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1835:
621:
531:
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29:
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northern side of the entrance to Port Louis harbour. Two towers were built at Grand River North West; on the south-west side of the river bay the tower was built at Pointe aux Sables whilst Fort
Victoria was built covering the north-eastern flank. The remaining two were built to support existing batteries, which were also improved, at the mouth of the Black River; one to the north at La Preneuse and the other south of Grande-Rivière-Noire at Batterie de l'Harmonie. Cunningham Tower disappeared after 1914. The Tower at Fort Victoria was last mentioned in 1880. In 1865, the
1920:
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1755:
246:
1887:
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233:(32 guns) had fired two broadsides at it. The British removed the guns to arm a small vessel; consequently, the French were easily able to dislodge the garrison of Corsican patriots that had replaced them. Still, the British were impressed by the effectiveness of the tower when properly supplied and defended, and copied the design. But they got the name wrong, misspelling "Mortella" as "Martello" (which means "hammer" in Italian). When the British withdrew from Corsica in 1803, with great difficulty they
266:
728:
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105:
1272:. The tower is the third fortification on the site. Major Thomas Blanshard built it of Bermuda limestone between 1822 and 1823. The tower shows the effect of thirty years of evolution on the design of coastal fortifications, between the 1790s and 1822. The earlier Ferry Island Fort nearby had multiple guns arrayed to cover the water westward, while the Martello tower used a single gun with 360° traverse to cover all of the surrounding area.
1095:
606:, which were built between 1848 and 1857 to protect the naval base there. Today, one of the towers is privately owned. The other is located on the town's riverfront, next to the old entrance of the naval base. It was converted into a small museum that focused on the local history of the dock and its defences. The museum has now shut down because of water influx. Recently Pembrokeshire County Council has decided to put the tower up for sale.
406:
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154:
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1987:
5559:"English: Tower Dupre was a hexagonal 2 story fortified tower (a Martello Tower or Martello Castle) built in Lake Borgne (Louisiana) from 1827 to 1830. It guarded the entrance to Bayou Dupre and was part of the harbor defense of the Mississippi River. It was destroyed by Hurricane Katrina in 2005 although the ruins are still a popular fishing spot. For more information on its history, see fortwiki.com"
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was lined with bass junk, five feet from the walls, and filled up with sand; and although it was cannonaded from the Height for two days, within 150 yards, and appeared in a very shattered state, the enemy still held out; but a few hot shot setting fire to the bass, made them call for quarter. The number of men in the Tower were 33; only two were wounded, and those mortally.
1647:. Photos suggest that Martello Menara was not a true Martello, but rather a circular fort. The tower was operational until 1878, when it became a storage site, and was abandoned in 1908. Bidadari Island was also known as Pulau Sakit (Sick Island) as it housed a leper colony during the 17th century. More recently, the island came to be called "Angel Island", to honour the
5483:
1107:'s original quay. Confusion with the previous fort presumably explains the claims made in Barbudan tourism publications that this was the World's first, and is its oldest, Martello tower, built in 1745. The tower is located on the south coast of the island, a mile or so from River Landing and some seven miles south of the island's main village of
1976:: Phillipet on Lazareto Island, Cala Taulera (St. Clair) and Los Freus (Erskine) on the peninsula of La Mola, Stuart's Tower, and a tower on the Punta de Sant Carlos, which the Spanish destroyed when they took regained possession of Menorca. To the northwest of MahĂłn the British built two more towers, Sa Torreta and Sa Mezquita.
5487:
1374:
received two thin towers between 1845 and 1848. However, these are dry ditch defence towers, rather than true
Martello towers.) A common characteristic of Canadian Martello towers was removable cone-shaped roofs to protect against snow. Today, many of the restored towers have permanent roof additions
256:
The towers were about 40 feet (12 m) high with walls about 8 feet (2.4 m) thick. In some towers the rooms were not built in the centre, but more to the landside, leaving the walls thicker on seaside. These were cases where an attack with a cannon from the landside was thought very unlikely.
1866:
The
British built five Martello Towers between 1832 and 1835 at Grand River North West (2), Black River (2), and Port Louis (1), of which three survive. One tower, named Cunningham Tower after Lieutenant-Colonel Cunningham, the commanding Royal Engineer, was constructed as part of Fort George at the
1235:
Harbour by two
American warships. Concern with the threat of foreign attack had caused the government to review the harbour's inner defences, which were found to be inadequate, and the establishment of a fort was recommended to help protect Sydney Harbour from attack by foreign vessels. Construction
978:
chart and denoted "Signal Tower", suggesting it was used with a series of other stations for communication. The tower's position offers a view of the sea both to the north and south of the island and is therefore well-suited for that purpose. By the 1830s the tower was described as a "watch-house of
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were ordered against it, without making the least impression by a continued cannonade of two hours and a half; and the former ship being very much damaged by red-hot shot, both hauled off. The walls of the Tower were of a prodigious thickness, and the parapet, where there were two eighteen-pounders,
2141:
Is reduced to a well-built coast tower, but only mounts and is capable of a rotating gun ... The tower contains two floors and the platform. The ground floor is for the warehouse and spare part. The main one for accommodation, and in this one is the door for ladder of hand, and two spans that,
1853:
built in Malta in 1658–1659, began to be used as if it was a
Martello Tower and it is sometimes considered as such. Various modifications were made, including mounting a 64-pound rifled muzzle loading (RML) gun on the roof for coastal defence. From the late 19th century onwards it defended part of
261:
had a high parapet and a raised platform in the centre with a pivot (sometimes a converted cannon) for a cannon that would traverse a 360° arc. (Some towers were designed to carry more than one gun, with each having a more limited arc of fire.) The walls had narrow slits for defensive musket fire.
2019:
In addition to the 12 towers that they built, the
British made use of three towers that the Spanish had built earlier. In 1781, Captain Francisco Fernandez de Angulo had built towers south of Port Mahon at Punta Prima and Alcufar, based on the design of those that the Spanish had built in Gando,
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on the first floor, which was divided into several rooms and had fireplaces built into the walls for cooking and heating. The officer and men lived in separate rooms of almost equal size. A well or cistern within the fort supplied the garrison with water. An internal drainage system linked to the
1943:. The tower at Simon's Town and Cape Town were both built in 1795. The tower at Cape Town was demolished over 100 years ago, but the tower at Simon's Town now is sometimes claimed as the oldest Martello in the world. It is arguable as to whether one should properly call it a Martello Tower.
84:
They stand up to 40 feet (12 m) high (with two floors) and typically had a garrison of one officer and 15–25 men. Their round structure and thick walls of solid masonry made them resistant to cannon fire, while their height made them an ideal platform for a single heavy
1826:), that are frequently referred to as Martello towers, though they are not Martellos. They were built in the late 18th century, i.e., before the Martellos, and differ from them in a number of ways. One may think of them as precursors, like the Genoese towers they resemble.
1953:, who commanded the force that captured the colony and then served briefly as its governor, had served with the Mediterranean fleet off Corsica in 1794. The British built the tower at Fort Beaufort in 1837, and it is probably the only example of an inland Martello tower.
146:, who would signal the approach of unexpected ships by lighting a beacon fire on the tower's roof. The fire would alert the local defence forces to the threat. Although the pirate threat subsequently dwindled, the Genoese built a newer generation of circular towers (the
2274:
The Key West towers, though the locals refer to them as
Martellos, were square instead of round and had thin walls with long gun loops. In addition, a curtain wall of heavy guns encircled the Key West towers making them, effectively, keeps instead of standalone towers.
4228:
It served as an office of the
Georgia Telegraph and Telephone Company and finally as the post office for Fort Screven. In 1913, the building was damaged in a fire and it was finally dismantled the following year to clear the field of fire for the guns of Fort Screven.
1879:
public beach, in the Rive Noire/Black River district. The
Friends operate it as a museum for visitors. The original entrance to the tower is raised above ground but a new entrance has been constructed at ground level. The other tower in Rive Noire/Black River district
1405:
now occupies the site. The fourth surviving
Martello Tower in Quebec, No. 4, is located in a residential area on the north side of the Upper City overlooking Lower Town. It is now used as an escape game tourist activity by The National Battlefields Commission.
460:(1745–1827) and a Captain Ford. The northernmost tower at Aldeburgh is of quatrefoil design, i.e. four in one. and there are two towers at Clacton-on-Sea, one near the town and the other to the west near the local Golf Course (see the pictures on the right).
2002:. In 1756 and again in 1781, batteries on the hill had supported successful attacks on the Fortress. The tower was built both to secure the hill and protect the entrance to the bay. The tower's name was later changed to Torre d'en Penjat, or Hangman's Tower.
482:
The effectiveness of Britain's Martello towers was never actually tested in combat against a Napoleonic invasion fleet. They were, however, effective in hindering smuggling. After the threat had passed, the Martello towers in England met a variety of fates.
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on the south coast, which was restored in 1999. This tower may have been involved in repelling a French attack though there is nothing more than circumstantial support for the notion. British engineers commenced work on three towers to protect
974:, according to local memory during the Napoleonic Wars. It is square rather than round, unlike the traditional Martello tower. This tower is known locally as the Gabhla Fhranca ("French Tower") or the Napoleonic Tower. It is marked on an 1838
1275:
Like its predecessors in the UK, it has an ovoid footprint with the thickness of its walls ranging from nine to 11 feet. It is surrounded by a dry moat. The tower's purpose was to defend the Ferry Reach Channel and so impede any attack on
1564:), that many people refer to as Martello towers, though they are not Martellos. They were built in the late 18th century, i.e., before the Martellos, and differ from them in a number of ways. One may think of them as precursors, like the
1911:. It was significantly modified in 1870 when it was truncated to allow the installation of a water tank to supply Government House (Fort Thornton) with water. The tower has now been incorporated into Sierra Leone's Parliament Buildings.
1397:. It has been restored as a museum and can be visited during the summer months. Tower no. 2 stands close nearby and currently hosts activities for private groups. Tower No. 3 was demolished in 1905 after being used as a residence. The
2009:, the British built a tower on the rocky headland overlooking the harbor's mouth, and a small tower on the island of Sargantana. They complemented these two towers with two more small towers nearby, one at Sa Nitsa and one at Addaya.
1619:, which were demolished in 1954. An earlier example of such is the one found in Pakur, a town in the state of Jharakhand. This tower was built in 1856 by Sub District Officer Sir Martin with view to protect the British Raj from the
302:
During the first half of the 19th century, the British government embarked on a large-scale programme of building Martello towers to guard the British and Irish coastlines. Around 140 were built, mostly along the south coast of
5193:
Martello Tower is now the reminants of the struggle fought between the British and the Santhals ... was built in the year 1856 by Sir Martin the ten S.D.O., Pakur with view to protect the British Raj from the onslaughts of the
327:
also constructed towers. The construction of Martello towers abroad continued until as late as the 1870s but was discontinued after it became clear that they could not withstand the new generation of rifled artillery weapons.
1983:, built between 1850 and 1875. The tower was converted to a powder magazine, which led to its destruction in 1958, when lightning struck the tower. The explosion destroyed the tower, blowing out large sections of its walls.
651:
on the south coast. On the east coast, concentrated mainly around Dublin Bay, twenty-six towers were in line of sight of each other, providing the ability to communicate with one another, or warn of any incoming attacks.
139:. The towers stood one or two storeys high and measured 12–15 m (39–49 ft) in diameter, with a single doorway five metres off the ground that one could access only via a ladder that the occupants could remove.
1122:
It is attached to what remains of the pre-existing fort. The tower mounted three cannon, and in all the fort mounted ten cannons, none of which remain. The tower is the highest building on Barbuda and serves as a
1689:, who carried out his research in 1814 and 1815. Of the seven towers built in Sicily, only four remain. One is the Mazzone Tower (or the British Fort) at Faro Point, Messina. The second is the Magnisi tower at
2142:
besides serving for ventilation, are arranged to receive small caliber guns ... The platform mounts a rotating gun and has a small bench for the fire of rifle. Under the lower floor there is a cistern.
