846:
643:
2965:
2957:
626:
images and data revealed mountains as high as 22 km, atomic hydrogen and oxygen in the upper atmosphere, surface temperatures ranging from −110 °C to +13 °C, surface pressures of 5.5 to 6 mb, water vapor concentrations 5000 times less than in Earth's atmosphere, the base of the ionosphere starting at 80 to 110 km altitude, and grains from dust storms as high as 7 km in the atmosphere. The images and data enabled creation of surface relief maps, and gave information on the
Martian
738:
2949:
3919:
1221:
3907:
474:
1255:
1190:
706:
29:
845:
622:, the largest storm ever observed". The surface was totally obscured. Unable to reprogram the mission computers, both Mars 2 and Mars 3 dispatched their landers immediately, and the orbiters used up a significant portion of their available data resources in snapping images of the featureless dust clouds.
625:
The Mars 3 orbiter sent back data covering the period from
December 1971 to March 1972, although transmissions continued through August. It was announced that Mars 3 had completed their mission by August 22, 1972, after 20 orbits. The probe, combined with Mars 2, sent back a total of 60 pictures. The
795:
The lander began transmitting to the Mars 3 orbiter 90 seconds after landing. After 20 seconds, transmission stopped for unknown reasons. It is not known whether the fault originated with the lander or the communications relay on the orbiter. The cause of the failure may have been related to the
717:
on board, which would move across the surface on skis while connected to the lander with a 15-meter umbilical. Two small metal rods were used for autonomous obstacle avoidance, as radio signals from Earth would take too long to drive the rovers using remote control. The rover carried a dynamic
690:
Four aerials protruded from the top of the sphere to provide communications with the orbiter via an onboard radio system. The equipment was powered by batteries which were charged by the orbiter prior to separation. Temperature control was maintained through thermal insulation and a system of
725:
The rover was planned to be placed on the surface after landing by a manipulator arm and to move in the field of view of the television cameras and stop to make measurements every 1.5 metres. The traces of movement in the
Martian soil would also be recorded to determine material properties.
594:
The primary purpose of the 4M-V orbiter was to study the topography of the
Martian surface; analyze its soil composition; measure various properties of the atmosphere; monitor "solar radiation, the solar wind and the interplanetary and martian magnetic fields". In addition, it served as a
686:
to study atmospheric composition; temperature, pressure, and wind sensors; and devices to measure mechanical and chemical properties of the surface, including a mechanical scoop to search for organic materials and signs of life. It also contained a pennant with the Soviet coat of arms.
598:
The orbiter suffered from a partial loss of fuel and did not have enough to put itself into a planned 25-hour orbit. The engine instead performed a truncated burn to put the spacecraft into a highly-elliptical long-period (12 day, 19 hours) orbit about Mars.
550:
on Mars, on
December 2, 1971. However, it failed 110 seconds after landing, having transmitted only a gray image with no details. The Mars 2 orbiter and Mars 3 orbiter continued to circle Mars and transmit images back to Earth for another eight months.
803:
A partial image (70 lines) was transmitted. According to V. G. Perminov, the lead designer for Mars and Venus spacecraft at the
Lavochkin design bureau during the early days of Mars exploration, the image was "a gray background with no details".
678:
were mounted on the top section of the lander. Foam was used to absorb shock within the descent module. The landing capsule had four triangular petals which would open after landing, righting the spacecraft and exposing the instrumentation.
659:
The Mars 3 descent module was mounted on the bus/orbiter opposite the propulsion system. It consisted of a spherical 1.2 m diameter landing capsule, a 2.9 m diameter conical aerodynamic braking shield, a parachute system and
721:
The main PrOP-M frame was a square box with a small protrusion at the center. The frame was supported on two wide flat skis, one extending down from each side elevating the frame slightly above the surface.
1324:
1428:
1502:
1464:
1520:
1344:
2623:
2520:
1541:
1412:
1396:
1380:
1579:
1446:
1306:
2384:
1617:
1597:
1484:
1362:
1989:
1559:
2337:
2244:
1119:
2341:
3551:
852:
667:
The entire descent module had a fueled mass of 1210 kg, the spherical landing capsule accounted for 358 kg of this. An automatic control system consisting of
3974:
2057:
2643:
2435:
1230:
253:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2278:
671:
and pressurized nitrogen containers provided attitude control. Four solid-fuel motors were mounted to the outer edge of the cone to control pitch and yaw.
