825:
2444:
305:
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2288:
839:
2823:
1349:
2833:
1337:
42:
703:, and that nuclear energy in breeder reactors would be able to sustain humanity for centuries. He also states that "provided world population can somehow be brought under control, we may at last have found an energy supply (uranium) adequate for our needs for at least the next few centuries of the 'foreseeable future'."
680:
between 1965, which he considered most likely, and 1970, which he considered an upper bound. At first his prediction received much criticism, for the most part because many other predictions of oil capacity had been made over the preceding half century, but these had usually been based on the
636:
767:
drop of the
Hubbert bell curve. The comparison of the cases of fisheries and of mineral extraction shows that the human pressure on the environment is causing a wide range of resources to go through a depletion cycle which mirrors the Hubbert
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Predictions of peak rates of oil and gas production, based on a consistent mathematical model which ties reserves, discovery rates, and production rates. His model remains highly influential, and has been widely applied to other finite
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510:
1227:
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reserves, and the limits these impose on rates of oil and gas production. He predicted that for any oil-producing area, whether a province, a nation, or the planet as a whole, the rate of
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2185:
685:, had not taken into account future discoveries, and had proven false. Hubbert became famous when U.S. oil production peaked in 1970 and began to decline, as he had predicted.
1314:
Eckel, Edwin, 1982, GSA Memoir 155, The
Geological Society of America — Life History of a Learned Society: Boulder, Colorado, Geological Society of America Memoir 155, 168 p.,
457:(1927) proposed a constitutive equation for absolute permeability which contains Hubbert's proposal as a factor. Hubbert (1940, 1956) also presented a force potential, denoted
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1974:
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1962:
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224:. He worked as an assistant geologist for the Amerada Petroleum Company for two years while pursuing the PhD, additionally teaching geophysics at
1234:
2221:
888:
328:. This demonstration explained the observed results that the Earth's crust deforms over time. He also studied the flow of underground fluids.
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752:
1137:, Presented before the Spring Meeting of the Southern District, American Petroleum Institute, Plaza Hotel, San Antonio, Texas, March 7–9, 1956
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286:, and served as secretary of education in that organization. Hubert died on October 11, 1989, at the age of 86 while receiving treatment for
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1258:
778:
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232:. He joined the Shell Oil Company in 1943, retiring from that firm in 1964. After he retired from Shell, he became a senior research
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Hubbert explaining some aspects of worldwide peak oil. 1976 video clip of M King
Hubbert speaking about fossil fuel depletion
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631:{\displaystyle \Phi =\int _{Pref}^{P}{\frac {dP}{\rho (P)}}-gz\implies \nabla \Phi _{h}={\frac {1}{\rho }}\nabla P-g\nabla z}
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144:(October 5, 1903 – October 11, 1989) was an American geologist and geophysicist. He worked at the
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1980:
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In 1974, Hubbert projected that global oil production would peak in 1995 "if current trends continue".
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industry, as well as charting the transparently dependent price of caviar on sturgeon depletion. The
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until his retirement in 1976. He also held positions as a professor of geology and geophysics at
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Hubbert, M.K. (1956). "Darcy's Law and the Field
Equations of the Flow of Underground Fluids".
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Hubbert made several contributions to geophysics, including a mathematical demonstration that
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in 1954, being elected
President of the Society in 1962, and receiving the Society's
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759:, but the numbers of fish taken exceeded the fish's rate of recovery. The end of the
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A bell-shaped production curve, as originally suggested by M. King
Hubbert in 1956
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263:. Hubbert wrote a study course that was published without attribution called the
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ramifications. He was often referred to as "M. King
Hubbert" or "King Hubbert".
59:
331:
Based on theoretical arguments, Hubbert (1940) proposed a constitutive equation
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have been made by others as trends have fluctuated in the intervening years.
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Hubbert, M.K. (November–December 1940). "The theory of groundwater motion".
