorud-Colvert, Kirsten; Sullivan-Stack, Jenna; Roberts, Callum; Constant, Vanessa; Horta e Costa, Barbara; Pike, Elizabeth P.; Kingston, Naomi; Laffoley, Dan; Sala, Enric; Claudet, Joachim; Friedlander, Alan M.; Gill, David A.; Lester, Sarah E.; Day, Jon C.; Gonçalves, Emanuel J.; Ahmadia, Gabby N.;

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Many fisheries scientists and managers have argued that no-take MPAs may not benefit biodiversity because they displace fishing effort outside the MPA. However, work accounting for displaced fishing effort has suggested that even when the same total amount of fish are caught across the seascape, MPAs

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Near half of England's seas are MPAs. Those MPAs only ban in specific places some of the most damaging activities. In 2020, Greenpeace revealed that in 2019 the UK legally allowed industrial boats to fish in the Marine protected area. This point is related to the concern of overfishing, while fishing

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There are a total of 42 marine protected areas in the South African EEZ, after consolidation, with a total area of 15.5% of its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). The target was to have 10% of the oceanic waters protected by 2020. All but one of the MPAs are in the exclusive economic zone off continental

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that is protected in terms of specific legislation for the benefit of the environment and the people who live in and use it. An MPA is a place where marine life can thrive under less pressure than unprotected areas. They are like underwater parks, and this healthy environment can benefit neighbouring

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The marine protected area network is still in its infancy. As of October 2010, approximately 6,800 MPAs had been established, covering 1.17% of global ocean area. Protected areas covered 2.86% of exclusive economic zones (EEZs). MPAs covered 6.3% of territorial seas. Many prohibit the use of harmful

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are protected by local, state, territorial, native, regional, national, or international authorities and differ substantially among and between nations. This variation includes different limitations on development, fishing practices, fishing seasons and catch limits, moorings and bans on removing or

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Another unexpected result of MPAs is their impact on predatory marine species, which in some conditions can increase in population. When this occurs, prey populations decrease. One study showed that in 21 out of 39 cases, "trophic cascades", caused a decrease in herbivores, which led to an increase

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has many stakeholders within its governance structure, including a variety of Government Ministries, NGOs, traditional landowners, and society representatives. The Marae Moana conservation area is managed through a spatial zoning principle, whereby specific designations are given to specific zones,

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MNRs are the no-take areas under comprehensive protection that prohibit any kind of resource exploitation. Unlike such traditional MPAs, SMPAs have been established in China since 2002. SMPAs allow the use of marine resources in a supervised and sustainable way, aiming at reducing local development

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The prevalent practice of area-based targets was criticized in 2019 by a group of environmental scientists because politicians tended to protect parts of the oceans where little fishing happened to meet the goals. The lack of fishing in these areas made them easy to protect, but it also had little

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These networks are intended to connect individuals and MPAs and promote education and cooperation among various administrations and user groups. "MPA networks are, from the perspective of resource users, intended to address both environmental and socio-economic needs, complementary ecological and

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zones, as with their terrestrial equivalents, vary in terms of rules and regulations. Few zones rule out completely any sort of human activity within their area, as activities such as fishing, tourism, and transport of essential goods and services by ship, are part of the fabric of nation states.

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The "North Pacific network" covers the western coasts of Mexico, Canada, and the U.S. The "Antigua Convention" and an action plan for the north Pacific region were adapted in 2002. Participant nations manage their own national systems. In 2010–2011, the State of California completed hearings and

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host one of the most highly biodiverse regions, with 464 reef-building coral species. Due to overfishing, destructive fishing techniques, and rapid coastal development, these are in rapid decline. The country has established some 600 MPAs. However, the majority are poorly enforced and are highly

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One example is at Goat Island Bay in New Zealand, established in 1977. Research gathered at Goat Bay documented the spillover effect. "Spillover and larval export—the drifting of millions of eggs and larvae beyond the reserve—have become central concepts of marine conservation". This positively

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This definition is intended to make it more difficult to claim MPA status for regions where exploitation of marine resources occurs. If there is no defined long-term goal for conservation and ecological recovery and extraction of marine resources occurs, a region is not a marine protected area.

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When counted with MPAs of all sizes from many other countries, as of April 2023 there are more than 16,615 MPAs, encompassing 7.2% of the world's oceans (26,146,645 km), with less than half of that area – encompassing 2.9% of the world's oceans – assessed to be fully or highly

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increase, oxygen reduction, and other marine environmental issues remains questionable. Despite differences in species adaptations, warming has affected the habitats of some marine species, such as corals, to move from lower to higher latitudes. If MPA assumes a relatively stable ecological

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aiming to find ways and urge for the implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 14. In that 2017 conference, it was clear that just between 3.6 and 5.7% of the world's oceans were protected, meaning another 6.4 to 4.3% of the world's oceans needed to be protected within 3 years. The 10%

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Southeast Asia is a global epicenter for marine diversity. 12% of its coral reefs are in MPAs. The Philippines have some the world's best coral reefs and protect them to attract international tourism. Most of the Philippines' MPAs are established to secure protection for its coral reef and

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Any defined area within or adjacent to the marine environment, together with its overlying water and associated flora, fauna, historical and cultural features, which has been reserved by legislation or other effective means, including custom, with the effect that its marine and/or coastal

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Yamahara, Kevan M.; Preston, Christina M.; Birch, James; Walz, Kristine; Marin, Roman; Jensen, Scott; Pargett, Douglas; Roman, Brent; Ussler, William; Zhang, Yanwu; Ryan, John; Hobson, Brett; Kieft, Brian; Raanan, Ben; Goodwin, Kelly D.; Chavez, Francisco P.; Scholin, Christopher (2019).

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China has developed its unique MPA management system, which divides MPAs into two main categories: Marine Natural Reserves (MNRs) and Special Marine Protected Areas (SMPAs). As of 2016, China has designated 267 MPAs, including 160 MNRs and 107 SMPAs, covering nearly 4% of the sea area.

630:(NTZs), are areas designated in a number of the world's MPAs, where all forms of exploitation are prohibited and severely limits human activities. These no take zones can cover an entire MPA, or specific portions. For example, the 1,150,000 square kilometres (440,000 sq mi) 1108:

Many countries have established national targets, accompanied by action plans and implementations. The UN Council identified the need for countries to collaborate with each other to establish effective regional conservation plans. Some national targets are listed in the table below

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can lead to a net biodiversity gain, if sensitive species are present, even when the bycatch species do not fully overlap the distribution of the fished species. However, there are other potential undesirable impacts of displaced fishing effort such as increased cost to fishers.

4410:. As of 2013 30% of the world's reefs were severely damaged. Approximately 60% will be lost by 2030 without enhanced protection. Marine reserves with "no take zones" are the most effective form of protection. Only about 0.01% of the world's coral reefs are inside effective MPAs. 1996:

in the Indian Ocean was established in 2010 as a "no-take-zone". With a total surface area of 640,000 square kilometres (250,000 sq mi), it was the world's largest contiguous marine reserve. In March 2015, the UK announced the creation of a marine reserve around the

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MPAs have been cited as the ocean's single greatest hope for increasing the resilience of the marine environment to such stressors. Well-designed and managed MPAs developed with input and support from interested stakeholders can conserve biodiversity and protect and restore

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Dinerstein, E.; Vynne, C.; Sala, E.; Joshi, A. R.; Fernando, S.; Lovejoy, T. E.; Mayorga, J.; Olson, D.; Asner, G. P.; Baillie, J. E. M.; Burgess, N. D.; Burkart, K.; Noss, R. F.; Zhang, Y. P.; Baccini, A.; Birch, T.; Hahn, N.; Joppa, L. N.; Wikramanayake, E. (2019).

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in the Southern Pacific Ocean to protect its special biodiversity. The area of 830,000 square kilometres (320,000 sq mi) surpassed the Chagos Marine Protected Area as the world's largest contiguous marine reserve, until the August 2016 expansion of the

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Andradi-Brown, Dominic A.; Veverka, Laura; Amkieltiela; Crane, Nicole L.; Estradivari; Fox, Helen E.; Gill, David; Goetze, Jordan; Gough, Charlotte; Krueck, Nils C.; Lester, Sarah E.; Mahajan, Shauna L.; Rulmal, John; Teoh, Marianne; Ahmadia, Gabby N. (2023).

550:". Under article 4, biosphere reserves must "encompass a mosaic of ecological systems", and thus combine terrestrial, coastal, or marine ecosystems. In structure they are similar to Multiple-use MPAs, with a core area ringed by different degrees of protection. 1989:. The UK is responsible for 6.8 million square kilometres of ocean around the world, larger than all but four other countries. In 2016 the UK government established the Blue Belt Programme to enhance the protection and management of the marine environment. 885:

parks should encompass the great variety of ocean geological and geographical terrains, as these, in turn, influence the biosphere around them. As time progresses it would be strategically advantageous to develop parks that include oceanic features such as

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and action plan in 1981. An MPA-specific protocol was ratified in 1989. The permanent commission on the exploitation and conservation on the marine resources of the South Pacific promotes the exchange of studies and information among participants.

5018: 1977:, stated that nearly 50 areas around the UK coastline should become Highly Protected Marine Areas (HPMAs). This would see the banning of dredging, sewage dumping, drilling, offshore wind-turbine construction and catch-and-release sea fishing. 766:

Ship transit can also be restricted or banned, either as a preventive measure or to avoid direct disturbance to individual species. The degree to which environmental regulations affect shipping varies according to whether MPAs are located in

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Roberts, Callum M.; O’Leary, Bethan C.; McCauley, Douglas J.; Cury, Philippe Maurice; Duarte, Carlos M.; Lubchenco, Jane; Pauly, Daniel; Sáenz-Arroyo, Andrea; Sumaila, Ussif Rashid; Wilson, Rod W.; Worm, Boris; Castilla, Juan Carlos (2017).

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Any area of the intertidal or subtidal terrain, together with its overlying water and associated flora, fauna, historical and cultural features, which has been reserved by law or other effective means to protect part or all of the enclosed

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The region is currently running one comprehensive cross-national program, the Tropical Eastern Pacific Marine Corridor Network, signed in April 2004. The network covers about 211,000,000 square kilometres (81,000,000 sq mi).

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People can take part in a wide range of non-consumptive activities in all of South Africa's MPAs, and some parts of some MPAs are zoned for limited consumptive activities. Some of these activities require a permit, which is a form of

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to map and analyze MPAs. NOAA Coastal Services Center compiled an "Inventory of GIS-Based Decision-Support Tools for MPAs". The report focuses on GIS tools with the highest utility for MPA processes. Remote sensing uses advances in

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recommended a variety of management systems for use in a protected area system. They advocated that MPAs be seen as one of many "nodes" in a network of protected areas. The following are the most common management systems:

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Some existing and proposed MPAs have been criticized by indigenous populations and their supporters, as impinging on land usage rights. For example, the proposed Chagos Protected Area in the Chagos Islands is contested by

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Misconceptions about MPAs include the belief that all MPAs are no-take or no-fishing areas. Less than 1 percent of US waters are no-take areas. MPA activities can include consumption fishing, diving and other activities.

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environment within the area as before, it may become ineffective when the range of species distribution changes or becomes extensive. Hence, there's need to incorporate the climate change adaptation to the framework.

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ineffective. However, some have positively impacted reef health, increased fish biomass, decreased coral bleaching and increased yields in adjacent fisheries. One notable example is the MPA surrounding Apo Island.

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Despite all the efforts, as China constructs MPA based on administrative hierarchy (national, provincial, municipal, and county), there exist problems of fragmentized division and inconsistent enforcement of MPAs.

7099: 71:. These marine areas can come in many forms ranging from wildlife refuges to research facilities. MPAs restrict human activity for a conservation purpose, typically to protect natural or cultural resources. Such 7935:"A clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated, and managed, through legal or effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem service and cultural value." 4371:. Mathematical models that seek to reflect the complexity of the natural setting may assist in planning harvesting strategies and sustaining fishing grounds. Other techniques such as on-site monitoring sensors, 1084:

by commercial fisheries. The Convention bound contracting nations to abide by previously agreed upon Antarctic territorial claims and peaceful use of the region while protecting ecosystem integrity south of the

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Any area of the marine environment that has been reserved by federal, state, tribal, territorial, or local laws or regulations to provide lasting protection for part or all of the natural and cultural resources

910:, which occupy half the earth's surface. Another factor that will influence the development of marine conservation areas is ownership. Who owns the world's oceans? Approximately 64% of the world's oceans are " 95:, occupying an area of 1.5 million square kilometers. The area is rich in wild life, including the green turtle and the Hawaiian monkfish, alongside 7,000 other species, and 14 million seabirds. In 2017 the 103:, which has an area of 1.9 million square kilometers as a zone with the purpose of protecting and conserving the "ecological, biodiversity and heritage values of the Cook Islands marine environment". Other 4430:

in the quantity of plant life. This occurred in the Malindi Kisite and Watamu Marian National Parks in Kenya; the Leigh Marine Reserve in New Zealand; and Brackett's Landing Conservation Area in the US.

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and have been greatly affected by global warming, especially in recent years. The ability of existing MPA designs to cope with changes in marine biodiversity due to ocean acidification, sea level rise,

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Ten countries in the Western Indian Ocean have launched the "Great Blue Wall" initiative, which seeks to create a network of linked MPAs throughout the region. These are generally expected to be under

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in 2003, agreed to these terms. The Durban Action Plan, developed in 2003, called for regional action and targets to establish a network of protected areas by 2010 within the jurisdiction of regional

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Other critiques include: their cost (higher than that of passive management), conflicts with human development goals, inadequate scope to address factors such as climate change and invasive species.

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Another misconception is that a federal mandate dedicates a set percentage of ocean to MPAs. Instead the mandate requires an evaluation of current MPAs and creates a public resource on current MPAs.

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Another misconception is that most MPAs are federally managed. Instead, MPAs are managed under hundreds of laws and jurisdictions. They can exist in state, commonwealth, territory and tribal waters.

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Filipino communities connect with one another to share information about MPAs, creating a larger network through the social communities' support. Emerging or established MPA networks can be found in

5901: 84:), MPAs also provide revenue for countries, potentially equal to the income that they would have if they were to grant companies permissions to fish. The value of MPA to mobile species is unknown. 5089: 592:

A collection of individual MPAs operating cooperatively, at various spatial scales and with a range of protection levels that are designed to meet objectives that a single reserve cannot achieve.

