208:
350:
197:
297:
518:
47:
1883:
67:
1872:
434:
507:
384:. The currents there carry the fine particles around to the quiet side of the spit, and sediment begins to build up. These locations allow the marshes to absorb the excess nutrients from the water running through them before they reach the oceans and estuaries. These marshes are slowly declining. Coastal development and
529:. Glaciers once covered these landscapes, and as a result, shallow depressions were formed in great numbers. These depressions fill with water in the spring. They provide important breeding habitats for many species of waterfowl. Some pools only occur seasonally, while others retain enough water to be present all year.
465:
occur in shallow lake basins, low-lying depressions, and the land between shallow marshes and upland areas. They also happen on the edges of large lakes and rivers. Wet meadows often have very high plant diversity and high densities of buried seeds. They are regularly flooded but are often dry in the
406:
affect this form of marsh. However, without the stresses of salinity at work in its saltwater counterpart, the diversity of the plants and animals that live in and use freshwater tidal marshes is much higher than in salt marshes. The most severe threats to this form of marsh are the increasing size
287:
from the water that flows through them. Marshes partake in water purification by providing nutrient and pollution consumption. Marshes (and other wetlands) are able to absorb water during periods of heavy rainfall and slowly release it into waterways and therefore reduce the magnitude of flooding.
477:
are a type of marsh found only seasonally in shallow depressions in the land. They can be covered in shallow water, but in the summer and fall, they can be completely dry. In western North
America, vernal pools tend to form in open grasslands, whereas in the east, they often occur in forested
497:
are a form of shallow freshwater marsh in the southern high plains of the United States. Like vernal pools, they are only present at certain times of the year and generally have a circular shape. As the playa dries during the summer, conspicuous plant zonation develops along the shoreline.
368:
affects them, and, sporadically, they are covered with water. They flourish where the rate of sediment buildup is greater than the rate at which the land level is sinking. Salt marshes are dominated by specially adapted rooted vegetation, primarily salt-tolerant grasses.
219:
Marshes provide a habitat for many species of plants, animals, and insects that have adapted to living in flooded conditions or other environments. The plants must be able to survive in wet mud with low oxygen levels. Many of these plants, therefore, have
453:
Ranging greatly in size and geographic location, freshwater marshes make up North
America's most common form of wetland. They are also the most diverse of the three types of marsh. Some examples of freshwater marsh types in North America are:
609:
to replace those lost in the past. Restoration can be done on a large scale, such as by allowing rivers to flood naturally in the spring, or on a small scale by returning wetlands to urban landscapes.
276:, amphibians, waterfowl and aquatic mammals. Marshes have extremely high levels of biological production, some of the highest in the world, and therefore are important in supporting fisheries.
482:. Many amphibian species depend upon vernal pools for spring breeding; these ponds provide a habitat free from fish, which eat the eggs and young of amphibians. An example is the endangered
248:, are generally able to live with a low amount of oxygen in the water. Some can obtain oxygen from the air instead, while others can live indefinitely in conditions of low oxygen. The
942:
Keddy, P.A. and A. A. Reznicek. 1986. Great Lakes vegetation dynamics: the role of fluctuating water levels and buried seeds. Journal of Great Lakes
Research 12: 25-36.
486:. Similar temporary ponds occur in other world ecosystems, where they may have local names. However, vernal pool can be applied to all such temporary pool ecosystems.
933:
B.R. Silliman, E.D. Grosholz, and M.D. Bertness (eds.) 2009. Human
Impacts on Salt Marshes. A Global Perspective. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.
315:. These factors greatly influence the range and scope of animal and plant life that can survive and reproduce in these environments. The three main types of marsh are
973:
Richter, S. C. and Seigel, R. A. 2002. Annual variation in the population ecology of the endangered gopher frog, Rana sevosa Goin and
Netting. Copeia, 2002, 962–72.