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743:: At least one researcher has attempted to perform Hubbert linearization (
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1197:"Nuclear Energy and the Fossil Fuels 'Drilling and Production Practice'"
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668:. Based on his theory, he presented a paper to the 1956 meeting of the
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838:
320:, because it is under immense pressure in large areas, should exhibit
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Hubbert's contributions to science have been summarized as follows:
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1043:
673:
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889:"M. King Hubbert, 86, Geologist; Research Changed Oil Production"
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1156:. Princeton University Press. pp. 1–13. Archived from
325:
1202:. American Petroleum Institute. p. 36. Archived from
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760:
719:
is plastic, and that the Earth's crust deforms over time.
969:"Environmental Decision Making, Science, and Technology"
695:
Hubbert believed that solar power would be a practical
453:
is a dimensionless proportionality constant. However,
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production of the reserve over time would resemble a
652:
Hubbert is best known for his studies on the size of
513:
483:
463:
439:
419:
386:
337:
3422:
Stanford
University Department of Geophysics faculty
1146:
820:
672:
in San
Antonio, Texas, which predicted that overall
939:"Interview with Dr. M. King Hubbert By Ronald Doel"
3280:Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries
3226:The Power of Community: How Cuba Survived Peak Oil
630:
496:
469:
445:
425:
405:
372:
3417:Stanford University Department of Geology faculty
3378:
2963:Oil and gas reserves and resource quantification
1153:Hubbert's Peak: The Impending World Oil Shortage
1102:
3462:Presidents of the Geological Society of America
1194:
882:
880:
413:of an underground water or oil reservoir where
156:. He made several important contributions to
2863:
2696:Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People
2318:
1407:
1098:
1096:
877:
715:Mathematical demonstration that rock in the
641:Some years later Hubbert (1956) showed that
228:. He also served as a senior analyst at the
3233:What a Way to Go: Life at the End of Empire
1066:
3437:University of California, Berkeley faculty
2870:
2856:
2325:
2311:
1414:
1400:
1093:
1015:
583:
579:
40:
3432:United States Geological Survey personnel
2670:Shell Pennsylvania Petrochemicals Complex
244:from 1963 to 1968, and as a professor at
303:
1072:
1021:
886:
14:
3379:
2794:Lennard's Carrying v Asiatic Petroleum
1257:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
734:
3260:International Renewable Energy Agency
2851:
2306:
1395:
1108:"Nuclear Energy and the Fossil Fuels"
887:Narvaez, Alfonso (October 17, 1989).
783:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
2832:
2938:Global energy crisis (2021–present)
1291:"Laherrere: Multi-Hubbert Modeling"
993:, Last updated: September 14, 2006.
785:. He was long affiliated with the
24:
2983:Renewable energy commercialization
945:. January 17, 1989. Archived from
622:
610:
588:
584:
514:
485:
464:
433:is the average grain diameter and
25:
3478:
2903:Predicting the timing of peak oil
1329:
722:Prediction of migration paths of
3452:20th-century American geologists
3163:A Crude Awakening: The Oil Crash
2911:
2831:
2822:
2821:
2442:
2286:
1347:
1335:
837:
823:
706:
1308:
1283:
1265:
1220:
1188:
1164:
1140:
809:in 1981. He also received the
674:petroleum production would peak
238:United States Geological Survey
3467:Deaths from pulmonary embolism
996:
979:
971:. May 22, 2003. Archived from
961:
931:
906:
753:Atlantic northwest cod fishery
690:Various subsequent predictions
649:of motion of a viscous fluid.
580:
564:
558:
373:{\displaystyle K_{abs}=ND^{2}}
27:American geologist (1903–1989)
13:
1:
3392:American petroleum geologists
3265:Oil Depletion Analysis Centre
2332:
1424:Geological Society of America
1195:M. King Hubbert (June 1956).