1969:, the then British governor, ordered Engineer Captain Robert D'Arcy to build some 12 Martello towers along the coast. These, when added to the three Spanish towers already in place, gave Menorca 15 towers.
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1102:
The British originally constructed River Fort Martello Tower in the early 19th century, on the site of a previous fort (presumed to have been built by the Spanish) to guard nearby River Landing, which was
1623:. It was an important position for the British forces watching fighting the rebellion of the Santhals. This example is reported to still be in good condition, but decaying due to a lack of maintenance.
2251:
Although the Americans copied the design from the towers the British erected in Canada, the American Martello towers differed in some significant respects from the British. The Martello tower built at
901:. As this tower supports three guns (unlike the normal Martello tower which is circular on plan and carries only one gun), it is cam shaped on plan. Currently a rampant growth of ivy covers the tower.
374:). Consequently, the Martello towers of Great Britain and Ireland can be considered to have been part of a single defensive system, designed to protect the coastlines of the two main islands of the
1327:
was mounted on top. The site is open to the public from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. Monday to Friday in the summer and in the winter by appointment only, by calling the Parks Department. It is part of the
517:). Some are privately owned or are private residences, The remainder are derelict. A survey of the East Coast towers in 2007 found of the 17 remaining, most were in a reasonable condition.
7315:
1111:. The tower is 56 feet high, has a raised gun platform and extremely thick walls, but is missing the floors. It the first such tower constructed in the Caribbean, was built in 1745 by
257:
Entry was by ladder to a door about 10 feet (3.0 m) from the base above which was a machicolated (slotted) platform which allowed for downward fire on attackers. The flat roof or
490:
Fifteen towers were demolished to enable the re-use of their masonry. The sea washed thirty away and the military destroyed four in experiments to test the effectiveness of the new
5224:
2126:. The tower was erected in the center of 1799 fort, in mount St. Julian, dominating port and mouth. In the summer of 1812 English engineers destroyed the fort and erected a tower:
2130:... the British are working on opening a path from the east coast to the post on Mount St. Julian, where they try to build a six-piece battery held in a tower 24 feet in diameter.
1309:
912:, which was the property of Blackrock Urban District Council, was formerly the clubhouse of the Seapoint Boat Club from 1916 to 1931, and was subsequently the headquarters of the
202:
after two days of heavy fighting. The British forces were helped by the fact that the tower's two 18-pounder guns fired seaward, while only the one 6-pounder could fire landward.
89:
piece, mounted on the flat roof and able to traverse, and hence fire, over a complete 360° circle. A few towers had moats or other batteries and works attached for extra defence.
2244:
1770:, three between 1808 and 1814, and five between 1834 and 1837, one of which, L'Etacq, the German occupation forces destroyed during World War II. The three original towers are:
1654:
Other towers were built at Onrust, Kuiper (Cipir), and Kerkhof (Kelor) islands. All four were demolished in part or in whole after the advent of rifled guns made them obsolete.
5246:
1420:, is the oldest Martello-style tower in North America. It was built in 1796 and was used as a redoubt and a powder magazine. Restored, it is now a National Heritage site. The
1421:
2172:. The tower was very similar in design to the tower at Simon's Town, with a diameter of about 45 ft (14 m) and a height of approximately 20 ft (6.1 m).
5512:
4822:
1398:
5616:
2156:
is still in good condition and is used as a base for telephone aerials and antennas. The interior, which is only accessible to technicians, is supposedly well preserved.
1433:
1858:. The tower remained in use until World War II. It still stands today, despite having some minor modifications to its original structure, and it was recently restored.
4297:
reports that "bass" is a name "given elliptically to various articles made of this or similar material; e.g. a mat, a hassock, a flat plaited bag or flexible basket."
2259:, a common local building material at the time, instead of the brick or stone that the British towers used. Also, unlike the British towers, the Tybee tower featured
1244:
of the 1850s. However, construction was completed only in 1857, well after the war had ended. Fort Denison is well preserved and is now a popular tourist attraction.
1999:
1112:
5038:
1980:
135:
Since the 15th century, the Corsicans had built similar towers at strategic points around the island to protect coastal villages and shipping from North African
2271:
was in a state of disrepair. Its unfamiliar design confused local writers, who often said that the Spanish had built the tower when Georgia was Spain's colony.
4660:
389:, where chains of Martello towers were built. Elsewhere in the world, individual Martello towers were erected to provide point defence of strategic locations.
4463:
5642:
4521:
1320:
Islands, where the coastal artillery was always most heavily concentrated. Two more Martello towers to protect the Dockyard were planned, but never built.
429:
5526:
1809:
417:
5676:
Bolton, J., Carey, T., Goodbody, R. & Clabby, G. (2012) The Martello Towers of Dublin. (Dublin: DĂşn Laoghaire-Rathdown & Fingal County Council).
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366:, from 1801 to 1922, spanning the time during which most Martello towers were erected (the initial scheme started under the previous entities of the
4913:
1639:
that damaged Menara Martello, which the Dutch colonial government of the East Indies built in 1850 on Bidadari Island (Pulau Bidadari), one of the
273:
The interior of a classic British Martello tower consisted of two storeys (sometimes with an additional basement). The ground floor served as the
4990:
4604:
4080:
1685:
The Sicilian Martello towers were built around 1810. The estimate rests on the historical context and on the descriptions of the topographer
4763:
3559:
1774:
1496:, the only tower completely surrounded by water, stands in Kingston's Confederation Basin. Since 2005, it is open to the public as part of
844:
831:; this tower is believed to have been the only Martello tower ever captured, other than the original. The other Cork Harbour towers are at
602:
A small number of Martello towers were also built in Wales, of which few survive. The most notable surviving towers are the two located in
4634:
1533:, features a Martello tower. Since the amalgamation of the Township of Kingston in 2000, the city's flag has also borne a Martello tower.
505:
Forty-seven Martello towers have survived in England, a few of which have been restored and transformed into museums (e.g., the towers at
5964:
5216:
3468:
3030:
1875:
each per diem", for the towers at Fort George and Grand River. The Friends of the Environment have restored one Martello tower near the
363:
343:
government also built a number of Martello towers along the east coast of the US that copied the British design with some modifications.
1717:
There is a Martello tower located at what was Fort Nugent. In 1709, the Spanish slave agent in Jamaica, James Castillo, built a fort in
1231:
Fortification of the island began in 1841 but was not completed. The construction had begun following an 1839 night-time incursion into
3721:
1694:
615:
5283:
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still exists but has remained neglected for many years. The other existing tower is at Pointe aux Sables, Grand River North West.
2037:
20:
5504:
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store. The battery, while restored, remains to be armed and the coach house and artillery store still require some restoration.
7131:
5378:
2279:
1950:
1693:, Syracuse. The Italian Navy used this tower as an observation post during the Second World War. Third is the Cariddi tower at
92:
The Martello towers were used during the first half of the 19th century, but became obsolete with the introduction of powerful
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4560:
5753:
5709:
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5341:
1057:
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in Orkney. They were constructed between 1813 and 1815 to guard against the threat of French and American raiders attacking
1607:
stands. The Portuguese are said to have built many of these towers, but Arnala's is the best surviving specimen. After the
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had four Martello towers, but tower no. 3 was demolished in 1904. In this picture, the internal structure can be seen.
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7325:
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2032:
returned Menorca to Spain in 1802. Around 1804, the Spanish built a tower at Punta Na Radona to protect the beach at
1834:
1526:
1515:
1440:; it was demolished in 1944 and replaced by a concrete lighthouse at Maughers Beach. Another Martello tower stood on
1188:
1076:
916:(GSI). The GSI vacated the tower when it found that the atmosphere was not conducive to the preservation of records.
620:
198:(32 guns), unsuccessfully attacked the tower at Mortella Point; the tower eventually fell to land-based forces under
78:
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1521:
The Canadian Press reported on 16 April 2006 that the Canadian military has named a Forward Operating Base (FOB) in
1170:
5364:
1640:
1460:
1116:
815:
There were seven Martello towers in the vicinity of Cork Harbour of which five are extant. During the 19th century
479:; they acted as supply depots for the smaller towers as well as being powerful fortifications in their own right.
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mounted on a traversing carriage on the crown of the Tower. There is a three-gun battery below the tower, with a
5858:
Saunders, Ivan J. (1976) "A History of the Martello Towers in the Defence of British North America, 1796–1871",
5530:
5107:
The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British and Foreign India, China, and Australia. Vol II, 3rd Series
4876:
1043:
4121:; for much of the twentieth century was private fishing camp; photo at Wikimedia Commons; destroyed in 2005 by
1966:
1722:
1313:
1166:
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206:
129:
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416:
Between 1804 and 1812 the British authorities built a chain of towers based on the original Mortella tower to
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671:, then a medical student but later to become famous in Irish history as a surgeon, politician and writer. In
44:
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Ruined Martello tower at New Castle, New Hampshire, overlooking Portsmouth harbour in the late 19th century
1701:. Lastly, the fourth tower is situated on a rocky outcrop overlooking the sea from where it can defend the
1612:
1441:
1216:
The last Martello tower built in the British Empire is said to be that which composes a part of the larger
1025:
331:
The French built similar towers along their own coastline that they used as platforms for communication by
199:
5444:
2633:
753:. There is also a coach house, artillery store, tool shed, and gunner's cottage, with resident gunner and
742:. The Tower is privately owned and has been fully restored, to include a proofed, working King George 3rd
7310:
6391:
5505:"Dominican College Additional Images: Buildings of Ireland: National Inventory of Architectural Heritage"
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About fifty Martello towers were built around the Irish coastline, especially along the east coast, from
484:
4955:"The Tormentor - Interactive Activities - Activities - Home | The National Battlefields Commission"
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Restored. Exhibition on the history of Dublin's Martello Towers. Guided tours during the summer months
2225:
1994:
The British erected Stuart's Tower in 1798 on Turks Hill or Hangman's Hill to the south of the port of
1932:
530:
498:, some Martello towers returned to military service as observation platforms and firing platforms for
440:. A total of 103 Martello towers were built in England, set at regular intervals along the coast from
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1632:
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lives in the tower with a medical student, Malachi "Buck" Mulligan, whom Joyce based on Gogarty. The
74:
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5247:"Image details - Skeleton record plan, Fort George, Mauritius - The National Archives Image library"
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1288:. The main channel by which vessels reach most parts of Bermuda west of St. George's, including the
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1682:. The new higher rate of fire of ships' guns led to the choice of the Martello tower as the model.
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5573:"On the Trail of Codman Parkerson: Tower Dupre, 1828 (CP No. 34) N29 56.709 W89 50.123 04.26.2015"
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1643:, as part of a set of fortifications built between 1850 and 1852 that protected the approaches to
1603:. There is a Martello Tower that the Portuguese built at the southern tip of the island where the
1492:
has the most elaborate defences as it includes earthen ramparts and a limestone curtain wall. The
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5169:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture. p. 115.
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resumed in 1855 to provide Sydney with protection against the threat of a naval attack by the
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government built several Martello towers at locations along the eastern seaboard. Two are at
2047:
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2013:
1718:
1575:, built in 1856, is an oval tower that represents the final evolution of the Martello tower.
1428:. Its lower level still stands, though it has been boarded up for conservation purposes. The
1413:
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227:
182:
32:
28:
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East tower is a museum; West tower converted to a botanical garden; both open to the public
1729:
Harbour. The tower was probably built between 1808 and 1811, at a reported cost of ÂŁ12,000.
