Martin Luther King Jr.

2005: 10701: 3572: 1872: 1454: 1226:. In his speech he stated, "black America still wears chains. The finest negro is at the mercy of the meanest white man." King was selected as the winner of the contest. On the ride home to Atlanta by bus, he and his teacher were ordered by the driver to stand so that white passengers could sit. The driver of the bus called King a "black son-of-a-bitch". King initially refused but complied after his teacher told him that he would be breaking the law if he did not. As all the seats were occupied, he and his teacher were forced to stand the rest of the way to Atlanta. Later King wrote of the incident: "That night will never leave my memory. It was the angriest I have ever been in my life." 4536:, David Garrow wrote about a number of extramarital affairs, including one woman King saw almost daily. According to Garrow, "that relationship ... increasingly became the emotional centerpiece of King's life, but it did not eliminate the incidental couplings ... of King's travels." He alleged that King explained his extramarital affairs as "a form of anxiety reduction". Garrow asserted that King's supposed promiscuity caused him "painful and at times overwhelming guilt". King's wife Coretta appeared to have accepted his affairs with equanimity, saying once that "all that other business just doesn't have a place in the very high-level relationship we enjoyed." Shortly after 1983:"I have almost reached the regrettable conclusion that the Negro's great stumbling block in his stride toward freedom is not the White Citizen's Councilor or the Ku Klux Klanner, but the white moderate, who is more devoted to "order" than to justice; who prefers a negative peace which is the absence of tension to a positive peace which is the presence of justice; who constantly says: "I agree with you in the goal you seek, but I cannot agree with your methods of direct action"; who paternalistically believes he can set the timetable for another man's freedom; who lives by a mythical concept of time and who constantly advises the Negro to wait for a "more convenient season." 2484: 489: 3393: 1947:, used high-pressure water jets and police dogs against protesters, including children. Footage of the police response was broadcast on national television news, shocking many white Americans and consolidating black Americans behind the movement. Not all of the demonstrators were peaceful, despite the avowed intentions of the SCLC. In some cases, bystanders attacked the police, who responded with force. King and the SCLC were criticized for putting children in harm's way. But the campaign was a success: Connor lost his job, the "Jim Crow" signs came down, and public places became more open to blacks. King's reputation improved immensely. 1367:'s "social gospel". In his third year at Crozer, King became romantically involved with the white daughter of an immigrant German woman who worked in the cafeteria. King planned to marry her, but friends, as well as King's father, advised against it, saying that an interracial marriage would provoke animosity from both blacks and whites, potentially damaging his chances of ever pastoring a church in the South. King tearfully told a friend that he could not endure his mother's pain over the marriage and broke the relationship off six months later. One friend was quoted as saying, "He never recovered." Other friends, including 2331: 4626: 3688: 2538: 3176: 3298: 1146: 4566: 1095:. Once, when stopped by a police officer who referred to Martin Sr. as "boy", Martin Sr. responded sharply that Martin Jr. was a boy but he was a man. When Martin Jr's father took him into a shoe store in downtown Atlanta, the clerk told them they needed to sit in the back. Martin Sr. refused asserting "we'll either buy shoes sitting here or we won't buy any shoes at all", before leaving the store with Martin Jr. He told Martin Jr. afterward, "I don't care how long I have to live with this system, I will never accept it." In 1936, Martin Sr. led hundreds of African Americans in a 2816: 2679: 2142: 3376:, to find employment for professionally qualified black people. In its first year, the agency placed ten percent of its applicants in jobs equal to their ability. The Balham Training Scheme operated an evening school with lecturers in Typing, Shorthand, English and Math. The foundation was removed from the Charity Commission list on November 18, 1996, as it had ceased to exist. The Northumbria and Newcastle Universities Martin Luther King Peace Committee still exists to honor King's legacy, as represented by his final visit to the UK to receive an honorary degree from 2401: 2900: 19050: 1041: 433: 33393: 33381: 33369: 33344: 1521: 2981:

the mountaintop. And I don't mind. Like anybody, I would like to live a long life. Longevity has its place. But I'm not concerned about that now. I just want to do God's will. And He's allowed me to go up to the mountain. And I've looked over. And I've seen the promised land. I may not get there with you. But I want you to know tonight, that we, as a people, will get to the promised land. So I'm happy, tonight. I'm not worried about anything. I'm not fearing any man. Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord.

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by their photos; he wanted to go to an Indian Reservation to meet the people so Casper Glenn took King to the Papago Indian Reservation. He met with all the tribal leaders, visited another Presbyterian church near the reservation, and preached there, attracting a Native American crowd. He later returned to Old Pueblo in March 1962 where he preached again to a Native American congregation. King would continue to attract the attention of Native Americans throughout the civil rights movement. During the

1753: 32957: 5385: 2652:. He summed up this aspect by saying, "A nation that continues year after year to spend more money on military defense than on programs of social uplift is approaching spiritual death." He stated that North Vietnam "did not begin to send in any large number of supplies or men until American forces had arrived in the tens of thousands", and accused the U.S. of having killed a million Vietnamese, "mostly children". King also criticized American opposition to North Vietnam's land reforms. 33295: 2013: 4470:, author of an earlier biography of King, wrote that "the suggestion ... that he either actively tolerated or personally employed violence against any woman, even while drunk, poses so fundamental a challenge to his historical stature as to require the most complete and extensive historical review possible". Garrow's reliance on a handwritten note addended to a typed report is considered poor scholarship by several other authorities. The professor of American studies at the 5343: 33113: 33233: 33185: 33173: 1577: 33332: 1903: 453: 34313: 1137:

believed that his deception in going to see the parade may have been responsible for God taking her. King jumped out of a second-story window at his home but again survived. His father instructed him that Martin Jr. should not blame himself and that she had been called home to God as part of God's plan. Martin Jr. struggled with this. Shortly thereafter, Martin Sr. decided to move the family to a two-story brick home on a hill overlooking downtown Atlanta.