1171:"Oil, the Dwindling Treasure"
787:Geological Society of America
275:, in contrast to the current
3442:University of Chicago alumni
2877:
2650:Shell Development Emeryville
1360:M. King Hubbert Bibliography
1119:American Petroleum Institute
803:G. Unger Vetlesen Foundation
779:National Academy of Sciences
777:Hubbert was a member of the
772:
683:reserves-to-production ratio
670:American Petroleum Institute
282:Hubbert was a member of the
187:
7:
3457:People from San Saba, Texas
3255:International Energy Agency
816:
293:
10:
3483:
2789:In situ conversion process
1468:Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin
797:in 1973. He received the
380:for absolute permeability
297:
3303:
3242:
3154:
3087:
3006:
2920:
2909:
2885:
2817:
2760:
2709:
2678:
2580:
2544:
2517:Asiatic Petroleum Company
2504:
2458:
2451:
2440:
2407:
2349:
2340:
2282:
2157:
1996:
1835:
1674:
1521:Charles Doolittle Walcott
1513:
1430:
914:"retrieved August-4-2011"
497:{\displaystyle \Phi _{h}}
230:Board of Economic Warfare
112:
102:
94:
86:
67:
48:
39:
32:
2701:Wiwa v Royal Dutch Shell
2512:Anglo-Egyptian Oilfields
2481:North West Shelf Venture
1742:Walter Curran Mendenhall
1498:Benjamin Kendall Emerson
1376:American Heritage Center
1012:(1943), p41 (p50 of PDF)
870:
645:can be derived from the
265:Technocracy Study Course
257:Technocracy Incorporated
3447:Scientists from Houston
2799:Novelty Service Station
1808:Arville Irving Levorsen
1605:Arthur Philemon Coleman
1599:George Ferdinand Becker
987:"Biophysical economics"
504:, that bears his name:
406:{\displaystyle K_{abs}}
98:Geologist, geophysicist
3387:American geophysicists
3145:Twilight in the Desert
2686:Corrib gas controversy
2645:Shell Centre (Calgary)
2625:Rocky Mountain Arsenal
2610:Montreal East Refinery
2600:Hancock Whitney Center
2367:Shell Energy Australia
2182:Rob Van der Voo (2004)
1939:Konrad Bates Krauskopf
1718:Reginald Aldworth Daly
1665:William Berryman Scott
1587:Herman LeRoy Fairchild
1533:Samuel Franklin Emmons
1527:Newton Horace Winchell
1372:M. King Hubbert papers
1352:Quotations related to
853:Bioeconomics (biology)
647:Navier–Stokes equation
632:
498:
471:
447:
427:
407:
374:
309:
200:, where he received a
176:(a basic component of
3407:Penrose Medal winners
3285:Post Carbon Institute
3049:James Howard Kunstler
3014:Albert Allen Bartlett
2893:Fossil fuel phase-out
2384:Shell Gas & Power
2245:Jonathan Price (2015)
2204:Judith Totman Parrish
2106:Robert D. Hatcher Jr.
1867:Walter Hermann Bucher
1730:William Henry Collins
1724:Charles Kenneth Leith
1629:John Campbell Merriam
1623:Charles Whitman Cross
1003:Hubbert investigation
991:Encyclopedia of Earth
985:Cutler J. Cleveland,
831:Earth sciences portal
811:Elliott Cresson Medal
633:
499:
472:
470:{\displaystyle \Phi }
448:
428:
408:
375:
307:
298:Further information:
198:University of Chicago
131:Elliott Cresson Medal
3427:Technocracy movement
3219:PetroApocalypse Now?
3191:Escape from Suburbia
3096:The Limits to Growth
2234:Suzanne Mahlburg Kay
2112:William R. Dickinson
1903:Thomas Brennan Nolan
1873:George Sherwood Hume
1826:William Walden Rubey
1706:R. A. F. Penrose Jr.
1581:William Morris Davis
1504:George Mercer Dawson
1344:at Wikimedia Commons
1148:Deffeyes, Kenneth S.
864:The Limits to Growth
763:fishery matches the
511:
481:
461:
437:
417:
384:
335:
269:non-market economics
267:, which advocates a
251:Hubbert was an avid
210:Doctor of Philosophy
192:Hubbert was born in
3184:The End of Suburbia
3064:Dale Allen Pfeiffer
3024:Kenneth S. Deffeyes
2933:2000s energy crisis
2928:1970s energy crisis
2898:Hubbert peak theory
2171:Anthony J. Naldrett
2118:David A. Stephenson
2094:Doris Malkin Curtis
1927:Wilmot Hyde Bradley
1891:Marland P. Billings
1885:Raymond Cecil Moore
1855:Wendell P. Woodring
1820:Chester R. Longwell
1557:Charles R. Van Hise
1539:John Casper Branner
1462:John William Dawson
1342:Marion King Hubbert
1182:National Geographic
1036:1940JG.....48..785H
807:Columbia University
791:Arthur L. Day Medal
735:Renewable resources
543:
248:from 1973 to 1976.
