214:, and they already had the right to own property in their own names. Once a woman became married, she still had the right to legally own her land or house but she no longer had the right to do anything with it, such as rent out a house that she owned or sell her piece of land: "Thus, a wife retained legal ownership of her real property—immovable property such as housing and land, but she could not manage or control it; she could not sell her real property, rent it, or mortgage it without her husband's consent". She could not make contracts or incur debts without his approval. Nor could she sue or be sued in a court of law. Only the extremely wealthy were exempted from these laws – under the rules of equity, a portion of a married woman's property could be set aside in the form of a trust for her use or the use of her children. However, the legal costs involved in establishing trusts made them unavailable to the vast majority of the population.
34:
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that giving married women property rights would cause discord in the home". Instead of talk of equality there was talk about how negative the act was for the household because it would be the cause of arguments at the home. It was said that a house can only be a truly happy home if the husband was in charge and the wife was submissive: "There was no place in the
Victorian home for disputes between husbands and wives if the home was to be the 'sweetest, cheerfullest place' that the husband could find refuge in. Within the terms of separate spheres ideology, this household harmony could only be achieved by the total subordination of women to their husbands".
201:
ownership; by law he was permitted to dispose of it at will at any time in the marriage and could even will it away at death". For example, any copyrighted material would have the copyright pass to the husband on marriage. Even in death, a woman's husband continued to have control over her former property. Before the Act was passed, women lost all ownership over their property when they became married: "From the early thirteenth century until 1870, English Common law held that most of the property that a wife had owned as a feme sole came under the control of the husband at the time of the marriage".
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313:. Women married thereafter were entitled up to a fairly good sum of property (£200) in their own names ("absolutely") from their next of kin. It did not speak for an amount in excess of £200. The act was not retrospective — all women who married before it could not recover into their sole name the property they had held before marriage (if they had any). This greatly limited the effect.
189:. The dowry provided by a bride's father was to be used for his daughter's financial support throughout her married life and into her widowhood, and was also a means by which the bride's father was able to obtain from the bridegroom's father a financial commitment to the intended marriage and to the children resulting therefrom. It also was an instrument by which the practice of
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still ceded ownership over their property. They also did not have authority over any children that they bore during the marriage, which "deprived her of all authority over her children and of any contractual capacity during his life". When this Act was passed it was in a time when women had very few rights. Women were not allowed
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There was a focus put on the arguments in the home that would arise from this new Act being passed: "The most striking feature of the debates on the
Married Women's Property Bills is how little time was spent discussing the principle of sexual equality, and how much time was spent discussing the idea
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The act's full significance was that, for the first time in
British history, it allowed newly married women to forever legally keep their own earnings and inherit property. It also put a legal duty on married women to maintain their children alongside their husband's. Women who married before the act
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In 1868, efforts to get the act passed were revived; in that year, a
Married Women's Property Bill was introduced into parliament, which proposed that married women should have the same property rights as unmarried women. A long and energetic campaign by women's groups and some men led to the passing
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in parliamentary elections; It could be argued that the act paved the way towards women's right to vote, since it extended female property rights. It sidelined one of the reasons women were denied the right: "Coverture was also used as a reason to deny women the vote and public office because of the
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of public recognition of women's autonomy and personhood". Women before were not seen as individuals who could have their own vote let alone be elected; their husbands by tradition would take control of such matters. The Act helped lay the groundwork for a superseding, enhanced-rights version, the
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The wages and earning made by a wife were to be held by her for her own separate use, independently from her husband. The meaning of wages included money made from any employment, occupation, or trade, or the use of any skill such as a literary, scientific, or artistic skill that resulted in money
200:
Once a woman became married, she had no claim to her property, as her husband had full control and could do whatever suited him regarding the property: "Thus, a woman, on marrying, relinquished her personal property—moveable property such as money, stocks, furniture, and livestock—to her husband's
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that married couples commit: "a study of
Parliamentary debates and Chancery Court cases argues that the passage of the British Act had more to do with controlling fraud committed by married couples (who colluded to defeat the law of debt) than the rights of married women". This opinion was
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This section made married women liable to maintain her children from the profits earned from her personal property. It also continued the liability of the husband to maintain his children. In effect, this section made both parents legally liable while each spouse held separate
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254:, this principle was extended to all property, regardless of its source or the time of its acquisition. The Act also protected a woman not only from her husband gaining control of her property but also from people that worked for him, his
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225:. She worked hard to reform the married women's property laws. As an artist, she also helped establish the Society for Female Artists in 1857. In 1865, she founded the women-only Kensington Society, for which she wrote
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Much negative feedback to
Parliament flowed when the Married Women's Property Act was passed in 1870. It has been argued that the Act was not focused on benefiting women and it was actually focused on the
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This section dealt mostly with the inheritance of property. A wife was allowed to keep any property she inherited from her next of kin as her own, subject to that property not being bound in a
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was that any personal property (personalty) as opposed to real property a woman had in her own name before marriage still legally became her husband's property: money, furniture, stocks and
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The
Married Women's Property Act 1870 provided that wages and property which a wife earned through her own work or inherited would be regarded as her separate property and by the
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Women started to try to get the act passed in the 1850s; a group of women had campaigned for the law to be amended with no success. One important woman taking up the cause was
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Combs, Mary Beth (December 2005). ""A Measure of Legal
Independence": The 1870 Married Women's Property Act and the Portfolio Allocations of British Wives".