1036:
Day, R., P.A. Keddy, J. McNeill and T. Carleton. 1988. Fertility and disturbance gradients: a summary model for riverine marsh vegetation. Ecology 69: 1044-1054
1713:
964:
Calhoun, A.J.K. and P.G. deMaynadier. 2008. Science and the
Conservation of Vernal Pools in Northeastern North America. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
601:
Some areas have already lost 90% of their wetlands, including marshes. They have been drained to create agricultural land or filled to accommodate
94:. More in general, the word can be used for any low-lying and seasonally waterlogged terrain. In Europe and in agricultural literature low-lying
1656:
1741:
1666:
1018:
Bolen, E. G., Smith, L. M., and
Schramm, H. L., Jr. 1989. Playa lakes: prairie wetlands of the southern High Plains. BioScience 39: 615–23.
537:
Many kinds of marsh occur along the fringes of large rivers. The different types are produced by factors such as water level, nutrients,
207:
1761:
1693:
924:
Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland
Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 497 p.
105:
Marshes can often be found at the edges of lakes and streams, where they form a transition between the aquatic and terrestrial
716:
Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland
Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 497 p
731:
364:, wherever there are sections of protected coastline. They are located close enough to the shoreline that the motion of the
997:
1756:
224:, channels within the stem that allow air to move from the leaves into the rooting zone. Marsh plants also tend to have
1076:
862:
Barbier, Edward B.; Hacker, Sally D.; Kennedy, Chris; Koch, Evamaria W.; Stier, Adrian C.; Silliman, Brian R. (2011).
1049:
555:
Large tracts of tidal marsh have been embanked and artificially drained. They are usually known by the Dutch name of
1252:
117:
or reeds. If woody plants are present they tend to be low-growing shrubs, and the marsh is sometimes called a
1766:
1481:
1205:
1776:
1661:
803:
1907:
1746:
38:
17:
180:. Though some marshes are expected to migrate upland, most natural marshlands will be threatened by
1725:
446:
1436:
212:
1771:
1648:
1542:
1069:
526:
349:
165:
55:
31:
1416:
121:. This form of vegetation is what differentiates marshes from other types of wetland such as
59:
1676:
1027:
van der Valk, A. G. 1989. Northern
Prairie Wetlands. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press.
815:
8:
1856:
1507:
381:
951:
Bauder, E. T. 1989. Drought stress and competition effects on the local distribution of
828:
819:
196:
1720:
1638:
1547:
1421:
1406:
1386:
1287:
1282:
841:
173:
641: – Wetland terrain without forest cover, dominated by living, peat-forming plants
327:. These three can be found worldwide, and each contains a different set of organisms.
1922:
1917:
1886:
1796:
1703:
1512:
1454:
1317:
1292:
1062:
982:
Smith, L. M. 2003. Playas of the Great Plains. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
885:
845:
833:
176:
of coastal areas and waterways, absorbing high tides and other water changes due to
1912:
1517:
1431:
1312:
1121:
875:
823:
671:
416:
324:
288:
Marshes also provide the services of tourism, recreation, education, and research.