242:Stanford University
226:Columbia University
202:Bachelor of Science
174:Hubbert peak theory
168:, most notably the
142:Marion King Hubbert
107:Hubbert peak theory
53:Marion King Hubbert
18:Marion King Hubbert
3250:Energy Watch Group
3117:The Long Emergency
3034:John Michael Greer
2532:Shell-Mex & BP
2430:Woodside Petroleum
2425:Showa Shell Sekiyu
2293:Geology portal
2255:Isabel P. Montañez
2177:B. Clark Burchfiel
2130:George A. Thompson
2124:Eldridge M. Moores
1915:Harry Hammond Hess
1897:Hollis Dow Hedberg
1879:Richard J. Russell
1849:Thomas S. Lovering
1778:Douglas W. Johnson
1760:T. Wayland Vaughan
1712:Alfred Church Lane
1617:Frank Dawson Adams
1593:Eugene Allen Smith
1569:Grove Karl Gilbert
1456:Grove Karl Gilbert
1450:Alexander Winchell
1422:Presidents of the
1365:2019-08-01 at the
1176:2015-03-19 at the
1024:Journal of Geology
1008:2019-03-31 at the
949:on January 7, 2012
789:, receiving their
757:renewable resource
628:
520:
494:
467:
443:
423:
403:
370:
310:
288:pulmonary embolism
284:board of governors
212:in 1937, studying
196:. He attended the
180:), with important
79:Bethesda, Maryland
3374:
3373:
3155:Documentary films
3069:Richard Rainwater
3019:Colin J. Campbell
2948:Export Land Model
2921:Results/responses
2845:
2844:
2630:Scotford Upgrader
2540:
2539:
2438:
2437:
2300:
2299:
2273:J. Douglas Walker
2186:William A. Thomas
2028:Laurence L. Sloss
1772:Charles P. Berkey
1766:Eliot Blackwelder
1736:Nevin M. Fenneman
1659:Waldemar Lindgren
1647:Charles Schuchert
1641:James Furman Kemp
1444:James Dwight Dana
1340:Media related to
1277:www.aspoitalia.it
1115:Shell Oil Company
608:
568:
446:{\displaystyle N}
426:{\displaystyle D}
273:energy accounting
206:Master of Science
166:petroleum geology
139:
138:
135:
121:
16:(Redirected from
3474:
3412:Shell plc people
3131:The Party's Over
3039:Richard Heinberg
2915:
2872:
2865:
2858:
2849:
2848:
2835:
2834:
2825:
2824:
2804:Spectacular sign
2752:Chief executives
2456:
2455:
2446:
2347:
2346:
2327:
2320:
2313:
2304:
2303:
2291:
2290:
2267:Donald I. Siegel
2192:Stephen G. Wells
2088:Raymond A. Price
2082:Randolph Bromery
2058:Brian J. Skinner
2052:M. Gordon Wolman
2010:Charles L. Drake
2004:Robert Folinsbee
1987:Julian Goldsmith
1963:Richard H. Jahns
1754:Arthur Louis Day
1545:Raphael Pumpelly
1486:Edward Orton Sr.
1474:Nathaniel Shaler
1416:
1409:
1402:
1393:
1392:
1383:
1351:
1339:
1323:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1293:. Archived from
1287:
1281:
1280:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1256:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1239:
1233:. Archived from
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1224:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1208:
1201:
1192:
1186:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1144:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1127:
1121:. Archived from
1112:
1104:Hubbert, M. King
1100:
1091:
1090:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1019:
1013:
1000:
994:
983:
977:
976:
975:on May 22, 2003.