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to become part of a global system. These sites do not necessarily receive protection, but are indexed by importance for later recommendation to an agency that could designate it a protected area.

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proposed the creation of eight large, international, MPAs ("CIESM Marine Peace Parks") with the dual benefits of protecting unique oceanographic features and mitigating trans-frontier conflicts

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30% of marine areas by 2030 (in the Irish government’s Programme for Government of 2020, aligned with the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 and Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework)

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On 7 April 1982, the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CAMLR Convention) came into force after discussions began in 1975 between parties of the then-current

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emphasize the protection of ecosystems but allow light human use. A marine park may prohibit fishing or extraction of resources, but allow recreation. Some marine parks, such as those in

258: 7151: 4517:, the UK proposed that the BIOT become a "marine reserve" with the aim of preventing the former inhabitants from returning to their lands and to protect the joint UK/US military base on 5726: 727:. They can be self-financed through a surrounding "conservation finance area" in which a limited number licenses are granted to benefit from the spillover of the marine protected area. 5257: 5330:

Laffoley, D. d'A., (ed.) 2008. Towards Networks of Marine Protected Areas. The MPA Plan of Action for IUCN's World Commission on Protected Areas. IUCN WCPA, Gland, Switzerland. 28 pp.

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was declared the world's largest marine reserve in April 2010 with an area of 250,000 square miles until March 2015 when It was declared illegal by the Permanent Court of Arbitration.

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Lowry, G. K.; White, A. T.; Christie, P. (2009). "Scaling Up to Networks of Marine Protected Areas in the Philippines: Biophysical, Legal, Institutional, and Social Considerations".

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A clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated

1866:) to produce large colonies in shallow water of less than 50 metres (160 ft). Shallow-water colonies outside these decades-old MPAs are typically very small. The MPAs are 5923: 1655:(better known as the Cartagena Convention) was established in 1983. A protocol involving protected areas was ratified in 1990. As of 2008, the region hosted about 500 MPAs. 786:

Most MPAs have been located in territorial waters, where the appropriate government can enforce them. However, MPAs have been established in exclusive economic zones and in

2013:. The protected area will be 234,291 square kilometres (90,460 sq mi), half of which will be closed to fishing. The eventual marine park covered 100% of the EEZ. 9371: 763:), development, construction and the like. Some fishing restrictions include "no-take" zones, which means that no fishing is allowed. Less than 1% of US MPAs are no-take. 7103: 6968: 2020:

and neighboring islands will become a Marine Protection Zone. The move will make the zone the largest no-take zone in the Atlantic and the fourth largest on the planet.

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Two assessments, conducted thirty years apart, of three Mediterranean MPAs, demonstrate that proper protection allows commercially valuable and slow-growing red coral (

821:—Activities, most critically fishing, are restricted seasonally or temporarily, e.g., to protect spawning/nursing grounds or to let a rapidly reducing species recover. 340:

An area containing both marine and terrestrial components, which can vary between two extremes; those that are predominantly maritime with little land (for example, an

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The form of marine protected areas trace the origins to the World Congress on National Parks in 1962. In 1976, a process was delivered to the excessive rights to every

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Bruno, John F.; Bates, Amanda E.; Cacciapaglia, Chris; Pike, Elizabeth P.; Amstrup, Steven C.; van Hooidonk, Ruben; Henson, Stephanie A.; Aronson, Richard B. (2018).

6130:"Ongoing global biodiversity loss and the need to move beyond protected areas: A review of the technical and practical shortcoming of protected areas on land and sea" 6019: 1639:

subdivision encompasses an area of about 5,700,000 square kilometres (2,200,000 sq mi) of ocean and 38 nations. The area includes island countries like the

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announced the creation of 2 national marine parks in size of 740,000 square kilometers. With those parks 45% of the Australian marine territory will be protected.

5090:"Nomination of Existing Marine Protected Areas to the National System of Marine Protected Areas and Updates to the List of National System Marine Protected Areas" 1912: 1903:

found that trawling is more intense inside official EU marine sanctuaries and that endangered fish species such as sharks and rays are more common outside them.

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UNEP-Nairobi Convention and WIOMSA. 2021. Western Indian Ocean Marine Protected Areas Outlook: Towards achievement of the Global Biodiversity Framework Targets.

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Does displacement of fishing effort from marine protected areas impact the wider environment? A review and case study for displacement within the Hauraki Gulf

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the establishment of marine protected areas consistent with international laws and based on scientific information, including representative networks by 2012.

922:. The remaining 36% of the ocean is under the governance of individual countries within their Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs). Some individual national EEZ's 4648: 1031: 974: 7049: 6838: 5893: 973:

considered these recommendations and recommended requiring countries to set up marine parks controlled by a central organization before merging them. The

536:(WHS) – an area exhibiting extensive natural or cultural history. Maritime areas are poorly represented, however, with only 46 out of over 800 sites. 6633:"California's Marine Life Protection Act Initiative: Supporting implementation of legislation establishing a statewide network of marine protected areas" 8522:. Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences (22nd Annual Scientific Diving Symposium). Archived from the original on September 29, 2008 7558: 795: 9853: 7947: 6857: 1925:) were in an MPA. Only 3% of US waters are no-take MPAs. Almost all of the no-take zones are located in two large MPAs in the remote Pacific Ocean, 8893: 8653: 4753: 1732:

has designated one large MPA system. As of 2008, 0.5% of its marine environment was protected, mostly through the use of small, multiple-use MPAs.

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Over the next two decades, a scientific body of evidence marked the utility in the designation of marine protected areas. In the aftermath of the

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that provides information on the world's protected areas and global MPA campaigns. Information comes from a variety of sources, including the

6761: 5730: 949:, California, the 19th IUCN assembly and the fourth World Parks Congress all proposed to centralise the establishment of protected areas. The 9401: 5450: 5196: 2154:

The following shows a list of countries and their marine protected areas as percentage of their territorial waters (click "show" to expand).

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though these designations may change over time. For example, some areas may allow fishing, whilst fishing may be prohibited in other areas.

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protection goal is described as a "baby step" as 30% is the real amount of ocean protection scientists agree on that should be implemented.

297:, with major (990,000 square kilometres (380,000 sq mi) or larger) new or expanded MPAs by these nations since 2012—such as 8748: 8733: 6926: 6064:

Christie, Patrick, and A.T. White. "Best practices for improved governance of coral reef marine protected areas." (2007): 1048-1056. Print.

1579:. Without the large Prince Edward Islands MPA, South Africa has 41 MPAs covering 5.4% of its continental EEZ. This achieves United Nations 306: 9504: 9349: 7897: 4880: 1943: 286: 7325: 6364: 4716:

In the U.S., MPAs span a range of habitats, including the open ocean, coastal areas, inter-tidal zones, estuaries, and the Great Lakes.

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would contain no open sea or ocean marine environment, but its river-like marine ecosystem nevertheless complies with the definition.

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This article is about marine protected areas specifically. For protected regions of environmental or cultural value in general, see

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Engaging marine scientists and fishers to share knowledge and perceptions – An overview. Briand, F., Gourguet, S. et al. Dec. 2018.

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Asinara, Italy is listed by WDPA as both a marine reserve and a national marine park, and as such could be labelled 'multiple-use'.

7195: 4361: 9637: 8845: 8701: 8624:, an online interactive search engine hosted by the United Nations Environment Programme's World Conservation Monitoring Center ( 8594: 7391: 7125: 4653: 1916: 1893:(Mediterranean Network of Marine Protected Areas Managers) which aims to protect 10% of the surface of the Mediterranean by 2020. 720: 2016:

On 13 November 2020 it was announced that the 687,247 square kilometres (265,348 sq mi) of the waters surrounding the

8706: 5307: 2138: 1804:, covering about 210,000 square kilometres (81,000 sq mi). It is the result of a financial deal, brokered in 2016 by 1555: 1537: 4386:-quality and -extents. In 2021, 43 expert scientists published the first scientific framework version that – via integration, 612:

is a mechanism to establish regional and local systems, but carries no authority or mandate, leaving all activity within the "

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Wells, Sue; Sheppard, V.; van Lavieren, H.; Barnard, N.; Kershaw, F.; Corrigan, C.; Teleki, K.; Stock, P.; Adler, E. (2008).

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Mora C.; Andrèfouët, S; Costello, M. J.; Kranenburg, C; Rollo, A; Veron, J; Gaston, K. J.; Myers, R. A.; et al. (2006).

6379: 4929: 4856:"National monument in Hawaii becomes world's largest marine protected area | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration" 711:

made protected one quarter of their reef, allowing fish to recover, jump-starting their economy. This was shown in the film,

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areas, while other areas will be considered sustainable resource use zone for current use and reserved zone for future use.

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In 2009, the CCAMLR created the first 'high-seas' MPA entirely within international waters over the southern shelf of the

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Ma, Chun; Zhang, Xiaochun; Chen, Weiping; Zhang, Guangyu; Duan, Huihui; Ju, Meiting; Li, Hongyuan; Yang, Zhihong (2013).

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Kirlin, John; Caldwell, Meg; Gleason, Mary; Weber, Mike; Ugoretz, John; Fox, Evan; Miller-Henson, Melissa (2013-03-01).

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By 2008 address the less represented marine ecosystems, accounting for those beyond national jurisdiction in accordance.

8716: 8565: 8552: 5744:

Sala, Enric; Lubchenco, Jane; Grorud-Colvert, Kirsten; Novelli, Catherine; Roberts, Callum; Sumaila, U. Rashid (2018).

5042: 4439: 1967: 1584: 1044: 970: 799: 597: 265:

and largest marine protected area in the world encompassing 1.55 million km (600,000 sq mi) in the

246:, an international target was established with the encompassment of ten percent of the world's marine protected areas. 203: 9733: 9466: 9461: 8694: 8614: 8498: 5644: 7494:"In situ Autonomous Acquisition and Preservation of Marine Environmental DNA Using an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle" 5012:"Towards Networks of Marine Protected Areas - The MPA Plan of Action for IUCN's World Commission on Protected Areas" 977:

agreed to the terms laid out by the convention, and in 2004, its member nations committed to the following targets;

9839: 8942: 8689: 4559:

In Scotland, environmental groups have criticised the government for failing to enforce fishing rules around MPAs.

1883: 1663: 1616: 854:

have been defined as "A group of MPAs that interact with one another ecologically and/or socially form a network".

294: 5349:

Christie, P.; White, A. T. (2007). "Best Practices for Improved Governance of Coral Reef Marine Protected Areas".

1010:

at the global, regional, national, and sub-national levels and contribute to poverty reduction and the pursuit of

923: 461:

Established to protect historical sites such as shipwrecks and cultural sites such as aboriginal fishing grounds.

10283: 9663: 9519: 8879: 8832: 8639: 5503:"Diversity in marine protected area regulations: Protection approaches for locally appropriate marine management" 4395: 2061: 1959: 1506:

29 MPAs covering 18% of state marine area with 243 square kilometres (94 sq mi) at maximum protection.

1048: 1040: 398:

usually connotes "maximum protection", where all resource removals are strictly prohibited. In countries such as

104: 6087: 5953: 8997: 8676: 6716: 4510: 2094: 2050: 1819: 1467: 1354:

10% of Manx waters as 'effectively managed, ecologically representative and well-connected protected areas and

969:.It recommended establishing protected areas for 20 to 30% of the world's oceans by the goal date of 2012. The 919: 724: 344:

would have a tiny island with a significant maritime population surrounding it), or that is mostly terrestrial.

81: 6530:"China's special marine protected area policy: Trade-off between economic development and marine conservation" 6044: 10202: 9632: 9622: 9529: 9027: 8610: 8540: 6738: 5282: 4345: 2030: 842: 298: 8391:"Marine protected areas can benefit biodiversity even when bycatch species only partially overlap fisheries" 6309: 5423: 10258: 10222: 10207: 9703: 9612: 9107: 9062: 7533: 7277: 4623: 2116: 1993: 1986: 643: 290: 9117: 8390: 5393: 5385: 4453:—ensuring that the sites have the size, shape, and distribution to ensure the success of selected species. 4391: 1670:

that borders the coast of much of Central America), and the "Islands in the Stream" program (covering the

7954: 7724:

Pandolfi, J.M.; et al. (2003). "Global trajectories of long-term decline of coral reef ecosystems".

4376: 634:, the world's largest MPA (and largest protected area of any type, land or sea), is a 100% no take zone. 5182: 10273: 9658: 9547: 8775: 7964: 2072: 930: 7775:

Hughes, T.P.; et al. (2003). "Climate change, human impacts, and the resilience of coral reefs".

6529: 6473: 6415: 9812: 9807: 9784: 9693: 9524: 9499: 8723: 7075: 6205: 6074:

Halpern, B. (2003). "The impact of marine reserves: do reserves work and does reserve size matter?".

5597: 1653:

Convention for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment of the Wider Caribbean Region

7250: 6698: 6108: 5845: 2009:

In January 2016, the UK government announced the intention to create a marine protected area around

1687:

habitats. Indonesia has MPAs designed for tourism and relies on tourism as a main source of income.

10263: 10253: 10096: 9698: 9431: 9406: 9077: 9052: 8711: 6174:"Assessing Progress Towards Global Marine Protection Targets: Shortfalls in Information and Action" 4916:, Sustainable Development Goals Series, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 339–367, 1963: 1407: 680: 10046: 9953: 9789: 9451: 9344: 9022: 8977: 8962: 8681: 8389:

Erm, Philip; Balmford, Andrew; Krueck, Nils C.; Takashina, Nao; Holden, Matthew H. (2024-02-04).

7417: 6786: 4908:

Petterson, Michael G.; Kim, Hyeon-Ju; Gill, Joel C. (2021), Gill, Joel C.; Smith, Martin (eds.),

4643: 4638: 4535: 2142: 1947: 1854: 1559: 1214: 1011: 772: 282: 107:

include those around Antarctica, New Caledonia, Greenland, Alaska, Ascension Island, and Brazil.