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had been reached: the city's lunch counters would desegregate in fall 1961, in conjunction with the court-mandated desegregation of schools. Many students were disappointed at the compromise. In a large meeting on March 10 at Warren Memorial Methodist Church, the audience was hostile and frustrated. King then gave an impassioned speech calling participants to resist the "cancerous disease of disunity", helping to calm tensions.

4282:. He and his brother unsuccessfully tried to persuade King to dissociate himself from Levison, a New York lawyer who had been involved with Communist Party USA. Although Robert Kennedy only gave written approval for limited wiretapping of King's telephone lines "on a trial basis, for a month or so", Hoover extended the clearance so his men were "unshackled" to look for evidence in any areas of King's life they deemed worthy. 1649:". Wachtel founded a tax-exempt fund to cover the suit's expenses and assist the nonviolent civil rights movement through a more effective means of fundraising. King served as honorary president of this organization, named the "Gandhi Society for Human Rights". In 1962, King and the Gandhi Society produced a document that called on President Kennedy to issue an executive order to deliver a blow for civil rights as a kind of 33668: 5357: 33584: 33161: 4244: 33656: 33620: 33608: 33572: 33560: 33536: 33500: 33488: 33476: 33464: 33307: 3207:. Supporters of this assertion said that Ray's confession was given under pressure and that he had been threatened with the death penalty. They admitted that Ray was a thief and burglar, but claimed that he had no record of committing violent crimes with a weapon. However, prison records in different U.S. cities have shown that he was incarcerated on numerous occasions for armed robbery. In a 2008 interview with 3415:. Title VIII of the Act, commonly known as the Fair Housing Act, prohibited discrimination in housing and housing-related transactions on the basis of race, religion, or national origin (later expanded to include sex, familial status, and disability). This legislation was seen as a tribute to King's struggle in his final years to combat residential discrimination. The day following King's assassination, teacher 4351:"aid and abet the salacious claims of southern racists and the extreme right-wing elements." Hoover replied by saying that King was "the most notorious liar in the country". After his "I Have A Dream" speech, the FBI described King as "the most dangerous and effective Negro leader in the country". It alleged that he was "knowingly, willingly and regularly cooperating with and taking guidance from communists." 1115:

in his church. He enjoyed opera, and played the piano. King garnered a large vocabulary from reading dictionaries. He got into physical altercations with boys in his neighborhood, but oftentimes used his knowledge of words to stop or avoid fights. King showed a lack of interest in grammar and spelling, a trait that persisted throughout his life. In 1939, King sang as a member of his church choir dressed as a

2306:, including a delegation of rabbis and the 72-year-old mother of the governor of Massachusetts, all of whom were arrested. During June, the movement marched nightly through the city, "often facing counter demonstrations by the Klan, and provoking violence that garnered national media attention." Hundreds of the marchers were arrested and jailed. During this movement, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed. 29610: 29336: 29005: 5315: 3931:

flowed in battles over racial supremacy. We are perhaps the only nation which tried as a matter of national policy to wipe out its indigenous population. Moreover, we elevated that tragic experience into a noble crusade. Indeed, even today we have not permitted ourselves to reject or to feel remorse for this shameful episode. Our literature, our films, our drama, our folklore all exalt it.

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rights and physical safety of civil rights workers and blacks. The group acquiesced to presidential pressure, and the event ultimately took on a far less strident tone. As a result, some civil rights activists felt it presented an inaccurate, sanitized pageant of racial harmony; Malcolm X called it the "Farce on Washington", and the Nation of Islam forbade its members from attending.