169:
87:
1471:
1876:
1751:
1688:
1446:
1441:
1297:
1188:
727:
586:
237:
185:
177:
118:
296:
1826:
1633:
1307:
993:
677:
340:
301:
181:
161:
1901:
1836:
1590:
1161:
889:
837:
686:
620:
561:
442:
200:
1821:
1607:
1522:
1257:
1247:
1210:
1141:
1116:
602:
517:
385:
316:
157:
145:
1846:
1841:
1708:
1698:
1597:
1476:
1459:
1346:
1327:
1156:
1146:
1136:
991:
804:"Marsh Processes and Their Response to Climate Change and Sea-Level Rise"
665:
582:
578:
550:
510:
483:
474:
424:
403:
397:
344:
320:
91:
46:
1806:
1502:
1486:
1466:
1332:
1322:
1225:
1193:
1176:
1171:
1166:
674: – Non-tidal, non-forested marsh wetland that contains fresh water
494:
462:
438:
420:
336:
280:
245:
221:
106:
1200:
880:
863:
1628:
1602:
1337:
1151:
1126:
1106:
1050:
Marshes of the Lowcountry (South Carolina) – Beaufort County Library
632:
606:
538:
479:
377:
153:
114:
66:
1816:
1811:
1801:
1623:
1575:
1570:
1553:
1411:
1391:
1356:
1235:
1230:
656: – Type of wetland fed by mineral-rich ground or surface water
590:
428:
361:
354:
312:
284:
253:
228:
for underground storage and reproduction. Common examples include
1272:
680: – Productive wetlands that occur in coastal intertidal zones
623: – Plant that has adapted to living in an aquatic environment
525:
Prairie potholes are found in northern North America, such as the
478:
landscapes. Further south, vernal pools form in pine savannas and
433:
1851:
1831:
1396:
1361:
1183:
1085:
305:
279:
Marshes also improve water quality by acting as a sink to filter
269:
241:
225:
141:
110:
95:
83:
75:
51:
1585:
1376:
1366:
1262:
556:
373:
233:
122:
99:
768:. New York, N.Y.: Britannica Educational service publishing's.
635: – Gas produced naturally within marshes, swamps and bogs
133:, which are wetlands that have accumulated deposits of acidic
1426:
1381:
1371:
1351:
1267:
1242:
1215:
1111:
659:
626:
506:
229:
360:
Saltwater marshes are found around the world in mid to high
203:
are a typical marsh plant in European areas of deeper water.
1580:
1401:
1277:
1054:
638:
365:
273:
257:
149:
134:
130:
126:
388:
have caused significant loss of these essential habitats.
1220:
1131:
786:. San Francisco, CA: Pearson Education Inc. p. 1162.
653:
647:
577:. In the Netherlands and Belgium, they are designated as
861:
864:"The value of estuarine and coastal ecosystem services"
682:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
643:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
249:
559:. In Northern Germany and Scandinavia they are called
311:
Marshes differ depending mainly on their location and
260:, where peat accumulates under more acid conditions.
781:
513:
are ponded only during the wetter part of the year.
211:Many kinds of birds nest in marshes; this one is a
802:FitzGerald, Duncan M.; Hughes, Zoe (30 May 2019).
902:
712:
710:
708:
706:
704:
689: – Wet agriculture and forestry on peatlands
1899:
801:
263:
37:"Marshland" redirects here. For other uses, see
992:United States Environmental Protection Agency.
172:. Moreover, they have an outsized influence on
1657:A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia
725:
701:
668: – Marsh subject to tidal change in water
629: – Body of water in flat, low-lying areas
407:and pollution of the cities surrounding them.
102:are also referred to as marshes or marshland.
1742:Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board
1667:Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type
1070:
808:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
920:
918:
916:
914:
402:Although considered a freshwater marsh, the
380:, and on the sheltered side of a shingle or
650: – Type of wetland with peat-rich soil
391:
1077:
1063:
777:
775:
759:
757:
755:
753:
751:
749:
605:. Restoration is returning marshes to the
168:means that marshes contain 0.1% of global
911:
879:
827:
589:, the embanked marshes are also known as
27:Low-lying and seasonally waterlogged land
763:
516:
505:
432:
372:Salt marshes are most commonly found in
348:
295:
206:
195:
65:
45:
772:
746:
14:
1900:
1762:Meadowview Biological Research Station
1694:Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands
544:
1058:
896:
410:
70:Marsh in shallow water on a lakeshore
1000:from the original on 4 February 2012
857:
855:
797:
795:
793:
532:
191:
1757:Irish Peatland Conservation Council
907:. Nelson Education ltd. p. 96.