1678:
from Naples, Sicily began to build towers to resist an invasion by Napoleon's armies led by
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Martello Tower South No.7, on Tara Hill, Killiney Bay, is unique, as is its location as an
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441:
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174:
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Daly, Gavin (2007). "English Smugglers, the Channel, and the Napoleonic Wars, 1800–1814".
5360:
El último hálito de la fortificación abalartuada. El fuerte de San Julián de Cartagena (1)
8:
7679:
7415:
6771:
6149:
5776:
Harris, Edward (1988). "The Martello Tower at Ferry Point, St George's Island, Bermuda".
4850:
4070:
2622:
2601:
2580:
2559:
2400:
1919:
1797:
1738:
1686:
1417:
1371:
1108:
856:
746:
96:
artillery. Many have survived to the present day, often preserved as historic monuments.
40:
4926:"Martello Towers Worldwide" by Bill Clements, Pen & Sword Military 2011 pp. 146–148
1378:
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7385:
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1823:
1743:
1600:
1409:
1324:
960:
836:
476:
371:
5935:
Location list and explanatory article of most Martello towers in the UK, with pictures
5934:
4574:
2110:
1455:. Their builders intended for the towers to serve as redoubts against marine attacks.
963:, built between 1812 and 1871 to defend against a possible French invasion during the
7857:
7816:
7791:
7664:
7345:
7185:
7032:
6618:
6496:
6174:
6117:
5944:
5749:
5737:
5705:
5684:
5337:
4769:
4698:
4205:
4155:
4122:
3800:
3085:
2536:
2513:
2490:
2467:
2217:
2054:
2006:
1726:
1530:
1483:
1448:
1394:
1390:
866:
The British built two Martello towers on the Hook Peninsula to protect the fort near
743:
697:
682:
591:
559:
Three Martello towers were built in Scotland, the first on offshore rocks facing the
472:
332:
158:
121:
109:
5358:
4991:"Public Archives of Nova Scotia C@P Site – The Royal Engineers in Halifax – Exhibit"
2267:
to be fired through the walls. It was never tested in battle and by the time of the
7831:
7806:
7735:
7659:
7260:
7255:
7190:
6741:
6545:
6124:
5827:
5823:
5789:
5785:
5725:
5368:
4976:
4552:
3782:
3777:
2997:
2820:
2119:
2033:
2029:
1786:
1754:
1706:
1702:
878:
Harbour. There is a third tower on the headland at Baginbun Bay in County Wexford.
801:
769:
583:
495:
5373:
4685:. Pembroke Dock Gun Tower Museum Trust. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012
3151:
3127:
1759:
660:
245:
7720:
7572:
7545:
7485:
7455:
7340:
7305:
7285:
7270:
6825:
6820:
6788:
6549:
6491:
6479:
6461:
6328:
6309:
6235:
6212:
6001:
5914:
4264:
4246:
4174:
4015:
3848:
3756:
3473:
3338:
3204:
2736:
2169:
2044:
1886:
1850:
1690:
1670:
At the beginning of the nineteenth century, during the British "Protectorate" of
1497:
1328:
1225:
975:
964:
952:
948:
689:
678:
673:
521:
468:
193:
2012:
Lastly, the British built one tower at Santandria to protect the old capital of
1583:
1572:
294:
7889:
7884:
7550:
7535:
7470:
7460:
7335:
7320:
7220:
7175:
7049:
6842:
6539:
6506:
6470:
6286:
6144:
6108:
5180:
4746:
4113:
Hexagonal; originally built on shore, 150 ft (46 m) from water, near
3853:
3042:
2843:
2781:
2541:
2256:
2123:
1979:
One tower, the Princess Tower, or the Erskine Tower, was incorporated into the
1855:
1846:
1838:
1780:
1595:
Although European in origin, a primitive form of Martello tower had existed in
1501:
1479:
1281:
1260:(1822) (background), contrasts with the Ferry Island Fort (1790s) (foreground).
1209:
936:
871:
809:
765:
721:
636:
625:
560:
410:
226:
Late in the previous year, the tower's French defenders had abandoned it after
70:
5924:
277:
and storerooms, where ammunition, water, stores and provisions were kept. The
7940:
7894:
7847:
7755:
7745:
7699:
7669:
7654:
7623:
7604:
7465:
7405:
7360:
7275:
7234:
7044:
6677:
6672:
6405:
6368:
6353:
6304:
6249:
6228:
6037:
4836:
4274:
4213:
4188:
4169:
4150:
4129:
4093:
4075:
3996:
3609:
3225:
2710:
2229:
2213:
2094:
2081:
1940:
1679:
1565:
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1437:
1280:
from the main island of Bermuda, and attacking vessels from slipping through
971:
909:
894:
890:
816:
693:
629:
603:
457:
375:
340:
336:
147:
66:
36:
5939:
4718:
1094:
265:
7872:
7730:
7694:
7649:
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7290:
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6800:
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6597:
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6258:
5969:
5157:
4030:
4010:
3991:
3970:
3604:
3540:
3517:
3495:
2885:
2495:
2320:
2165:
2021:
1947:
1928:
1908:
1904:
1725:, later strengthened the fort to guard the eastern entrance of the city of
1456:
1425:
1221:
1205:
940:
848:
828:
777:
648:
320:
7771:
7628:
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7509:
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7300:
7265:
7161:
7064:
6835:
6805:
6795:
6701:
6590:
6207:
6154:
5930:
English Heritage Report into Martello Towers on the East Coast of England
4118:
4114:
4098:
3935:
3625:
3536:
3491:
3433:
3420:
3182:
2975:
2689:
2518:
2404:
2204:
2193:
2118:
Another tower was erected by English troops stationed in the fortress of
1876:
1803:
1648:
1604:
1596:
1588:
1550:
1522:
1493:
1475:
1386:
1241:
928:
924:
886:
832:
824:
797:
664:
355:
249:
162:
48:
6398:
5919:
955:. There is also an extant Martello tower located near the settlement of
727:
362:
Great Britain and Ireland were united as a single political entity, the
7796:
7616:
7588:
7519:
7395:
7350:
7280:
7200:
7097:
7002:
6942:
6901:
6879:
6830:
6776:
6726:
6721:
6706:
6665:
6613:
6571:
6516:
6358:
6274:
5746:
The Historical Development of the Martello Tower in the Channel Islands
4884:
4241:
4056:
3954:
3679:
3410:
3064:
2799:
2188:
2073:
2069:
2058:
2041:
1017: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
956:
944:
932:
920:
761:
705:
644:
568:
548:
351:
7776:
6321:
5994:
4851:"A brief history of a dynamic and innovative campaigning organisation"
4456:"Holiday at Martello Tower in Aldeburgh, Suffolk - The Landmark Trust"
2668:
401:
An aerial view of the western of two Martello towers at Clacton-on-Sea
104:
7205:
7136:
6963:
6958:
6891:
6532:
6445:
6375:
6333:
6159:
6129:
6090:
6056:
4102:
4051:
4035:
3948:
3925:
3904:
3885:
3866:
3697:
3175:
2864:
2436:
Lower levels still exist. Site partially boarded off, can be visited
2310:
2260:
2237:
2180:
1936:
1616:
1546:
1323:
The tower was restored in 2008 and an 18-pounder cannon brought from
1127:
from land or sea. Today the fort is a popular location for weddings.
875:
867:
860:
773:
754:
656:
449:
405:
397:
324:
308:
234:
86:
5183:. Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Gov't of India
4744:
Damian Corless (25 October 2000). "The man with a mind of his own".
3831:
since 1822, August under construction, later named as coast battery
1845:
The British never built any true Martello Towers in Malta. However,
1504:, the fourth tower, stands unused on Cedar Island near Point Henry.
1140:
992:
116:
Martello towers were inspired by a round fortress, part of a larger
7689:
7684:
7609:
7450:
7168:
7143:
7126:
7056:
6997:
6925:
6918:
6761:
6649:
6523:
6343:
6338:
6314:
6242:
6222:
6202:
6169:
5862:#15, National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Thorn Press Limited.
5729:
5122:
3975:
3844:
3820:
3581:
3284:
3106:
2950:
2928:
2906:
2776:
2754:
2591:
Open for group activities through National Battlefields Commission
1900:
1872:
1812:– Absorbed into the 19th-century artificers' barracks and workshops
1675:
1662:
1620:
1560:
In addition, there are a number of earlier towers in Guernsey (the
1542:
1339:
905:
840:
789:
785:
781:
732:
701:
506:
425:
282:
278:
153:
5797:
McCall, M. (1999). "The Martello Tower in Hambantota, Sri Lanka".
2152:
The later constructions that gave rise to the present fortress of
1998:
at San Esteban or Saint Stephen's bay on the southern side of the
1995:
1973:
1466:
1312:, and other important sites, carries them around the east ends of
1115:, and was designed by Commodore Charles Knowles RN, later Admiral
7821:
7786:
7781:
7119:
7102:
7087:
7071:
7023:
6951:
6896:
6886:
6854:
6756:
6731:
6716:
6486:
6430:
6348:
6195:
6188:
6134:
6006:
3815:
3795:
3715:
3692:
3674:
3658:
3640:
3620:
3599:
3576:
3554:
3531:
3508:
3486:
3463:
3447:
3428:
3405:
3383:
3364:
3345:
3323:
3304:
3279:
3260:
3241:
3220:
3199:
3170:
3146:
3122:
3101:
3080:
3059:
3037:
3013:
2992:
2970:
2945:
2923:
2901:
2880:
2859:
2837:
2815:
2794:
2771:
2749:
2726:
2705:
2663:
2378:
2353:
2333:
2243:
2053:, sent ashore a landing party that destroyed the unarmed tower. (
1962:
1698:
1644:
1636:
1355:
1228:. It is the only Martello tower to have been built in Australia.
1201:
1124:
1104:
685:, as the tower is now known, houses a museum dedicated to Joyce.
527:
A fuller list of British towers, with photographs, is available.
464:
453:
386:
382:
316:
304:
125:
2285:
2147:
Plano de la plaza de Cartagena, Tebar, Echevarria, Pajares, 1855
1986:
463:
Included in the scheme were three much larger circular forts or
7826:
7180:
6746:
6684:
6628:
6606:
6583:
6576:
6452:
6435:
6267:
6099:
6081:
6051:
5988:
2640:
2617:
2596:
2575:
2554:
2531:
2508:
2485:
2462:
2441:
2420:
2395:
2315:
2264:
1767:
1671:
1389:
originally had four Martello towers. Tower No. 1 stands on the
1367:
1237:
1232:
750:
709:
587:
491:
445:
433:
421:
312:
170:
166:
136:
93:
52:
5446:
Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Tha'na: places of interest
3138:
Tower & battery, both demolished 1836 during extension of
2028:
the British used the St. Nicholas's Tower, built in 1690. The
1890:
Canon on Martello tower in La Preneuse, Black River, Mauritius
1098:
A 1953 stamp of Antigua showing the Martello Tower in Barbuda.
346:
7867:
7811:
7555:
7080:
6911:
6751:
6072:
5925:
YouTube video showing a 3D reconstruction of a Martello tower
4252:
3839:
3772:
3751:
3734:
3710:
3018:
2684:
1841:(not a true Martello Tower but sometimes considered as such).
1451:
to defend its harbour and naval shipyards in response to the
805:
760:
On the north side of Dublin, one can find Martello towers in
564:
552:
381:
This is most clearly visible on the south and east coasts of
117:
5888:
Ward, S.G.P. (1949). "Defence Works of Britain, 1803–1805".