1295:
2637:
2378:
1830:
904:
2630:
2312:
1996:
1982:
1226:
1175:
2607:
1945:
2703:
2587:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2301:
855:
Candidate hardware for 1971 Soviet Mars 3 lander. The predicted landing site was at latitude 45 degrees south, longitude 202 degrees east, in
2728:
2357:
2262:
2089:
2062:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1877:
2718:
2713:
2698:
2688:
2683:
2653:
2648:
2617:
2602:
2582:
2577:
2545:
2515:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2440:
2425:
2420:
2405:
2400:
2363:
2318:
2306:
2284:
2272:
2238:
2228:
2201:
2191:
2181:
2166:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2099:
2084:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2022:
1971:
1961:
1951:
1882:
1867:
3706:
1976:
3979:
3939:
3632:
2555:
2550:
2535:
2510:
2415:
2410:
2373:
2267:
2233:
2104:
2072:
2017:
2012:
1924:
1919:
1887:
585:
Dimensions: 4.1 m (13.5 ft) tall, 2 m (6.6 ft) across (5.9 m (19.4 ft) across with solar panels deployed)
1127:
2776:
2723:
2327:
1909:
2455:
2333:
2323:
2251:
2223:
2027:
1655:
745:
Mars 3's descent module was released at 09:14 UT on
December 2, 1971, 4 hours 35 minutes before reaching Mars. The descent module
3596:
2856:
2561:
1823:
426:
3536:
1076:
3949:
3541:
2913:
2810:
3944:
3823:
3667:
1816:
973:
1180:
546:
After the Mars 2 lander crashed on the
Martian surface, the Mars 3 lander became the first spacecraft to attain a
3959:
3682:
3511:
691:
radiators. The landing capsule was sterilized before launch to prevent contamination of the martian environment.
647:
1185:
3984:
3888:
Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned.
960:
615:
764:
3637:
2769:
1648:
839:. This discovery was made by amateur space enthusiasts looking through publicly available archived images.
3858:
3693:
3561:
3506:
2850:
1097:
930:
864:
856:
813:
243:
71:
65:
3897:
3777:
1323:
682:
The lander was equipped with two television cameras with a 360 degree view of the surface as well as a
610:
arrived and successfully orbited Mars on
November 14, 1971, just two weeks prior to Mars 2 and Mars 3,
3499:
3488:
3340:
1506:
3818:
2800:
2785:
2762:
884:
79:
59:
2739:
Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in
3303:
2908:
1641:
800:, damaging the communications system. The dust storm would also explain the poor image lighting.
547:
3762:
3718:
3454:
3332:
3277:
746:
3989:
3954:
3782:
3752:
2932:
2873:
2827:
2805:
1501:
1170:
1068:
1062:
1023:
894:
879:
3964:
3828:
3797:
3792:
3468:
3224:
3161:
3149:
3143:
3129:
3021:
2920:
2540:
1488:
1470:
1247:
1200:
189:
4.1 × 2.0 × 5.9 m (13.5 × 6.6 × 19.4 ft)
8:
3732:
3556:
3482:
3296:
3136:
3039:
1855:
1844:
1840:
1450:
836:
750:
540:
357:
240:
3911:
3813:
3712:
3677:
3576:
3566:
3289:
1808:
524:
3494:
3923:
3852:
3700:
3591:
3270:
3210:
3028:
2964:
2956:
2901:
2868:
2836:
1545:
1434:
1427:
1330:
1291:
1239:
1072:
969:
899:
797:
683:
668:
611:
603:
330:
1064:
The
Difficult Road to Mars - A Brief History of Mars Exploration in the Soviet Union
3845:
3231:
1526:
1519:
1463:
642:
3546:
3388:
3383:
3312:
3203:
3005:
2708:
1892:
1709:
1697:
1583:
1445:
675:
796:
extremely powerful dust storm taking place at the time which may have induced a
3863:
3462:
3403:
3398:
3282:
3104:
3083:
1723:
1716:
1565:
1210:
674:
The main and auxiliary parachutes, the engine to initiate the landing, and the
631:
367:
2754:
1483:
1205:
737:
3933:
3772:
3324:
3122:
3034:
2880:
1540:
990:
779:
766:
442:
428:
1250:. Coloring of the base map indicates relative elevations of Martian surface.
1206:
Soviet documentary about mission M71 (1971–1973)(Youtube, English subtitles)
3969:
3868:
3787:
3757:
3378:
3373:
3214:
2843:
1689:
1683:
1664:
1350:
1343:
1149:
828:
661:
516:
513:
481:
2948:
3586:
3423:
2567:
2257:
2002:
832:
758:
509:
819:
may have imaged the Mars 3 lander hardware on the surface of Mars. The
729:
Due to communication loss it is unknown whether the rover was deployed.
3767:
3747:
3662:
3606:
3601:
3571:
3413:
2982:
2893:
2693:
2612:
2597:
2592:
2572:
2525:
2430:
2390:
2368:
2211:
2186:
2171:
2161:
2094:
2007:
1966:
1956:
1914:
1897:
1872:
1730:
1558:
1243:
1194:
714:
3873:
3687:
3647:
3427:
3408:
3393:
3345:
3246:
3068:
2995:
2927:
2290:
2206:
2155:
1903:
1578:
1235:
824:
754:
732:
607:
2747:. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).