4210:. She changed her mind after talking to King, who was a fan of the show. King explained that her character signified a future of greater racial cooperation. King told Nichols, "You are our image of where we're going, you're 300 years from now, and that means that's where we are and it takes place now. Keep doing what you're doing, you are our inspiration." As Nichols recounted: 2107: 1848:, in November 1961. In December, King and the SCLC became involved. The movement mobilized thousands of citizens for a nonviolent attack on every aspect of segregation in the city and attracted nationwide attention. When King first visited on December 15, 1961, he "had planned to stay a day or so and return home after giving counsel." The following day he was swept up in a 5301: 4521:, Ralph Abernathy stated that King had a "weakness for women", although they "all understood and believed in the biblical prohibition against sex outside of marriage. It was just that he had a particularly difficult time with that temptation." In a later interview, Abernathy said that he only wrote the term "womanizing", that he did not specifically say King had 1477:; Scott was not interested in dating preachers but eventually agreed to allow King to telephone her based on Powell's description and vouching. On their first call, King told Scott, "I am like Napoleon at Waterloo before your charms," to which she replied, "You haven't even met me." King married Scott on June 18, 1953, on the lawn of her parents' house, in 2416:(SNCC) in Selma, Alabama, where the SNCC had been working on voter registration for several months. A local judge issued an injunction that barred any gathering of three or more people affiliated with the SNCC, SCLC, DCVL, or any of 41 named civil rights leaders. This injunction temporarily halted civil rights activity until King defied it by speaking at 1275:, to see theatre performances, shop and eat in restaurants. On Sundays they attended church services in Hartford, at a church filled with white congregants. King wrote to his parents about the lack of segregation, relaying how he was amazed they could go to "one of the finest restaurants in Hartford" and that "Negroes and whites go to the same church". 1290:, with being his "spiritual mentor". King had concluded that the church offered the most assuring way to answer "an inner urge to serve humanity", and he made peace with the Baptist Church, as he believed he would be a "rational" minister with sermons that were "a respectful force for ideas, even social protest." King graduated from Morehouse with a 445: 2431:'s call for a march from Selma to Montgomery, Bevel and other SCLC members, in partial collaboration with SNCC, attempted to organize a march to the state's capital. The first attempt to march on March 7, 1965, at which King was not present, was aborted because of mob and police violence against the demonstrators. This day has become known as 2694:, with which he was affiliated. King began to speak of the need for fundamental changes in the American political and economic situation, and more frequently expressed his opposition to the war and his desire to see a redistribution of resources to correct injustice. He guarded his language in public to avoid being linked to 1802:, Atlanta's largest department store, and was among the many arrested that day. The authorities released everyone over the next few days, except for King. Invoking his probationary plea deal, judge J. Oscar Mitchell sentenced King on October 25 to four months of hard labor. Before dawn the next day, King was transported to 4042:: "I felt that Kennedy would make the best president. I never came out with an endorsement. My father did, but I never made one." King adds that he likely would have made an exception to his non-endorsement policy for a second Kennedy term, saying "Had President Kennedy lived, I would probably have endorsed him in 1964." 1032:, all racial animosity, and every form of oppression or unfair discrimination toward the Jews, toward colored people, or toward subject races in any part of the world." After returning home in August 1934, Michael Sr. changed his name to Martin Luther King Sr. and his five-year-old son's name to Martin Luther King Jr. 2639:". He spoke strongly against the U.S.'s role in the war, arguing that the U.S. was in Vietnam "to occupy it as an American colony" and calling the U.S. government "the greatest purveyor of violence in the world today". He connected the war with economic injustice, arguing that the country needed serious moral change: 1864:

local government defeated efforts. Though the Albany effort proved a key lesson in tactics for King and the national civil rights movement, the national media was highly critical of King's role in the defeat, and the SCLC's lack of results contributed to a growing gulf between the organization and the more radical

4474:, Peter Ling, pointed out that Garrow was excessively credulous, if not naive, in accepting the accuracy of FBI reports during a period when the FBI was undertaking a massive operation to attempt to discredit King. Experts in 20th-century American history, including Distinguished Professor of Political Science 452: 4507:

None of this is new. Garrow is talking about a recently added summary of a transcript of a 1964 recording from the Willard Hotel that others, including Mrs. King, have said they did not hear Martin's voice on it. The added summary was four layers removed from the actual recording. This supposedly new

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The American public, the church organizations that have been helping—Protestants, Catholics and Jews will know you for what you are—an evil beast. So will others who have backed you. You are done. King, there is only one thing left for you to do. You know what it is. You have just 34 days in which to

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In a 1952 letter to Coretta Scott, he said: "I imagine you already know that I am much more socialistic in my economic theory than capitalistic ..." In one speech, he stated that "something is wrong with capitalism" and said, "There must be a better distribution of wealth, and maybe America must

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Inspired by Dr. King, who was advancing the civil rights agenda of equality under the laws of this country, we thought that we could also use the laws to advance our Indianship, to live as tribes in our territories governed by our own laws under the principles of tribal sovereignty that had been with

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King was inspired by Gandhi and his success with nonviolent activism, and as a theology student, King described Gandhi as being one of the "individuals who greatly reveal the working of the Spirit of God". King had "for a long time ... wanted to take a trip to India." With assistance from Harris

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King's wife Coretta Scott King was active in matters of social justice and civil rights until her death in 2006. The same year that King was assassinated, she established the King Center in Atlanta, Georgia, dedicated to preserving his legacy and the work of championing nonviolent conflict resolution

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disagreed with Pepper's claims that the government killed King. In 2003, Pepper published a book about the investigation and trial, as well as his representation of James Earl Ray in his bid for a trial. James Bevel also disputed the argument that Ray acted alone, stating, "There is no way a ten-cent

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in Washington, D.C., was carried out soon after the April 4 assassination. Criticism of King's plan was subdued in the wake of his death, and the SCLC received an unprecedented wave of donations to carry it out. The campaign officially began in Memphis, on May 2, at the hotel where King was murdered.

