321:, the Kikuyu writer. Warigia and other Tumutumu women formed an organization called the "Shield of Young Girls" to protect girls from FGM. The group wrote: "People are being caught like sheep. One should be allowed to follow her own way of either agreeing to be circumcised or not without being dictated on one's own body."
30:
313:
can also mean "the thin animal" or "the thin one". According to the historian Derek R. Peterson, this reflected local suspicion about
Stevenson's diet; rumour had it that she and the other missionaries ate human flesh and used human skulls as drinking cups. Stevenson was thought to have eaten Chief
305:
Her houseboy might have been involved in the inquiry, but she refused to give evidence or to implicate anyone. This boy, who is now one of the ordained ministers, says that she called him "son". It was the turning point of his life. From the incident of the cheque-book came her native name
202:
According to theologian James
Karanja, citing a Church of Scotland memorandum, in 1929 Stevenson coined the term "sexual mutilation of women" to describe what was then known as female circumcision, a practice of great importance to the Kikuyu people, Kenya's largest tribe. The
418:
281:
In 1892 and 1906 Stevenson attended lectures by
Clement Scott on missionary work in Africa; Scott was related to Stevenson's father's first wife. Stevenson subsequently applied, in 1907, for a job in Kikuyu with the Church of Scotland Mission.
979:
261:
255:
415:
984:
301:. Stevenson acquired the name, Scott wrote in 1932, when her chequebook was stolen and she refused to give evidence against the suspected thief, who had worked in her home. According to Scott:
1128:
999:
523:
1123:
750:
964:
239:
99:
974:
1614:
223:, Scotland, to Agnes Barron and her husband, Robert Stevenson. Her older brother, William Barron Stevenson, became Professor of Hebrew and Semitic Languages at the
1182:
1604:
1426:
1149:
646:
207:
followed suit and began referring to it that year as sexual mutilation, rather than as circumcision or initiation. The practice is now widely known as
780:
785:
792:
1609:
1599:
1175:
1113:
770:
735:
760:
520:
740:
730:
639:
297:, which her biographer, I. G. Scott, interpreted as "one who possesses many cheques" or "the one who lost a cheque-book" in the
1619:
1168:
755:
1516:
1436:
204:
355:
1501:
765:
403:
196:
1446:
1144:
1118:
775:
745:
632:
551:
1624:
1461:
1263:
199:, taught sewing, knitting and hygiene, worked in the hospital, trained teachers, and helped to translate the Bible.
1303:
1568:
1208:
440:
1511:
1338:
1043:
273:
231:
91:
1313:
1278:
704:
1547:
1506:
1481:
1476:
1323:
1293:
817:
1486:
1441:
1233:
867:
655:
208:
141:
1526:
1343:
1328:
1308:
1243:
1218:
1035:
238:
because she was a woman (they first admitted women in 1893), she went to lectures organized by the
192:
173:
1403:
1378:
1213:
437:
The
Agikuyu, the Bible and Colonial Constructs: Towards an Ordinary African Readers' Hermeneutics
235:
377:
1563:
1466:
1368:
1288:
994:
586:
465:
1431:
1268:
1248:
714:
482:
224:
1594:
1589:
1542:
1496:
1456:
1078:
980:
Inter-African
Committee on Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children
709:
494:
For background on the
Scottish missionaries and FGM in Kenya, see Mufuka, Kenneth (2003).
318:
8:
1283:
1027:
847:
1353:
583:
Ethnic
Patriotism and the East African Revival: A History of Dissent, c. 1935–1972
495:
169:
130:
1521:
1471:
1451:
1398:
1363:
1298:
938:
842:
1273:
1086:
862:
857:
1348:
1333:
1253:
918:
908:
684:
527:
479:
The
Missionary Movement in Colonial Kenya: The Foundation of Africa Inland Church
457:
444:
422:
363:
298:
1160:
1491:
1408:
1258:
1223:
933:
903:
837:
689:
669:
1583:
1388:
1108:
1051:
943:
887:
832:
184:
624:
289:, "the one with much saliva who speaks a great deal". She was also known as
1393:
1373:
1358:
1238:
1203:
969:
948:
928:
882:
877:
822:
694:
674:
496:"Scottish Missionaries and the Circumcision Controversy in Kenya, 1900–1960
333:
234:
and the
Ministers' Daughters College in Edinburgh. Unable to study at the
1318:
1228:
923:
913:
852:
679:
29:
1070:
112:
827:
188:
54:
1129:
Children Act 1989 (Amendment) (Female
Genital Mutilation) Act 2019
187:
mission at Thogoto, then from 1912 for its mission at Tumutumu in
435:
356:"Scotland Births and Baptisms, 1564–1950: Marion Scott Stevenson"
68:
989:
699:
591:, citing Scott, I. G. (written as Mrs. Henry E. Scott) (1932).