1201:"The Rocky Soviet Road to Mars" by Larry Klaes - EJASA October, 1989
3672:
3652:
3642:
3519:
3476:
3219:
3196:
3189:
3114:
3109:
3096:
3089:
2217:
2078:
2067:
1782:
1777:
1621:
1616:
1603:
1596:
1310:
1305:
528:
226:
3918:
3657:
3418:
3239:
2658:
2445:
2395:
1787:
1678:
1633:
1366:
1361:
889:
627:
595:"communications relay to send signals from the lander to Earth".
536:
473:
3265:
3184:
3179:
3169:
3078:
3073:
3058:
3015:
3010:
3000:
2990:
2530:
2176:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1736:
1703:
1416:
1411:
1395:
1384:
1379:
860:
820:
700:
532:
520:
494:
489:
230:
1254:
962:
Beyond Earth: A Chronicle of Deep Space Exploration, 1958–2016
3581:
2863:
2450:
2295:
519:, launched May 28, 1971, nine days after its twin spacecraft
347:
337:
139:
28:
2789:
1105:
1031:
938:
619:
401:
385:
43:
741:
The only result received from the camera on Mars 3 lander.
705:
128:
1838:
1024:"NASA Mars Orbiter Images May Show 1971 Soviet Lander"
3895:
807:
3707:Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars (SCIM)
3552:Mars Aerial and Ground Global Intelligent Explorer
905:Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes
733:Entry, descent, landing, transmission, and failure
3975:Non Earth orbiting satellites of the Soviet Union
3623:
823:camera on the MRO took images of what may be the
16:Soviet orbiter/lander mission to Mars (1971–1972)
3931:
968:(second ed.). NASA History Program Office.
867:- November 2007/left & 10 March 2013/right).
582:On-orbit dry mass: 2,265 kg (4,993 lb)
2784:
1261:Clicking on the labels will open a new article.
1067:. NASA Headquarters History Division. pp.
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1191:TASS notice on the Mars-3 landing (in Russian)
1060:
606:on Mars adversely affected the mission. When
3364:
2770:
2743:. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in
1824:
1649:
1176:"The Difficult Road to Mars" By V.G Perminov
1008:
958:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1021:
812:On April 11, 2013, NASA announced that the
718:penetrometer and a radiation densitometer.
654:
101:1 year, 2 months and 25 days
3633:Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey
2777:
2763:
1831:
1817:
1656:
1642:
472:
3668:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher (MAX-C)
1092:
1090:
1088:
1219:
1045:
761:, the lander achieved a soft landing at
736:
704:
641:
571:Combined: 4,650 kg (10,250 lb)
925:
923:
921:
3932:
1142:
1120:"Failed Soviet Mars spacecraft found?"
1112:
1085:
713:Mars 3 lander had a small 4.5 kg
618:was thick with "a planet-wide robe of
574:Orbiter: 3,440 kg (7,580 lb)
3537:Biological Oxidant and Life Detection
2758:
1812:
1637:
1211:Catalogue of Soviet Mars Probe images
1181:Lavochkin page on Mars-3 (in Russian)
988:
952:
602:By coincidence, a particularly large
577:Lander: 1,210 kg (2,670 lb)
1186:Ted Stryk's page on the Mars 3 Probe
918:
563:Mars 3: May 28, 1971 at 15:26:30 UTC
535:upper stage, each consisting of an
13:
2963:
2955:
2947:
2811:List of artificial objects on Mars
1663:
749:at roughly 5.7 km/s. Through
309:2 December 1971, 13:53:50 UTC
14:
4001:
3980:Derelict satellites orbiting Mars
3940:Space program of the Soviet Union
3824:Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
1164:
982:
808:Possible images of lander on Mars
352:214,500 km (133,300 mi)
107:1 minute and 50 seconds
3917:
3905:
3512:Mars Sample Recovery Helicopters
1615:
1595:
1577:
1557:
1539:
1518:
1500:
1482:
1462:
1444:
1426:
1410:
1394:
1378:
1360:
1342:
1322:
1304:
1253:
1242:, overlaid with the position of
1126:. April 15, 2013. Archived from
844:
27:
3683:Mars Telecommunications Orbiter
3489:Martian Moons eXploration (MMX)
694:
648:Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics
1022:Guy Webster (April 11, 2013).
747:entered the Martian atmosphere
568:Launch mass (including fuel):
153:4,650 kg (10,250 lb)
81:
1:
3638:Astrobiology Field Laboratory
1156:(in Russian). April 11, 2013.
911:
181:2,265 kg (4,993 lb)
165:1,210 kg (2,670 lb)
159:3,440 kg (7,580 lb)
1801:indicate failures at launch.
1061:V. G. Perminov (July 1999).