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King's intent was to provoke mass arrests and "create a situation so crisis-packed that it will inevitably open the door to negotiation." The campaign's early volunteers did not succeed in shutting down the city, or in drawing media attention to the police's actions. Over the concerns of an uncertain

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After the October 19 sit-ins and following unrest, a 30-day truce was declared in Atlanta for desegregation negotiations. However, the negotiations failed and sit-ins and boycotts resumed for several months. On March 7, 1961, a group of Black elders including King notified student leaders that a deal

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when police stopped them. King was cited for "driving without a license" because he had not yet been issued a Georgia license. King's Alabama license was still valid, and Georgia law did not mandate any time limit for issuing a local license. King paid a fine but was unaware that his lawyer agreed to

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its finding, the committee said that 'no thought should be given to the revocation of Dr. King's doctoral degree,' an action that the panel said would serve no purpose." The committee found that the dissertation still "makes an intelligent contribution to scholarship." A letter is now attached to the

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suits, which gained him the nickname "Tweed" or "Tweedie" among his friends. He liked flirting with girls and dancing. His brother A.D. later remarked, "He kept flitting from chick to chick, and I decided I couldn't keep up with him. Especially since he was crazy about dances, and just about the best

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Even after renouncing personal use of guns, King had a complex relationship with self-defense in the movement. He publicly discouraged it as a widespread practice but acknowledged that it was sometimes necessary. Throughout his career King was frequently protected by other civil rights activists who

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Before I was a civil rights leader, I was a preacher of the Gospel. This was my first calling and it still remains my greatest commitment. You know, actually all that I do in civil rights I do because I consider it a part of my ministry. I have no other ambitions in life but to achieve excellence in

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I want you to say that day that I tried to be right on the war question. I want you to be able to say that day that I did try to feed the hungry. I want you to be able to say that day that I did try in my life to clothe those who were naked. I want you to say on that day that I did try in my life to

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President Johnson tried to quell the riots by making telephone calls to civil rights leaders, mayors and governors across the United States and told politicians that they should warn the police against the unwarranted use of force. However, "I'm not getting through," Johnson told his aides. "They're

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We must recognize that we can't solve our problem now until there is a radical redistribution of economic and political power... this means a revolution of values and other things. We must see now that the evils of racism, economic exploitation, and militarism are all tied together… you can't really

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in Selma, then held a short prayer session before turning the marchers around and asking them to disperse so as not to violate the court order. The unexpected ending of this second march aroused the surprise and anger of many within the local movement. The march finally went ahead fully on March 25,

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factory in Atlanta, just a few blocks from Ebenezer Baptist. Many of the strikers were congregants of his church, and the strike was supported by other civil rights leaders. King helped elevate the labor dispute from a local to nationally known event and led the SCLC to organize a nationwide boycott

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for all workers (equivalent to $ 20 in 2023); and self-government for Washington, D.C., then governed by congressional committee. Despite tensions, the march was a resounding success. More than a quarter of a million people of diverse ethnicities attended, sprawling from the steps of the Lincoln

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caused many white and African-American leaders to demand King distance himself from Rustin, which King agreed to do. However, he did collaborate in the 1963 March on Washington, for which Rustin was the primary organizer. For King, this role was another which courted controversy, since he was one of

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The boycott lasted for 385 days, and the situation became so tense that King's house was bombed. King was arrested for traveling 30 mph in a 25 mph zone and jailed, which overnight drew the attention of national media, and greatly increased King's public stature. The controversy ended when

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have expressed reservations about Garrow's scholarship. Theoharis commented "Most scholars I know would penalize graduate students for doing this." It is not the first time the care and rigor of Garrow's work has been called into serious question. Clayborne Carson, Martin Luther King biographer and

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The letter was accompanied by a tape recording—excerpted from FBI wiretaps—of several of King's extramarital liaisons. King interpreted this package as an attempt to drive him to suicide, although William Sullivan, head of the Domestic Intelligence Division at the time, argued that it may have only

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interview, he stated that "there are as many Communists in this freedom movement as there are Eskimos in Florida." He argued that Hoover was "following the path of appeasement of political powers in the South" and that his concern for communist infiltration of the civil rights movement was meant to

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on the ideals of using nonviolent methods in creating social change, King stated his belief that one must not use force in this struggle "but match the violence of his opponents with his suffering." King then went to Southside Presbyterian, a predominantly Native American church, and was fascinated

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in Alabama were trying to completely desegregate schools. Light-complexioned Native children were allowed to ride buses to previously all-white schools, while dark-skinned Native children from the same band were barred from the same buses. Tribal leaders, hearing of King's desegregation campaign in

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and his commitment to America's struggle for civil rights. In a radio address made during his final evening in India, King reflected, "Since being in India, I am more convinced than ever before that the method of nonviolent resistance is the most potent weapon available to oppressed people in their

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The fact is there were saboteurs to disrupt the march. And within our own organization, we found a very key person who was on the government payroll. So infiltration within, saboteurs from without and the press attacks. ... I will never believe that James Earl Ray had the motive, the money and

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Gamemaster had been the murder weapon. Those tests did not implicate Ray's specific rifle. Witnesses near King said that the shot came from another location, from behind thick shrubbery near the boarding house—which had been cut away in the days following the assassination—and not from the boarding