265:. It was for the first time theoretically possible for married women to live away from their husbands and support children. Widowed women with children, as
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and for the 1918 Representation of the People Act that granted many women over the age of thirty the right to vote in the United
Kingdom.
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assumption that a married woman would be represented by her husband. The end of coverture certainly ranks along with suffrage as the
197:. Thus, the identity of the wife became legally absorbed into that of her husband, effectively making them one person under the law.
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The Act dealt mostly with the earnings of married women and was not very specific about married women's property rights. A major
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56:
821:
Griffin, Ben (2003). "Class, Gender, and
Liberalism in Parliament, 1868-1882: The Case of the Married Women's Property Acts".
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This section allowed a married woman to continue to hold rented property in her own name and to inherit rented property.
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Shanley, Mary Lyndon (1986). "Suffrage, Protective Labor Legislation, and Married Women's Property Laws in England".
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258:, "These acts generally exempted married women's property from attachments by creditors of their husbands".
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Married women had few legal rights and were by law not recognized as being a separate legal being – a
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that allowed married women to be the legal owners of the money they earned and to inherit property.
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A Brief Summary of the Laws in England concerning Women: together with a few observations thereon
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controversial because many feminists saw this Act as a huge success for women who were married.
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601:"The Oregon Donation Act of 1850 and Nineteenth Century Federal Married Women's Property Law"
523:"Rachel Ablow, "'One Flesh,' One Person, and the 1870 Married Women's Property Act" | BRANCH"
469:"Rachel Ablow, "'One Flesh,' One Person, and the 1870 Married Women's Property Act" | BRANCH"
185:) instantly became the property of her husband once she was married, with the exception of a
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being made. This section also covered investments made with the money earned.
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548:"Barbara Leigh Smith Bodichon - Person Extended - National Portrait Gallery"
210:. In contrast, single and widowed women were considered in common law to be
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This gave married women a separate statutory estate and released them from
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747:'One Flesh,' One Person, and the 1870 Married Women's Property Act""
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An Act to amend the law relating to the property of married women.
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661:
Stone, Olive M. (1972). "The Status of Women in Great Britain".
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221:(1827–1891). She promoted women's rights and in 1854 published
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Before 1870, any money made by a woman (either through a
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Marriage, Wife Beating and the Law in Victorian England
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Feminism, Marriage, and the Law in Victorian England
111:
Married Women's Property Act 1870 Amendment Act 1874
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447:Married Women's Property Act 1882, ss.22 & 25
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916:On the forfeiture of property by married women
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1944:Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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277:The most important sections of the act were:
3144:Church of England Assembly (Powers) Act 1919
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229:in 1866. She was also an intimate friend of
133:Married Women's Property (Scotland) Act 1881
3180:Measures of the National Assembly for Wales
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493:
491:
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3204:Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland
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373:. Please do not remove this message until
289:. She could also inherit money up to £200.
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393:Learn how and when to remove this message
1942:Great Britain and Ireland and the United
908:
565:
486:
369:Relevant discussion may be found on the
227:Reasons for the Enfranchisement of Women
663:The American Journal of Comparative Law
157:Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom
3311:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1870
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3192:Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly
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660:
3321:Women's rights in the United Kingdom
3263:United Kingdom statutory instruments
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3306:Property law of the United Kingdom
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921:. Manchester: A. Ireland & Co.
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14:
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892:Married Women's Property Act 1882
334:Married Women's Property Act 1882
252:Married Women's Property Act 1882
149:Married Women's Property Act 1870
123:Married Women's Property Act 1882
22:Married Women's Property Act 1870
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39:Parliament of the United Kingdom
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3164:Acts of the Scottish Parliament
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3268:Scottish statutory instruments
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237:of Mary Ann Evans), who wrote
193:was effected by the use of an
1:
3285:Church of England instruments
964:Pre-parliamentary legislation
711:Lyndon Shanley, Mary (1993).