523:. The probes were identical
7:
3950:Spacecraft launched in 1971
3562:Mars Exploration Ice Mapper
3507:NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return
3483:Tera-hertz Explorer (TEREX)
2851:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
872:
815:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
646:Mars 3 Lander model at the
614:were surprised to find the
554:
342:1,528 km (949 mi)
10:
4006:
698:
589:
3886:
3837:
3806:
3740:
3731:
3619:
3529:
3447:
3440:
3360:
3323:
3258:
3160:
3051:
2981:
2974:
2945:
2892:
2869:ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter
2826:
2819:
2796:
2737:
1863:
1796:
1770:
1671:
1240:global topography of Mars
1171:NASA's mars probe website
995:Encyclopedia Astronautica
637:
471:
467:
420:
408:
400:
392:
384:
380:
376:
366:
356:
346:
336:
326:
321:
317:
313:
295:
284:August 22, 1972
280:
272:
267:
263:
259:
249:
236:
222:
206:
201:
197:
193:
185:
177:
173:358 kg (789 lb)
169:
145:
135:
124:
119:
115:
111:
93:
78:
58:
50:
39:
35:
26:
3945:1971 in the Soviet Union
3819:Mars Exploration Program
2801:List of missions to Mars
885:List of missions to Mars
655:Lander spacecraft system
2909:Mars Science Laboratory
709:Rendering of the PrOP-M
3960:Phaethontis quadrangle
3278:Mars Exploration Rover
2968:
2960:
2952:
1301:
1150:"Как мы искали Марс-3"
792:and began operations.
742:
710:
651:
478:Mars 3 (lander) stamp
412:December 2, 1971 13:52
214:1971-05-28UTC15:26:30Z
3985:Soft landings on Mars
3473:(2024, flyby in 2025)
3465:(2024, flyby in 2025)
3044:(2023, flyby in 2026)
3035:Mars Cube One (MarCO)
2967:
2959:
2951:
2806:List of Mars orbiters
1236:Interactive image map
1223:
959:Asif Siddiqi (2018).
895:Robotic space mission
880:List of Mars orbiters
740:
708:
645:
327:Reference system
210:28 May 1971, 15:26:30
120:Spacecraft properties
3829:Mars Next Generation
3788:Permanent settlement
3678:Mars Surveyor Lander
3144:Mars Climate Orbiter
3130:Mars Global Surveyor
1847:Orbital launches in
612:planetary scientists
54:Soviet space program
2786:Spacecraft missions
2252:Soyuz 7K-LOK mockup
1437:Mars Polar Lander ↓
1296:Mars Memorials list
1130:on February 1, 2014
1102:nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov
935:nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov
776: /
751:aerodynamic braking
438: /
338:Periareion altitude
23:
3814:Mars Scout Program
3653:Mars 4NM & 5NM
3577:Mars Micro Orbiter
3567:Mars Geyser Hopper
2969:
2961:
2953:
1302:
743:
711:
652:
560:Launch Date/Time:
525:robotic spacecraft
348:Apoareion altitude
322:Orbital parameters
21:
3893:
3892:
3882:
3881:
3853:The Case for Mars
3763:Atmospheric entry
3727:
3726:
3658:Mars 5M (Mars-79)
3615:
3614:
3592:Next Mars Orbiter
3500:Rosalind Franklin
3436:
3435:
3356:
3355:
3211:Mars Polar Lander
2943:
2942:
2837:2001 Mars Odyssey
2752:
2751:
1806:
1805:
1627:
1609:
1589:
1571:
1551:
1533:
1512:
1510:Rosalind Franklin
1494:
1476:
1456:
1438:
1420:
1404:
1388:
1372:
1354:
1336:
1316:
1259:Clickable image:
1078:978-1-478-23479-1
900:Space exploration
857:Ptolemaeus Crater
798:coronal discharge
684:mass spectrometer
669:gas micro-engines
503:
502:
393:Orbital insertion
307:
301:
163:
157:
151:
105:
99:
3997:
3922:
3921:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3901:
3859:Inspiration Mars
3846:The Mars Project
3738:
3737:
3621:
3620:
3445:
3444:
3362:
3361:
2979:
2978:
2824:
2823:
2779:
2772:
2765:
2756:
2755:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1810:
1809:
1658:
1651:
1644:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1612:
1610:
1605:
1599:
1592:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1574:
1572:
1567:
1561:
1554:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1536:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1515:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1497:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1479:
1477:
1472:
1466:
1459:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1430:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1375:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1346:
1339:
1337:
1332:
1326:
1319:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1299:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1278:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1257:
1222:
1158:
1157:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1094:
1083:
1082:
1058:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1019:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1001:
986:
980:
979:
967:
956:
950:
949:
947:
945:
927:
848:
791:
790:
788:
787:
786:
781:
777:
774:
773:
772:
769:
539:and an attached
476:
462:
461:
459:
458:
457:
455:
450:
449:
444:
439:
436:
435:
434:
431:
415:
396:December 2, 1971
305:
299:
291:
289:
217:
215:
202:Start of mission
161:
155:
149:
103:
97:
94:Mission duration
83:
74:
68:
31:
24:
20:
4005:
4004:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3930:
3929:
3928:
3916:
3906:
3904:
3896:
3894:
3889:
3878:
3833:
3802:
3723:
3625:
3611:
3557:Mars Base Alpha
3547:Icebreaker Life
3525:
3432:
3414:Mars 3MS No.170