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at 6:01 p.m., Thursday, April 4, 1968, as he stood on the motel's second-floor balcony. The bullet entered through his right cheek, smashing his jaw, then traveled down his spinal cord before lodging in his shoulder. Abernathy heard the shot from inside the motel room and ran to the balcony to

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King stated in "Beyond Vietnam" that "true compassion is more than flinging a coin to a beggar ... it comes to see that an edifice which produces beggars needs restructuring." King quoted a U.S. official who said that from Vietnam to Latin America, the country was "on the wrong side of a world

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A true revolution of values will soon look uneasily on the glaring contrast of poverty and wealth. With righteous indignation, it will look across the seas and see individual capitalists of the West investing huge sums of money in Asia, Africa and South America, only to take the profits out with no

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King later stated and Abernathy wrote that the movement received a worse reception in Chicago than in the South. Marches, especially the one through Marquette Park on August 5, 1966, were met by thrown bottles and screaming throngs. Rioting seemed very possible. King's beliefs militated against his

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In March 1964, King and the SCLC joined forces with Robert Hayling's then-controversial movement in St. Augustine, Florida. Hayling's group had been affiliated with the NAACP but was forced out of the organization for advocating armed self-defense alongside nonviolent tactics. However, the pacifist

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The march originally was planned to dramatize the desperate condition of blacks in the southern U.S. and place organizers' concerns and grievances squarely before the seat of power in the nation's capital. Organizers intended to denounce the federal government for its failure to safeguard the civil

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After nearly a year of intense activism with few tangible results, the movement began to deteriorate. King requested a halt to all demonstrations and a "Day of Penance" to promote nonviolence and maintain the moral high ground. Divisions within the black community and the canny, low-key response by

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King's telephone line in the fall of 1963. Kennedy was concerned that public allegations of communists in the SCLC would derail the administration's civil rights initiatives. He warned King to discontinue these associations and later felt compelled to issue the written directive that authorized the

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and Bible verses by the time he was five years old. Beginning at six years old, he attended church events with his mother and sing hymns while she played piano. His favorite hymn was "I Want to Be More and More Like Jesus"; his singing moved attendees. King later became a member of the junior choir

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Martin King Jr. became friends with a white boy whose father owned a business across the street from his home. In September 1935, when the boys were about six years old, they started school. King had to attend a school for black children, Yonge Street Elementary School, while his playmate went to a

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Shortly after marrying Alberta, Michael King Sr. became assistant pastor of the Ebenezer church. Senior pastor Williams died in the spring of 1931 and that fall Michael Sr. took the role. With support from his wife, he raised attendance from six hundred to several thousand. In 1934, the church sent

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announced that the $ 5, $ 10, and $ 20 bills would all undergo redesign prior to 2020. Lew said that while Lincoln would remain on the front of the $ 5 bill, the reverse would be redesigned to depict various historical events that had occurred at the Lincoln Memorial. Among the planned designs are

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And then I got to Memphis. And some began to say the threats, or talk about the threats that were out. What would happen to me from some of our sick white brothers? Well, I don't know what will happen now. We've got some difficult days ahead. But it doesn't matter with me now. Because I've been to

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north. In a June 1944 letter to his father King wrote about the differences that struck him: "On our way here we saw some things I had never anticipated to see. After we passed Washington there was no discrimination at all. The white people here are very nice. We go to any place we want to and sit

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The attempts to prove that King was a communist was related to the feeling of many segregationists that blacks in the South were content with the status quo but had been stirred up by "communists" and "outside agitators". King said that "the Negro revolution is a genuine revolution, born from the

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As the leader of the SCLC, King maintained a policy of not publicly endorsing a U.S. political party or candidate: "I feel someone must remain in the position of non-alignment, so that he can look objectively at both parties and be the conscience of both—not the servant or master of either." In a

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World peace through nonviolent means is neither absurd nor unattainable. All other methods have failed. Thus we must begin anew. Nonviolence is a good starting point. Those of us who believe in this method can be voices of reason, sanity, and understanding amid the voices of violence, hatred, and

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We need to make clear in this political year, to congressmen on both sides of the aisle and to the president of the United States, that we will no longer tolerate, we will no longer vote for men who continue to see the killings of Vietnamese and Americans as the best way of advancing the goals of

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I have not urged a mechanical fusion of the civil rights and peace movements. There are people who have come to see the moral imperative of equality, but who cannot yet see the moral imperative of world brotherhood. I would like to see the fervor of the civil-rights movement imbued into the peace

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against any prosecution of the demonstrators. He did not attend the march due to church duties, but he later wrote, "If I had any idea that the state troopers would use the kind of brutality they did, I would have felt compelled to give up my church duties altogether to lead the line." Footage of

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would lead to extensive media coverage of the struggle for black equality. Journalistic accounts and televised footage of the daily indignities suffered by southern blacks, and of segregationist violence and harassment of civil rights supporters, produced a wave of sympathetic public opinion that

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completed the investigation into Jowers' claims but did not find evidence of conspiracy. The investigation report recommended no further investigation unless new reliable facts are presented. A sister of Jowers admitted that he had fabricated the story so he could make $ 300,000 from selling the

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King and the SCLC called on the government to invest in rebuilding America's cities. He felt that Congress had shown "hostility to the poor" by spending "military funds with alacrity and generosity". He contrasted this with the situation faced by poor Americans, claiming that Congress had merely