220:
195:
in 1908. She established and ran a girls' school, which became
50:
177:
619:, Volume 53, Princeton: Princeton Press, 1930, p. 562.
240:
Edinburgh Association for the University Education of Women
100:
Edinburgh Association for the University Education of Women
965:
Babiker Bedri Scientific Association for Women's Studies
598:
562:
560:
538:
536:
168:(18 May 1871–1930) was a Scottish missionary with the
557:
533:
576:
574:
572:
382:, University of Edinburgh, p. 208, n. 29.
593:A Saint in Kenya: A Life of Marion Scott Stevenson
1190:
1581:
585:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p.
569:
404:"Tumutumu mission station, Kenya, ca. 1910–1930"
314:Kariuki, who died in Tumutumu Hospital in 1915.
521:"Material relating to William Barron Stevenson"
317:Stevenson taught Raheli Warigia, the mother of
306:Namazchecki, or One-who-possesses-many-cheques.
242:, then studied music and languages in Germany.
595:. London: Hodder & Stoughton, p. 125.
462:Historical Dictionary of the Reformed Churches
350:
348:
1176:
654:
640:
481:, Göttingen: Cuvillier Verlag, 2009, p.
1615:People educated at John Watson's Institution
1605:Activists against female genital mutilation
1150:Activists against female genital mutilation
1114:Prohibition of Female Circumcision Act 1985
345:
183:Stevenson worked at first for the church's
1183:
1169:
647:
633:
552:"Teaching staff, Tumutumu, Kenya, ca.1920"
28:
617:Missionary Review of the World: 1878–1939
604:
580:
500:International Review of Scottish Studies
391:For 1912, McIntosh 1969, p. 241, n. 120.
379:The Scottish Mission in Kenya, 1891–1923
259:with teachers and students, c. 1920
96:Ministers' Daughters College, Edinburgh
1582:
399:
397:
1437:Australian Baptist Missionary Society
1164:
628:
191:, set up by Rev. Henry Scott and Dr.
1502:Paris Evangelical Missionary Society
554:, University of Southern California.
545:
425:, University of St Andrews archives.
406:, University of Southern California.
464:. Lanham: Scarecrow Press, p.
394:
324:Stevenson died in Glasgow in 1930.
13:
1610:Scottish Presbyterian missionaries
1600:Presbyterian missionaries in Kenya
1119:Female Genital Mutilation Act 2003
447:. University of Birmingham, p. 10.
245:
159:William Barron Stevenson (brother)
14:
1636:
1462:Christian and Missionary Alliance
285:In Kenya locals called Stevenson
151:Agnes Barron and Robert Stevenson
434:Kinyua, Johnson Kiriaku (2010).
416:"Letter from Marion S Stevenson"
376:McIntosh, Brian G. (June 1969).
610:
514:
505:
1569:Timeline of Christian missions
566:McIntosh 1969, p. 243, n. 125.
542:McIntosh 1969, p. 245, n. 127.
488:
471:
450:
428:
409:
385:
370:
262:One of the mission's buildings
1:
1620:Female Christian missionaries
1191:Protestant missions to Africa
511:McIntosh 1969, p. 201, n. 14.
339:
214:
1339:Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder
1044:Possessing the Secret of Joy
274:National Library of Scotland
7:
1279:Franz Heinrich Kleinschmidt
705:Pelvic inflammatory disease
581:Peterson, Derek R. (2012).