3366:
3352:
3319:
3254:
3205:Mars Pathfinder
3156:
3047:
3006:Mariner 6 and 7
2970:
2962:
2954:
2939:
2888:
2815:
2792:
2783:
2753:
2748:
2733:
2709:Intelsat IV F-3
1893:Intelsat IV F-2
1859:
1858:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1837:
1807:
1802:
1792:
1766:
1667:
1662:
1632:
1631:
1622:
1620:
1613:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1593:
1584:
1582:
1575:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1555:
1546:
1544:
1537:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1516:
1507:
1505:
1498:
1489:
1487:
1480:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1460:
1451:
1449:
1442:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1424:
1417:
1415:
1408:
1401:
1399:
1392:
1385:
1383:
1376:
1367:
1365:
1358:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1340:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1320:
1311:
1309:
1300:
1289:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1251:
1234:
1220:
1216:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1133:
1131:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1098:"Mars 3 Lander"
1096:
1095:
1086:
1079:
1059:
1046:
1036:
1034:
1020:
1009:
999:
997:
987:
983:
976:
965:
957:
953:
943:
941:
929:
928:
919:
914:
909:
875:
870:
869:
868:
854:
849:
810:
784:
782:
778:
775:
770:
767:
765:
763:
762:
735:
703:
697:
676:radar altimeter
657:
640:
632:magnetic fields
592:
557:
531:rockets with a
499:
498:
492:
485:
477:
453:
451:
447:
445:
441:
440:
437:
432:
429:
427:
425:
424:
413:
308:
304:
302:
287:
285:
213:
211:
164:
160:
158:
154:
152:
125:Spacecraft type
106:
102:
100:
88:
70:
69:
64:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4003:
3993:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3927:
3926:
3914:
3891:
3890:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3864:Mars Institute
3861:
3856:
3849:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3744:
3742:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3709:
3704:
3697:
3694:Northern Light
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3629:
3627:
3617:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3504:
3492:
3486:
3480:
3474:
3466:
3463:Europa Clipper
3460:
3451:
3449:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3399:Mars 2M No.521
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3370:
3368:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3329:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3275:
3268:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3244:
3237:
3229:
3222:
3217:
3208:
3201:
3194:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3166:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3147:
3140:
3133:
3126:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3105:Phobos program
3102:
3101:
3100:
3093:
3084:Viking program
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3037:
3032:
3025:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2987:
2985:
2976:
2972:
2971:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2898:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2878:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2847:
2840:
2832:
2830:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2782:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2759:
2750:
2749:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2634:
2631:Nauka 5KS No.2
2627:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2331:
2321:
2316:
2313:DS-P1-Yu No.33
2309:
2304:
2299:
2287:
2282:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1997:Nauka 2KS No.3
1993:
1986:
1983:DS-P1-Yu No.39
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1854:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1813:
1804:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1727:
1720:
1713:
1706:
1701:
1694:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1665:Mars programme
1661:
1660:
1653:
1646:
1638:
1614:
1601:
1594:
1576:
1563:
1556:
1538:
1524:
1517:
1499:
1481:
1468:
1461:
1443:
1432:
1425:
1409:
1393:
1377:
1359:
1348:
1341:
1328:
1321:
1303:
1288:
1284: Planned)
1277: Inactive
1263:
1252:
1244:Martian rovers
1224:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1166:
1165:External links
1163:
1160:
1159:
1154:zelenyikot.com
1141:
1111:
1084:
1077:
1044:
1007:
981:
974:
951:
916:
915:
913:
910:
908:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
876:
874:
871:
851:
850:
843:
842:
841:
809:
806:
734:
731:
699:Main article:
696:
693:
656:
653:
639:
636:
591:
588:
587:
586:
583:
580:
579:
578:
575:
572:
566:
565:
564:
556:
553:
508:was a robotic
501:
500:
493:
487:
486:
479:
469:
468:
465:
464:
422:
418:
417:
410:
406:
405:
398:
397:
394:
390:
389:
382:
381:
378:
377:
374:
373:
370:
364:
363:
360:
354:
353:
350:
344:
343:
340:
334:
333:
328:
324:
323:
319:
318:
315:
314:
311:
310:
297:
293:
292:
282:
278:
277:
276:Decommissioned
274:
270:
269:
268:End of mission
265:
264:
261:
260:
257:
256:
251:
247:
246:
238:
234:
233:
224:
220:
219:
208:
204:
203:
199:
198:
195:
194:
191:
190:
187:
183:
182:
179:
175:
174:
171:
167:
166:
147:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
126:
122:
121:
117:
116:
113:
112:
109:
108:
95:
91:
90:
85:
76:
75:
62:
56:
55:
52:
48:
47:
46:orbiter/lander
41:
37:
36:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4002:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3913:
3903:
3902:
3899:
3885:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3836:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3783:Human mission
3781:
3779:
3778:Sample return
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3622:
3618:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3439:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3363:
3359:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3251:
3249:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3123:Mars Observer
3120:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2966:
2958:
2950:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2780:
2775:
2773:
2768:
2766:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2679:OPS 7898 PL-4
2677:
2675:
2674:OPS 7898 PL-3
2672:
2670:
2669:OPS 7898 PL-1
2667:
2665:
2664:OPS 7898 PL-2
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2608:Interkosmos 5
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1946:KH-4B No.1113
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1842:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1822:
1820:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1800:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1654:
1652:
1647:
1645:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1629:
1626:
1618:
1611:
1608:
1598:
1591:
1588:
1580:
1573:
1570:
1560:
1553:
1550:
1542:
1535:
1531:
1521:
1514:
1511:
1503:
1496:
1493:
1485:
1478:
1475:
1465:
1458:
1455:
1447:
1440:
1429:
1422:
1413:
1406:
1397:
1390:
1381:
1374:
1371:
1363:
1356:
1345:
1338:
1335:
1325:
1318:
1315:
1307:
1297:
1293:
1260:
1256:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1217:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1080:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
996:
992:
985:
977:
975:9781626830431
971:
964:
963:
955:
940:
936:
932:
926:
924:
922:
917:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
877:
866:
862:
858:
853:
847:
840:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
816:
805:
801:
799:
793:
789:
760:
756:
752:
748:
739:
730:
727:
723:
719:
716:
707:
702:
692:
688:
685:
680:
677:
672:
670:
665:
663:
662:retro-rockets
649:
644:
635:
633:
629:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
600:
596:
584:
581:
576:
573:
570:
569:
567:
562:
561:
559:
558:
552:
549:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
515:
511:
507:
497: →
496:
491:
488:←
484:
483:
475:
470:
466:
460:
423:
419:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
369:
365:
361:
359:
355:
351:
349:
345:
341:
339:
335:
332:
329:
325:
320:
316:
312:
298:
294:
283:
279:
275:
271:
266:
262:
258:
255:
252:
248:
245:
242:
239:
235:
232:
228:
225:
221:
209:
205:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
148:
144:
141:
138:
134:
130:
127:
123:
118:
114:
110:
96:
92:
86:
84:
77:
73:
67:
63:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
42:
38:
34:
30:
25:
19:
3990:1971 on Mars
3955:Mars program
3869:Mars Society
3851:
3844:
3798:Terraforming
3793:Colonization
3719:Voyager Mars
3711:
3699:
3692:
3518:
3498:
3469:
3456:Mangalyaan-2
3455:
3374:Mars 1M No.1
3333:
3313:
3297:
3283:
3271:
3247:
3240:
3234:Schiaparelli
3233:
3225:
3215:Deep Space 2
3204:
3197:
3190:
3174:
3150:
3142:
3135:
3128:
3121:
3095:
3088:
3063:
3040:
3027:
3020:
2922:Perseverance
2921:
2902:
2881:
2874:
2849:
2844:Mars Express
2842:
2835:
2744:
2740:
2704:Molniya 1-19
2636:
2629:
2622:
2588:Molniya 2-01
2560:
2383:
2354:Gridsphere B
2350:Gridsphere 2
2346:Gridsphere 1
2311:
2302:Molniya 1-18
2289:
2277:
2250:
2243:
2216:
2196:
2154:
2077:
1995:
1988:
1981:
1944:
1902:
1798:
1741:
1729:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1696:
1688:
1682:
1624:
1606:
1586:
1568:
1548:
1530:Schiaparelli
1529:
1509:
1491:
1474:Perseverance
1473:
1453:
1400:
1369:
1353:Deep Space 2
1333:
1313:
1270: Active
1258:
1215:
1153:
1144:
1132:. Retrieved
1128:the original
1123:
1114:
1101:
1063:
1035:. Retrieved
1027:
998:. Retrieved
994:
984:
961:
954:
944:November 30,
942:. Retrieved
934:
829:retrorockets
814:
811:
802:
794:
759:retrorockets
744:
728:
724:
720:
712:
695:PrOP-M rover
689:
681:
673:
666:
658:
624:
601:
597:
593:
548:soft landing
545:
527:launched by
517:Mars program
505:
504:
482:Mars program
480:
421:Landing site
409:Landing date
296:Last contact
170:Landing mass
136:Manufacturer
40:Mission type
18:
3965:Mars rovers
3912:Spaceflight
3733:Exploration
3582:MELOS rover
3485:(mid 2020s)
3424:Fobos-Grunt
3298:Opportunity
2729:Meteor 1-10
2568:Explorer 45
2358:Rigidsphere
2263:Meteor 1-09
2258:Explorer 44
2090:San Marco 3
2063:Meteor 1-08
2003:Explorer 43
1940:Calsphere 5
1935:Calsphere 4
1930:Calsphere 3
1878:Meteor 1-07
1454:Opportunity
1290:(See also:
1134:January 18,
991:"Mars M-71"
989:Mark Wade.