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King returned in July 1962 and was given the option of forty-five days in jail or a $ 178 fine (equivalent to $ 1,800 in 2023); he chose jail. Three days into his sentence, Police Chief Laurie Pritchett discreetly arranged for King's fine to be paid and ordered his release. "We had witnessed

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to discipline his children, sometimes having them whip each other. Martin Sr. later remarked, " was the most peculiar child whenever you whipped him. He'd stand there, and the tears would run down, and he'd never cry." Once, when Martin Jr. witnessed his brother A.D. emotionally upset his sister

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Martin Luther King Jr. was the conscience of his generation. He gazed upon the great wall of segregation and saw that the power of love could bring it down. From the pain and exhaustion of his fight to fulfill the promises of our founding fathers for our humblest citizens, he wrung his eloquent

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Our nation was born in genocide when it embraced the doctrine that the original American, the Indian, was an inferior race. Even before there were large numbers of Negroes on our shores, the scar of racial hatred had already disfigured colonial society. From the sixteenth century forward, blood

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left an "indelible imprint" on his thinking by giving him a theological grounding for his social concerns. King was moved by Rauschenbusch's vision of Christians spreading social unrest in "perpetual but friendly conflict" with the state, simultaneously critiquing it and calling it to act as an

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reported that a church minister, Ronald Denton Wilson, claimed his father, Henry Clay Wilson, assassinated King. He stated, "It wasn't a racist thing; he thought Martin Luther King was connected with communism, and he wanted to get him out of the way." Wilson provided no evidence to back up his

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Yes, if you want to say that I was a drum major. Say that I was a drum major for justice. Say that I was a drum major for peace. I was a drum major for righteousness. And all of the other shallow things will not matter. I won't have any money to leave behind. I won't have the fine and luxurious

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The Poor People's Campaign was controversial even within the civil rights movement. Rustin resigned from the march, stating that the goals of the campaign were too broad, that its demands were unrealizable, and that he thought that these campaigns would accelerate repression on the poor and the

1187:. Martin Jr. said that he found himself unable to identify with the emotional displays from congregants who were frequent at his church; he doubted if he would ever attain personal satisfaction from religion. He later said of this point in his life, "doubts began to spring forth unrelentingly." 2586:

The black revolution is much more than a struggle for the rights of Negroes. It is forcing America to face all its interrelated flaws—racism, poverty, militarism, and materialism. It is exposing evils that are rooted deeply in the whole structure of our society. It reveals systemic rather than

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The arrest and harsh sentence drew nationwide attention. Many feared for King's safety, as he started a prison sentence with people convicted of violent crimes, many of them White and hostile to his activism. Both Presidential candidates were asked to weigh in, at a time when both parties were

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A fire station was located across from the Lorraine Motel, next to the boarding house in which James Earl Ray was staying. Police officers were stationed in the fire station to keep King under surveillance. Agents were watching King at the time he was shot. Immediately following the shooting,

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He posited that "the money spent would be more than amply justified by the benefits that would accrue to the nation through a spectacular decline in school dropouts, family breakups, crime rates, illegitimacy, swollen relief rolls, rioting and other social evils." He presented this idea as an

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On May 18, 1941, when King had sneaked away from studying at home to watch a parade, he was informed that something had happened to his maternal grandmother. After returning home, he learned she had a heart attack and died while being transported to a hospital. He took her death very hard and

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The FBI attempted to discredit King through revelations regarding his private life. FBI surveillance of King, some of it since made public, attempted to demonstrate that he had numerous extramarital affairs. The FBI distributed reports regarding such affairs to the executive branch, friendly

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in 1965, he said that granting black Americans only equality could not realistically close the economic gap between them and whites. King said that he did not seek a full restitution of wages lost to slavery, which he believed impossible, but proposed a government compensatory program of $

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anywhere we want to." The farm had partnered with Morehouse College to allot their wages towards the university's tuition, housing, and fees. On weekdays King and the other students worked in the fields, picking tobacco from 7:00am to at least 5:00pm, enduring temperatures above 100

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house window. However, Ray's fingerprints were found on various objects in the bathroom where it was determined the gunfire came from. An examination of the rifle containing Ray's fingerprints determined that at least one shot was fired from the firearm at the time of the assassination.

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When receiving the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964, King hailed the "successful precedent" of using nonviolence "in a magnificent way by Mohandas K. Gandhi to challenge the might of the British Empire ... He struggled only with the weapons of truth, soul force, non-injury and courage."

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Due to the relationship between King and Stanley Levison, the FBI feared Levison was working as an "agent of influence" over King, in spite of its own reports in 1963 that Levison had left the Party and was no longer associated in business dealings with them. Another King lieutenant,

3211:, Jerry Ray, the younger brother of James Earl Ray, claimed that James was smart and was sometimes able to get away with armed robbery. "I never been with nobody as bold as he is," Jerry said. "He just walked in and put that gun on somebody, it was just like it's an everyday thing." 2385:

and eventually brokered a deal where the SCLC would call off their boycott in exchange for the company giving the striking employees their Christmas bonuses. King's involvement in the strike ended on December 24 and a contract between the company and union was signed on January 9.