100: 1970:

in Scotland. They are to be found in inshore and offshore waters. In June 2020, a review led by

790:. For example, Italy, France and Monaco in 1999 jointly established a cetacean sanctuary in the 10278: 9893: 9878: 9713: 9573: 9246: 6575: 6255: 5872:"Chile es el país con el mayor porcentaje de sus costas con algún tipo de protección del mundo" 4772: 2043: 1805: 1701: 40: 9127: 7910: 7442:

Berezansky, L.; Idels, L.; Kipnis, M. (2011). "Mathematical model of marine protected areas".

990:

By 2012 complete the establishment of a comprehensive and ecologically representative network.

10268: 10111: 10026: 9976: 9471: 9097: 8992: 8534: 7827: 7326:"Conservation International – World's Largest Marine Protected Area Created in Pacific Ocean" 7026:

Webster, Ben (8 June 2020). "Sea fishing banned under plan to protect nation's marine life".

6839:"The Mediterranean needs more marine reserves – they are an antidote to the crisis, says WWF" 4406:

Coral reef systems have been in decline worldwide. Causes include overfishing, pollution and

2054: 1572: 1359: 1086: 998: 966: 664: 539: 7971: 7876: 5454: 4612: 10021: 10016: 9991: 9456: 9436: 9396: 9366: 9313: 8402: 8353: 8298: 8231: 8167: 8070: 8012: 7784: 7733: 7604: 6644: 6541: 6485: 6427: 6248: 6144: 5894:"Minister O'Brien announces Ireland's formal pledge to protect 30% of marine areas by 2030" 5757: 5563: 5358: 4819: 4375:

via local people, research and sampling endeavors, autonomous ships and underwater robots (

1974: 1097: 946: 911: 787: 7181: 6414:

Hu, Wenjia; Liu, Jie; Ma, Zhiyuan; Wang, Yuyu; Zhang, Dian; Yu, Weiwei; Chen, Bin (2020).

8: 10217: 9918: 9617: 9607: 9540: 9509: 9494: 9321: 9317: 9281: 9037: 9007: 8796: 8437: 7366: 7158:. World’s Largest Single Marine Reserve Created in Pacific. 18 March 2015. Archived from 6280: 4909: 4446:

have criteria for setting up and maintaining MPA networks, which emphasize four factors:

4407: 1339: 1090: 882: 672: 533: 119: 115: 111: 28: 8600: 8406: 8357: 8302: 8235: 8171: 8155: 8074: 8016: 7788: 7737: 7675: 7648: 7608: 6648: 6545: 6489: 6431: 6148: 5761: 5567: 5362: 4823: 703:

MPAs can help sustain local economies by supporting fisheries and tourism. For example,

10131: 10126: 9883: 9802: 9578: 9421: 9201: 8262: 8219: 8199: 8136: 8036: 7858: 7808: 7757: 7706: 7625: 7592: 6451: 5996: 5971: 5814:. Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources. 29 October 2016 5579: 5374: 5135:. Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources. 28 October 2016 4935: 4604: 4354: 1834: 1263: 1192: 768: 326: 174: 162: 8453: 7395: 7129: 6717:"New Australian Marine Parks Protect an Area Twice the Size of the Great Barrier Reef" 6303: 6301: 6129: 114:

expand, there has been an increase in ocean science funding, essential for preserving

10121: 10061: 10041: 9996: 9938: 9683: 9668: 9151: 9072: 9002: 8947: 8932: 8916: 8561: 8494: 8484: 8418: 8371: 8322: 8314: 8267: 8249: 8203: 8191: 8183: 8128: 8086: 8028: 7850: 7800: 7749: 7710: 7698: 7630: 7566: 7515: 7469: 7031: 6867: 6812: 6662: 6557: 6501: 6455: 6443: 6375: 6001: 5640: 5634: 5542: 5524: 4939: 4925: 4837: 4832: 4807: 4747: 4387: 4383: 4364: 4329: 1899: 1846: 1007: 1001:, Indonesia is officially listed as both a marine reserve and a national marine park. 950: 553: 482: 239: 8140: 8040: 8000: 7862: 7761: 6657: 6632: 6553: 6356: 5972:"Quantifying biases in marine-protected-area placement relative to abatable threats" 5583: 5378: 193:

United States Executive Order 13158 in May 2000 established MPAs, defining them as:

10227: 10006: 9903: 9870: 9862: 9764: 9568: 9563: 9271: 9191: 8987: 8972: 8967: 8803: 8410: 8361: 8306: 8257: 8239: 8175: 8120: 8078: 8059:"Designing marine protected area networks to address the impacts of climate change" 8020: 7842: 7812: 7792: 7741: 7690: 7620: 7612: 7505: 7459: 7451: 7302:"UK Overseas Territory becomes one of the world's biggest sanctuaries for wildlife" 6680: 6652: 6549: 6493: 6435: 6298: 6185: 6152: 6083: 5991: 5983: 5765: 5660: 5571: 5514: 5366: 4917: 4827: 4419: 2017: 2010: 1998: 1862: 1387: 1077: 929:

One alternative to imposing MPAs on an indigenous population is through the use of

668: 72: 6327: 5970:

Kuempel, Caitlin; Jones, Kendall; Watson, James; Possingham, James (27 May 2017).

1822:

protection, which allows for local fishing but prohibits industrial exploitation.

9986: 9923: 9913: 9888: 9769: 9627: 9416: 9206: 9161: 9146: 9047: 8366: 8342:"The biodiversity benefits of marine protected areas in well-regulated fisheries" 8341: 6931: 6497: 6439: 5770: 5745: 4921: 4337: 1793: 1648: 1137: 903: 887: 352: 232: 8554:

Growing up strong: The first 10 years of Indigenous Protected Areas in Australia

7825: 6416:"China's marine protected area system: Evolution, challenges, and new prospects" 5236:"Establishing Resilient Marine Protected Area Networks — Making It Happen, 2008" 1358:' by 2020. As of June 2016, approximately 3% of Manx waters were protected as a 1047:) and which sets this 10% goal to a later date (2020). In 2017, the UN held the 1027:

Effective conservation of 10% of each of the world's ecological regions by 2010.

10156: 10076: 10066: 10036: 9966: 9898: 9759: 9688: 9602: 9251: 9231: 9211: 9186: 9136: 9067: 9057: 9017: 8957: 8920: 8813: 6824: 5785: 5519: 5502: 5428: 5221: 4767: 4729: 4700: 4628: 4590: 4506: 4349: 2039: 2006:

in the United States to 1,510,000 square kilometres (580,000 sq mi).

1971: 1871: 1842: 1838: 1671: 1628: 1612: 1576: 1487: 1123: 915: 891: 740: 676: 526: 395: 321: 278: 243: 154: 141: 52: 34: 20: 9308: 8154:

Wilson, Kristen L.; Tittensor, Derek P.; Worm, Boris; Lotze, Heike K. (2020).

8124: 8024: 6190: 6173: 5636:

National and Regional Networks of Marine Protected Areas: A Review of Progress

5575: 5370: 5179:"Foreign and Commonwealth Office, New Protection for Marine Life, April, 2010" 4958: 4465:—the resistance of the system to natural disaster, such as a tsunami or flood. 1492:

Establish an ecologically coherent network of marine protected areas by 2012.

87:

There are a number of global examples of large marine conservation areas. The

10247: 10151: 10031: 10011: 10001: 9779: 9774: 9678: 9441: 9339: 9309: 9196: 9181: 9166: 9042: 8486:

National and Regional Networks of Marine Protected Areas:A Review of Progress

8422: 8375: 8318: 8253: 8187: 8156:"Incorporating climate change adaptation into marine protected area planning" 8132: 8090: 8032: 7570: 7519: 7510: 7493: 7473: 7035: 6913: 6871: 6666: 6561: 6505: 6447: 6273: 5528: 5286: 4841: 4808:"Reassessing the value of nursery areas to shark conservation and management" 4728:

Administration, US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric.

4598: 4576: 4368: 4357: 2149: 1985:

The United Kingdom is also creating marine protected reserves around several

1729: 1497: 981:

By 2006 complete an area system gap analysis at national and regional levels.

907: 433: 274: 135: 8414: 8244: 7972:"WikiLeaks reveals U.S., British use marine reserves as tool of imperialism" 7846: 7796: 7745: 7694: 7455: 6762:"'Great Blue Wall' aims to ward off looming threats to western Indian Ocean" 5954:"Managing our Natural Wealth: The Isle of Man's First Biodiversity Strategy" 5702: 5681: 5394:"Joint-Value Creation Between Marine Protected Areas and the Private Sector" 406:, marine reserves allow for low-risk removals to sustain local communities. 10091: 10051: 9981: 9261: 9176: 9156: 9102: 9012: 8982: 8791: 8326: 8271: 8195: 7854: 7804: 7753: 7702: 7672: 7634: 7616: 6862: 6005: 5111: 4518: 4372: 2120: 2076: 1801: 1776: 1563: 1457: 881:

To be truly representative of the ocean and its range of marine resources,

870: 798:. This sanctuary includes both national and international waters. Both the 791: 270: 178: 96: 8286: 8109:"The potential impacts of global climate change on marine protected areas" 8108: 987:

By 2009 designate the protected areas identified through the gap analysis.

723:

system can develop considerable economic benefits for communities through

10181: 10166: 10136: 9908: 9514: 9426: 9276: 9256: 9241: 9226: 9221: 9171: 8952: 8871: 8631: 5727:"The World Has Two Years to Meet Marine Protection Goal. Can It Be Done?" 4633: 4530: 4502: 1922: 1831: 1784:

actions via the state Department of Fish and Game to establish new MPAs.

1772: 1717: 1437: 1397: 1349: 752: 744: 708: 445:, are zoned and allow activities such as fishing only in low risk areas. 438: 173:"Marine protected area (MPA)" is a term for protected areas that include 99:

passed the Marae Moana Act designating the whole of the country's marine

77: 68: 24: 8549:

Australian Government, Department of the Environment and Water Resources

8057:

McLeod, Elizabeth; Salm, Rodney; Green, Alison; Almany, Jeanine (2009).

7649:"Improving ocean protection with the first marine protected areas guide" 5703:"United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Decision VII/15" 5682:"United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Decision VII/28" 4324: 1152:

20% of the marine ecosystem protected for fishery replenishment by 2010.

10171: 10106: 9948: 9933: 9738: 9446: 9236: 9216: 8454:"Fines to rogue fishermen fall and illegal fishing escapes prosecution" 8220:"Marine reserves can mitigate and promote adaptation to climate change" 7593:"A Global Deal For Nature: Guiding principles, milestones, and targets" 7221: 7050:"Conservationists call for UK to create world's largest marine reserve" 6892:"Marine Protected Areas 2020: Building Effective Conservation Networks" 5987: 5275:"Papahānaumokuākea (Expansion) Marine National Monument, United States" 4617: 2127: 2109: 1850: 1797: 1667: 1656: 1501: 1377: 1273: 1246: 1217:

to be marine conservation or protected areas by 2025, and 30% by 2030.

1171: 895: 704: 348: 262: 215:

biodiversity enjoys a higher level of protection than its surroundings.

9381: 8179: 8058: 7464: 6172:

Wooda, Louisa J.; Fisha, Lucy; Laughrena, Josh; Pauly, Daniel (2008).

6157: 5792:. Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources 4570: 1735:

Mexico designed a Marine Strategy that goes from the years 2018–2021.

1631:

region (in 3D) is encompassed by the "Islands in the Stream" proposal.

994: 546:

program that promotes "a balanced relationship between humans and the

10186: 10101: 9943: 9708: 9673: 9286: 9266: 8625: 7534:"COP15: Final text of Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework" 7004: 6365:

Marine & Coastal Areas under Protection: Republic of South Africa

4910:"Conserve and Sustainably Use the Oceans, Seas, and Marine Resources" 4881:"Obama's Hawaii marine conservation area is just a drop in the ocean" 2131: 1812: 1684: 1636: 1608: 1603: 1362:, with additional areas subject to seasonal or temporary protection. 1326: 1165: 1133: 776: 760: 692: 547: 254: 131: 9831: 8516:"Safe Harbors for our Future: An Overview of Marine Protected Areas" 8310: 6946: 5499: 1853:. The member states had to define NATURA 2000 areas at sea in their 1301:

38% of water managed by the marine protected network. (no set date)

858:

social goals and designs need greater research and policy support".

564:

While "area" refers to a single contiguous location, terms such as "

259:

Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources

10176: 10146: 9558: 9092: 9082: 9032: 8082: 7477: 6990: 6474:"Marine protected area networks in China: Challenges and prospects" 4459:—protection for all of the local environment's biological processes 4333: 2098: 1477: 899: 810: 442: 266: 8859: 8621: 7676:"The MPA Guide: A framework to achieve global goals for the ocean" 6858:"Marine life worse off inside 'protected' areas, analysis reveals" 6308:

Mann-Lang, Judy; Mann, Bruce; Sink, Kerry, eds. (September 2018).

6020:"Global Ocean Protection: Present Status and Future Possibilities" 5743: 5045:. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 8 September 2012 1936: 1060: 1023:

The UN later endorsed another decision, Decision VII/15, in 2006:

363:, based on management objectives and four broad governance types. 307:

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Marine Protected Area

10161: 10116: 10086: 10056: 9754: 9723: 9653: 9553: 9087: 8902: 6912:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

1875: 1867: 1640: 1623: 1447: 1367: 1306: 1296: 1254: 1185: 1147: 866: 748: 736: 478: 223:

to refer to protected areas on the Great Lakes of North America.

64: 8482: 8340:

Erm, Philip; Balmford, Andrew; Holden, Matthew H. (2023-08-01).

7921: 6602: 6394: 5832: 5620: 5598:"Ocean Governance: Who Owns the Ocean? | Heinrich Böll Stiftung" 5112:"Areas of Biodiversity Importance: Marine Protected Areas, 2010" 5043:"When is a Marine Protected Area really a Marine Protected Area" 4613:

Eco hotels as funding vehicles for marine protection initiatives

4418:

MPAs can be an effective tool to maintain fish populations; see

235:

to establish marine protected areas at over 200 nautical miles.

10141: 8589: 7559:"Cop15: historic deal struck to halt biodiversity loss by 2030" 7196:"Pitcairn Islands to get world's largest single marine reserve" 2087: 2065: 1890: 1744: 1208: 1178: 1159: 543: 403: 250: 92: 44:

Marine protected areas as of November 2022 (data from MPAtlas).