2114:
Martello tower at Castle of San Julian, Cartagena de Levante
1961:
During the last period of British occupation (1798–1802) of
1370:
still survive. (In addition, the existing fortifications at
6849:
6691:
6658:
6633:
6425:
6415:
6384:
6363:
5955:
English Heritage Martello towers definition and description
3585:
3563:
852:
713:
142:
Local villagers paid for the towers and watchmen, known as
931:. Several other towers are still extant, including one at
823:
briefly captured and held the Monning Martello tower near
708:
and Martello towers feature in many literary works set in
5853:
The Channel islands: pictorial, legendary and descriptive
4797:
Journal of the Cork Historical and Archaeological Society
1822:
In addition, there are a number of towers in Jersey (the
1721:, to guard his home against attack. An English Governor,
1119:
Bt, who was then commanding the Leeward Islands station.
5950:
Carleton Martello Tower National Historic Site of Canada
4973:"Prince of Wales Tower National Historic Site of Canada"
3880:
abandoned but no fences, entrance still on second story
5907:
5835:
Millward, J. (2007). "The East Coast Martello Towers".
5759:
Grundy, Mark (1991). "The Martello Towers of Minorca".
5478:
5476:
688:
A number of other Martello towers are extant nearby at
456:. Most were constructed under the direction of General
5499:
5497:
5474:
5472:
5470:
5468:
5466:
5464:
5462:
5460:
5458:
5456:
4803:. Cork Historical and Archaeological Society: 198–200.
3419:
Tower and gardens open to public (access by boat from
534:
Martello Tower on Seaford seafront, housing the Museum
487:
took over many to aid in the fight against smuggling.
5814:
Mead, H.P. (1948). "The Martello Towers of England".
5410:
American Civil War Fortification: Coastal Stone Forts
4480:. Martello-towers.co.uk. 16 June 2009. Archived from
2057:, later a naval captain and author, was serving as a
5978:– the ancestor of Martello towers all over the world
4835:
Seapoint Boat Club archives at the LexIcon library,
4514:"Napoleon-proof your home: convert a Martello tower"
4324:
4322:
2135:
Report by Second Lieutenant Navarro, March 10, 1813.
571:
now lies land-locked within the eastern breakwater.
5890:
Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research
5639:"davenporthousemuseum.org – Davenport House Museum"
5494:
5453:
5163:
A Guide to Architecture in Hyderabad, Deccan, India
5110:. London: Parbury, Allen, and Company. p. 114.
1463:) are now museums that are open during the summer.
358:
Martello tower, one of many on Ireland's east coast
289:
5123:"Heritage of Portuguese Influence, Asia - entries"
4764:"Liam Collins: Courts lay bare Quinn's oil empire"
4762:
667:lived for a few days. Joyce shared the tower with
655:Possibly the most famous is the Martello tower in
132:(el Fratin), and the tower was completed in 1565.
4319:
4293:Bass-junk was a type of cable made of grass. The
3635:Extended to a Fort completed in 1812. Restaurant
7938:
5869:. (Cranbury, NJ: Associated Universities Press).
5356:
5329:
5271:The Mauritius Almanac and Civil Service Register
2280:41st Infantry Regiment of the United States Army
2247:41st Infantry Coat of arms with a Martello Tower
1766:The British built eight true Martello towers in
839:(now part of the Irish Naval Service HQ) and at
6278:
5945:Interactive Google Map of Killiney Bay defences
2255:was constructed around 1815 utilizing wood and
1907:in 1805 to defend the port from attacks by the
1375:– for ease of upkeep, not historical accuracy.
1220:, built on a small island, Pinchgut Island, in
881:One of the most interesting Martello towers is
112:to the British in 1794 inspired Martello towers
6840:
6786:
6604:
6450:
5613:"SeacoastNH.com – The Forgotten Walbach Tower"
4743:
1366:Nine of the fourteen Martello towers built in
286:roof enabled rainwater to refill the cistern.
73:during the 19th century, from the time of the
7495:
7225:
7054:
7030:
6647:
6638:
6595:
6319:
6115:
6106:
6022:
5330:Clements, Bill; Clements, William H. (2011).
3400:Demolished 1884, when Esplanade constructed
2721:Partially collapsed but accessible to hikers
2286:List of Martello towers outside Great Britain
1611:, the British erected Martello towers at the
594:now operates the Hackness tower as a museum.
173:), at the top of Cap Diamant overlooking the
7614:
7595:
7586:
7577:
7166:
7141:
7117:
7078:
7069:
7021:
7007:
6978:
6949:
6940:
6916:
6877:
6682:
6663:
6581:
6530:
6521:
6477:
6468:
6459:
6396:
6382:
6373:
6256:
6233:
5972:– pictures of the original tower at Mortella
5860:Occasional Papers in Archaeology and History
5702:Towers of Strength: Story of Martello Towers
4760:
2278:A Martello tower figures in the arms of the
2068:There are also four towers on the island of
1899:A Martello tower was built on Tower Hill at
1869:Mauritius Almanac and Civil Service Register
1500:Ontario for one day only in June each year.
1412:, had five towers, the oldest of which, the
6265:
6247:
6193:
6179:
6097:
6088:
6079:
6070:
6061:
5995:Eastbourne Redoubt Fortress Military Museum
5217:"Madliena Tower – Malta's 'Martello' Tower"
4784:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4366:
3031:Ye Olde Hurdy Gurdy Museum of Vintage Radio
1927:The British built three Martello towers in
1541:There are three similar Martello towers in
1169:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
513:), visitor centres, and galleries (such as
364:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
347:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
269:Diagram of the interior of a Martello tower
6029:
6015:
5976:Mortella Point (Punta Mortella) in Corsica
5695:Tybee Island: The Long Branch of the South
5545:New Orleans, America's Most Fortified City
5286:. Welcometosierraleone.org. Archived from
5079:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4025:At the Naval Base. Houses a small museum.
1990:Martello tower at Cap Cavalleria, Menorca.
616:Martello towers in the Greater Dublin Area
418:defend the south and east coast of England
240:
19:For the rock formation in Antarctica, see
5372:
5316:
5314:
5284:"National Tourist Board – Heritage Sites"
3741:Mazzone's Tower or Tower of British Fort
1972:The British built five towers to protect
1459:and the tower at Point Frederick (at the
1334:
1189:Learn how and when to remove this message
1077:Learn how and when to remove this message
298:Distribution of Martello towers worldwide
5991:: Seapoint Martello Tower, County Dublin
5834:
5199:
4848:
4363:
4349:
2242:
2203:
2109:
2065:at the time.) (This fort has 17 walls.)
1985:
1918:
1885:
1833:
1753:
1661:
1582:
1465:
1377:
1338:
1284:and the channel between Ferry Reach and
1251:
1200:
1093:
726:
619:
542:
529:
404:
396:
350:
293:
264:
244:
152:
150:), that warded off later foreign raids.
103:
27:
5940:Restoration of No.7 Tower, Killiney Bay
5920:Martello Tower No.24 in Dymchurch, Kent
5519:
5214:
5156:
5103:
4511:
4406:
4381:
3246:Killiney, south end of Strathmore Road
2220:; others were built at the harbours of
1470:Line of defence: three Martello towers
520:Many remaining Martello Towers are now
21:Martello Tower (South Shetland Islands)
7939:
5982:Restoration of an Irish Martello tower
5796:
5775:
5758:
5311:
5215:Spiteri, Stephen C. (11 August 2010).
5173:
5120:
4790:
4637:from the original on 28 September 2007
4512:Glancey, Jonathan (20 December 2010).
4466:from the original on 11 February 2013.
1793:The four surviving, later towers are:
1089:
409:The eastern of two Martello towers at
6010:
5960:The Dymchurch tower: English Heritage
5679:Brock, B.B. & Brock, B.G. (1976)
5648:from the original on 19 February 2020
5619:from the original on 12 December 2013
5515:from the original on 19 October 2015.
5075:from the original on 11 October 2014.
5027:from the original on 3 December 2007.
4793:"The Martello Towers of Cork Harbour"
4725:from the original on 26 December 2010
4663:from the original on 24 December 2007
4657:"Hackness Martello Tower and Battery"
4607:from the original on 22 February 2011
4563:from the original on 17 October 2012.
4553:"Listed buildings - Historic England"
4524:from the original on 22 December 2015
1939:, one at Cape Town, and the third at
1264:There is a Martello tower located at
863:, though these are no longer intact.
855:). There are also Martello towers at
281:of 24 men and one officer lived in a
5887:
5813:
5715:
5357:Guimaraens Igual, Guillermo (2007).
5227:from the original on 19 October 2015
5181:"History, District Pakur, Jharkhand"
4585:from the original on 1 October 2017.
2232:. Two more Martello towers stood at
1599:by the time it was conquered by the
1167:adding citations to reliable sources
1134:
1015:adding citations to reliable sources
986:
923:is a feature of an island garden in
7421:Weapons Storage and Security System
5381:from the original on 8 January 2017
5336:. Casemate Publishers. p. 56.
5094:Clements (1998), pp. 133 & 135.
4916:from the original on 9 August 2016.
4853:. Genealogical Society of Ireland.
2263:on the garrison floor that enabled
1641:Thousand Islands (Kepulauan Seribu)
1447:Four Martello towers were built at
970:A Martello-like tower was built on
647:(29 installations) but also around
237:, leaving it in an unusable state.
13:
6036:
5023:. Public Archives of Nova Scotia.
4825:from the original on 10 June 2015.
4761:Liam Collins (23 September 2012).
2673:Forteca KorÄŤula (Fort Wellington)
2072:, and one on the nearby island of
967:; it is now a visitor attraction.
181:On 7 February 1794 as part of the
14:
7973:
5901:
5585:
5556:
5449:. Government Central Press. 1882.
4815:"Rutland House Additional Images"
4436:Mead (1948), pp. 205–17, 294–303.
3920:Ruined (now a national monument)
1666:Magnisi tower at Priolo Gargallo.
1527:International Hockey Hall of Fame
1382:Martello tower no. 1, Quebec City
7920:
7919:
5965:James Joyce Tower, Dun Laoghaire
5365:Technical University of Valencia
5308:Brock & Brock (1976), p.162.
5273:(1865; Harrison and Sons), p.23.
5041:. Chebucto.ns.ca. Archived from
4857:from the original on 3 June 2012
2199:
1461:Royal Military College of Canada
1346:, in the British Virgin Islands.
1139:
991:
290:Martello towers around the world
5989:Genealogical Society of Ireland
5631:
5605:
5579:
5565:
5550:
5537:
5437:
5415:
5402:
5393:
5350:
5323:
5302:
5276:
5264:
5239:
5208:
5150:
5114:
5097:
5088:
5057:
5031:
5009:
4983:
4965:
4947:
4938:
4929:
4920:
4898:
4869:
4842:
4829:
4807:
4754:
4737:
4711:
4675:
4649:
4619:
4589:
4567:
4545:
4536:
4505:
4496:
4470:
4448:
4439:
4430:
2679:Deserted, accessible to hikers
2328:Museum, harbour light station.
2159:
1923:Martello tower at Fort Beaufort
1914:
1894:
1871:listed "Two Artillery Men, at 1
1436:stood opposite York Redoubt on
1430:Duke of Clarence Martello Tower
1002:needs additional citations for
914:Genealogical Society of Ireland
731:Martello tower (South No.7) at
5828:10.1080/00253359.1948.10657527
5790:10.1080/00253359.1988.10656190
5561:– via Wikimedia Commons.
5251:images.nationalarchives.gov.uk
5021:The Royal Engineers in Halifax
4849:Merrigan, Michael (May 2012).
4721:. Photopol.com. 12 July 2008.
4397:
4343:
4331:
4310:
4287:
3140:Dublin & Kingstown Railway
2634:Tourist activity - Escape game
1525:FOB Martello. The logo of the
1432:stood on the Dartmouth shore.
574:Two towers were then built at
130:Giovan Giacomo Paleari Fratino
1:
7316:British "hedgehog" road block
5704:. (London: Pen & Sword).
5663:
5557:G, KaDee (1 September 1974).
4359:. 15 March 1794. p. 222.