833:heat shield
783: /
510:space probe
463:(predicted)
446: /
358:Inclination
331:Areocentric
237:Launch site
207:Launch date
146:Launch mass
3934:Categories
3924:Technology
3807:Strategies
3701:Red Dragon
3663:Mars-Aster
3607:Sky-Sailor
3602:Phootprint
3572:Mars-Grunt
3389:2MV-3 No.1
3384:2MV-4 No.1
3336:helicopter
3151:Mangalyaan
2719:Kosmos 470
2714:Kosmos 469
2699:Kosmos 468
2694:Kosmos 467
2689:Kosmos 466
2684:Kosmos 465
2654:Kosmos 464
2649:Kosmos 463
2618:Kosmos 462
2613:Kosmos 461
2603:Kosmos 460
2598:Kosmos 459
2593:Kosmos 458
2583:Kosmos 457
2578:Kosmos 456
2573:Kosmos 455
2546:Kosmos 454
2526:Kosmos 453
2516:Kosmos 452
2506:Kosmos 451
2501:Kosmos 450
2496:Kosmos 449
2491:Kosmos 448
2486:Kosmos 447
2481:Kosmos 446
2476:Kosmos 445
2471:Kosmos 444
2466:Kosmos 443
2461:Kosmos 442
2441:Kosmos 441
2431:Kosmos 440
2426:Kosmos 439
2421:Kosmos 438
2406:Kosmos 437
2401:Kosmos 436
2391:Kosmos 435
2369:Kosmos 434
2364:Kosmos 433
2319:Kosmos 432
2307:Kosmos 431
2285:Kosmos 430
2279:Tselina-OM
2273:Kosmos 429
2239:Kosmos 428
2229:Kosmos 427
2212:Kosmos 426
2202:Kosmos 424
2192:Kosmos 424
2187:Kosmos 423
2182:Kosmos 422
2172:Kosmos 421
2167:Kosmos 420
2162:Kosmos 419
2150:Kosmos 418
2145:Kosmos 417
2140:Kosmos 416
2135:Kosmos 415
2130:Kosmos 414
2125:Kosmos 413
2120:Kosmos 412
2115:Kosmos 411
2110:Kosmos 410
2100:Kosmos 409
2095:Kosmos 408
2085:Kosmos 407
2053:Kosmos 406
2048:Kosmos 405
2043:Kosmos 404
2038:Kosmos 403
2033:Kosmos 402
2023:Kosmos 401
2008:Kosmos 400
1972:Kosmos 399
1967:Kosmos 398
1962:Kosmos 397
1957:Kosmos 396
1952:Kosmos 395
1915:Kosmos 394
1898:Kosmos 393
1883:Kosmos 392
1873:Kosmos 391
1868:Kosmos 390
1731:Kosmos 419
1710:2MV-3 No.1
1698:2MV-4 No.1
1195:Wikisource
912:References
780:45°S 202°E
755:parachutes
715:Mars rover
616:atmosphere
604:dust storm
452: (
443:45°S 202°E
372:12.67 days
288:1972-08-22
254:Khrunichev
250:Contractor
186:Dimensions
3874:Mars race
3688:NetLander
3648:Marsokhod
3626:proposals
3624:Cancelled
3428:Yinghuo-1
3409:Mariner 8
3404:2M No.522
3394:Mariner 3
3346:Mars 2020
3334:Ingenuity
3272:Sojourner
3248:Tianwen-1
3069:Mariner 9
2996:Mariner 4
2928:Mars 2020
2903:Curiosity
2882:Tianwen-1
2741:underline
2291:Apollo 15
2207:Mariner 9
2156:Mariner 8
2058:Tournesol
1977:Shijian I
1904:Apollo 14
1771:Cancelled
1724:2M No.522
1717:2M No.521
1549:Sojourner
1334:Curiosity
1124:3 News NZ
1037:April 12,
859:(images:
825:parachute
650:in Moscow
608:Mariner 9
303:July 1972
218: UTC
72:1971-049F
66:1971-049A
60:COSPAR ID
3838:Advocacy
3773:Aircraft
3741:Concepts
3673:Mars One
3643:Beagle 3
3530:Proposed
3520:Kazachok
3503:) (2028)
3477:EscaPADE
3367:launches
3325:Aircraft
3304:timeline
3290:timeline
3232:ExoMars
3220:Beagle 2
3198:Viking 2
3191:Viking 1
3115:Phobos 2
3110:Phobos 1
3097:Viking 2
3090:Viking 1
3052:Orbiters
2933:timeline
2914:timeline
2857:timeline
2828:Orbiters
2624:Zenit-2M
2556:OPS 9432
2551:OPS 3431
2541:Prospero
2536:OPS 7616
2511:OPS 4311
2416:OPS 7681
2411:OPS 5454
2385:Zenit-4M