7828:"Coral reefs and the global network of Marine Protected Areas" 5721: 5719: 4332:

are a marine protected area, roughly six miles from Road Bay,

1759: 8001:"Climate change threatens the world's marine protected areas" 6374:(Report). Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP and WIOMSA. pp. 133–166. 5424:"How Marine Protected Areas Can Pay for Their Own Protection" 5251:"Marine Protected Areas and the Concept of Fisheries Refugia" 1748: 1417: 1222: 1199: 1081: 756: 619: 580:" is more often used to refer to an individual MPA, whereas " 399: 341: 60: 5969: 5746:"Assessing real progress towards effective ocean protection" 5109: 337:

A totally marine area with no significant terrestrial parts.

6088:

10.1890/1051-0761(2003)013[0117:TIOMRD]2.0.CO;2

5716: 4443: 1644: 1427: 1316: 1283: 1232: 803: 486: 372: 220: 8388: 8216: 7998: 7152:"World's Largest Single Marine Reserve Created in Pacific" 6811:

Marine Peace Parks in the Mediterranean. 2011. Briand, F.

6630: 6041:"UN (2010) Millennium Development Goals Report – Addendum" 4987: 4806:

Kinney, Michael John; Simpfendorfer, Colin Ashley (2009).

2150:

Marine protected areas as percentage of territorial waters

1889:

WWF together with other partners proposed the creation of

6969:"Protecting and sustainably using the marine environment" 6927:"Supertrawlers 'making a mockery' of UK's protected seas" 6787:"Marine Protected Areas Conserve Mediterranean Red Coral" 1743:

Governments in the "South Pacific network" (ranging from

505:

Limited active management, as with protected landscapes.

219:

An apparently unique extension of the meaning is used by

56: 16:

Protected areas of seas, oceans, estuaries or large lakes

8915: 8287:"Policy: Marine biodiversity needs more than protection" 8153: 7589: 7490: 7339: 6335:"Marine Protected Areas and South Africa: Key takeaways" 6171: 5812:"CCAMLR to create world's largest Marine Protected Area" 5133:"CCAMLR to create world's largest Marine Protected Area" 4959:"Goal 14 .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform" 1958:

There are a number of marine protected areas around the

1290:

30% of water managed by marine protected areas by 2020.

576:" that group MPAs are not always consistently employed." 8606: 7100:"Chagos Marine Reserve, British Indian Ocean Territory" 6897:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2020 5786:"Protection of the South Orkney Islands southern shelf" 5154: 4673: 1913:

United States National System of Marine Protected Areas

962: 7421: 1583:

for conservation of marine and coastal areas, and the

8547: 8056: 7441: 7392:"Marine protected areas % of territorial waters" 4649:

Specially Protected Areas of Mediterranean Importance

1032:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

975:

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

655:(ASC) etc. which each provide specific restrictions. 477:

Established to protect a certain species, to benefit

333:

Several types of compliant MPA can be distinguished:

8514:

Smith, D.; Miller, K.A. (2003). Norton, S.F. (ed.).

7357: 5344: 5342: 5340: 5338: 5336: 4988:"How Much of the Ocean Is Really Protected in 2020?" 4566: 4426:

impacted commercial fishermen in surrounding areas.