965:
959:
958:
956:
954:
935:
929:
928:
926:
925:
916:. Archived from
910:
904:
903:
901:
899:
884:
847:
842:
841:
833:
828:
827:
826:
699:replacement for
697:renewable energy
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255:. He co-founded
148:research lab in
133:
128:
119:
74:
71:October 11, 1989
44:
30:
29:
21:
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3481:
3477:
3476:
3475:
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3472:
3471:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3299:
3295:Transition town
3238:
3150:
3083:
3079:Matthew Simmons
3074:Michael Ruppert
3044:M. King Hubbert
3029:David Goodstein
3002:
2988:Rimini protocol
2916:
2907:
2881:
2876:
2846:
2841:
2813:
2756:
2727:M. King Hubbert
2705:
2674:
2665:Shell Mex House
2615:One Shell Plaza
2582:
2576:
2536:
2500:
2496:Sakhalin Energy
2447:
2434:
2403:
2379:Shell Chemicals
2357:Shell Australia
2342:
2336:
2331:
2301:
2296:
2285:
2278:
2228:George H. Davis
2153:
2148:Mary Lou Zoback
2136:Victor R. Baker
2076:Albert W. Bally
2034:Howard R. Gould
1992:
1975:John C. Maxwell
1951:Morgan J. Davis
1909:M. King Hubbert
1831:
1802:Norman L. Bowen
1796:Edward W. Berry
1748:Charles Palache
1670:
1635:Israel C. White
1509:
1492:J. J. Stevenson
1426:
1420:
1381:
1367:Wayback Machine
1354:M. King Hubbert
1332:
1327:
1326:
1313:
1309:
1300:
1298:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1250:
1249:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1228:"Archived copy"
1226:
1225:
1221:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1193:
1189:
1178:Wayback Machine
1169:
1165:
1145:
1141:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1110:
1101:
1094:
1071:
1067:
1020:
1016:
1010:Wayback Machine
1001:
997:
984:
980:
967:
966:
962:
952:
950:
937:
936:
932:
923:
921:
912:
911:
907:
897:
895:
885:
878:
873:
843:
836:
829:
824:
822:
819:
775:
737:
709:
600:
591:
587:
554:
546:
544:
538:
524:
512:
509:
508:
488:
484:
482:
479:
478:
462:
459:
458:
438:
435:
434:
418:
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414:
391:
387:
385:
382:
381:
364:
360:
342:
338:
336:
333:
332:
302:
296:
208:in 1928, and a
194:San Saba, Texas
190:
129:
126:
122:
82:
76:
72:
63:
60:San Saba, Texas
57:
56:October 5, 1903
55:
54:
35:
34:M. King Hubbert
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3480:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
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3333:
3328:
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3298:
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3262:
3257:
3252:
3246:
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3240:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3229:
3222:
3215:
3212:The Oil Factor
3208:
3201:
3194:
3187:
3180:
3173:
3166:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3141:
3134:
3127:
3120:
3113:
3110:The End of Oil
3106:
3099:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3059:Jeremy Leggett
3056:
3054:Jean Laherrère
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3010:
3008:
3004:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2998:Swing producer
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2917:
2910:
2908:
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2905:
2900:
2895:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2875:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2852:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2829:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2809:Turbo Chargers
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2770:
2764:
2762:
2761:Related topics
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2713:
2711:
2707:
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2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2635:Shell Building
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2586:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2462:
2460:
2453:
2452:Joint ventures
2449:
2448:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2394:Shell Pakistan
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2353:
2351:
2344:
2338:
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2315:
2307:
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2283:
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2279:
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2276:
2270:
2264:
2258:
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2237:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2145:
2142:Gail M. Ashley
2139:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2046:Paul A. Bailly
2043:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2016:Peter T. Flawn
2013:
2007:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1984:
1981:Clarence Allen
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1839:
1837:
1833:
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1823:
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1775:
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1757:
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1733:
1727:
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1709:
1703:
1697:
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1672:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1611:John M. Clarke
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1551:Israel Russell
1548:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1480:Joseph LeConte
1477:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1419:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1378:
1369:
1357:
1345:
1331:
1330:External links
1328:
1325:
1324:
1307:
1282:
1264:
1219:
1187:
1163:
1160:on 2010-07-03.