829:10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010255
501:
291:
98:that require draining and embanked
24:
252:in marshes tends to be neutral to
50:Marshlands are often noted within
25:
1934:
1043:
852:
790:
272:for many kinds of invertebrates,
1882:
1881:
1870:
734:from the original on 23 May 2013
244:. Aquatic animals, from fish to
1253:Flooded grasslands and savannas
1030:
1021:
1012:
985:
976:
967:
958:
945:
936:
521:Aerial view of prairie potholes
469:
330:
927:
719:
596:
489:
457:
170:sequestered terrestrial carbon
109:. They are often dominated by
13:
1:
1777:Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust
1767:Society of Wetland Scientists
782:Campbell & Reece (2008).
694:
264:Values and ecosystem services
1392:Peatland, mire, and quagmire
1084:
7:
1662:National Wetlands Inventory
613:
10:
1939:
1747:Delta Waterfowl Foundation
903:Draper & Reed (2005).
662: – A forested wetland
548:
414:
395:
334:
39:Marshland (disambiguation)
36:
29:
1865:
1789:
1734:
1684:
1675:
1647:
1616:
1563:
1535:
1495:
1099:
1092:
125:, which are dominated by
1726:Wetland indicator status
447:San Bernardino Mountains
392:Freshwater tidal marshes
1437:Freshwater swamp forest
764:Rafferty, J.P. (2011).
213:yellow-headed blackbird
166:biological productivity
1772:Wetlands International
1543:List of wetland plants
784:Biology Eighth Edition
527:Prairie Pothole Region
522:
514:
450:
357:
308:
216:
204:
71:
63:
56:New Jersey Meadowlands
54:, as seen here in the
32:Marsh (disambiguation)
1417:Salt pannes and pools
955:. Ecology 70: 1083–9.
868:Ecological Monographs
520:
509:
436:
352:
299:
210:
199:
86:that is dominated by
69:
49:
726:World Encyclopedia.
30:For other uses, see
1877:Wetlands portal
1508:Constructed wetland
1093:Types and landforms
820:2019AREPS..47..481F
545:Embanked marshlands
1721:Salt marsh die-off
1639:Salt marsh dieback
1548:List of fen plants
1387:Palustrine wetland
1288:Intertidal wetland
1283:Interdunal wetland
766:Lakes and Wetlands
585:, a region in the
523:
515:
451:
411:Freshwater marshes
358:
325:freshwater marshes
309:
217:
205:
201:White water lilies
186:associated erosion
174:climate resilience
144:for many kinds of
72:
64:
62:, New Jersey, U.S.
1908:Fluvial landforms
1895:
1894:
1797:Aquatic ecosystem
1785:
1784:
1704:Ramsar Convention
1531:
1530:
1513:Converted wetland
1455:Peat swamp forest
1318:Inland salt marsh
953:Pogogyne abramsii
881:10.1890/10-1510.1
533:Riverine wetlands
192:Basic information
88:herbaceous plants
16:(Redirected from
1930:
1885:
1884:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1857:Will-o'-the-wisp
1790:Related articles
1682:
1681:
1482:Whitewater river
1432:Coniferous swamp
1313:Freshwater marsh
1206:Clearwater river
1122:Blackwater river
1097:
1096:
1079:
1072:
1065:
1056:
1055:
1037:
1034:
1028:
1025:
1019:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1005:
989:
983:
980:
974:
971:
965:
962:
956:
949:
943:
940:
934:
931:
925:
922:
909:
908:
900:
894:
893:
883:
859:
850:
849:
831:
799:
788:
787:
779:
770:
769:
761:
744:
743:
741:
739:
723:
717:
714:
683:
672:Freshwater marsh
644:
502:Prairie potholes
417:Freshwater marsh
353:A salt marsh in
292:Types of marshes
268:Marshes provide
256:, as opposed to
140:Marshes provide
21:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1871:
1869:
1861:
1781:
1752:Ducks Unlimited
1730:
1689:Clean Water Act
1671:
1649:Classifications
1643:
1612:
1559:
1527:
1491:
1442:Mangrove forest
1088:
1083:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1003:
1001:
990:
986:
981:
977:
972:
968:
963:
959:
950:
946:
941:
937:
932:
928:
923:
912:
905:Our Environment
901:
897:
860:
853:
800:
791:
780:
773:
762:
747:
737:
735:
724:
720:
715:
702:
697:
692:
681:
642:
616:
599:
587:East of England
575:marais maritime
553:
547:
535:
504:
492:
472:
460:
431:
415:Main articles:
413:
400:
394:
347:
335:Main articles:
333:
294:
266:
194:
178:extreme weather
162:aquatic mammals
90:rather than by
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1936:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1879:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1827:Drainage basin
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1653:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1634:Paludification
1631:
1626:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1586:Sapric or muck
1583:
1573:
1567:
1565:
1564:Soil mechanics
1561:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1550:
1545:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1308:Brackish marsh
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1186:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1103:
1101:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1082:
1081:
1074:
1067:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1045:
1044:External links
1042:
1039:
1038:
1029:
1020:
1011:
984:
975:
966:
957:
944:
935:
926:
910:
895:
874:(2): 169–193.