327:
197:Tumutumu Girls' High School
10:
1641:
1548:Slavery Abolition Act 1833
1507:Rhenish Missionary Society
1482:Livingstone Inland Mission
1477:Finnish Missionary Society
1294:Christian Ignatius Latrobe
818:Raqiya Haji Dualeh Abdalla
170:Church of Scotland Mission
1556:
1535:
1487:London Missionary Society
1442:Berlin Missionary Society
1417:
1196:
1145:Female genital mutilation
1137:
1101:
1062:
1019:
1012:
957:
896:
868:Lilian Passmore Sanderson
808:
801:
723:
662:
656:Female genital mutilation
232:John Watson's Institution
209:female genital mutilation
155:
147:
142:female genital mutilation
136:
126:
118:
108:
92:John Watson's Institution
84:
76:
61:
36:
27:
20:
1625:British health activists
1527:Wycliffe Global Alliance
1309:Alexander Murdoch Mackay
1244:Daniel Kumler Flickinger
530:, University of Glasgow.
205:Kenya Missionary Council
180:) from 1907 until 1929.
1379:John McKendree Springer
1214:Frederick Stanley Arnot
1036:Woman, Why Do You Weep?
477:Karanja, James (2009).
421:2 February 2017 at the
236:University of Edinburgh
1564:Christianity in Africa
1467:Church Mission Society
1384:Marion Scott Stevenson
1369:William Henry Sheppard
1289:Margaret Nicholl Laird
995:Tahirih Justice Center
873:Marion Scott Stevenson
793:Religious views on FGM
308:
268:
266:possibly its hospital
219:Stevenson was born in
166:Marion Scott Stevenson
22:Marion Scott Stevenson
1432:Africa Inland Mission
1269:Joseph Crane Hartzell
1249:Joseph Jackson Fuller
731:Prevalence by country
715:Vesicovaginal fistula
303:
253:
225:University of Glasgow
1543:Slave Trade Act 1807
1497:Mission to the World
1457:Congo-Balolo Mission
710:Rectovaginal fistula
526:3 March 2016 at the
443:4 April 2018 at the
1284:Johann Ludwig Krapf
1124:2005 (Scotland) Act
1028:Woman at Point Zero
848:Rose Oldfield Hayes
456:Benedetto, Robert;
174:British East Africa
1354:Orishatukeh Faduma
1000:Zero Tolerance Day
131:Church of Scotland
1577:
1576:
1522:WEC International
1472:Echoes of Service
1452:BMS World Mission
1399:John Denys Taylor
1364:Heinrich Schmelen
1299:David Livingstone
1264:Joseph Hardcastle
1158:
1157:
1109:Matter of Kasinga
1097:
1096:
1008:
1007:
939:Layli Miller-Muro
741:FGM in the Gambia
502:, 28, p. 55.
319:Gakaara wa Wanjaũ
163:
162:
119:Years active
1632:
1304:Mary Livingstone
1274:Johannes Ittmann
1209:William Anderson
1185:
1178:
1171:
1162:
1161:
1087:My Body My Rules
1017:
1016:
863:Nawal El Saadawi
858:Edna Adan Ismail
806:
805:
649:
642:
635:
626:
625:
620:
614:
608:
602:
596:
590:
578:
567:
564:
555:
549:
543:
540:
531:
518:
512:
509:
503:
492:
486:
475:
469:
458:McKim, Donald K.
454:
448:
432:
426:
413:
407:
401:
392:
389:
383:
374:
368:
367:
366:on 4 March 2016.