6219:(10177). Pretoria: Government Printer. 23 May 2019. 4805: 1921:As of June 2020, 26% of U.S. waters (including the 663:Stressors that affect oceans include the impact of 91:, is situated in the central Pacific Ocean, around 7557:Greenfield, Patrick; Weston, Phoebe (2022-12-19). 6813:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239940856 6759: 6123: 6121: 5553: 5543:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329810761 1763:Cliffs in Hawaii overlooking central Pacific Ocean 1611:region; the UNEP–defined region also includes the 1432:Marine protected area system established by 2015. 796:Pelagos Sanctuary for Mediterranean Marine Mammals 8617:(WDPA), and many regional and national databases. 8339: 6307: 5333: 4914:Geosciences and the Sustainable Development Goals 4471:—maintaining population links across nearby MPAs. 2023: 1800:designates two new marine protected areas in the 836: 10245: 7819: 7556: 6527: 5924:"The Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD)" 4907: 1587:(CBD) Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020 1558:are in an area of coastline or ocean within the 1516: 1356:other effective area-based conservation measures 558:certain criteria for the definition of "Wetland" 313:protected according to the MPA Guide Framework. 9729:International Seafood Sustainability Foundation 9355:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 8224:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 7245: 7243: 6699:"Seychelles designates huge new marine reserve" 6118: 5846:"Reaching Canada's marine conservation targets" 4778:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 1980: 1937:United Kingdom and British Overseas Territories 1931:Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument 1067:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1061:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 623:Hawaiian waves crashing against rocks on shore. 303:Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument 8771:International Union for Conservation of Nature 7926:International Union for Conservation of Nature 7384: 7144: 1071: 943:International Union for Conservation of Nature 184:Other definitions by the IUCN include (2010): 151:International Union for Conservation of Nature 9847: 8887: 8647: 6598: 6596: 6594: 6592: 5348: 1966:in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, and 1946:. Result of those negotiations might replace 7278:"Tristan's Marine Protection Zone Announced" 7240: 6576:"Summary Report for MPAs in the Philippines" 5037: 5035: 4752:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4505:deported from their homeland in 1965 by the 2163:MPA in % of territorial waters in 2022 1944:trade negotiations between the EU and the UK 1154:20% of coastal and marine habitats by 2015. 918:and the governance of UN bodies such as the 831:Community involvement and related approaches 305:, Coral Sea Commonwealth Marine Reserve and 9505:List of commercially important fish species 9350:Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing 8513: 7653:Institut de Recherche pour le Développement 7418:"Marine Protected Areas Government Website" 7345: 7222:"Ascension Island to become marine reserve" 7128:. Chagos Conservation Trust. Archived from 7102:. Marine Reserves Coalition. Archived from 6681:"Seychelles starts 'Britain-sized' reserve" 6413: 5886: 5110:Marine Protected Areas (MPA) (2010-10-15). 4542: 1039:The 10% conservation goal is also found in 9854: 9840: 8901: 8894: 8880: 8852: 8661: 8654: 8640: 7182:"Pitcairn Islands get huge marine reserve" 6855: 6589: 6471: 4796:National Geographic Magazine, January 2011 4727: 2084:Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument 2004:Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument 1927:Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument 759:(which may confuse the guidance system of 751:. Other restrictions may limit the use of 632:Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument 89:Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument 8365: 8261: 8243: 7624: 7509: 7463: 6656: 6189: 6156: 5995: 5769: 5518: 5032: 4831: 4382:Such data can then be used for assessing 2134:in the Netherlands, Germany, and Denmark. 2106:Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary 1482:10% of marine area by 2010; 20% by 2020. 914:" and subject to regulations such as the 285:of Australia and overseas territories of 9477:Regional fishery management organisation 8442:(Thesis thesis). ResearchSpace@Auckland. 8435: 8063:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 7915: 7723: 7410: 7251:"Ascension Island Marine Protected Area" 6472:Li, Yunzhou; Fluharty, David L. (2017). 6362: 6127: 6012: 5065:"Marine protected areas, why have them?" 4323: 2029: 1758: 1662:Two networks are under development, the 1622: 1602: 1422:30% of nearby marine ecosystem by 2020. 1412:30% of nearby marine ecosystem by 2020. 1392:30% of nearby marine ecosystem by 2020. 1321:30% of nearby marine ecosystem by 2020. 1311:25% of nearby marine resources by 2020. 993: 936: 809: 713:Resources at Risk: Philippine Coral Reef 671:, and changes to the ocean's chemistry ( 618: 347:Marine ecosystems that contain land and 320: 130: 39: 8489:. Master Evaluation for the UN Effort. 8284: 8102: 8100: 8052: 8050: 7994: 7992: 7025: 6388: 6073: 5826: 5614: 5453:. Unep-Wcmc. 2011-01-18. Archived from 4951: 4654:United States National Marine Sanctuary 1917:United States National Marine Sanctuary 1462:10% of exclusive economic zone by 2020 1452:Creation of MPA network. (no set date) 951:World Summit on Sustainable Development 721:United States National Marine Sanctuary 80:. In some situations (such as with the 10246: 8620:Marine protected areas - viewable via 7948:"Clarifying misconceptions about MPAs" 7774: 7394:. The World Bank. 2022. Archived from 6947:"Marine Protected Areas around the UK" 6739:"Global launch of the Great Blue Wall" 6409: 6407: 6405: 6403: 6310:"Fact sheet 3: Marine Protected Areas" 5934:from the original on 26 September 2024 5916: 5904:from the original on 26 September 2024 5852:. Government of Canada. 20 August 2019 5218:"Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands" 5092:. Federalregister.gov. 3 February 2011 2141:, which encompasses 100% the island's 2139:Ascension Island Marine Protected Area 1619:proposal, and the Caribbean challenge. 1556:marine protected areas of South Africa 1549:Marine protected areas of South Africa 1538:Marine protected areas of South Africa 608:for national and regional levels. The 9861: 9835: 9307: 8914: 8875: 8635: 8113:Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 7420:. Mpa.gov. 2012-05-07. Archived from 7007:. Joint Nature Conservation Committee 6760:Malavika Vyawahare (6 January 2022). 6523: 6521: 6519: 6517: 6515: 6467: 6465: 5632: 5478:. Protectedplanet.net. Archived from 5421: 5403:. Center for Development and Strategy 5326: 5324: 4903: 4901: 4695: 4693: 1278:30% of shoreline ecosystems by 2020. 1128:20% of reefs to be protected by 2010 1080:to limit large-scale exploitation of 9360:United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement 8838: 8491:World Conservation Monitoring Centre 8106: 8097: 8047: 7989: 6884: 5248: 4379:) could also be used and developed. 2040:Bowie Seamount Marine Protected Area 1825: 1615:. This region is encompassed by the 1598: 876: 604:" on a global level, while adopting 586:World Conservation Monitoring Centre 518:Sustainable use of natural resources 376:Protected Area Management Categories 9929:Oceanic physical-biological process 9535:Future of Marine Animal Populations 9412:Fishery Resources Monitoring System 9402:Monitoring control and surveillance 8560:. Canberra: Australian Government. 6400: 4620:: marine areas rich in biodiversity 4433: 1402:20% of marine environment by 2010. 1268:20% of marine and coastal by 2020. 1103: 717:Center for Development and Strategy 685:effects of climate change on oceans 489:, or to protect entire ecosystems. 13: 7538:Convention on Biological Diversity 7444:IMA Journal of Applied Mathematics 7275: 7005:"Marine Protected Areas in the UK" 6993:. UK Marine Protected Areas Centre 6779: 6615:"Mexico Marine Strategy 2018-2021" 6512: 6462: 5391: 5321: 5067:. IUCN. 2010-02-01. Archived from 5017:. IUCN. 2008-11-04. Archived from 4898: 4701:"What is a marine protected area?" 4690: 4551: 4360:, pop-up archival satellite tags, 1585:Convention on Biological Diversity 1142:19 marine protected areas by 2010 1055: 1045:Convention on Biological Diversity 971:Convention on Biological Diversity 598:Convention on Biological Diversity 529:categories include the following; 485:, as spawning/nursing grounds for 316: 204:Convention on Biological Diversity 14: 10295: 9734:Sea Shepherd Conservation Society 9467:National Marine Fisheries Service 9462:European Fisheries Control Agency 8615:World Database on Protected Areas 8582: 7360:"Managing Marine Protected Areas" 6856:Carrington, Damian (2018-12-20). 6719:. Mongabay. Ecowatch. 14 May 2021 5197:"Man and the Biosphere Programme" 4524: 4495: 4475: 1953: 1581:Sustainable Development Goal 14.5 1571:South Africa, and one is off the 819:Seasonal and temporary management 208:marine and coastal protected area 9380: 9126: 8943:Population dynamics of fisheries 8858: 8851: 8837: 8827: 8826: 8670:Marine protected areas by nation 8588: 8446: 8429: 8382: 8333: 8278: 8210: 8147: 7940: 7903: 7900:National Geographic. April 2007. 7890: 7877:"Marine Protected Areas (Innri)" 7869: 7768: 7717: 7666: 7641: 7583: 7550: 7526: 7484: 7478:http://hdl.handle.net/10613/2741 7435: 7351: 7318: 6971:. UK Government. 30 January 2015 6907: 5476:"Asinara Natural Marine Reserve" 5451:"Marine Protected Area Networks" 5422:Noone, Greg (22 December 2021). 4833:10.1111/j.1755-263X.2008.00046.x 4597: 4583: 4569: 1906: 1884:Mediterranean Science Commission 1874:and Scandola, off the island of 1738: 1724: 1664:Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System 1617:Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System 1536:This section is an excerpt from 1372:20% of marine habitats by 2020. 1237:22% of land habitat, including: 351:components only. For example, a 9664:Aquaculture Stewardship Council 9520:Environmental impact of fishing 7294: 7269: 7214: 7174: 7118: 7092: 7068: 7042: 7030:. No. 73, 180. p. 6. 7019: 6983: 6961: 6939: 6919: 6849: 6831: 6817: 6805: 6753: 6731: 6709: 6691: 6673: 6658:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2012.08.015 6624: 6607: 6568: 6554:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2013.02.007 6260:www.marineprotectedareas.org.za 6223: 6198: 6165: 6094: 6067: 6058: 6033: 5963: 5946: 5864: 5838: 5804: 5778: 5737: 5695: 5674: 5653: 5626: 5590: 5547: 5535: 5493: 5468: 5443: 5415: 5300: 5267: 5242: 5228: 5210: 5189: 5171: 5147: 5125: 5103: 5082: 5057: 5004: 4980: 4969:from the original on 2019-04-12 4509:as part of the creation of the 4396:Sustainable Development Goal 14 3988:St. Vincent and the Grenadines 2062:Ligurian Sea Cetacean Sanctuary 1960:coastline of the United Kingdom 1787: 1530: 1049:United Nations Ocean Conference 1041:Sustainable Development Goal 14 1018: 961:The Evian agreement, signed by 474:Habitat/species management area 105:large marine conservation areas 9638:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 8998:Otolith microchemical analysis 8677:List of marine protected areas 6637:Ocean & Coastal Management 6534:Ocean & Coastal Management 6137:Marine Ecology Progress Series 4873: 4848: 4799: 4790: 4760: 4721: 4666: 4511:British Indian Ocean Territory 4401: 4346:geographic information systems 2095:Phoenix Islands Protected Area 2051:Great Barrier Reef Marine Park 2024:Notable marine protected areas 1711: 1468:St. Vincent and the Grenadines 933:, such as those in Australia. 920:International Seabed Authority 848:Marine Protected Area Networks 837:Marine Protected Area Networks 269:. Other large MPAs are in the 261:agreed to establish the first 126: 82:Phoenix Islands Protected Area 1: 10203:Ecological values of mangrove 9633:European Environmental Agency 9623:Grey nurse shark conservation 9530:Destructive fishing practices 9028:Pop-up satellite archival tag 8611:Marine Conservation Institute 7257:. Ascension Island Government 6235:dffeportal.environment.gov.za 6043:. Mdgs.un.org. Archived from 5649:– via Internet Archive. 5283:Marine Conservation Institute 4963:sustainabledevelopment.un.org 4659: 4319: 1517:Regional and national efforts 1472:20% of marine areas by 2020. 1442:10% fully protected by 2020. 1227:29% of marine areas by 2017. 843:Marine Protected Area Network 730: 719:found that programs like the 458:Natural monuments or features 299:Natural Park of the Coral Sea 10223:Marine conservation activism 10208:Fisheries and climate change 9613:Marine conservation activism 9063:Climate change and fisheries 8367:10.1016/j.biocon.2023.110049 6498:10.1016/j.marpol.2017.08.001 6440:10.1016/j.marpol.2019.103780 6213:Regulation Gazette No. 42478 5771:10.1016/j.marpol.2018.02.004 4922:10.1007/978-3-030-38815-7_14 4624:Important marine mammal area 4490: 4344:Managers and scientists use 2117:Chagos Marine Protected Area 1994:Chagos Marine Protected Area 1987:British Overseas Territories 1981:British Overseas Territories 1942:is an object to the ongoing 1792:In exchange for some of its 698: 658: 653:area of special conservation 647:(SAC), the United Kingdom's 644:Special Area of Conservation 600:, the agency agreed to use " 361:categories of protected area 206:defined the broader term of 7: 7498:Frontiers in Marine Science 5874:. Codex Verde. 25 June 2023 5507:Frontiers in Marine Science 5308:"Marine Conservation Zones" 4730:"What is a marine protect?" 4562: 1072:The Antarctic Treaty System 945:(IUCN) General Assembly in 725:Public–private partnerships 10: 10300: 9659:Marine Stewardship Council 9452:EU Common Fisheries Policy 8776:World Wide Fund for Nature 8609:- an online tool from the 8475: 8436:Van Dort, Rebekah (2023). 8395:Journal of Applied Ecology 8285:Hilborn, Ray (July 2016). 8107:Soto, Cristina G. (2002). 7358:North Sea Marine Cluster. 6825:"The association – MedPAN" 6231:"Protected Areas Register" 5520:10.3389/fmars.2023.1099579 3878:Sint Maarten (Dutch part) 3188:Korea, Dem. People's Rep. 2073:Dry Tortugas National Park 1910: 1897:A 2018 study published in 1659:are the best represented. 