851:
814:(1): 481–517.
789:
771:
745:
718:
699:
698:
696:
693:
691:
690:
684:
675:
669:
663:
657:
651:
645:
636:
630:
624:
617:
615:
612:
598:
595:
581:districts. In
549:Main article:
546:
543:
534:
531:
503:
500:
491:
488:
471:
468:
459:
456:
412:
409:
396:Main article:
393:
390:
341:Brackish marsh
332:
329:
293:
290:
265:
262:
193:
190:
182:sea level rise
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1935:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1888:
1880:
1878:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1837:Riparian zone
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1735:Organizations
1733:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1591:Tropical peat
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1472:Várzea forest
1470:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1162:Polygonal bog
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1033:
1024:
1015:
999:
995:
994:"Playa Lakes"
988:
979:
970:
961:
954:
948:
939:
930:
921:
919:
917:
915:
906:
899:
891:
887:
882:
877:
873:
869:
865:
858:
856:
847:
843:
839:
835:
830:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
798:
796:
794:
785:
778:
776:
767:
760:
758:
756:
754:
752:
750:
733:
729:
722:
713:
711:
709:
707:
705:
700:
688:
687:Paludiculture
685:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
640:
637:
634:
631:
628:
625:
622:
621:Aquatic plant
619:
618:
611:
608:
604:
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
563:
558:
552:
542:
541:, and waves.
540:
530:
528:
519:
512:
508:
499:
496:
487:
485:
481:
476:
467:
464:
455:
448:
444:
443:Big Bear Lake
440:
435:
430:
426:
422:
418:
408:
405:
399:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
370:
367:
363:
356:
351:
346:
342:
338:
328:
326:
322:
321:tidal marshes
319:, freshwater
318:
314:
307:
303:
298:
289:
286:
282:
277:
275:
271:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
214:
209:
202:
198:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
146:invertebrates
143:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
68:
61:
57:
53:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
1822:List of bogs
1677:Conservation
1608:Ombrotrophic
1552:
1523:Water-meadow
1447:
1302:
1258:Grass valley
1248:Flood-meadow
1211:Cypress dome
1142:Cataract bog
1117:Beach meadow
1032:
1023:
1014:
1002:. Retrieved
987:
978:
969:
960:
952:
947:
938:
929:
904:
898:
871:
867:
811:
807:
783:
765:
736:. Retrieved
721:
603:urban sprawl
600:
574:
573:; in France
570:
566:
560:
554:
536:
524:
511:Vernal pools
493:
475:Vernal pools
473:
470:Vernal pools
461:
452:
449:, California
441:adjacent to
401:
386:urban sprawl
371:
359:
331:Salt marshes
317:salt marshes
310:
278:
267:
218:
139:
104:
92:woody plants
79:
73:
43:
1847:Telmatology
1842:River delta