362:. Archived from
352:
277:
256:Marion Stevenson
251:Tumutumu mission
46:
44:
32:
18:
17:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1552:
1531:
1419:
1413:
1349:Martti Rautanen
1334:Helen Roseveare
1254:George Grenfell
1192:
1189:
1159:
1154:
1133:
1093:
1058:
1004:
953:
919:Ellen Gruenbaum
909:Ayaan Hirsi Ali
892:
810:
797:
736:Laws by country
719:
685:Gishiri cutting
658:
653:
623:
615:
611:
603:
599:
579:
570:
565:
558:
550:
546:
541:
534:
528:Wayback Machine
519:
515:
510:
506:
493:
489:
476:
472:
455:
451:
445:Wayback Machine
433:
429:
423:Wayback Machine
414:
410:
402:
395:
390:
386:
375:
371:
354:
353:
346:
342:
330:
299:Kikuyu language
279:
270:
265:
260:
258:
252:
248:
246:Missionary work
217:
104:
72:
66:
57:
48:
42:
40:
23:
12:
11:
5:
1638:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1539:
1537:
1536:Pivotal events
1533:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1492:Mission Africa
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1447:Bethel Mission
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1427:American Board
1423:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1409:Gottlieb Viehe
1406:
1404:William Taylor
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1314:Joseph Merrick
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1259:Carl Hugo Hahn
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1224:Carl K. Becker
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1187:
1180:
1173:
1165:
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1147:
1141:
1139:
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1003:
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982:
977:
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952:
951:
946:
941:
936:
934:Molly Melching
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
904:Fuambai Ahmadu
900:
898:
894:
893:
891:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
843:Benoîte Groult
840:
838:Asma El Dareer
835:
830:
825:
820:
814:
812:
803:
802:Writers/groups
799:
798:
796:
795:
790:
789:
788:
783:
781:United Kingdom
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
751:colonial Kenya
748:
743:
733:
727:
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721:
720:
718:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
690:Husband stitch
687:
682:
677:
672:
670:Clitoridectomy
666:
664:
660:
659:
652:
651:
644:
637:
629:
622:
621:
609:
607:, p. 217.
597:
568:
556:
544:
532:
513:
504:
487:
485:, n. 631.
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140:Opposition to
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137:Known for
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1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1389:Charles Studd
1387:
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1380:
1377:
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1357:
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1332:
1330:
1329:Andrew Murray
1327:
1325:
1324:Robert Moffat
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
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1202:
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1199:
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1186:
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1166:
1163:
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1127:
1125:
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1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
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1104:
1100:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1079:Desert Flower
1076:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1054:
1053:
1052:Desert Flower
1049:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1018:
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996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
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978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
962:
960:
956:
950:
947:
945:
944:Comfort Momoh
942:
940:
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935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
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910:
907:
905:
902:
901:
899:
895:
889:
888:Amina Warsame
886:
884:
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879:
876:
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871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
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841:
839:
836:
834:
833:Efua Dorkenoo
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
815:
813:
811:and activists
809:Early writers
807:
804:
800:
794:
791:
787:
786:United States
784:
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772:
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693:
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678:
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673:
671:
668:
667:
665:
663:Health issues
661:
657:
650:
645:
643:
638:
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631:
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627:
618:
613:
606:
605:Peterson 2012
601:
594:
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1394:Hulda Stumpf
1383:
1374:Mary Slessor
1359:Alfred Saker
1239:Daniel Coker
1234:Joseph Booth
1204:Roland Allen
1085:
1077:
1069:
1050:
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1034:
1026:
970:Equality Now
949:Alice Walker
929:Gerry Mackie
883:Nahid Toubia
878:Hulda Stumpf
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823:Janice Boddy
771:Sierra Leone
700:Keloid scars
695:Infibulation
675:Dysmenorrhea
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1595:1930 deaths
1590:1871 births
1344:John Philip
1319:Mary Moffat
1229:Samuel Bill
1219:John Arthur
1102:Legislation
924:Asha Ismail
914:Waris Dirie
853:Fran Hosken
761:New Zealand
680:Dyspareunia
193:John Arthur
77:Nationality
47:18 May 1871
1584:Categories
1418:Missionary
1138:Categories
724:By country
340:References
311:Namachecki
295:Namachecki
215:Early life
113:Missionary
109:Occupation
71:, Scotland
43:1871-05-18
828:Mary Daly
756:Kurdistan
291:Nyamacaki
156:Relatives
148:Parent(s)
122:1907–1929
85:Education
1557:See also
1420:agencies
1071:Moolaadé
524:Archived
460:(2009).
441:Archived
419:Archived
328:See also
189:Karatina
127:Employer
55:Scotland
975:FORWARD
766:Nigeria
287:Nyaruta
211:(FGM).
80:British
69:Glasgow
1197:People
1090:(2015)
1082:(2009)
1074:(2004)
1055:(1998)
1047:(1992)
1039:(1982)
1031:(1975)
990:Tostan
985:RAINBO
958:Groups
897:Others
221:Forfar
185:Kikuyu
51:Forfar
1063:Films
1020:Books
1013:Media
776:Sudan
746:India
178:Kenya
1517:USPG
65:1930
62:Died
37:Born
1512:SIM
587:202
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