2095:. However, the organizers were firm that the march would proceed. With the march going forward, the Kennedys decided it was important to ensure its success. President Kennedy was concerned the turnout would be less than 100,000 and enlisted the aid of additional church leaders and 2111: 3372:, stated that the Foundation was to be an active UK national campaign for racial equality, its work also to include community projects in areas of social need, and education. International Personnel (IP), an employment agency, was formed in 1970 out of the foundation's base in 2109: 2114: 2113: 2108: 2861:

provided "poverty funds with miserliness". His vision was for change that was more revolutionary than mere reform: he cited systematic flaws of "racism, poverty, militarism and materialism", and argued that "reconstruction of society itself is the real issue to be faced."

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would allow their little children to watch. And I thanked him and I told him I was leaving the show. All the smile came off his face. And he said, 'Don't you understand for the first time we're seen as we should be seen. You don't have a black role. You have an equal

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separate school for white children only. Soon afterwards, the parents of the white boy stopped allowing King to play with their son, stating to him, "we are white, and you are colored". When King relayed this to his parents, they talked with him about the history of

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Christine, he took a telephone and knocked A.D. unconscious with it. When Martin Jr. and his brother were playing at their home, A.D. slid from a banister and hit Jennie, causing her to fall unresponsive. Martin Jr. believing her dead, blamed himself and attempted

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King initially knew little about Gandhi and rarely used the term "nonviolence" during his early activism. King initially believed in and practiced self-defense, even obtaining guns to defend against possible attackers. The pacifists showing him the alternative of

2287:"I Have a Dream" came to be regarded as one of the finest speeches in the history of American oratory. The March, and especially King's speech, helped put civil rights at the top of the agenda of reformers and facilitated passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. 4465:

In May 2019, an FBI file emerged on which a handwritten note alleged that King "looked on, laughed and offered advice" as one of his friends raped a woman. Historians of the period who have examined this notional evidence have dismissed it as highly unreliable.

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the Christian ministry. I don't plan to run for any political office. I don't plan to do anything but remain a preacher. And what I'm doing in this struggle, along with many others, grows out of my feeling that the preacher must be concerned about the whole man.

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King next attempted to organize a march for March 9. The SCLC petitioned for an injunction in federal court against Alabama; this was denied and the judge issued an order blocking the march until after a hearing. Nonetheless, King led marchers on March 9 to the

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As an adolescent, he initially felt resentment against whites due to the "racial humiliation" that he, his family, and his neighbors often had to endure. In 1942, when King was 13, he became the youngest assistant manager of a newspaper delivery station for the

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on a false Canadian passport. He was using the alias Ramon George Sneyd. Ray was quickly extradited to Tennessee and charged with King's murder. He confessed on March 10, 1969, though he recanted this confession three days later. On the advice of his attorney

2659:, union leaders, and powerful publishers. "The press is being stacked against me", King said, complaining of what he described as a double standard that applauded his nonviolence at home, but deplored it when applied "toward little brown Vietnamese children". 2116: 3161:, Quebec, with the alias "Raoul" was involved and that the assassination was the result of a conspiracy. He spent the remainder of his life attempting, unsuccessfully, to withdraw his guilty plea and secure the trial he never had. Ray died in 1998 at age 70. 4529:

rather than sexual. Abernathy criticized the media for sensationalizing the statements he wrote about King's affairs, such as the allegation that he admitted in his book that King had a sexual affair the night before he was assassinated. In his 1986 book

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In 1966, after several successes in the south, King, Bevel, and others in the civil rights organizations took the movement to the North. King and Ralph Abernathy, both from the middle class, moved into a building at 1550 S. Hamlin Avenue, in the slums of

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and tolerance worldwide. Their son, Dexter King, serves as the center's chairman. Daughter Yolanda King, who died in 2007, was a motivational speaker, author and founder of Higher Ground Productions, an organization specializing in diversity training.

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revealed that though only 39 years old, he "had the heart of a 60 year old", which Branch attributed to stress. King was initially interred in South View Cemetery in South Atlanta, but in 1977, his remains were transferred to a tomb on the site of the

1962:". King argues that the crisis of racism is too urgent, and the current system too entrenched: "We know through painful experience that freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed." He points out that the 2741:

movement to instill it with greater strength. And I believe everyone has a duty to be in both the civil-rights and peace movements. But for those who presently choose but one, I would hope they will finally come to see the moral roots common to both.

2620:, but at first avoided the topic in public speeches to avoid the interference with civil rights goals that criticism of President Johnson's policies might have created. At the urging of SCLC's former Director of Direct Action and now the head of the 1709:

The SCLC used tactics of nonviolent protest with great success by strategically choosing the methods and places in which protests were carried out. There were often dramatic stand-offs with segregationist authorities, who sometimes turned violent.