1139:
1092:
1065:
1044:10.1086/624930
1030:(8): 785–944.
1014:
995:
978:
960:
930:
905:
893:New York Times
875:
874:
872:
869:
868:
867:
860:
855:
849:
848:
845:Science portal
834:
818:
815:
799:Vetlesen Prize
774:
771:
770:
769:
736:
733:
732:
731:
727:
720:
708:
705:
639:
638:
627:
624:
621:
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586:
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572:
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560:
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552:
549:
541:
536:
533:
530:
527:
523:
519:
516:
491:
487:
466:
442:
422:
400:
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390:
367:
363:
359:
356:
351:
348:
345:
341:
295:
292:
189:
186:
137:
136:
124:Vetlesen Prize
114:
110:
109:
104:
103:Known for
100:
99:
96:
92:
91:
88:
84:
83:
77:
75:(aged 86)
69:
65:
64:
58:
52:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3479:
3468:
3465:
3463:
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3445:
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3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
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3382:
3367:
3364:
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3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3243:Organizations
3241:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3181:
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3160:
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3157:
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3147:
3146:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3005:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2993:Simple living
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2958:Hirsch report
2956:
2954:
2953:Food vs. fuel
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2943:Energy crisis
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2914:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2873:
2868:
2866:
2861:
2859:
2854:
2853:
2850:
2838:
2830:
2828:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2732:Fred Meissner
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2722:John Jennings
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2691:Ken Saro-Wiwa
2689:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2679:Controversies
2677:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2590:Asia Building
2588:
2587:
2585:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2415:Mexican Eagle
2413:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2389:Shell Nigeria
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2341:Divisions and
2339:
2335:
2328:
2323:
2321:
2316:
2314:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2281:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2240:Harry McSween
2238:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2222:John Geissman
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2198:John M. Sharp
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2165:Sharon Mosher
2163:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2040:Digby McLaren
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1933:Robert Legget
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1921:Francis Birch
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1843:Chester Stock
1841:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1814:James Gilluly
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1700:Heinrich Ries
1698:
1695:
1694:Bailey Willis
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1682:Andrew Lawson
1680:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1563:Samuel Calvin
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1417:
1412:
1410:
1405:
1403:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1321:
1320:0-8137-1155-X
1317:
1311:
1297:on 2013-10-28
1296:
1292:
1286:
1278:
1274:
1273:"ASPO Italia"
1268:
1260:
1254:
1240:on 2007-07-05
1236:
1229:
1223:
1209:on 2008-05-27
1205:
1198:
1191:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1167:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1143:
1128:on 2008-05-27
1124:
1120:
1116:
1109:
1106:(June 1956).
1105:
1099:
1097:
1088:
1087:10.2118/749-G
1084:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1018:
1011:
1007:
1004:
999:
992:
988:
982:
974:
970:
964:
948:
944:
940:
934:
920:on 2011-09-26
919:
915:
909:
894:
890:
883:
881:
876:
866:
865:
861:
859:
858:Fred Meissner
856:
854:
851:
850:
846:
840:
835:
832:
821:
814:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
795:Penrose Medal
792:
788:
784:
780:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
745:Hubbert curve
742:
739:
738:
728:
725:
721:
718:
717:Earth's crust
714:
713:
712:
707:Contributions
704:
702:
698:
693:
691:
686:
684:
679:
678:United States
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
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650:
648:
644:
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619:
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613:
605:
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597:
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576:
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570:
561:
555:
550:
547:
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534:
531:
528:
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521:
517:
507:
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489:
456:
440:
420:
398:
395:
392:
388:
365:
361:
357:
354:
349:
346:
343:
339:
329:
327:
324:, similar to
323:
319:
318:Earth's crust
315:
306:
301:
300:Oil depletion
291:
289:
285:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
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243:
239:
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231:
227:
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219:
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207:
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199:
195:
185:
183:
179:
175:
171:
170:Hubbert curve
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
132:
125:
118:
117:Penrose Medal
115:
111:
108:
105:
101:
97:
95:Occupation(s)
93:
89:
85:
80:
70:
66:
61:
51:
47:
43:
38:
31:
19:
3270:The Oil Drum
3231:
3224:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3197:
3189:
3182:
3176:
3169:
3161:
3143:
3136:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3043:
2978:Price of oil
2973:Pickens Plan
2968:Permaculture
2742:Jorma Ollila
2726:
2717:André Bénard
2640:Shell Centre
2562:Quaker State
2471:Albian Sands
2374:Shell Canada
2343:subsidiaries
2284:
2261:Robbie Gries
2249:Claudia Mora
2216:Joaquin Ruiz
2210:Jean M. Bahr
1969:Luna Leopold
1957:John Rodgers
1945:Ian Campbell
1908:
1790:Adolph Knopf
1688:Arthur Keith
1575:Arnold Hague
1356:at Wikiquote
1310:
1299:. Retrieved
1295:the original
1285:
1276:
1267:
1242:. Retrieved
1235:the original
1222:
1211:. Retrieved
1204:the original
1190:
1180:
1166:
1158:the original
1152:
1142:
1130:. Retrieved
1123:the original
1103:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1027:
1023:
1017:
998:
990:
981:
973:the original
963:
951:. Retrieved
947:the original
942:
933:
922:. Retrieved
918:the original
908:
896:. Retrieved
892:
862:
776:
740:
724:hydrocarbons
710:
701:fossil fuels
694:
687:
651:
640:
330:
311:
281:
277:price system
261:Howard Scott
250:
234:geophysicist
191:
141:
140:
73:(1989-10-11)
3402:1989 deaths
3397:1903 births
3304:Other peaks
2886:Core issues
2737:Gale Norton
2655:Shell Haven
2620:Plaza Shell
2466:Aera Energy
2070:Jack Oliver
2064:W. G. Ernst
2022:Leon Silver
1861:Ernst Cloos
1784:E. L. Bruce
1653:David White
1185:, June 1974
1081:: 222–239.
1075:Trans. AIME
943:www.aip.org
898:21 November
765:exponential
658:natural gas
643:Darcy's law
246:UC Berkeley
218:mathematics
204:in 1926, a
87:Nationality
3381:Categories
3346:Phosphorus
3138:Power Down
3124:Out of Gas
3103:Beyond Oil
2779:Foundation
2768:Answer Man
2595:Brent Spar
2583:and places
2581:Facilities
2552:Jiffy Lube
2476:Brunei LNG
2420:MonteShell
1438:James Hall
1301:2009-02-01
1244:2008-10-31
1213:2008-04-18
1132:2014-11-10
924:2011-08-04
730:resources.
666:bell curve
654:oil fields
322:plasticity
253:technocrat
162:geophysics
2747:Rob Routs
2491:Pearl GTL
2399:Shell USA
2334:Shell plc
1997:1976–2000
1836:1951–1975
1675:1926–1950
1514:1901–1925
1431:1889–1900
1060:121822875
953:August 4,
813:in 1981.
801:from the
773:Accolades
747:) on the
741:Fisheries
662:petroleum
623:∇
617:−
611:∇
606:ρ
589:Φ
585:∇
581:⟹
571:−
556:ρ
522:∫
515:Φ
486:Φ
465:Φ
188:Biography
182:political
3341:Minerals
3170:Collapse
2879:Peak oil
2827:Category
2775:(former)
2557:Pennzoil
2486:Oman LNG
2100:E-An Zen
1363:Archived
1253:cite web
1174:Archived
1150:(2001).
1052:30057101
1006:Archived
817:See also
781:and the
294:Research
279:method.