1535: 1193:American crocodile nesting 1064: 931:Indigenous Protected Areas 840: 675:) resulting from elevated 226: 32: 18: 10195: 10075: 9965: 9869: 9813:Glossary of fishery terms 9808:Index of fishing articles 9798: 9747: 9646: 9590: 9525:Fishing down the food web 9500:Maximum sustainable yield 9487: 9389: 9378: 9332: 9328: 9303: 9135: 9124: 9058:Match/mismatch hypothesis 8931: 8927: 8910: 8822: 8784: 8759: 8669: 8539:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 8025:10.1038/s41558-018-0149-2 7898:"Saving the Sea's Bounty" 7076:"The Blue Belt programme" 6342:www.nairobiconvention.org 6191:10.1017/S003060530800046X 6128:Mora, C; Sale, P (2011). 5633:Wells, S. (23 May 2018). 5576:10.1080/08920750902851146 5371:10.1007/s00338-007-0235-9 4674:"Marine Protection Atlas" 4148:Turks and Caicos Islands 3978:St. Martin (French part) 3618:Northern Mariana Islands 2528:Central African Republic 2044:coast of British Columbia 1964:Marine Conservation Zones 1562:(EEZ) of the Republic of 1525: 1382:100,000 km by 2012. 1333:200,000 km by 2020. 1331:100,000 km by 2010. 649:marine conservation zones 10097:Coastal biogeomorphology 9699:Save Our Seas Foundation 9432:Individual fishing quota 9407:Vessel monitoring system 9053:Hydrographic containment 7511:10.3389/fmars.2019.00373 6741:. IUCN. 10 November 2021 6281:"Marine Protected Areas" 4768:"Marine Protected Areas" 4543:Displaced fishing effort 4515:leaked diplomatic cables 1690: 1240:15% of the insular shelf 783:regulates these limits. 773:exclusive economic zones 681:greenhouse gas emissions 639:specially protected area 283:exclusive economic zones 10047:Paradox of the plankton 9345:Exclusive economic zone 9023:GIS and aquatic science 8978:Standard weight in fish 8607:Marine Protection Atlas 8603:by Project Regeneration 8415:10.1111/1365-2664.14595 8346:Biological Conservation 8245:10.1073/pnas.1701262114 8125:10.1023/A:1020364409616 7911:Vol. 6 No. 1, July 2004 7847:10.1126/science.1125295 7797:10.1126/science.1085046 7746:10.1126/science.1085706 7695:10.1126/science.abf0861 7346:Smith & Miller 2003 7126:"Chagos Marine Reserve" 6076:Ecological Applications 5310:. Naturalengland.org.uk 4644:Special Protection Area 4639:Marine spatial planning 4536:sea surface temperature 4529:Oceans are the primary 4413: 2428:British Virgin Islands 2398:Bosnia and Herzegovina 2143:Exclusive Economic Zone 1948:Common Fisheries Policy 1855:Exclusive Economic Zone 1796:being written off, the 1677: 1560:exclusive economic zone 1012:sustainable development 967:environmental protocols 715:. A 2016 report by the 637:Related terms include; 101:exclusive economic zone 10284:Marine protected areas 9894:Large marine ecosystem 9574:Turtle excluder device 9247:Shoaling and schooling 8833:Marine protected areas 8663:Marine protected areas 8601:Marine Protected Areas 8595:Marine protected areas 7937: 7617:10.1126/sciadv.aaw2869 7365:. NSMC. Archived from 6620:. HP Foundation. 2018. 6344:. WIOSAP Project. 2021 6256:"Protecting the ocean" 6022:. Iucn.org. 2010-11-23 5602:Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung 4773:National Ocean Service 4341: 4268:Virgin Islands (U.S.) 3808:São Tomé and Príncipe 3438:Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 2064:in the seas of Italy, 2034: 1968:Marine Protected Areas 1835:ecological MPA network 1806:The Nature Conservancy 1764: 1702:ecological restoration 1647:, and the majority of 1632: 1620: 1288:30% of reefs by 2015. 1043:(which is part of the 1037: 1016: 1002: 959: 924:cover very large areas 815: 735:Typical MPAs restrict 624: 594: 330: 249:On 28 October 2016 in 217: 200: 191: 167: 146: 110:As areas of protected 49:Marine protected areas 45: 10233:Marine protected area 10027:Marine larval ecology 9977:Census of Marine Life 9598:Marine protected area 9472:Regional fishery body 9098:Census of Marine Life 8993:Catch per unit effort 8809:Marine protected area 8160:Global Change Biology 8005:Nature Climate Change 7960:on February 15, 2013. 7933: 7456:10.1093/imamat/hxq043 7255:www.ascension.gov.ac/ 6949:. The Wildlife Trusts 6363:Fielding, P. (2021). 5663:. Protectedplanet.net 5661:"Bunaken Marine Park" 5114:. Biodiversitya-z.org 4734:oceanservice.noaa.gov 4705:oceanservice.noaa.gov 4513:(BIOT). According to 4390:, clarifications and 4367:, acoustic data, and 4327: 4188:United Arab Emirates 4038:Syrian Arab Republic 3018:Hong Kong SAR, China 2033: 1911:Further information: 1841:included MPAs in the 1775:Conservation Park in 1762: 1626: 1606: 1573:Prince Edward Islands 1408:North Mariana Islands 1360:Marine Nature Reserve 1087:Antarctic Convergence 1025: 1004: 999:Bunaken National Park 997: 955: 937:International efforts 813: 665:extractive industries 622: 590: 540:Man and the Biosphere 391:Strict nature reserve 324: 212: 195: 186: 159: 134: 43: 10022:Marine invertebrates 10017:Marine bacteriophage 9992:Deep sea communities 9437:Minimum landing size 9397:Fisheries management 9372:Magnuson–Stevens Act 9367:Fisheries Convention 9118:Fisheries scientists 8597:at Wikimedia Commons 7398:on 25 September 2024 7184:. BBC. 18 March 2015 5976:Conservation Biology 5639:. UNEP-WCMC / UNEP. 4812:Conservation Letters 4108:Trinidad and Tobago 3958:St. Kitts and Nevis 2218:Antigua and Barbuda 1186:Manatee distribution 1179:turtle nesting sites 1098:South Orkney Islands 912:international waters 788:international waters 584:" is defined by the 165:and cultural values. 10259:Marine conservation 10218:Marine conservation 10132:Intertidal wetlands 9919:Ocean fertilization 9714:Defying Ocean's End 9618:Salmon conservation 9608:Marine conservation 9548:The End of the Line 9541:The Sunken Billions 9510:Sustainable seafood 9495:Sustainable fishery 9108:Fisheries databases 9038:Age class structure 9008:Fisheries acoustics 8797:Marine biodiversity 8762:marine conservation 8407:2024JApEc..61..621E 8358:2023BCons.28410049E 8303:2016Natur.535..224H 8236:2017PNAS..114.6167R 8172:2020GCBio..26.3251W 8075:2009FrEE....7..362M 8017:2018NatCC...8..499B 7841:(5781): 1750–1751. 7789:2003Sci...301..929H 7738:2003Sci...301..955P 7609:2019SciA....5.2869D 7156:National Geographic 6687:. 22 February 2018. 6649:2013OCM....74....3K 6546:2013OCM....76....1M 6490:2017MarPo..85....8L 6432:2020MarPo.11503780H 6149:2011MEPS..434..251M 5762:2018MarPo..91...11S 5568:2009CoasM..37..274L 5363:2007CorRe..26.1047C 5224:on August 13, 2011. 4824:2009ConL....2...53K 4408:ocean acidification 4278:West Bank and Gaza 3768:Russian Federation 3068:Iran, Islamic Rep. 2718:Dominican Republic 1340:Republic of Ireland 953:in 2002 called for 883:marine conservation 679:levels, due to our 673:ocean acidification 534:World Heritage Site 359:IUCN offered seven 138:, New Zealand is a 120:Marine conservation 112:marine biodiversity 29:marine conservation 10127:Intertidal ecology 10122:Hydrothermal vents 9884:Iron fertilization 9803:Outline of fishing 9422:Fisheries observer 9073:Aquatic ecosystems 8520:Diving for Science 7689:(6560): eabf0861. 7328:. Conservation.org 7056:. 15 February 2015 6206:"MPA Declarations" 6114:on March 24, 2012. 5988:10.1111/cobi.13340 5556:Coastal Management 4605:Environment portal 4355:aerial photography 4342: 2758:Equatorial Guinea 2438:Brunei Darussalam 2035: 1765: 1633: 1621: 1264:Dominican Republic 1003: 816: 769:territorial waters 625: 502:Protected seascape 331: 327:Chagos Archipelago 175:marine environment 163:ecosystem services 147: 67:or in the US, the 46: 10274:Fisheries science 10241: 10240: 10112:Davidson Seamount 10062:Seashore wildlife 10042:Marine vertebrate 9997:Deep sea creature 9863:Marine ecosystems 9829: 9828: 9825: 9824: 9821: 9820: 9785:Threatened sharks 9684:Ocean Conservancy 9669:Friend of the Sea 9299: 9298: 9295: 9294: 9207:Lobster fisheries 9152:Diversity of fish 8948:Shifting baseline 8917:Fisheries science 8869: 8868: 8593:Media related to 8297:(7611): 224–226. 8230:(24): 6167–6175. 8180:10.1111/gcb.15094 7924:, p. 17 The 7922:Wells et al. 2008 7783:(5635): 929–933. 7732:(5635): 955–958. 7282:www.tristandc.com 7276:Grundy, Richard. 7162:on March 21, 2015 6603:Wells et al. 2008 6395:Wells et al. 2008 6381:978-9976-5619-0-6 6285:www.saambr.org.za 6158:10.3354/meps09214 5850:www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca 5833:Wells et al. 2008 5733:on March 3, 2018. 5621:Wells et al. 2008 4931:978-3-030-38814-0 4384:marine protection 4340:of the Caribbean. 4330:Prickly Pear Cays 4317: 4316: 3678:Papua New Guinea 3398:Marshall Islands 3328:Macao SAR, China 2848:French Polynesia 2738:Egypt, Arab Rep. 2598:Congo, Dem. Rep. 1847:Mediterranean Sea 1826:Mediterranean Sea 1637:Greater Caribbean 1599:Greater Caribbean 1513:positive impact. 1510: 1509: 1035: 1008:biodiversity loss 877:Future approaches 825:Multiple-use MPAs 523: 522: 240:1992 Earth Summit 153:(IUCN) defines a 10291: 10228:Marine pollution 10177:Seagrass meadows 10007:Deep-water coral 9904:Marine ecosystem 9856: 9849: 9842: 9833: 9832: 9765:Marine pollution 9569:Cetacean bycatch 9564:Incidental catch 9384: 9330: 9329: 9305: 9304: 9272:Humboldt current 9130: 9048:Trophic cascades 8988:Data storage tag 8973:Fish measurement 8968:Stock assessment 8929: 8928: 8912: 8911: 8896: 8889: 8882: 8873: 8872: 8862: 8855: 8854: 8841: 8840: 8830: 8829: 8804:Marine ecoregion 8656: 8649: 8642: 8633: 8632: 8622:Protected Planet 8592: 8577: 8575: 8574: 8559: 8544: 8538: 8530: 8528: 8527: 8510: 8508: 8507: 8469: 8468: 8466: 8465: 8450: 8444: 8443: 8433: 8427: 8426: 8386: 8380: 8379: 8369: 8337: 8331: 8330: 8282: 8276: 8275: 8265: 8247: 8214: 8208: 8207: 8166:(6): 3251–3267. 8151: 8145: 8144: 8104: 8095: 8094: 8054: 8045: 8044: 7996: 7987: 7986: 7984: 7983: 7968: 7962: 7961: 7959: 7953:. Archived from 7952: 7944: 7938: 7919: 7913: 7907: 7901: 7896:Warne, Kennedy. 7894: 7888: 7887: 7881: 7873: 7867: 7866: 7832: 7823: 7817: 7816: 7772: 7766: 7765: 7721: 7715: 7714: 7680: 7670: 7664: 7663: 7661: 7659: 7645: 7639: 7638: 7628: 7597:Science Advances 7587: 7581: 7580: 7578: 7577: 7554: 7548: 7547: 7545: 7544: 7530: 7524: 7523: 7513: 7488: 7482: 7481: 7467: 7439: 7433: 7432: 7430: 7429: 7414: 7408: 7407: 7405: 7403: 7388: 7382: 7381: 7379: 7377: 7371: 7364: 7355: 7349: 7343: 7337: 7336: 7334: 7333: 7322: 7316: 7315: 7313: 7312: 7298: 7292: 7291: 7289: 7288: 7273: 7267: 7266: 7264: 7262: 7247: 7238: 7237: 7235: 7233: 7228:. 3 January 2016 7218: 7212: 7211: 7209: 7207: 7193: 7191: 7189: 7178: 7172: 7171: 7169: 7167: 7148: 7142: 7141: 7139: 7137: 7122: 7116: 7115: 7113: 7111: 7096: 7090: 7089: 7087: 7086: 7072: 7066: 7065: 7063: 7061: 7046: 7040: 7039: 7023: 7017: 7016: 7014: 7012: 7002: 7000: 6998: 6987: 6981: 6980: 6978: 6976: 6965: 6959: 6958: 6956: 6954: 6943: 6937: 6936: 6923: 6917: 6911: 6910: 6906: 6904: 6902: 6896: 6888: 6882: 6881: 6879: 6878: 6853: 6847: 6846: 6835: 6829: 6828: 6821: 6815: 6809: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6798: 6783: 6777: 6776: 6774: 6772: 6757: 6751: 6750: 6748: 6746: 6735: 6729: 6728: 6726: 6724: 6713: 6707: 6706: 6695: 6689: 6688: 6677: 6671: 6670: 6660: 6628: 6622: 6621: 6619: 6611: 6605: 6600: 6587: 6586: 6580: 6572: 6566: 6565: 6525: 6510: 6509: 6469: 6460: 6459: 6411: 6398: 6392: 6386: 6385: 6369: 6360: 6354: 6353: 6351: 6349: 6339: 6331: 6325: 6324: 6322: 6320: 6314: 6305: 6296: 6295: 6293: 6291: 6277: 6271: 6270: 6268: 6266: 6252: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6227: 6221: 6220: 6210: 6202: 6196: 6195: 6193: 6169: 6163: 6162: 6160: 6134: 6125: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6107:. Archived from 6106: 6098: 6092: 6091: 6071: 6065: 6062: 6056: 6055: 6053: 6052: 6037: 6031: 6030: 6028: 6027: 6016: 6010: 6009: 5999: 5982:(6): 1350–1359. 5967: 5961: 5960: 5958: 5950: 5944: 5943: 5941: 5939: 5920: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5909: 5890: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5868: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5842: 5836: 5830: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5808: 5802: 5801: 5799: 5797: 5782: 5776: 5775: 5773: 5741: 5735: 5734: 5729:. Archived from 5723: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5710: 5699: 5693: 5692: 5690: 5689: 5678: 5672: 5671: 5669: 5668: 5657: 5651: 5650: 5630: 5624: 5618: 5612: 5611: 5609: 5608: 5594: 5588: 5587: 5551: 5545: 5539: 5533: 5532: 5522: 5497: 5491: 5490: 5488: 5487: 5472: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5462: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5419: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5408: 5398: 5389: 5383: 5382: 5346: 5331: 5328: 5319: 5318: 5316: 5315: 5304: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5294: 5285:. Archived from 5271: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5256:. Archived from 5255: 5246: 5240: 5239: 5232: 5226: 5225: 5220:. Archived from 5214: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5204: 5193: 5187: 5186: 5185:on June 5, 2011. 5181:. Archived from 5175: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5165: 5151: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5129: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5119: 5107: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5097: 5086: 5080: 5079: 5077: 5076: 5061: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5039: 5030: 5029: 5027: 5026: 5016: 5008: 5002: 5001: 4999: 4998: 4984: 4978: 4977: 4975: 4974: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4947: 4946: 4905: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4892: 4877: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4867: 4862:. 