4046:Demolished late 19th century
3986:Part of Parliament Buildings
2164:There is a Martello tower at
1587:Portuguese Martello tower at
1510:, overlooking the harbour of
1358:they added a Martello tower.
5908:Martello Towers Encyclopedia
5700:Clements, William H. (1998)
5693:Ciucevich, Robert A. (2005)
5065:"Kingston, Ontario (Canada)"
4557:list.english-heritage.org.uk
4394:Ciucevich (2005), pp. 19–21.
4304:
3720:Cariddi's Tower or Tower of
3526:Museum, owned by Irish Navy
3193:James Joyce Tower and Museum
3128:Kingstown Harbour, West Pier
2175:
2036:, Menorca. In 1808, Captain
1861:
1849:, which was one of thirteen
1626:
1130:
982:
716:owned the Martello tower in
61:, sometimes known simply as
7:
7726:Cities with defensive walls
7311:Defensive fighting position
7226:
7031:
6841:
6787:
6648:
6639:
6605:
6596:
6451:
5822:(3): 205–17 & 294–303.
5592:South Carolina Encyclopedia
5425:. The Institute of Heraldry
4993:. Gov.ns.ca. Archived from
4877:"Magilligan Martello Tower"
4575:"Geograph: Martello Towers"
4338:The United Service Magazine
4235:
3318:Site of battery, not tower
3255:Site of battery, not tower
2168:that was incorporated into
1536:
1422:Duke of York Martello Tower
624:Offshore Martello tower on
538:
69:that were built across the
35:– oldest Martello tower in
10:
7978:
7957:Forts in Key West, Florida
5748:. (Sarnian Publications).
5718:Journal of British Studies
5671:The Rough Guide to Corsica
5641:. Davenport House Museum.
4135:Charleston, South Carolina
3980:Tower Hill Martello Tower
3861:Intact, recently restored
2700:Deserted and Dilapidated.
2344:River Fort Martello Tower
2226:Charleston, South Carolina
2196:but never completed them.
1712:
1399:McKenzie Memorial Building
1247:
677:, the fictional character
613:
609:
392:
99:
18:
7910:
7840:
7764:
7708:
7642:
7528:
7433:
7356:Hardened aircraft shelter
7331:Entry control point (ECP)
7243:
7154:
6870:
6863:
6295:
6044:
5865:Sutcliffe, Sheila (1973)
5509:www.buildingsofireland.ie
5412:. Osprey Publishing, 2003
5374:10.4995/Thesis/10251/2921
5333:Martello Towers Worldwide
5085:Clements (1998), p.83-90.
4881:Discover Northern Ireland
4703:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
4542:Millward (2007), 173–184.
4316:Vigano (2001), pp. 41–57.
4295:Oxford English Dictionary
4194:Portsmouth, New Hampshire
3328:Shanganagh, Mahera Point
2646:Saint John, New Brunswick
2457:Demolished prior to 1900
2451:Duke of Clarence's Tower
2222:Portsmouth, New Hampshire
2005:To protect the harbor of
1789:(AKA Noirmont; 1808–1814)
1749:
1633:1883 eruption of Krakatoa
1512:Saint John, New Brunswick
1434:Sherbrooke Martello Tower
1361:
1350:When the British rebuilt
467:that were constructed at
436:, then under the rule of
75:French Revolutionary Wars
7853:Continuity of government
5423:"41st Infantry Regiment"
5221:MilitaryArchitecture.com
4906:"Beautiful Barbuda 2012"
4460:www.landmarktrust.org.uk
4280:
3965:Disappeared after 1914.
3359:Lost to coastal erosion
2409:Prince of Wales's Tower
2095:38.7848000°N 1.4180583°E
2040:, commanding the 38-gun
1956:
1829:
1732:
1674:after the escape of the
1657:
1609:Indian Rebellion of 1857
1578:
1562:Guernsey loophole towers
1514:, is now a museum and a
597:
368:Kingdom of Great Britain
185:, two British warships,
157:A Martello tower on the
7675:Motte-and-bailey castle
7381:Missile launch facility
7376:Main line of resistance
6071:
5851:Rooke, Octavius (1857)
5681:Historical Simon's Town
5121:Mendiratta, Sidh Losa.
5104:Parbury, Allen (1844).
4445:Ward (1949), pp. 18–37.
3890:Grand River North West
3871:Grand River North West
2651:Carleton Martello Tower
1933:Simon's Town Naval base
1508:Carleton Martello Tower
669:Oliver St. John Gogarty
563:in 1807–1809 to defend
500:anti-aircraft artillery
241:Design and construction
7952:Coastal fortifications
7751:Military installations
7615:
7596:
7587:
7578:
7496:
7167:
7142:
7118:
7108:Scarp and Counterscarp
7079:
7070:
7055:
7022:
7008:
6979:
6950:
6941:
6917:
6878:
6683:
6664:
6582:
6531:
6522:
6478:
6469:
6460:
6397:
6383:
6374:
6320:
6279:
6266:
6257:
6248:
6234:
6194:
6180:
6116:
6107:
6098:
6089:
6080:
6062:
5970:Note on Sir John Moore
5744:Grimsley, E.J. (1988)
5205:Grimsley (1988), p.43.
5138:Cite journal requires
4601:Gazetteer for Scotland
4597:"Leith Martello Tower"
4270:List of fortifications
3154:, site of present-day
2760:Meelick Martello Tower
2374:British Virgin Islands
2248:
2209:
2150:
2138:
2115:
2000:Fortress of San Felipe
1991:
1924:
1891:
1842:
1763:
1667:
1592:
1516:National Historic Site
1486:
1383:
1347:
1335:British Virgin Islands
1261:
1256:The Martello tower at
1213:
1113:Sir William Codrington
1099:
943:on the south coast of
919:The restored tower at
899:Meelick, County Galway
883:Meelick Martello Tower
792:(Hicks tower owned by
735:
632:
556:
555:, Edinburgh, Scotland.
535:
515:Jaywick Martello Tower
494:artillery. During the
413:
402:
385:and the east coast of
359:
299:
270:
253:
224:
183:siege of Saint-Florent
178:
113:
108:The resistance of the
65:, are small defensive
55:
7520:Floating water castle
7251:Admiralty scaffolding
6544:Fortified buildings (
5913:6 August 2013 at the
5697:(Arcadia Publishing).
4659:. Historic Scotland.
4328:Abram (2003), p. 103.
4219:Tybee Island, Georgia
2430:Duke of York's Tower
2253:Tybee Island, Georgia
2246:
2234:Tybee Island, Georgia
2207:
2139:
2128:
2113:
2100:38.7848000; 1.4180583
1989:
1981:Fortress of Isabel II
1922:
1889:
1837:
1806:(AKA St Ouen 2; 1834)
1800:(AKA St Ouen 1; 1835)
1757:
1665:
1651:that had been there.
1586:
1545:, all built in 1804:
1469:
1424:was built in 1798 at
1414:Prince of Wales Tower
1403:Jeffery Hale Hospital
1381:
1342:
1255:
1204:
1097:
730:
623:
590:assembling offshore.
546:
533:
408:
400:
354:
297:
268:
248:
211:
156:
107:
33:Prince of Wales Tower
31:
7863:Subterranean warfare
6816:Viking ring fortress
6000:18 June 2011 at the
5987:, Newsletter of the
5878:Fortress Study Group
5845:Fortress Study Group
5807:Fortress Study Group
5769:Fortress Study Group
5669:Abram, David (2003)
5533:on 29 November 2015.
5367:. pp. 285–311.
4979:on 10 February 2013.
4912:. 21 December 2011.
4819:Buildings of Ireland
4627:"The Martello Tower"
3910:Grande-Rivière-Noire
3899:Last mentioned 1880
3452:Bere Island, Ardagh
3265:Killiney, Tara Hill
2447:Halifax, Nova Scotia
2426:Halifax, Nova Scotia
1410:Halifax, Nova Scotia
1290:Royal Naval Dockyard
1258:Ferry Reach, Bermuda
1163:improve this section
1011:improve this article
947:in the townlands of
874:and the entrance to
712:. During the 1980s,
175:Saint Lawrence River
16:Small defensive fort
7680:Quadrangular castle
7416:Weapon storage area
6772:Quadrangular castle
5363:(doctoral thesis).
4579:www.geograph.org.uk
4484:on 23 December 2010
4478:"Dymchurch Redoubt"
4403:Rooke (1857), p.68.
4340:, Volume 51, p.301.
4088:Abandoned by 1810.
4071:Trinidad and Tobago
2623:Quebec City, Quebec
2602:Quebec City, Quebec
2581:Quebec City, Quebec
2560:Quebec City, Quebec
2401:Point Pleasant Park
2091: /
1824:Jersey Round Towers
1739:Nishinomiya Battery
1418:Point Pleasant Park
1354:on the west end of
1278:St. George's Island
1117:Sir Charles Knowles
1090:Antigua and Barbuda
128:. The designer was
120:defence system, at
77:onwards. Most were
41:Point Pleasant Park
7411:Underground hangar
7196:Fire control tower
6993:Gunpowder magazine
6421:Butter-churn tower
5872:Vigano, M. (2001)
5615:. Seacoastnh.com.
5543:Codman Parkerson,
5045:on 14 October 2008
4997:on 3 December 2007
4959:www.ccbn-nbc.gc.ca
4683:"Gun Tower Museum"
4502:Daly (2007), p.34.
4356:The London Gazette
4204:Incorporated into
3874:Pointe aux Sables
3630:Greencastle Tower
3594:Private residence
3514:Haulbowline Island
3378:Private residence
3350:Bray, Corke Abbey
3299:Private residence
3215:Private residence
3054:Private residence
2987:Private residence
2965:Private residence
2918:Private residence
2766:Private residence
2744:Private residence
2269:American Civil War
2249:
2210:
2116:
1992:
1951:George Elphinstone
1925:
1892:
1843:
1764:
1758:La Tour de Vinde,
1744:Wadamisaki Battery
1668:
1601:East India Company
1593:
1487:
1393:, overlooking the
1384:
1348:
1325:Fort St. Catherine
1310:Murray's Anchorage
1270:St George's Parish
1262:
1214:
1100:
979:the coast-guard."
961:County Londonderry
897:river crossing to
837:Haulbowline Island
768:and Red Island at
736:
633:
557:
536:
414:
403:
372:Kingdom of Ireland
360:
333:optical telegraphs
300:
271:
254:
179:
124:(Myrtle) Point in
114:
56:
7934:
7933:
7858:Military urbanism
7792:Fortified gateway
7665:Concentric castle
7429:
7428:
7346:Fire support base
7186:Coastal artillery
7061:(Spanish America)
6655:
6497:Concentric castle
5985:The Genie Gazette
5754:978-0-9513868-0-4
5710:978-0-85052-679-0
5586:Keith, Willis J.
5547:. The Quest, 1990
5527:"als Digitalisat"
5490:on 12 March 2016.
5343:978-1-84884-535-0
4770:Irish Independent
4378:Sutcliffe (1973).