271:form of
236:for the
178:peak oil
90:American
3205:GasHole
2837:Commons
2572:V-Power
2567:Rotella
2522:Cellana
2459:Current
2350:Current
1387:YouTube
1374:at the
1032:Bibcode
749:whaling
676:in the
316:in the
222:physics
214:geology
158:geology
150:Houston
3321:Copper
3007:People
2784:Guides
2710:People
2545:Brands
2527:Motiva
2505:Former
2408:Former
2275:(2020)
2269:(2019)
2263:(2018)
2257:(2017)
2251:(2016)
2242:(2014)
2236:(2013)
2230:(2012)
2224:(2011)
2218:(2010)
2212:(2009)
2206:(2008)
2200:(2007)
2194:(2006)
2188:(2005)
2179:(2003)
2173:(2002)
2167:(2001)
2150:(2000)
2144:(1999)
2138:(1998)
2132:(1997)
2126:(1996)
2120:(1995)
2114:(1994)
2108:(1993)
2102:(1992)
2096:(1991)
2090:(1990)
2084:(1989)
2078:(1988)
2072:(1987)
2066:(1986)
2060:(1985)
2054:(1984)
2048:(1983)
2042:(1982)
2036:(1981)
2030:(1980)
2024:(1979)
2018:(1978)
2012:(1977)
2006:(1976)
1989:(1975)
1983:(1974)
1977:(1973)
1971:(1972)
1965:(1971)
1959:(1970)
1953:(1969)
1947:(1968)
1941:(1967)
1935:(1966)
1929:(1965)
1923:(1964)
1917:(1963)
1911:(1962)
1905:(1961)
1899:(1960)
1893:(1959)
1887:(1958)
1881:(1957)
1875:(1956)
1869:(1955)
1863:(1954)
1857:(1953)
1851:(1952)
1845:(1951)
1828:(1950)
1822:(1949)
1816:(1948)
1810:(1947)
1804:(1946)
1798:(1945)
1792:(1944)
1786:(1943)
1780:(1942)
1774:(1941)
1768:(1940)
1762:(1939)
1756:(1938)
1750:(1937)
1744:(1936)
1738:(1935)
1732:(1934)
1726:(1933)
1720:(1932)
1714:(1931)
1708:(1930)
1702:(1929)
1696:(1928)
1690:(1927)
1684:(1926)
1667:(1925)
1661:(1924)
1655:(1923)
1649:(1922)
1643:(1921)
1637:(1920)
1631:(1919)
1625:(1918)
1619:(1917)
1613:(1916)
1607:(1915)
1601:(1914)
1595:(1913)
1589:(1912)
1583:(1911)
1577:(1910)
1571:(1909)
1565:(1908)
1559:(1907)
1553:(1906)
1547:(1905)
1541:(1904)
1535:(1903)
1529:(1902)
1523:(1901)
1506:(1900)
1500:(1899)
1494:(1898)
1488:(1897)
1482:(1896)
1476:(1895)
1470:(1894)
1464:(1893)
1458:(1892)
1452:(1891)
1446:(1890)
1440:(1889)
1318:
1058:
1050:
768:curve.
755:was a
455:Kozeny
220:, and
164:, and
134:(1981)
127:(1981)
120:(1973)
113:Awards
81:, U.S.
62:, U.S.
3361:Wheat
3356:Water
3290:REN21
3177:Crude
3088:Books
2660:Shell
2158:2001–
1238:(PDF)
1231:(PDF)
1207:(PDF)
1200:(PDF)
1126:(PDF)
1111:(PDF)
1056:S2CID
1048:JSTOR
871:Notes
259:with
154:Texas
146:Shell
3366:Wood
3351:Soil
3336:Gold
3326:Food
3316:Coal
3275:OPEC
3198:Fuel
2773:Club
2605:Mars
1316:ISBN
1259:link
955:2011
900:2013
805:and
656:and
326:clay
314:rock
172:and
68:Died
49:Born
3331:Gas
3311:Car
2362:QGC
1385:on
1083:doi
1079:207
1040:doi
761:cod
477:or
3383::
1275:.
1255:}}
1251:{{
1113:.
1095:^
1077:.
1054:.
1046:.
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1028:48
1026:.
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216:,
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1401:v
1322:.
1304:.
1279:.
1261:)
1247:.
1216:.
1135:.
1117:/
1089:.
1085::
1062:.
1042::
1034::
957:.
927:.
902:.
726:.
626:z
620:g
614:P
603:1
598:=
593:h
577:z
574:g
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562:P
559:(
551:P
548:d
540:P
535:f
532:e
529:r
526:P
518:=
490:h
441:N
421:D
399:s
396:b
393:a
389:K
366:2
362:D
358:N
355:=
350:s
347:b
344:a
340:K
20:)
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