26 August 2016 4852: 4846: 4845: 4835: 4803: 4797: 4794: 4788: 4787: 4785: 4784: 4764: 4758: 4757: 4751: 4743: 4741: 4740: 4725: 4719: 4718: 4713: 4711: 4697: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4684: 4670: 4607: 4602: 4601: 4593: 4588: 4587: 4586: 4579: 4574: 4573: 4457:Representability 4434:Success criteria 4420:refuge (ecology) 4313: 4303: 4293: 4283: 4273: 4263: 4253: 4243: 4233: 4223: 4213: 4203: 4193: 4183: 4173: 4163: 4153: 4143: 4133: 4123: 4113: 4103: 4093: 4083: 4073: 4063: 4053: 4043: 4033: 4023: 4013: 4003: 3993: 3983: 3973: 3963: 3953: 3943: 3933: 3923: 3913: 3908:Solomon Islands 3903: 3893: 3888:Slovak Republic 3883: 3873: 3863: 3853: 3843: 3833: 3823: 3813: 3803: 3793: 3783: 3773: 3763: 3753: 3743: 3733: 3723: 3713: 3703: 3693: 3683: 3673: 3663: 3653: 3643: 3633: 3623: 3613: 3608:North Macedonia 3603: 3593: 3583: 3573: 3563: 3553: 3543: 3533: 3523: 3513: 3503: 3493: 3483: 3473: 3463: 3453: 3443: 3433: 3423: 3413: 3403: 3393: 3383: 3373: 3363: 3353: 3343: 3333: 3323: 3313: 3303: 3293: 3283: 3273: 3263: 3253: 3243: 3233: 3228:Kyrgyz Republic 3223: 3213: 3203: 3193: 3183: 3173: 3163: 3153: 3143: 3133: 3123: 3113: 3103: 3093: 3083: 3073: 3063: 3053: 3043: 3033: 3023: 3013: 3003: 2993: 2983: 2973: 2963: 2953: 2943: 2933: 2923: 2913: 2903: 2893: 2883: 2873: 2863: 2853: 2843: 2833: 2823: 2813: 2803: 2793: 2783: 2773: 2763: 2753: 2743: 2733: 2723: 2713: 2703: 2693: 2683: 2673: 2663: 2653: 2643: 2633: 2623: 2613: 2603: 2593: 2583: 2573: 2563: 2553: 2548:Channel Islands 2543: 2533: 2523: 2513: 2503: 2493: 2483: 2473: 2463: 2453: 2443: 2433: 2423: 2413: 2403: 2393: 2383: 2373: 2363: 2353: 2343: 2333: 2323: 2313: 2303: 2293: 2283: 2273: 2263: 2253: 2243: 2233: 2223: 2213: 2203: 2193: 2183: 2173: 2157: 2156: 2018:Tristan da Cunha 2011:Ascension Island 1999:Pitcairn Islands 1863:Corallium rubrum 1820:IUCN category IV 1388:Marshall Islands 1112: 1111: 1104:National Targets 1078:Antarctic Treaty 1029: 669:marine pollution 366: 365: 116:marine resources 73:marine resources 10299: 10298: 10294: 10293: 10292: 10290: 10289: 10288: 10264:Protected areas 10254:Marine reserves 10244: 10243: 10242: 10237: 10191: 10157:Marine habitats 10078: 10071: 9987:Coral reef fish 9968: 9961: 9924:Ocean turbidity 9914:Ocean chemistry 9889:Iron Hypothesis 9865: 9860: 9830: 9817: 9794: 9790:Threatened rays 9770:Mercury in fish 9743: 9642: 9628:Shark sanctuary 9586: 9483: 9417:Catch reporting 9385: 9376: 9324: 9291: 9197:Krill fisheries 9162:Coral reef fish 9147:Ocean fisheries 9138: 9131: 9122: 8963:Condition index 8934: 8923: 8906: 8900: 8870: 8865: 8818: 8780: 8763: 8761: 8755: 8665: 8660: 8585: 8580: 8572: 8570: 8568: 8557: 8532: 8531: 8525: 8523: 8505: 8503: 8501: 8478: 8473: 8472: 8463: 8461: 8452: 8451: 8447: 8434: 8430: 8387: 8383: 8338: 8334: 8311:10.1038/535224a 8283: 8279: 8215: 8211: 8152: 8148: 8105: 8098: 8055: 8048: 7997: 7990: 7981: 7979: 7970: 7969: 7965: 7957: 7950: 7946: 7945: 7941: 7920: 7916: 7908: 7904: 7895: 7891: 7879: 7875: 7874: 7870: 7830: 7824: 7820: 7773: 7769: 7722: 7718: 7678: 7671: 7667: 7657: 7655: 7647: 7646: 7642: 7603:(4): eaaw2869. 7588: 7584: 7575: 7573: 7555: 7551: 7542: 7540: 7532: 7531: 7527: 7489: 7485: 7440: 7436: 7427: 7425: 7416: 7415: 7411: 7401: 7399: 7390: 7389: 7385: 7375: 7373: 7369: 7362: 7356: 7352: 7344: 7340: 7331: 7329: 7324: 7323: 7319: 7310: 7308: 7300: 7299: 7295: 7286: 7284: 7274: 7270: 7260: 7258: 7249: 7248: 7241: 7231: 7229: 7220: 7219: 7215: 7205: 7203: 7202:. 18 March 2015 7194: 7187: 7185: 7180: 7179: 7175: 7165: 7163: 7150: 7149: 7145: 7135: 7133: 7124: 7123: 7119: 7109: 7107: 7106:on 2 April 2015 7098: 7097: 7093: 7084: 7082: 7074: 7073: 7069: 7059: 7057: 7048: 7047: 7043: 7024: 7020: 7010: 7008: 7003: 6996: 6994: 6989: 6988: 6984: 6974: 6972: 6967: 6966: 6962: 6952: 6950: 6945: 6944: 6940: 6935:. 11 June 2020. 6932:TheGuardian.com 6925: 6924: 6920: 6908: 6900: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6889: 6885: 6876: 6874: 6854: 6850: 6837: 6836: 6832: 6823: 6822: 6818: 6810: 6806: 6796: 6794: 6785: 6784: 6780: 6770: 6768: 6758: 6754: 6744: 6742: 6737: 6736: 6732: 6722: 6720: 6715: 6714: 6710: 6697: 6696: 6692: 6679: 6678: 6674: 6629: 6625: 6617: 6613: 6612: 6608: 6601: 6590: 6578: 6574: 6573: 6569: 6526: 6513: 6470: 6463: 6412: 6401: 6393: 6389: 6382: 6367: 6361: 6357: 6347: 6345: 6337: 6333: 6332: 6328: 6318: 6316: 6312: 6306: 6299: 6289: 6287: 6279: 6278: 6274: 6264: 6262: 6254: 6253: 6249: 6239: 6237: 6229: 6228: 6224: 6208: 6204: 6203: 6199: 6170: 6166: 6132: 6126: 6119: 6111: 6104: 6102:"No Take Areas" 6100: 6099: 6095: 6072: 6068: 6063: 6059: 6050: 6048: 6039: 6038: 6034: 6025: 6023: 6018: 6017: 6013: 5968: 5964: 5956: 5952: 5951: 5947: 5937: 5935: 5922: 5921: 5917: 5907: 5905: 5892: 5891: 5887: 5877: 5875: 5870: 5869: 5865: 5855: 5853: 5844: 5843: 5839: 5831: 5827: 5817: 5815: 5810: 5809: 5805: 5795: 5793: 5784: 5783: 5779: 5742: 5738: 5725: 5724: 5717: 5708: 5706: 5701: 5700: 5696: 5687: 5685: 5680: 5679: 5675: 5666: 5664: 5659: 5658: 5654: 5647: 5631: 5627: 5619: 5615: 5606: 5604: 5596: 5595: 5591: 5552: 5548: 5540: 5536: 5498: 5494: 5485: 5483: 5474: 5473: 5469: 5460: 5458: 5449: 5448: 5444: 5434: 5432: 5420: 5416: 5406: 5404: 5396: 5392:Harary, David. 5390: 5386: 5357:(4): 1047–056. 5347: 5334: 5329: 5322: 5313: 5311: 5306: 5305: 5301: 5292: 5290: 5273: 5272: 5268: 5260: 5253: 5247: 5243: 5234: 5233: 5229: 5216: 5215: 5211: 5202: 5200: 5195: 5194: 5190: 5177: 5176: 5172: 5163: 5161: 5153: 5152: 5148: 5138: 5136: 5131: 5130: 5126: 5117: 5115: 5108: 5104: 5095: 5093: 5088: 5087: 5083: 5074: 5072: 5063: 5062: 5058: 5048: 5046: 5041: 5040: 5033: 5024: 5022: 5014: 5010: 5009: 5005: 4996: 4994: 4986: 4985: 4981: 4972: 4970: 4957: 4956: 4952: 4944: 4942: 4932: 4906: 4899: 4890: 4888: 4879: 4878: 4874: 4865: 4863: 4854: 4853: 4849: 4804: 4800: 4795: 4791: 4782: 4780: 4766: 4765: 4761: 4745: 4744: 4738: 4736: 4726: 4722: 4709: 4707: 4699: 4698: 4691: 4682: 4680: 4672: 4671: 4667: 4662: 4603: 4596: 4589: 4584: 4582: 4575: 4568: 4565: 4554: 4552:Other critiques 4545: 4527: 4498: 4493: 4478: 4436: 4416: 4404: 4392:standardization 4338:Leeward Islands 4322: 4311: 4301: 4291: 4281: 4271: 4261: 4251: 4241: 4231: 4221: 4211: 4201: 4198:United Kingdom 4191: 4181: 4171: 4161: 4151: 4141: 4131: 4121: 4111: 4101: 4091: 4081: 4071: 4061: 4051: 4041: 4031: 4021: 4011: 4001: 3991: 3981: 3971: 3961: 3951: 3941: 3931: 3921: 3911: 3901: 3891: 3881: 3871: 3861: 3851: 3841: 3831: 3821: 3811: 3801: 3791: 3781: 3771: 3761: 3751: 3741: 3731: 3721: 3711: 3701: 3691: 3681: 3671: 3661: 3651: 3641: 3631: 3621: 3611: 3601: 3591: 3581: 3571: 3561: 3551: 3541: 3531: 3521: 3511: 3501: 3491: 3481: 3471: 3461: 3451: 3441: 3431: 3421: 3411: 3401: 3391: 3381: 3371: 3361: 3351: 3341: 3331: 3321: 3311: 3301: 3291: 3281: 3271: 3261: 3251: 3241: 3231: 3221: 3211: 3201: 3191: 3181: 3171: 3161: 3151: 3141: 3131: 3121: 3111: 3101: 3091: 3081: 3071: 3061: 3051: 3041: 3031: 3021: 3011: 3001: 2991: 2981: 2971: 2961: 2951: 2941: 2931: 2921: 2911: 2901: 2891: 2881: 2871: 2861: 2851: 2841: 2831: 2821: 2811: 2801: 2791: 2781: 2771: 2761: 2751: 2741: 2731: 2721: 2711: 2701: 2691: 2681: 2671: 2661: 2651: 2641: 2631: 2621: 2611: 2601: 2591: 2581: 2571: 2561: 2551: 2541: 2531: 2521: 2518:Cayman Islands 2511: 2501: 2491: 2481: 2471: 2461: 2451: 2441: 2431: 2421: 2411: 2401: 2391: 2381: 2371: 2361: 2351: 2341: 2331: 2321: 2311: 2301: 2291: 2281: 2271: 2261: 2251: 2241: 2231: 2221: 2211: 2201: 2191: 2188:American Samoa 2181: 2171: 2152: 2026: 1983: 1956: 1939: 1919: 1909: 1828: 1790: 1753:Lima convention 1741: 1727: 1714: 1693: 1680: 1649:Central America 1601: 1596: 1595: 1589:Aichi Target 11 1552: 1551: 1550: 1544: 1541: 1533: 1528: 1519: 1153: 1138:South Australia 1118:Plan of action 1106: 1074: 1069: 1063: 1058: 1056:Global treaties 1034:Decision VII/15 1028: 1021: 939: 898:systems, ocean 879: 845: 839: 733: 701: 661: 514: 504: 498: 476: 470: 460: 454: 437: 429: 419:Wilderness area 415: 393: 387: 353:mangrove forest 319: 317:Classifications 279:Atlantic Oceans 233:sovereign state 229: 129: 55:of the world's 53:protected areas 38: 31: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10297: 10287: 10286: 10281: 10276: 10271: 10266: 10261: 10256: 10239: 10238: 10236: 10235: 10230: 10225: 10220: 10215: 10210: 10205: 10199: 10197: 10193: 10192: 10190: 10189: 10184: 10179: 10174: 10169: 10164: 10159: 10154: 10149: 10144: 10139: 10134: 10129: 10124: 10119: 10114: 10109: 10104: 10099: 10094: 10089: 10083: 10081: 10073: 10072: 10070: 10069: 10067:Wild fisheries 10064: 10059: 10054: 10049: 10044: 10039: 10037:Marine reptile 10034: 10029: 10024: 10019: 10014: 10009: 10004: 9999: 9994: 9989: 9984: 9979: 9973: 9971: 9963: 9962: 9960: 9959: 9951: 9946: 9941: 9939:Thorson's rule 9936: 9931: 9926: 9921: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9901: 9899:Marine biology 9896: 9891: 9886: 9881: 9875: 9873: 9867: 9866: 9859: 9858: 9851: 9844: 9836: 9827: 9826: 9823: 9822: 9819: 9818: 9816: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9799: 9796: 9795: 9793: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9772: 9767: 9762: 9760:Fish slaughter 9757: 9751: 9749: 9748:Related issues 9745: 9744: 9742: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9701: 9696: 9691: 9689:Ocean Outcomes 9686: 9681: 9676: 9671: 9666: 9661: 9656: 9650: 9648: 9644: 9643: 9641: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9603:Marine reserve 9600: 9594: 9592: 9588: 9587: 9585: 9584: 9576: 9571: 9566: 9561: 9556: 9551: 9544: 9537: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9502: 9497: 9491: 9489: 9488:Sustainability 9485: 9484: 9482: 9481: 9480: 9479: 9469: 9464: 9459: 9454: 9449: 9444: 9439: 9434: 9429: 9424: 9419: 9414: 9409: 9404: 9399: 9393: 9391: 9387: 9386: 9379: 9377: 9375: 9374: 9369: 9364: 9363: 9362: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9336: 9334: 9326: 9325: 9318:sustainability 9301: 9300: 9297: 9296: 9293: 9292: 9290: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9252:Marine habitat 9249: 9244: 9239: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9219: 9214: 9212:Shrimp fishery 9209: 9204: 9202:Kelp fisheries 9199: 9194: 9189: 9187:Crab fisheries 9184: 9179: 9174: 9169: 9164: 9159: 9154: 9149: 9143: 9141: 9133: 9132: 9125: 9123: 9121: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9068:Marine biology 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9018:Coded wire tag 9015: 9010: 9005: 9000: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8960: 8958:Fish mortality 8955: 8950: 8945: 8939: 8937: 8925: 8924: 8921:wild fisheries 8908: 8907: 8905:science topics 8899: 8898: 8891: 8884: 8876: 8867: 8866: 8864: 8863: 8856: 8849: 8842: 8835: 8823: 8820: 8819: 8817: 8816: 8814:Protected area 8811: 8806: 8801: 8800: 8799: 8788: 8786: 8782: 8781: 8779: 8778: 8773: 8767: 8765: 8757: 8756: 8754: 8753: 8752: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8721: 8720: 8719: 8712:United Kingdom 8709: 8704: 8699: 8698: 8697: 8692: 8684: 8679: 8673: 8671: 8667: 8666: 8659: 8658: 8651: 8644: 8636: 8630: 8629: 8618: 8604: 8598: 8584: 8583:External links 8581: 8579: 8578: 8567:978-0642553522 8566: 8545: 8511: 8499: 8493:The Americas. 8479: 8477: 8474: 8471: 8470: 8445: 8428: 8401:(4): 621–632. 8381: 8332: 8277: 8209: 8146: 8119:(3): 181–195. 8096: 8083:10.1890/070211 8069:(7): 362–370. 8046: 8011:(6): 499–503. 7988: 7976:Embassy London 7963: 7939: 7930:protected area 7914: 7902: 7889: 7868: 7818: 7767: 7716: 7665: 7640: 7582: 7549: 7525: 7483: 7450:(2): 312–325. 7434: 7409: 7383: 7372:on 30 May 2013 7350: 7338: 7317: 7293: 7268: 7239: 7213: 7173: 7143: 7132:on 5 July 2012 7117: 7091: 7067: 7041: 7018: 6982: 6960: 6938: 6918: 6883: 6848: 6843:www.wwfmmi.org 6830: 6816: 6804: 6793:. May 11, 2010 6778: 6752: 6730: 6708: 6690: 6672: 6623: 6606: 6588: 6567: 6511: 6461: 6399: 6387: 6380: 6355: 6326: 6297: 6272: 6247: 6222: 6197: 6184:(3): 340–351. 6164: 6117: 6093: 6066: 6057: 6032: 6011: 5962: 5945: 5915: 5885: 5863: 5837: 5825: 5803: 5790:www.ccamlr.org 5777: 5736: 5715: 5694: 5673: 5652: 5645: 5625: 5613: 5589: 5546: 5534: 5492: 5467: 5442: 5429:Hakai Magazine 5414: 5384: 5332: 5320: 5299: 5266: 5263:on 2022-03-07. 5241: 5227: 5209: 5188: 5170: 5146: 5124: 5102: 5081: 5056: 5031: 5003: 4979: 4950: 4930: 4897: 4872: 4847: 4798: 4789: 4759: 4720: 4689: 4664: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4657: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4629:Law of the sea 4626: 4621: 4615: 4609: 4608: 4594: 4591:Ecology portal 4580: 4564: 4561: 4553: 4550: 4544: 4541: 4526: 4525:Climate change 4523: 4497: 4496:Land use right 4494: 4492: 4489: 4477: 4476:Misconceptions 4474: 4473: 4472: 4466: 4460: 4454: 4435: 4432: 4415: 4412: 4403: 4400: 4350:remote sensing 4321: 4318: 4315: 4314: 4309: 4305: 4304: 4299: 4295: 4294: 4289: 4285: 4284: 4279: 4275: 4274: 4269: 4265: 4264: 4259: 4255: 4254: 4249: 4248:Venezuela, RB 4245: 4244: 4239: 4235: 4234: 4229: 4225: 4224: 4219: 4215: 4214: 4209: 4208:United States 4205: 4204: 4199: 4195: 4194: 4189: 4185: 4184: 4179: 4175: 4174: 4169: 4165: 4164: 4159: 4155: 4154: 4149: 4145: 4144: 4139: 4135: 4134: 4129: 4125: 4124: 4119: 4115: 4114: 4109: 4105: 4104: 4099: 4095: 4094: 4089: 4085: 4084: 4079: 4075: 4074: 4069: 4065: 4064: 4059: 4055: 4054: 4049: 4045: 4044: 4039: 4035: 4034: 4029: 4025: 4024: 4019: 4015: 4014: 4009: 4005: 4004: 3999: 3995: 3994: 3989: 3985: 3984: 3979: 3975: 3974: 3969: 3965: 3964: 3959: 3955: 3954: 3949: 3945: 3944: 3939: 3935: 3934: 3929: 3925: 3924: 3919: 3915: 3914: 3909: 3905: 3904: 3899: 3895: 3894: 3889: 3885: 3884: 3879: 3875: 3874: 3869: 3865: 3864: 3859: 3855: 3854: 3849: 3845: 3844: 3839: 3835: 3834: 3829: 3825: 3824: 3819: 3815: 3814: 3809: 3805: 3804: 3799: 3795: 3794: 3789: 3785: 3784: 3779: 3775: 3774: 3769: 3765: 3764: 3759: 3755: 3754: 3749: 3745: 3744: 3739: 3735: 3734: 3729: 3725: 3724: 3719: 3715: 3714: 3709: 3705: 3704: 3699: 3695: 3694: 3689: 3685: 3684: 3679: 3675: 3674: 3669: 3665: 3664: 3659: 3655: 3654: 3649: 3645: 3644: 3639: 3635: 3634: 3629: 3625: 3624: 3619: 3615: 3614: 3609: 3605: 3604: 3599: 3595: 3594: 3589: 3585: 3584: 3579: 3575: 3574: 3569: 3565: 3564: 3559: 3558:New Caledonia 3555: 3554: 3549: 3545: 3544: 3539: 3535: 3534: 3529: 3525: 3524: 3519: 3515: 3514: 3509: 3505: 3504: 3499: 3495: 3494: 3489: 3485: 3484: 3479: 3475: 3474: 3469: 3465: 3464: 3459: 3455: 3454: 3449: 3445: 3444: 3439: 3435: 3434: 3429: 3425: 3424: 3419: 3415: 3414: 3409: 3405: 3404: 3399: 3395: 3394: 3389: 3385: 3384: 3379: 3375: 3374: 3369: 3365: 3364: 3359: 3355: 3354: 3349: 3345: 3344: 3339: 3335: 3334: 3329: 3325: 3324: 3319: 3315: 3314: 3309: 3305: 3304: 3299: 3298:Liechtenstein 3295: 3294: 3289: 3285: 3284: 3279: 3275: 3274: 3269: 3265: 3264: 3259: 3255: 3254: 3249: 3245: 3244: 3239: 3235: 3234: 3229: 3225: 3224: 3219: 3215: 3214: 3209: 3205: 3204: 3199: 3195: 