4233:
4232:
4206:Fort Constitution
4156:Key West, Florida
4123:Hurricane Katrina
3959:Cunningham Tower
3761:Torre di Magnisi
3729:Closed to public
3648:Magilligan Tower
3185:'s Martello tower
2694:Hanumant Bastion
2549:Closed to Public
2537:Kingston, Ontario
2526:Closed to Public
2514:Kingston, Ontario
2491:Kingston, Ontario
2468:Kingston, Ontario
2236:and Bayou Dupre,
2218:Key West, Florida
2055:Frederick Marryat
1810:La Collette Tower
1613:British Residency
1531:Kingston, Ontario
1484:Kingston, Ontario
1449:Kingston, Ontario
1395:St Lawrence River
1391:Plains of Abraham
1199:
1198:
1191:
1087:
1086:
1079:
1061:
747:18-pounder cannon
683:James Joyce Tower
592:Historic Scotland
430:possible invasion
428:to guard against
307:. Governments in
235:blew up the tower
159:plains of Abraham
110:Torra di Mortella
7969:
7923:
7922:
7916:
7807:National redoubt
7736:Fortified estate
7660:Circular rampart
7620:
7601:
7592:
7583:
7501:
7261:Anti-tank trench
7256:Air raid shelter
7231:
7191:Disappearing gun
7172:
7147:
7123:
7084:
7075:
7060:
7036:
7027:
7013:
6984:
6955:
6946:
6922:
6883:
6868:
6867:
6846:
6826:Bailey (or ward)
6792:
6697:Motte-and-bailey
6688:
6669:
6653:
6645:
6644:
6610:
6601:
6587:
6536:
6527:
6483:
6474:
6465:
6456:
6402:
6388:
6379:
6325:
6282:
6271:
6262:
6253:
6239:
6199:
6185:
6125:Circular rampart
6121:
6112:
6103:
6094:
6085:
6076:
6067:
6031:
6024:
6017:
6008:
6007:
5897:
5848:
5831:
5816:Mariner's Mirror
5810:
5793:
5778:Mariner's Mirror
5772:
5741:
5658:
5657:
5655:
5653:
5647:
5635:
5629:
5628:
5626:
5624:
5609:
5603:
5602:
5600:
5598:
5583:
5577:
5576:
5575:. 27 April 2015.
5569:
5563:
5562:
5554:
5548:
5541:
5535:
5534:
5529:. Archived from
5523:
5517:
5516:
5501:
5492:
5491:
5486:. Archived from
5480:
5451:
5450:
5441:
5435:
5434:
5432:
5430:
5419:
5413:
5406:
5400:
5397:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5386:
5376:
5354:
5348:
5347:
5327:
5321:
5318:
5309:
5306:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5295:
5280:
5274:
5268:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5257:
5243:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5232:
5212:
5206:
5203:
5197:
5196:
5190:
5188:
5177:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5154:
5148:
5147:
5141:
5136:
5134:
5126:
5118:
5112:
5111:
5101:
5095:
5092:
5086:
5083:
5077:
5076:
5069:www.crwflags.com
5061:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5050:
5035:
5029:
5028:
5013:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5002:
4987:
4981:
4980:
4975:. Archived from
4969:
4963:
4962:
4951:
4945:
4944:Saunders (1976).
4942:
4936:
4933:
4927:
4924:
4918:
4917:
4902:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4891:
4873:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4862:
4846:
4840:
4833:
4827:
4826:
4811:
4805:
4804:
4788:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4777:
4766:
4758:
4752:
4751:
4741:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4730:
4715:
4709:
4708:
4702:
4694:
4692:
4690:
4679:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4653:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4642:
4631:History of Leith
4623:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4612:
4593:
4587:
4586:
4571:
4565:
4564:
4549:
4543:
4540:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4529:
4509:
4503:
4500:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4474:
4468:
4467:
4452:
4446:
4443:
4437:
4434:
4428:
4427:Clements (1998).
4425:
4404:
4401:
4395:
4392:
4379:
4376:
4361:
4360:
4347:
4341:
4335:
4329:
4326:
4317:
4314:
4298:
4291:
3783:Castello Maniace
2390:Private (hotel)
2290:
2289:
2148:
2136:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2030:Treaty of Amiens
1787:La Tour de Vinde
1703:Castello Maniace
1302:Hamilton Harbour
1194:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1174:
1143:
1135:
1082:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1062:
1060:
1026:"Martello tower"
1019:
995:
987:
957:Magilligan Point
740:enfilading tower
522:Listed Buildings
496:Second World War
337:Chappe Telegraph
7977:
7976:
7972:
7971:
7970:
7968:
7967:
7966:
7947:Martello towers
7937:
7936:
7935:
7930:
7914:
7906:
7836:
7760:
7704:
7638:
7573:Imperial castle
7546:Coercion castle
7541:Coastal defence
7524:
7486:Promontory fort
7456:Hillside castle
7425:
7341:Fallout shelter
7306:Concertina wire
7286:Border security
7239:
7150:
6859:
6492:Coercion castle
6480:Cheval de frise
6462:Chemin de ronde
6310:Albarrana tower
6291:
6236:Schwedenschanze
6213:Promontory fort
6040:
6035:
6002:Wayback Machine
5915:Wayback Machine
5904:
5867:Martello Towers
5683:. (Cape Town).
5666:
5661:
5651:
5649:
5645:
5637:
5636:
5632:
5622:
5620:
5611:
5610:
5606:
5596:
5594:
5584:
5580:
5571:
5570:
5566:
5555:
5551:
5542:
5538:
5525:
5524:
5520:
5503:
5502:
5495:
5482:
5481:
5454:
5443:
5442:
5438:
5428:
5426:
5421:
5420:
5416:
5408:Angus Konstam,
5407:
5403:
5398:
5394:
5384:
5382:
5355:
5351:
5344:
5328:
5324:
5319:
5312:
5307:
5303:
5293:
5291:
5282:
5281:
5277:
5269:
5265:
5255:
5253:
5245:
5244:
5240:
5230:
5228:
5213:
5209:
5204:
5200:
5186:
5184:
5179:
5178:
5174:
5166:
5155:
5151:
5139:
5137:
5128:
5127:
5119:
5115:
5102:
5098:
5093:
5089:
5084:
5080:
5063:
5062:
5058:
5048:
5046:
5037:
5036:
5032:
5017:"Fort Clarence"
5015:
5014:
5010:
5000:
4998:
4989:
4988:
4984:
4971:
4970:
4966:
4953:
4952:
4948:
4943:
4939:
4934:
4930:
4925:
4921:
4904:
4903:
4899:
4889:
4887:
4875:
4874:
4870:
4860:
4858:
4847:
4843:
4839:, County Dublin
4834:
4830:
4813:
4812:
4808:
4789:
4785:
4775:
4773:
4759:
4755:
4742:
4738:
4728:
4726:
4717:
4716:
4712:
4696:
4695:
4688:
4686:
4681:
4680:
4676:
4666:
4664:
4655:
4654:
4650:
4640:
4638:
4633:. 26 May 2004.
4625:
4624:
4620:
4610:
4608:
4595:
4594:
4590:
4573:
4572:
4568:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4541:
4537:
4527:
4525:
4510:
4506:
4501:
4497:
4487:
4485:
4476:
4475:
4471:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4444:
4440:
4435:
4431:
4426:
4407:
4402:
4398:
4393:
4382:
4377:
4364:
4348:
4344:
4336:
4332:
4327:
4320:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4302:
4301:
4292:
4288:
4283:
4265:List of castles
4247:Fortified tower
4238:
4175:New York Harbor
4117:'s entrance to
3790:Open to public
3767:Can be visited
3757:Priolo Gargallo
3481:Open to public
3474:Finavarra Tower
3339:coastal erosion
3274:Fully restored
3205:Bulloch Harbour
2737:Aughinish Tower
2715:Gabhla Fhranca
2415:Open to public
2368:Can be visited
2305:Current status
2288:
2202:
2178:
2170:High Knoll Fort
2162:
2149:
2146:
2137:
2134:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2077:
1959:
1917:
1897:
1864:
1851:De Redin towers
1832:
1752:
1735:
1715:
1691:Priolo Gargallo
1660:
1629:
1581:
1568:they resemble.
1539:
1364:
1337:
1329:Bermuda Railway
1250:
1226:New South Wales
1195:
1184:
1178:
1175:
1160:
1144:
1133:
1092:
1083:
1072:
1066:
1063:
1020:
1018:
1008:
996:
985:
976:Ordnance Survey
965:Napoleonic Wars
893:, guarding the
817:Fenian uprising
780:, Tower Bay in
690:Bullock Harbour
679:Stephen Dedalus
639:(Drogheda), to
618:
612:
600:
541:
395:
349:
292:
243:
102:
59:Martello towers
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7975:
7965:
7964:
7959:
7954:
7949:
7932:
7931:
7929:
7928:
7911:
7908:
7907:
7905:
7904:
7903:
7902:
7892:
7890:Trench warfare
7887:
7885:Tunnel warfare
7882:
7881:
7880:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7844:
7842:
7838:
7837:
7835:
7834:
7829:
7824:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7768:
7766:
7762:
7761:
7759:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7741:Fortifications
7738:
7733:
7728:
7723:
7718:
7712:
7710:
7706:
7705:
7703:
7702:
7697:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7646:
7644:
7640:
7639:
7637:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7621:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7593:
7584:
7575:
7570:
7565:
7558:
7553:
7551:Counter-castle
7548:
7543:
7538:
7536:Border barrier
7532:
7530:
7526:
7525:
7523:
7522:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7471:Lowland castle
7468:
7463:
7461:Hilltop castle
7458:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7437:
7435:
7431:
7430:
7427:
7426:
7424:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7336:Electric fence
7333:
7328:
7326:Dragon's teeth
7323:
7321:Czech hedgehog
7318:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7247:
7245:
7241:
7240:
7238:
7237:
7235:Wire obstacles
7232:
7223:
7221:Polygonal fort
7218:
7213:
7211:Martello tower
7208:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7176:Border outpost
7173:
7164:
7158:
7156:
7152:
7151:
7149:
7148:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7076:
7067:
7062:
7052:
7050:Polygonal fort
7047:
7042:
7037:
7028:
7019:
7014:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6947:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6874:
6872:
6865:
6861:
6860:
6858:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6661:
6656:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6602:
6593:
6588:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6562:
6557:
6542:
6540:Flanking tower
6537:
6528:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6507:Counter-castle
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6475:
6466:
6457:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6394:
6389:
6380:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6301:
6299:
6297:Post-classical
6293:
6292:
6290:
6289:
6287:Vitrified fort
6284:
6272:
6263:
6254:
6245:
6240:
6231:
6226:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6191:
6186:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6145:Defensive wall
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6113:
6104:
6095:
6086:
6077:
6068:
6059:
6054:
6048:
6046:
6042:
6041:
6038:Fortifications
6034:
6033:
6026:
6019:
6011:
6005:
6004:
5992:
5979:
5973:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5903:
5902:External links
5900:
5899:
5898:
5885:
5870:
5863:
5856:
5849:
5832:
5811:
5794:
5784:(1): 131–139.
5773:
5756:
5742:
5730:10.1086/508397
5713:
5698:
5691:
5677:
5674:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5659:
5630:
5604:
5588:"Fort Johnson"
5578:
5564:
5549:
5536:
5518:
5493:
5452:
5436:
5414:
5401:
5399:McCall (1999).
5392:
5349:
5342:
5322:
5320:Grundy (1991).
5310:
5301:
5290:on 4 June 2008
5275:
5263:
5238:
5207:
5198:
5172:
5149:
5140:|journal=
5113:
5096:
5087:
5078:
5056:
5030:
5008:
4982:
4964:
4946:
4937:
4935:Harris (1988).
4928:
4919:
4897:
4868:
4841:
4828:
4806:
4783:
4753:
4747:Evening Herald
4736:
4710:
4674:
4648:
4618:
4588:
4566:
4544:
4535:
4504:
4495:
4469:
4447:
4438:
4429:
4405:
4396:
4380:
4362:
4342:
4330:
4318:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4256:
4255:
4249:
4244:
4237:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4216:
4210:
4209:
4202:
4199:
4198:Walbach Tower
4196:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4172:
4166:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4153:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4096:
4090:
4089:
4086:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4044:
4041:
4040:Craig's Tower
4038:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4013:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3957:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3941:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3893:Fort Victoria
3891:
3888:
3882:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3872:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3854:Madliena Tower
3851:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3829:
3826:
3825:Fort Stockton
3823:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3798:
3792:
3791:
3788:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3718:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3643:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3610:Macamish Tower
3607:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3545:Monning Tower
3543:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3288:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3187:
3180:South No. 11,
3178:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3021:, Harbour Rd.