1709:Ramsar site
1699:Marsh organ
1598:Hydric soil
1477:Vernal pool
1460:Shrub swamp
1328:Tidal marsh
1157:Plateau bog
1147:Coastal bog
1137:Blanket bog
666:Tidal marsh
597:Restoration
583:East Anglia
579:marine clay
551:Tidal marsh
495:Playa lakes
490:Playa lakes
484:gopher frog
463:Wet meadows
458:Wet meadows
425:Vernal pool
404:ocean tides
398:Tidal marsh
345:Tidal marsh
300:A marsh in
246:salamanders
100:polderlands
1902:Categories
1807:Bog butter
1503:Bog garden
1496:Artificial
1467:Wet meadow
1333:High marsh
1323:Salt marsh
1226:Fen-meadow
1194:Alder carr
1177:Upland bog
1172:String bog
1167:Raised bog
1004:5 February
738:4 February
695:References
562:Marschland
439:wet meadow
421:Wet meadow
337:Salt marsh
281:pollutants
222:aerenchyma
154:amphibians
107:ecosystems
1629:Hydrosere
1617:Processes
1603:Marsh gas
1448:Myristica
1338:Low marsh
1152:Kermi bog
1127:Bofedales
1107:Backswamp
890:1557-7015
846:134372265
838:0084-6597
728:"Marshes"
633:Marsh gas
607:landscape
539:ice scour
480:flatwoods
378:estuaries
362:latitudes
302:Jyväskylä
158:waterfowl
60:Lyndhurst
18:Marshland
1923:Wetlands
1918:Pedology
1887:Category
1817:Bog-wood
1812:Bog iron
1802:Bog body
1624:Halosere
1576:Histosol
1571:Acrotelm
1554:Sphagnum
1412:Reed bed
1357:Moorland
1236:Rich fen
1231:Poor fen
1086:Wetlands
998:Archived
732:Archived
678:Mangrove
614:See also
466:summer.
429:Dry lake
382:sandspit
355:Scotland
313:salinity
285:sediment
270:habitats
254:alkaline
242:sawgrass
230:cattails
226:rhizomes
142:habitats
52:wetlands
1913:Marshes
1852:Turbary
1832:Estuary
1407:Pothole
1397:Pocosin
1362:Mudflat
1201:Ciénega
1184:Callows
1100:Natural
816:Bibcode
557:polders
374:lagoons
306:Finland
238:papyrus
164:. This
111:grasses
96:meadows
84:wetland
76:ecology
1422:Slough
1377:Pakihi
1367:Muskeg
1293:Kettle
1263:Guelta
888:
844:
836:
567:Marsch
427:, and
343:, and
323:, and
234:sedges
129:, and
123:swamps
115:rushes
1518:Swale
1487:Yaéré
1450:swamp
1427:Swamp
1382:Palsa
1372:Oasis
1352:Misse
1303:Marsh
1273:Igapó
1268:Hamun
1243:Flark
1216:Dambo
1112:Bayou
842:S2CID
660:Swamp
627:Bayou
571:marsk
366:tides
131:mires
127:trees
82:is a
80:marsh
1714:List
1581:Peat
1536:Life
1402:Pond
1347:Mere
1298:Lagg
1278:Ings
1189:Carr
1006:2012
886:ISSN
834:ISSN
740:2012
639:Mire
591:Fens
283:and
274:fish
258:bogs
240:and
184:and
160:and
150:fish
135:peat
119:carr
78:, a
1221:Fen
1132:Bog
876:doi
824:doi
654:Fen
648:Bog
569:or
74:In
58:at
1904::
996:.
913:^
884:.
872:81
870:.
866:.
854:^
840:.
832:.
822:.
812:47
810:.
806:.
792:^
774:^
748:^
730:.
703:^
593:.
565:,
445:,
437:A
423:,
419:,
376:,
339:,
304:,
250:pH
236:,
232:,
188:.
156:,
152:,
148:,
137:.
113:,
1078:e
1071:t
1064:v
1008:.
892:.
878::
848:.
826::
818::
742:.
215:.
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