3194: 3189: 3185: 3184: 3179: 3175: 3174: 3169: 3165: 3164: 3159: 3155: 3154: 3149: 3145: 3144: 3139: 3135: 3134: 3129: 3125: 3124: 3119: 3115: 3114: 3109: 3105: 3104: 3099: 3095: 3094: 3089: 3085: 3084: 3079: 3075: 3074: 3069: 3065: 3064: 3059: 3055: 3054: 3049: 3045: 3044: 3039: 3035: 3034: 3029: 3025: 3024: 3019: 3015: 3014: 3009: 3005: 3004: 2999: 2995: 2994: 2989: 2985: 2984: 2979: 2978:Guinea-Bissau 2975: 2974: 2969: 2965: 2964: 2959: 2955: 2954: 2949: 2945: 2944: 2939: 2935: 2934: 2929: 2925: 2924: 2919: 2915: 2914: 2909: 2905: 2904: 2899: 2895: 2894: 2889: 2885: 2884: 2879: 2875: 2874: 2869: 2865: 2864: 2859: 2855: 2854: 2849: 2845: 2844: 2839: 2835: 2834: 2829: 2825: 2824: 2819: 2815: 2814: 2809: 2808:Faroe Islands 2805: 2804: 2799: 2795: 2794: 2789: 2785: 2784: 2779: 2775: 2774: 2769: 2765: 2764: 2759: 2755: 2754: 2749: 2745: 2744: 2739: 2735: 2734: 2729: 2725: 2724: 2719: 2715: 2714: 2709: 2705: 2704: 2699: 2695: 2694: 2689: 2685: 2684: 2679: 2675: 2674: 2669: 2665: 2664: 2659: 2655: 2654: 2649: 2645: 2644: 2639: 2635: 2634: 2629: 2628:Côte d'Ivoire 2625: 2624: 2619: 2615: 2614: 2609: 2605: 2604: 2599: 2595: 2594: 2589: 2585: 2584: 2579: 2575: 2574: 2569: 2565: 2564: 2559: 2555: 2554: 2549: 2545: 2544: 2539: 2535: 2534: 2529: 2525: 2524: 2519: 2515: 2514: 2509: 2505: 2504: 2499: 2495: 2494: 2489: 2485: 2484: 2479: 2475: 2474: 2469: 2465: 2464: 2459: 2455: 2454: 2449: 2445: 2444: 2439: 2435: 2434: 2429: 2425: 2424: 2419: 2415: 2414: 2409: 2405: 2404: 2399: 2395: 2394: 2389: 2385: 2384: 2379: 2375: 2374: 2369: 2365: 2364: 2359: 2355: 2354: 2349: 2345: 2344: 2339: 2335: 2334: 2329: 2325: 2324: 2319: 2315: 2314: 2309: 2305: 2304: 2299: 2295: 2294: 2289: 2285: 2284: 2279: 2275: 2274: 2269: 2265: 2264: 2259: 2255: 2254: 2249: 2245: 2244: 2239: 2235: 2234: 2229: 2225: 2224: 2219: 2215: 2214: 2209: 2205: 2204: 2199: 2195: 2194: 2189: 2185: 2184: 2179: 2175: 2174: 2169: 2165: 2164: 2161: 2151: 2148: 2147: 2146: 2135: 2130:bordering the 2124: 2113: 2102: 2091: 2080: 2069: 2058: 2047: 2025: 2022: 1982: 1979: 1972:Richard Benyon 1955: 1954:United Kingdom 1952: 1938: 1935: 1908: 1905: 1895: 1894: 1887: 1872:Carry-le-Rouet 1843:North Atlantic 1839:European Union 1827: 1824: 1789: 1786: 1751:) adopted the 1740: 1737: 1726: 1723: 1713: 1710: 1692: 1689: 1679: 1676: 1672:Gulf of Mexico 1629:Gulf of Mexico 1613:Gulf of Mexico 1600: 1597: 1577:Southern Ocean 1548: 1547: 1546: 1542: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1518: 1515: 1508: 1507: 1504: 1494: 1493: 1490: 1488:United Kingdom 1484: 1483: 1480: 1474: 1473: 1470: 1464: 1463: 1460: 1454: 1453: 1450: 1444: 1443: 1440: 1434: 1433: 1430: 1424: 1423: 1420: 1414: 1413: 1410: 1404: 1403: 1400: 1394: 1393: 1390: 1384: 1383: 1380: 1374: 1373: 1370: 1364: 1363: 1352: 1346: 1345: 1342: 1336: 1335: 1329: 1323: 1322: 1319: 1313: 1312: 1309: 1303: 1302: 1299: 1293: 1292: 1286: 1280: 1279: 1276: 1270: 1269: 1266: 1260: 1259: 1258: 1257: 1250: 1249: 1242: 1241: 1235: 1229: 1228: 1225: 1219: 1218: 1211: 1205: 1204: 1200:breeding areas 1162: 1156: 1155: 1150: 1144: 1143: 1140: 1130: 1129: 1126: 1124:American Samoa 1120: 1119: 1116: 1105: 1102: 1073: 1070: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1020: 1017: 992: 991: 988: 985: 982: 938: 935: 916:Law of the Sea 908:abyssal plains 904:ocean plateaus 892:ocean trenches 878: 875: 865:, Belize, the 841:Main article: 838: 835: 781:law of the sea 747:mining and/or 732: 729: 700: 697: 677:carbon dioxide 660: 657: 562: 561: 551: 537: 527:protected area 521: 520: 515: 510: 507: 506: 499: 494: 491: 490: 471: 466: 463: 462: 455: 450: 447: 446: 430: 425: 422: 421: 416: 411: 408: 407: 396:marine reserve 388: 383: 380: 379: 370: 357: 356: 345: 338: 318: 315: 291:United Kingdom 244:Rio de Janeiro 228: 225: 155:protected area 145:(Category Ia). 142:marine reserve 128: 125: 35:protected area 21:Marine reserve 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10296: 10285: 10282: 10280: 10279:Fisheries law 10277: 10275: 10272: 10270: 10267: 10265: 10262: 10260: 10257: 10255: 10252: 10251: 10249: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10219: 10216: 10214: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10201: 10200: 10198: 10194: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10178: 10175: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10152:Marine biomes 10150: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10105: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10092:Black smokers 10090: 10088: 10085: 10084: 10082: 10080: 10074: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10050: 10048: 10045: 10043: 10040: 10038: 10035: 10033: 10032:Marine mammal 10030: 10028: 10025: 10023: 10020: 10018: 10015: 10013: 10012:Demersal fish 10010: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10002:Deep sea fish 10000: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9974: 9972: 9970: 9964: 9958: 9956: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9876: 9874: 9872: 9868: 9864: 9857: 9852: 9850: 9845: 9843: 9838: 9837: 9834: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9800: 9797: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9780:Shark finning 9778: 9776: 9775:Shark culling 9773: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9753: 9752: 9750: 9746: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9704:Sea Around Us 9702: 9700: 9697: 9695: 9692: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9680: 9679:Seafood Watch 9677: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9665: 9662: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9651: 9649: 9645: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9595: 9593: 9589: 9583: 9581: 9580:Shrimp-Turtle 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9549: 9545: 9543: 9542: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9492: 9490: 9486: 9478: 9475: 9474: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9443: 9442:Pulse fishing 9440: 9438: 9435: 9433: 9430: 9428: 9425: 9423: 9420: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9405: 9403: 9400: 9398: 9395: 9394: 9392: 9388: 9383: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9365: 9361: 9358: 9357: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9340:Fisheries law 9338: 9337: 9335: 9331: 9327: 9323: 9319: 9315: 9311: 9310:Fisheries law 9306: 9302: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9192:Eel fisheries 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9182:Cod fisheries 9180: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9167:Demersal fish 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9144: 9142: 9140: 9134: 9129: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9043:Trophic level 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8940: 8938: 8936: 8930: 8926: 8922: 8918: 8913: 8909: 8904: 8897: 8892: 8890: 8885: 8883: 8878: 8877: 8874: 8861: 8857: 8850: 8848: 8847: 8843: 8836: 8834: 8825: 8824: 8821: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8798: 8795: 8794: 8793: 8790: 8789: 8787: 8783: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8768: 8766: 8764:organisations 8760:International 8758: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8726: 8725: 8724:United States 8722: 8718: 8715: 8714: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8687: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8674: 8672: 8668: 8664: 8657: 8652: 8650: 8645: 8643: 8638: 8637: 8634: 8627: 8623: 8619: 8616: 8612: 8608: 8605: 8602: 8599: 8596: 8591: 8587: 8586: 8569: 8563: 8556: 8555: 8550: 8546: 8542: 8536: 8521: 8517: 8512: 8502: 8500:9789280729757 8496: 8492: 8488: 8487: 8481: 8480: 8459: 8455: 8449: 8441: 8440: 8432: 8424: 8420: 8416: 8412: 8408: 8404: 8400: 8396: 8392: 8385: 8377: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8359: 8355: 8351: 8347: 8343: 8336: 8328: 8324: 8320: 8316: 8312: 8308: 8304: 8300: 8296: 8292: 8288: 8281: 8273: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8255: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8237: 8233: 8229: 8225: 8221: 8213: 8205: 8201: 8197: 8193: 8189: 8185: 8181: 8177: 8173: 8169: 8165: 8161: 8157: 8150: 8142: 8138: 8134: 8130: 8126: 8122: 8118: 8114: 8110: 8103: 8101: 8092: 8088: 8084: 8080: 8076: 8072: 8068: 8064: 8060: 8053: 8051: 8042: 8038: 8034: 8030: 8026: 8022: 8018: 8014: 8010: 8006: 8002: 7995: 7993: 7977: 7973: 7967: 7956: 7949: 7943: 7936: 7931: 7927: 7923: 7918: 7912: 7906: 7899: 7893: 7885: 7878: 7872: 7864: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7844: 7840: 7836: 7829: 7822: 7814: 7810: 7806: 7802: 7798: 7794: 7790: 7786: 7782: 7778: 7771: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7751: 7747: 7743: 7739: 7735: 7731: 7727: 7720: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7700: 7696: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7677: 7669: 7654: 7650: 7644: 7636: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7618: 7614: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7598: 7594: 7586: 7572: 7568: 7564: 7560: 7553: 7539: 7535: 7529: 7521: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7487: 7479: 7475: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7457: 7453: 7449: 7445: 7438: 7424:on 2012-06-06 7423: 7419: 7413: 7397: 7393: 7387: 7368: 7361: 7354: 7347: 7342: 7327: 7321: 7307: 7303: 7297: 7283: 7279: 7272: 7256: 7252: 7246: 7244: 7227: 7223: 7217: 7201: 7197: 7183: 7177: 7161: 7157: 7153: 7147: 7131: 7127: 7121: 7105: 7101: 7095: 7081: 7077: 7071: 7055: 7051: 7045: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7022: 7006: 6992: 6986: 6970: 6964: 6948: 6942: 6934: 6933: 6928: 6922: 6915: 6914:public domain 6893: 6887: 6873: 6869: 6865: 6864: 6859: 6852: 6844: 6840: 6834: 6826: 6820: 6814: 6808: 6792: 6791:Science Daily 6788: 6782: 6767: 6763: 6756: 6740: 6734: 6718: 6712: 6704: 6700: 6694: 6686: 6682: 6676: 6668: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6634: 6627: 6616: 6610: 6604: 6599: 6597: 6595: 6593: 6584: 6577: 6571: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6524: 6522: 6520: 6518: 6516: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6478:Marine Policy 6475: 6468: 6466: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6420:Marine Policy 6417: 6410: 6408: 6406: 6404: 6396: 6391: 6383: 6377: 6373: 6366: 6359: 6343: 6336: 6330: 6311: 6304: 6302: 6286: 6282: 6276: 6261: 6257: 6251: 6236: 6232: 6226: 6218: 6214: 6207: 6201: 6192: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6168: 6159: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6131: 6124: 6122: 6110: 6103: 6097: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6070: 6061: 6047:on 2017-09-27 6046: 6042: 6036: 6021: 6015: 6007: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5966: 5955: 5949: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5919: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5889: 5873: 5867: 5851: 5847: 5841: 5834: 5829: 5813: 5807: 5791: 5787: 5781: 5772: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5750:Marine Policy 5747: 5740: 5732: 5728: 5722: 5720: 5704: 5698: 5683: 5677: 5662: 5656: 5648: 5646:9789280729757 5642: 5638: 5637: 5629: 5622: 5617: 5603: 5599: 5593: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5562:(3): 274–90. 5561: 5557: 5550: 5544: 5538: 5530: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5496: 5482:on 2012-06-08 5481: 5477: 5471: 5457:on 2011-12-20 5456: 5452: 5446: 5431: 5430: 5425: 5418: 5402: 5395: 5388: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5337: 5327: 5325: 5309: 5303: 5289:on 2016-09-23 5288: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5270: 5259: 5252: 5249:UNEP (2006). 5245: 5237: 5231: 5223: 5219: 5213: 5198: 5192: 5184: 5180: 5174: 5160: 5156: 5150: 5134: 5128: 5113: 5106: 5091: 5085: 5071:on 2012-03-19 5070: 5066: 5060: 5044: 5038: 5036: 5021:on 2012-10-08 5020: 5013: 5007: 4993: 4989: 4983: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4954: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4904: 4902: 4886: 4882: 4876: 4861: 4857: 4851: 4843: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4802: 4793: 4779: 4775: 4774: 4769: 4763: 4755: 4749: 4735: 4731: 4724: 4717: 4706: 4702: 4696: 4694: 4679: 4675: 4669: 4665: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4610: 4606: 4600: 4595: 4592: 4581: 4578: 4577:Oceans portal 4572: 4567: 4560: 4557: 4549: 4540: 4537: 4532: 4522: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4488: 4485: 4482: 4470: 4467: 4464: 4461: 4458: 4455: 4452: 4449: 4448: 4447: 4445: 4441: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4421: 4411: 4409: 4399: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4380: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4369:radar imagery 4366: 4363: 4359: 4358:image capture 4356: 4351: 4347: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4326: 4310: 4307: 4306: 4300: 4297: 4296: 4290: 4287: 4286: 4280: 4277: 4276: 4270: 4267: 4266: 4260: 4257: 4256: 4250: 4247: 4246: 4240: 4237: 4236: 4230: 4227: 4226: 4220: 4217: 4216: 4210: 4207: 4206: 4200: 4197: 4196: 4190: 4187: 4186: 4180: 4177: 4176: 4170: 4167: 4166: 4160: 4157: 4156: 4150: 4147: 4146: 4140: 4138:Turkmenistan 4137: 4136: 4130: 4127: 4126: 4120: 4117: 4116: 4110: 4107: 4106: 4100: 4097: 4096: 4090: 4087: 4086: 4080: 4077: 4076: 4070: 4067: 4066: 4060: 4057: 4056: 4050: 4047: 4046: 4040: 4037: 4036: 4030: 4027: 4026: 4020: 4017: 4016: 4010: 4007: 4006: 4000: 3997: 3996: 3990: 3987: 3986: 3980: 3977: 3976: 3970: 3967: 3966: 3960: 3957: 3956: 3950: 3947: 3946: 3940: 3937: 3936: 3930: 3927: 3926: 3920: 3918:South Africa 3917: 3916: 3910: 3907: 3906: 3900: 3897: 3896: 3890: 3887: 3886: 3880: 3877: 3876: 3870: 3867: 3866: 3860: 3858:Sierra Leone 3857: 3856: 3850: 3847: 3846: 3840: 3837: 3836: 3830: 3827: 3826: 3820: 3818:Saudi Arabia 3817: 3816: 3810: 3807: 3806: 3800: 3797: 3796: 3790: 3787: 3786: 3780: 3777: 3776: 3770: 3767: 3766: 3760: 3757: 3756: 3750: 3747: 3746: 3740: 3737: 3736: 3730: 3727: 3726: 3720: 3717: 3716: 3710: 3707: 3706: 3700: 3697: 3696: 3690: 3687: 3686: 3680: 3677: 3676: 3670: 3667: 3666: 3660: 3657: 3656: 3650: 3647: 3646: 3640: 3637: 3636: 3630: 3627: 3626: 3620: 3617: 3616: 3610: 3607: 3606: 3600: 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