3016:
3010:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2978:, Carrickhill
2973:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2954:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2844:Shenick Island
2840:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2782:Millmount Fort
2779:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2542:Cathcart Tower
2539:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2473:Fort Frederick
2470:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:Palmetto Point
2336:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2287:
2284:
2257:tabby concrete
2201:
2198:
2185:Martello tower
2177:
2174:
2161:
2158:
2144:
2132:
2124:Peninsular War
2024:, in 1740. At
1967:Charles Stuart
1958:
1955:
1916:
1913:
1896:
1893:
1863:
1860:
1856:Victoria Lines
1847:Madliena Tower
1839:Madliena Tower
1831:
1828:
1820:
1819:
1816:Victoria Tower
1813:
1807:
1801:
1791:
1790:
1784:
1781:Portelet Tower
1778:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1734:
1731:
1714:
1711:
1659:
1656:
1628:
1625:
1580:
1577:
1566:Genoese towers
1538:
1535:
1529:and Museum in
1502:Cathcart Tower
1490:Fort Frederick
1480:Cathcart Tower
1472:Fort Frederick
1442:Georges Island
1363:
1360:
1336:
1333:
1282:Castle Harbour
1249:
1246:
1222:Sydney Harbour
1210:Sydney Harbour
1197:
1196:
1147:
1145:
1138:
1132:
1129:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1084:
999:
997:
990:
984:
981:
937:County Donegal
872:County Wexford
821:Captain Mackey
774:Drumanagh Fort
766:Shenick Island
722:County Wicklow
626:Shenick Island
611:
608:
599:
596:
561:Firth of Forth
540:
537:
485:The Coastguard
411:Clacton-on-Sea
394:
391:
348:
345:
291:
288:
242:
239:
200:Sir John Moore
192:(74 guns) and
148:Genoese towers
101:
98:
71:British Empire
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7974:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7955:
7953:
7950:
7948:
7945:
7944:
7942:
7927:
7926:
7913:
7912:
7909:
7901:
7898:
7897:
7896:
7895:Urban warfare
7893:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7879:
7876:
7875:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7848:Civil defense
7846:
7845:
7843:
7839:
7833:
7830:
7828:
7825:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7769:
7767:
7763:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7739:
7737:
7734:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7716:Bastion forts
7714:
7713:
7711:
7707:
7701:
7700:Z-plan castle
7698:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7670:L-plan castle
7668:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7655:Bridge castle
7653:
7651:
7648:
7647:
7645:
7641:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7624:Refuge castle
7622:
7619:
7618:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7605:Military base
7603:
7600:
7599:
7594:
7591:
7590:
7585:
7582:
7581:
7576:
7574:
7571:
7569:
7568:Hunting lodge
7566:
7564:
7563:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7533:
7531:
7527:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7500:
7499:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7481:Moated castle
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7466:Island castle
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7438:
7436:
7434:By topography
7432:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7406:Submarine pen
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7361:Hesco bastion
7359:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7276:Blast shelter
7274:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7248:
7246:
7242:
7236:
7233:
7230:
7229:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7171:
7170:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7159:
7157:
7153:
7146:
7145:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7122:
7121:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7083:
7082:
7077:
7074:
7073:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7059:
7058:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7045:Place-of-arms
7043:
7041:
7038:
7035:
7034:
7029:
7026:
7025:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7012:
7011:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6983:
6982:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6954:
6953:
6948:
6945:
6944:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6921:
6920:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6882:
6881:
6876:
6875:
6873:
6869:
6866:
6862:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6845:
6844:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6791:
6790:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6687:
6686:
6681:
6679:
6678:Machicolation
6676:
6674:
6673:L-plan castle
6671:
6668:
6667:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6652:
6651:
6643:
6642:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6609:
6608:
6603:
6600:
6599:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6586:
6585:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6567:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6555:
6551:
6547:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6535:
6534:
6529:
6526:
6525:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6482:
6481:
6476:
6473:
6472:
6467:
6464:
6463:
6458:
6455:
6454:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6406:Bridge castle
6404:
6401:
6400:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6387:
6386:
6381:
6378:
6377:
6372:
6370:
6369:Bent entrance
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6354:Battery tower
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6324:
6323:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6305:Advanced work
6303:
6302:
6300:
6298:
6294:
6288:
6285:
6281:
6276:
6273:
6270:
6269:
6264:
6261:
6260:
6255:
6252:
6251:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6238:
6237:
6232:
6230:
6229:Refuge castle
6227:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6198:
6197:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6184:
6183:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6120:
6119:
6114:
6111:
6110:
6105:
6102:
6101:
6096:
6093:
6092:
6087:
6084:
6083:
6078:
6075:
6074:
6069:
6066:
6065:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6049:
6047:
6043:
6039:
6032:
6027:
6025:
6020:
6018:
6013:
6012:
6009:
6003:
5999:
5996:
5993:
5990:
5986:
5983:
5980:
5977:
5974:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5912:
5909:
5906:
5905:
5895:
5891:
5886:
5883:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5868:
5864:
5861:
5857:
5854:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5838:
5833:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5800:
5795:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5779:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5757:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5735:
5731:
5727:
5723:
5719:
5714:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5696:
5692:
5690:
5689:0-86961-055-4
5686:
5682:
5678:
5675:
5673:Rough Guides.
5672:
5668:
5667:
5644:
5640:
5634:
5618:
5614:
5608:
5593:
5589:
5582:
5574:
5568:
5560:
5553:
5546:
5540:
5532:
5528:
5522:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5500:
5498:
5489:
5485:
5479:
5477:
5475:
5473:
5471:
5469:
5467:
5465:
5463:
5461:
5459:
5457:
5448:
5447:
5440:
5424:
5418:
5411:
5405:
5396:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5361:
5353:
5345:
5339:
5335:
5334:
5326:
5317:
5315:
5305:
5289:
5285:
5279:
5272:
5267:
5252:
5248:
5242:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5211:
5202:
5195:
5182:
5176:
5165:
5164:
5159:
5158:Khalidi, Omar
5153:
5145:
5132:
5124:
5117:
5109:
5108:
5100:
5091:
5082:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5060:
5044:
5040:
5034:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5012:
4996:
4992:
4986:
4978:
4974:
4968:
4960:
4956:
4950:
4941:
4932:
4923:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4901:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4872:
4856:
4852:
4845:
4838:
4837:Dun Laoghaire
4832:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4810:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4791:Cn, (1907).
4787:
4772:
4771:
4765:
4757:
4749:
4748:
4740:
4724:
4720:
4719:"Tower No. 7"
4714:
4706:
4700:
4684:
4678:
4662:
4658:
4652:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4622:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4592:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4570:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4548:
4539:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4508:
4499:
4483:
4479:
4473:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4451:
4442:
4433:
4424:
4422:
4420:
4418:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4400:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4385:
4375:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4358:
4357:
4352:
4346:
4339:
4334:
4325:
4323:
4313:
4309:
4296:
4290:
4286:
4276:
4275:List of forts
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4261:
4260:
4254:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4214:United States
4212:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4189:United States
4187:
4186:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4170:United States
4168:
4167:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4151:United States
4149:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4130:United States
4128:
4127:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4094:United States
4092:
4091:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4076:Port of Spain
4074:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4045:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3998:
3997:Fort Beaufort
3995:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:Fort George,
3952:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3919:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3879:
3876:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3746:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3436:, Cloughland
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3371:
3369:Bray harbour
3368:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3340:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3292:Enoch's Tower
3290:South No. 6,
3289:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3226:Dalkey Island
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3211:
3209:South No. 10
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3160:South No. 12
3159:
3157:
3153:
3152:DĂşn Laoghaire
3150:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3132:South No. 13
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3111:South No. 14
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3090:South No. 15
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3069:South No. 16
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2998:Ireland's Eye
2996:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:North No. 5,
2955:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2931:, Balcarrick
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2848:North No. 10
2847:
2845:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2826:North No. 11
2825:
2823:, Red Island
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2804:North No. 12
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2718:c. 1803–1815
2717:
2714:
2712:
2711:Achill Island
2709:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2690:Arnala Island
2688:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2384:Fort Recovery
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2283:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2245:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2230:New York City
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2214:United States
2206:
2200:United States
2197:
2195:
2190:
2187:, located at
2186:
2182:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2157:
2155:
2143:
2131:
2127:
2125:
2122:, during the
2121:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2075:
2071:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2038:Lord Cochrane
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2015:
2010:
2008:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1988:
1984:
1982:
1977:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1941:Fort Beaufort
1938:
1934:
1930:
1921:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1888:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1859:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1840:
1836:
1827:
1825:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1761:
1760:Saint Brélade
1756:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1723:George Nugent
1720:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1681:
1680:Joachim Murat
1677:
1673:
1664:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1590:
1585:
1576:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1556:
1555:Fort Saumarez
1552:
1548:
1544:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1453:Oregon Crisis
1450:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1438:McNabs Island
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1352:Fort Recovery
1345:
1344:Fort Recovery
1341:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1259:
1254:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1193:
1190:
1182:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1148:This section
1146:
1142:
1137:
1136:
1128:
1126:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1096:
1081:
1078:
1070:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1028: –
1027:
1023:
1022:Find sources:
1016:
1012:
1006:
1005:
1000:This section
998:
994:
989:
988:
980:
977:
973:
972:Achill Island
968:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
917:
915:
911:
910:County Dublin
907:
904:The tower at
902:
900:
896:
892:
891:County Offaly
888:
884:
879:
877:
873:
869:
864:
862:
858:
857:Little Island
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
819:, the famous
818:
813:
811:
807:
803:
802:Ireland's Eye
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
758:
756:
752:
748:
745:
741:
734:
729:
725:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
694:Dalkey Island
691:
686:
684:
680:
676:
675:
670:
666:
662:
661:DĂşn Laoghaire
658:
653:
650:
646:
642:
638:
631:
630:County Dublin
627:
622:
617:
607:
605:
604:Pembroke Dock
595:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
572:
570:
567:Harbour. The
566:
562:
554:
550:
545:
532:
528:
525:
523:
518:
516:
512:
508:
503:
501:
497:
493:
488:
486:
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
461:
459:
458:William Twiss
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
412:
407:
399:
390:
388:
384:
379:
377:
376:British Isles
373:
369:
365:
357:
353:
344:
342:
341:United States
338:
334:
329:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
296:
287:
284:
280:
276:
267:
263:
260:
251:
247:
238:
236:
232:
231:
223:
220:
216:
210:
208:
205:Vice-Admiral
203:
201:
197:
196:
191:
190:
184:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
155:
151:
149:
145:
140:
138:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
111:
106:
97:
95:
90:
88:
82:
80:
79:coastal forts
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
37:North America
34:
30:
26:
22:
7962:Round towers
7918:
7873:Siege engine
7841:Other topics
7765:Related word
7731:Defense line
7695:Tower castle
7650:Bastion fort
7634:Urban castle
7562:Ganerbenburg
7560:
7515:Water castle
7491:Ridge castle
7476:Marsh castle
7291:Bomb shelter
7271:Belgian gate
7244:20th century
7210:
7155:19th century
7093:Retrenchment
7065:Punji sticks
6974:Entrenchment
6969:Device Forts
6936:Counterguard
6871:Early modern
6801:Tower castle
6737:Powder tower
6712:Outer bailey
6624:Inner bailey
6598:Gulyay-gorod
6566:Ganerbenburg
6564:
6560:Fujian tulou
6502:Corner tower
6441:Chamber gate
6411:Bridge tower
6259:Trou de loup
5984:
5893:
5889:
5881:
5873:
5866:
5859:
5852:
5840:
5836:
5819:
5815:
5802:
5798:
5781:
5777:
5764:
5760:
5745:
5724:(1): 30–46.