457:Marriage settlement (England)
434:was conferred on this Act by
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995:the Kingdom of Great Britain
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7:
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599:Chused, Richard H. (1984).
375:conditions to do so are met
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18:United Kingdom legislation
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835:10.1017/s0018246x02002844
798:10.1017/s0022050705000392
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1940:of the United Kingdom of
1626:Kingdom of Great Britain
971:List of English statutes
527:www.branchcollective.org
473:www.branchcollective.org
70:Territorial extent
3326:1870 in women's history
1409:Interregnum (1642–1660)
1603:Parliament of Scotland
823:The Historical Journal
605:Law and History Review
181:, by gift, or through
3255:Secondary legislation
1910:Parliament of Ireland
1002:Parliament of England
3176:Acts of Senedd Cymru
3107:European Communities
976:Charter of Liberties
719:Princeton University
3081:Halsbury's Statutes
993:of states preceding
991:Acts of parliaments
904:The text of the act
362:of this section is
273:Contents of the act
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3087:Legislation.gov.uk
1938:Acts of Parliament
21:
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3278:Acts of Adjournal
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3241:1972–2009/2015–16
3214:Orders in Council
3130:Church of England
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1485:Habeas Corpus Act
1396:Petition of Right
728:978-0-691-02487-5
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153:33 & 34 Vict.
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102:Other legislation
74:England and Wales
62:33 & 34 Vict.
27:Act of Parliament
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3273:Acts of Sederunt
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140:Status: Repealed
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89:9 August 1870
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3222:1994 to date
3157:institutions
3116:1972 to date
3092:Short titles
3079:
1908:Acts of the
1407:
1024:
915:
858:(1): 62–77.
855:
851:
829:(1): 59–87.
826:
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751:. Retrieved
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611:(1): 44–78.
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555:. Retrieved
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530:. Retrieved
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476:. Retrieved
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463:
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438:of this Act.
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329:sine qua non
320:
304:
301:Shortcomings
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231:George Eliot
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85:Royal assent
15:
981:Magna Carta
777:Works cited
753:30 November
557:30 November
532:30 November
432:short title
267:femes soles
240:Middlemarch
183:inheritance
118:Repealed by
3300:Categories
3105:(formerly
512:, p. 1032
478:1 December
436:section 17
360:neutrality
212:femes sole
179:investment
163:Background
129:Relates to
107:Amended by
47:Long title
1928:1751–1800
1923:1701–1750
1719:1760–1764
1714:1755–1759
1709:1750–1754
1704:1745–1749
1699:1740–1744
1694:1735–1739
1689:1730–1734
1684:1725–1729
1679:1720–1724
1674:1715–1719
1051:1422–1460
1046:1413–1421
1041:1399–1411
1036:1377–1397
1031:1327–1376
1019:1308–1325
1014:1275–1307
1009:1225–1267
887:Coverture
872:144723898
843:159520710
814:154367840
701:, p. 1029
633:146633518
500:, p. 1031
419:Footnotes
383:June 2018
371:talk page
340:Criticism
311:livestock
296:property.
263:coverture
207:feme sole
169:Coverture
3155:devolved
3132:measures
912:(1870).
881:See also
749:. BRANCH
589:, p. 101
364:disputed
307:loophole
256:creditor
235:pen name
94:Repealed
57:Citation
1918:to 1700
1610:to 1707
806:3874913
770:, p. 63
768:Griffin
721:Press.
651:, p. 72
649:Shanley
577:, p. 62
575:Griffin
324:to vote
177:, from
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870:
841:
812:
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725:
683:839032
681:
631:
625:743910
623:
317:Legacy
195:entail
868:S2CID
852:Signs
839:S2CID
810:S2CID
802:JSTOR
699:Combs
679:JSTOR
629:S2CID
621:JSTOR
510:Combs
498:Combs
430:This
408:fraud
287:trust
233:(the
187:dowry
79:Dates
64:c. 93
3231:for
3197:List
3185:List
3178:and
3169:List
3139:List
3072:2024
3067:2023
3062:2022
3057:2021
3052:2020
3047:2019
3042:2018
3037:2017
3032:2016
3027:2015
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755:2015
723:ISBN
559:2015
534:2015
480:2015
357:The
175:wage
147:The
860:doi
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794:doi
671:doi
613:doi
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