2374:OPS 8607
2268:OPS 8373
2245:Zenit-2M
2234:OPS 8709
2218:Soyuz 11
2105:OPS 3811
2079:Soyuz 10
2073:OPS 7899
2068:Salyut 1
2018:OPS 5300
2013:OPS 4788
1990:Zenit-2M
1925:OPS 5268
1920:Tansei 1
1888:OPS 7776
1783:Mars 5NM
1778:Mars 4NM
1625:Viking 2
1607:Viking 1
1314:Beagle 2
1292:Mars map
1028:nasa.gov
931:"Mars 3"
873:See also
785:-45; 202
555:Overview
529:Proton-K
448:-45; 202
300:Orbiter:
281:Declared
273:Disposal
241:Baikonur
227:Proton-K
178:Dry mass
156:Orbiter:
98:Orbiter:
51:Operator
3898:Portals
3758:Landing
3753:Orbiter
3542:DePhine
3495:ExoMars
3448:Planned
3419:Mars 96
3379:1M No.2
3341:flights
3314:Zhurong
3241:InSight
3226:Phoenix
3162:Landers
3022:Rosetta
2884:orbiter
2745:italics
2724:Oreol 1
2659:Ariel 4
2644:Polaire
2446:Luna 19
2436:Shinsei
2396:Luna 18
2328:LOADS-2
1910:NATO-2B
1799:Italics
1788:Mars 5M
1690:1M No.2
1684:1M No.1
1679:Mars 1M
1587:Zhurong
1492:Phoenix
1370:InSight
1248:landers
1238:of the
1231:discuss
1000:May 27,
890:Mars 1M
628:gravity
590:Orbiter
537:orbiter
512:of the
388:orbiter
306:Lander:
286: (
212: (
162:Lander:
104:Lander:
80:SATCAT
3587:MetNet
3491:(2026)
3479:(2024)
3459:(2024)
3441:Future
3365:Failed
3284:Spirit
3266:PrOP-M
3259:Rovers
3250:lander
3185:Mars 7
3180:Mars 6
3175:Mars 3
3170:Mars 2
3137:Nozomi
3079:Mars 5
3074:Mars 4
3064:Mars 3
3059:Mars 2
3041:Psyche
3016:Mars 7
3011:Mars 6
3001:Zond 2
2991:Mars 1
2983:Flybys
2894:Rovers
2820:Active
2638:Canyon
2531:ITOS-B
2456:TETR-4
2334:OV1-21
2324:OV1-20
2224:SESP-1
2197:Mars 3
2177:Mars 2
2028:ISIS 2
1856:1972 →
1841:← 1970
1762:Mars 7
1757:Mars 6
1752:Mars 5
1747:Mars 4
1742:Mars 3
1737:Mars 2
1704:Mars 1
1569:Spirit
1419:Mars 6
1403:Mars 3
1387:Mars 2
1282:
1275:
1268:
1075:
972:
861:HiRISE
837:lander
821:HiRISE
757:, and
701:PrOP-M
638:Lander
541:lander
533:Blok D
521:Mars 2
514:Soviet
506:Mars 3
495:Mars 4
490:Mars 2
454:Mars 3
414:
404:lander
368:Period
223:Rocket
150:Total:
131:No.172
22:Mars 3
3768:Rover
3748:Flyby
3713:Vesta
3597:PADME
2864:MAVEN
2562:STV-4
2521:ASTEX
2451:OSO 7
2342:LCS 4
2296:PFS-1
1069:34–60
966:(PDF)
817:(MRO)
771:202°E
433:202°E
244:81/23
140:OKB-1
3470:Hera
3029:Dawn
2975:Past
2875:Hope
2790:Mars
2379:Eole
2338:RTDS
1849:1971
1672:Past
1246:and
1227:view
1136:2019
1106:NASA
1073:ISBN
1039:2013
1032:NASA
1002:2024
970:ISBN
946:2022
939:NASA
835:and
768:45°S
630:and
620:dust
430:45°S
402:Mars
386:Mars
89:5667
87:5252
44:Mars
3970:4MV
2788:to
1532:EDM
865:MRO
416:UTC
362:60°
82:no.
3936::
3426:/
3213:/
2356:,
2352:,
2348:,
2344:,
2340:,
1687:|
1298:)
1294:;
1279:•
1272:•
1229:•
1152:.
1122:.
1104:.
1100:.
1087:^
1071:.
1047:^
1030:.
1026:.
1010:^
993:.
937:.
933:.
920:^
863:,
831:,
827:,
753:,
664:.
634:.
543:.
129:4M
3900::
3497:(
2778:e
2771:t
2764:v
2360:)
2336:(
2330:)
2326:(
2298:)
2294:(
1832:e
1825:t
1818:v
1693:)
1681:(
1657:e
1650:t
1643:v
1264:(
1233:)
1225:(
1197:)
1193:(
1138:.
1108:.
1081:.
1041:.
1004:.
978:.
948:.
456:)
290:)
231:D
229:/
216:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