5721:
5717:
5701:
5694:
5680:
5670:
5650:. Retrieved
5633:
5621:. Retrieved
5607:
5595:. Retrieved
5591:
5581:
5567:
5552:
5544:
5539:
5531:the original
5521:
5508:
5488:the original
5445:
5439:
5427:. Retrieved
5417:
5409:
5404:
5395:
5383:. Retrieved
5359:
5352:
5332:
5325:
5304:
5292:. Retrieved
5288:the original
5278:
5270:
5266:
5254:. Retrieved
5250:
5241:
5229:. Retrieved
5220:
5210:
5201:
5192:
5185:. Retrieved
5175:
5162:
5152:
5131:cite journal
5116:
5106:
5099:
5090:
5081:
5068:
5059:
5047:. Retrieved
5043:the original
5039:"Sherbrooke"
5033:
5020:
5011:
4999:. Retrieved
4995:the original
4985:
4977:the original
4967:
4958:
4949:
4940:
4931:
4922:
4909:
4900:
4888:. Retrieved
4880:
4871:
4859:. Retrieved
4844:
4831:
4818:
4809:
4800:
4796:
4786:
4774:. Retrieved
4768:
4756:
4745:
4739:
4727:. Retrieved
4713:
4687:. Retrieved
4677:
4665:. Retrieved
4651:
4639:. Retrieved
4630:
4621:
4609:. Retrieved
4600:
4591:
4578:
4569:
4556:
4547:
4538:
4526:. Retrieved
4518:The Guardian
4517:
4507:
4498:
4486:. Retrieved
4482:the original
4472:
4459:
4450:
4441:
4432:
4399:
4354:
4345:
4337:
4333:
4312:
4294:
4289:
4258:
4257:
4140:Fort Johnson
4107:Tower Dupre
4031:South Africa
4016:Simon's Town
4011:South Africa
3992:South Africa
3971:Sierra Leone
3832:
3805:Fort Nugent
3663:Loughshinny
3645:Lough Foyle
3605:Lough Swilly
3541:Cork Harbour
3518:Cork Harbour
3496:Cork Harbour
3394:South No. 1
3372:South No. 2
3353:South No. 3
3331:South No. 4
3312:South No. 5
3291:
3268:South No. 7
3249:South No. 8
3230:South No. 9
3181:
3156:Peoples Park
3155:
3086:Williamstown
3048:North No. 1
3024:North No. 2
3002:North No. 3
2981:North No. 4
2957:
2934:North No. 6
2912:North No. 7
2909:, Tower Bay
2890:North No. 8
2869:North No. 9
2496:Murney Tower
2321:Fort Denison
2277:
2273:
2250:
2211:
2179:
2166:Saint Helena
2163:
2160:Saint Helena
2151:
2140:
2129:
2117:
2083:38°47′5.28″N
2074:S'Empalmador
2067:
2062:
2049:
2022:Gran Canaria
2018:
2011:
2004:
1993:
1978:
1971:
1960:
1948:Vice Admiral
1945:
1929:South Africa
1926:
1915:South Africa
1909:Temne people
1905:Sierra Leone
1898:
1895:Sierra Leone
1881:
1868:
1865:
1844:
1821:
1792:
1765:
1719:Harbour View
1716:
1684:
1669:
1653:
1630:
1594:
1573:Bréhon Tower
1570:
1559:
1540:
1520:
1506:
1488:
1457:Murney Tower
1446:
1426:York Redoubt
1408:
1385:
1365:
1349:
1322:
1318:St. George's
1286:Coney Island
1274:
1263:
1230:
1218:Fort Denison
1215:
1206:Fort Denison
1185:
1176:
1161:Please help
1149:
1121:
1101:
1073:
1064:
1054:
1047:
1040:
1033:
1021:
1009:Please help
1004:verification
1001:
969:
941:County Clare
918:
903:
880:
865:
849:Great Island
829:Cork Harbour
814:
759:
737:
698:Williamstown
687:
672:
654:
649:Cork Harbour
634:
601:
573:
558:
526:
519:
504:
489:
481:
462:
415:
380:
378:as a whole.
361:
330:
321:South Africa
301:
272:
258:
255:
229:
225:
218:
214:
212:
204:
194:
188:
180:
143:
141:
134:
115:
91:
83:
62:
58:
57:
25:
7772:Castle town
7629:Toll castle
7598:Lustschloss
7580:Kaiserpfalz
7510:Spur castle
7505:Rock castle
7446:Hill castle
7441:Cave castle
7401:Spider hole
7301:Bremer wall
7266:Barbed tape
7162:Barbed wire
6836:Witch tower
6806:Tower house
6796:Toll castle
6782:Shield wall
6702:Murder hole
6591:Guard tower
6208:Pincer gate
6155:Faussebraye
5652:19 February
5429:21 February
4729:21 December
4528:21 December
4488:21 December
4351:"No. 13631"
4119:Lake Borgne
4115:Bayou Dupre
4099:Lake Borgne
4081:Fort Picton
3936:La Preneuse
3931:Black River
3914:L'Harmonie
3698:Ros a' MhĂl
3626:Lough Foyle
3537:Fota Island
3492:Ringaskiddy
3434:Bere Island
3421:Glengarriff
3309:Shanganagh
3183:James Joyce
2976:Portmarnock
2958:Hicks Tower
2953:, Robswall
2519:Shoal Tower
2405:Nova Scotia
2359:Ferry Reach
2299:Tower name
2194:Trincomalee
2098: /
2086:1°25′5.01″E
1946:That said,
1877:La Preneuse
1804:Kempt Tower
1798:Lewis Tower
1649:leprosarium
1605:Arnala fort
1551:Fort Hommet
1523:Afghanistan
1494:Shoal Tower
1476:Shoal Tower
1416:located in
1387:Quebec City
1314:St. David's
1298:Great Sound
1266:Ferry Reach
1242:Crimean War
1240:during the
939:and two in
929:County Cork
925:Glengarriff
887:Clonahenoge
833:Ringaskiddy
825:Fota Island
798:Portmarnock
665:James Joyce
663:, in which
420:, Ireland,
356:Portmarnock
335:(using the
250:Québec city
163:Quebec City
49:Nova Scotia
7941:Categories
7797:Gatekeeper
7617:Ordensburg
7589:Landesburg
7396:Sentry gun
7351:Flak tower
7281:Blast wall
7201:Gun turret
7098:Sally port
7003:Kotta mara
6943:Couvreface
6907:Breastwork
6902:Blockhouse
6880:Abwurfdach
6831:Watchtower
6821:Wall tower
6777:Shell keep
6727:Portcullis
6722:Peel tower
6707:Neck ditch
6666:Landesburg
6614:Half tower
6572:Gate tower
6517:Drawbridge
6359:Battlement
6275:Wagon fort
6118:Chengqiang
5847:: 173–184.
5809:: 143–158.
5664:References
5623:24 October
5294:24 October
5187:29 October
5049:24 October
5001:24 October
4885:Tourism NI
4861:24 October
4242:Blockhouse
4183:Destroyed
4057:Hambantota
3955:Port Louis
3680:Rathmullan
3560:Rossleague
3411:Ilnacullin
3065:Sandymount
2842:Skerries,
2800:Balbriggan
2630:1808–1812
2612:Destroyed
2609:1808–1812
2588:1808–1812
2567:1808–1812
2365:1823–1828
2189:Hambantota
2154:San Julián
2070:Formentera
2063:Imperieuse
2059:midshipman
2050:Imperieuse
2042:fifth-rate
2026:Ciutadella
2014:Ciutadella
1775:Icho Tower
1687:W.H. Smyth
1498:Doors Open
1372:Fort Henry
1306:The Flatts
1109:Codrington
1037:newspapers
945:Galway Bay
933:Rathmullan
921:Ilnacullin
845:Rossleague
794:Tony Quinn
762:Balbriggan
744:Blomefield
706:Sandymount
645:Dublin Bay
614:See also:
569:Tally Toor
549:Tally Toor
477:Eastbourne
438:Napoleon I
259:terreplein
230:Lowestoffe
209:reported:
144:torregiani
7900:Guerrilla
7643:By design
7391:Revetment
7206:Land mine
7137:Star fort
6964:Crownwork
6959:Covertway
6892:Barricade
6533:Embrasure
6446:Chartaque
6376:Bergfried
6334:Arrowslit
6160:Gatehouse
6130:City gate
6091:Castellum
6057:Acropolis
5738:159902078
5385:2 January
5194:Santhals.
4305:Citations
4251:Scottish
4208:; ruined
4103:Louisiana
4052:Sri Lanka
4036:Cape Town
3949:Mauritius
3926:Mauritius
3905:Mauritius
3886:Mauritius
3867:Mauritius
3833:Fort Hill
3808:1808–11?
3653:Restored
3469:Finavarra
3176:Sandycove
2865:Drumanagh
2732:Aughinish
2697:c. 1530s
2627:Tower #4
2606:Tower #3
2585:Tower #2
2564:Tower #1
2311:Australia
2296:Location
2261:gun loops
2238:Louisiana
2181:Sri Lanka
2176:Sri Lanka
2120:Cartagena
2048:HMS
1937:Cape Town
1931:, one at
1862:Mauritius
1635:caused a
1627:Indonesia
1617:Hyderabad
1547:Fort Grey
1179:July 2022
1150:does not
1131:Australia
983:Elsewhere
953:Aughinish
949:Finavarra
876:Waterford
868:Duncannon
861:Rostellan
755:gunpowder
657:Sandycove
643:, around
637:Millmount
580:Crockness
473:Dymchurch
450:Aldeburgh
325:Sri Lanka
309:Australia
228:HMS
215:Fortitude
207:Lord Hood
189:Fortitude
187:HMS
87:artillery
63:Martellos
7925:Category
7915:See also
7802:Loophole
7690:Ringwork
7685:Ringfort
7610:Obstacle
7451:Hillfort
7371:Loophole
7169:Barbette
7144:Tenaille
7127:Sea fort
7057:Presidio
7017:Magazine
6998:Hornwork
6931:Cavalier
6926:Casemate
6919:Caponier
6762:Ringwork
6650:Detinets
6619:Hoarding
6524:Enceinte
6399:Bretèche
6344:Bartizan
6339:Barbican
6315:Alcazaba
6243:Stockade
6223:Ringfort
6203:Palisade
6175:Landwehr
6170:Hillfort
5998:Archived
5911:Archived
5896:: 18–37.
5771:: 22–58.
5643:Archived
5617:Archived
5513:Archived
5379:Archived
5225:Archived
5160:(2009).
5073:Archived
5025:Archived
4914:Archived
4890:23 April
4855:Archived
4823:Archived
4723:Archived
4699:cite web
4661:Archived
4635:Archived
4605:Archived
4583:Archived
4561:Archived
4522:Archived
4464:Archived
4236:See also
4063:1801–03
4003:1839–46
3976:Freetown
3962:1832–35
3940:1832–35
3917:1832–35
3896:1832–35
3877:1832–35
3849:Pembroke
3845:Madliena
3821:Monrovia
3801:Kingston
3778:Syracuse
3722:Ganzirri
3582:Belvelly
3397:1804–05
3375:1804–05
3356:1804–05
3337:Lost to
3334:1804–05
3315:1804–05
3296:1804–05
3287:, beach
3285:Killiney
3271:1804–05
3252:1804–05
3233:1804–05
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4667:13 July
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4611:13 July
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4022:1795/6
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3716:Messina
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3675:Ireland
3659:Ireland
3641:Ireland
3621:Ireland
3600:Ireland
3577:Ireland
3555:Ireland
3532:Ireland
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2727:Ireland
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2463:Canada
2442:Canada
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