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The march made specific demands: an end to racial segregation in public schools; meaningful civil rights legislation, including a law prohibiting racial discrimination in employment; protection of civil rights workers from police brutality; a $ 2

20310: 1826:, called King's wife to offer his help. The pressure from Kennedy and others proved effective, and King was released two days later. King's father decided to openly endorse Kennedy's candidacy for the November 8 election which he narrowly won. 7470: 2112: 2758:

The importance of the hippies is not in their unconventional behavior, but in the fact that hundreds of thousands of young people, in turning to a flight from reality, are expressing a profoundly discrediting view on the society they emerge

3464:'s 1992 proclamation, the holiday is observed on the third Monday of January each year, near the time of King's birthday. On January 17, 2000, for the first time, Martin Luther King Jr. Day was officially observed in all fifty U.S. states. 3091:

and other civil rights leaders also called for non-violent action, while the more militant Stokely Carmichael called for a more forceful response. The city of Memphis quickly settled the strike on terms favorable to the sanitation workers.

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in 1967. Northumbria and Newcastle remain centers for the study of Martin Luther King and the US civil rights movement. Inspired by King's vision, the committee undertakes a range of activities across the UK to "build cultures of peace".

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with William Hunter Hester. Hester was an old friend of King's father and was an important influence on King. In Boston, King befriended a small cadre of local ministers his age, and sometimes guest pastored at their churches, including

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was underway many black college students had been enlisted, so the university aimed to increase their enrolment by allowing juniors to apply. In 1944, aged 15, King passed the examination and was enrolled at the university that autumn.

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as a black nationalist hate group, with the instructions: "No opportunity should be missed to exploit through counterintelligence techniques the organizational and personal conflicts of the leaderships of the groups ... to insure

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and "other unknown co-conspirators". Jowers claimed to have received $ 100,000 to arrange King's assassination. The jury found Jowers to be complicit in a conspiracy and that government agencies were party to the assassination.

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persons being kicked off lunch counter stools ... ejected from churches ... and thrown into jail ... But for the first time, we witnessed being kicked out of jail." It was later acknowledged by the King Center that

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and led by King. The other ministers asked him to take a leadership role because his relative newness to community leadership made it easier for him to speak out. King was hesitant but decided to do so if no one else wanted it.

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article that the claim that the FBI "simply meant to push King out, not induce suicide" was a possibility, pointing out that "Another uncovered portion of the note praises “older leaders” like the N.A.A.C.P. executive director

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feared the civil rights movement and investigated the allegations of communist infiltration. When no evidence emerged to support this, the FBI used the incidental details caught on tape over the next five years, as part of its

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expressed open hostility towards King's return. He claimed that "wherever M. L. King Jr., has been there has followed in his wake a wave of crimes", and vowed to keep King under surveillance. On May 4, 1960, King drove writer

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copy of King's dissertation in the university library, noting that numerous passages were included without the appropriate quotations and citations of sources. Significant debate exists on how to interpret King's plagiarism.

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us ever since 1831. We believed that we could fight for a policy of self-determination that was consistent with U.S. law and that we could govern our own affairs, define our own ways and continue to survive in this society.

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Seeing an opportunity to unite civil rights and anti-war activists, Bevel convinced King to become even more active in the anti-war effort. Despite his growing public opposition to the Vietnam War, King was not fond of the

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having his lips dripping with the words of interposition and nullification; one day right there in Alabama, little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and

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reporters, potential coalition partners and funding sources of the SCLC, and King's family. The bureau also sent anonymous letters to King threatening to reveal information if he did not cease his civil rights work. The

2925: 16263: 2187: 1728:—a mentally ill black woman who thought that King was conspiring against her with communists—stabbed him in the chest with a letter opener, which nearly impinged on the aorta. King received first aid by police officers 4267:, found that "From December 1963 until his death in 1968, Martin Luther King Jr. was the target of an intensive campaign by the Federal Bureau of Investigation to 'neutralize' him as an effective civil rights leader." 2964:

since March 12 for higher wages and better treatment. In one incident, black street repairmen received pay for two hours when they were sent home because of bad weather, but white employees were paid for the full day.

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would make for a good president, but also believed that he wouldn't beat Johnson in the 1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries. He also expressed support for the possible presidential candidacies of Republicans

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and was a major turning point in the effort to gain public support for the civil rights movement. It was the clearest demonstration up to that time of the dramatic potential of King and Bevel's nonviolence strategy.

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courting the support of Southern Whites and their political leadership including Governor Vandiver. Nixon, with whom King had a closer relationship before, declined to make a statement despite a personal visit from

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Although King never publicly supported a political party or candidate for president, in a letter to a civil rights supporter in October 1956 he said that he had not decided whether he would vote for Democrat

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In December 1959, after being based in Montgomery for five years, King announced his return to Atlanta at the request of the SCLC. In Atlanta, King served until his death as co-pastor with his father at the

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The SCLC put into practice the tactics of nonviolent protest with some success by strategically choosing the methods and places in which protests were carried out. There were several dramatic standoffs with

4620:

There are three urgent and indeed great problems that we face not only in the United States of America but all over the world today. That is the problem of racism, the problem of poverty and the problem of

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information comes from an anonymous source in a single paragraph in an FBI report. You have to ask how could anyone conclude King looked at a rape from an audio recording in a room where he was not present.

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to study for entry to the ministry. Michael Sr. and Alberta began dating in 1920, and married on November 25, 1926. Until Jennie's death in 1941, their home was on the second floor of Alberta's parents'

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who wrote a letter to Martin Luther King Jr. in 1965 entitled: "In Search of the Enemy of Man". It was during his 1966 stay in the US that Nhất Hạnh met with King and urged him to publicly denounce the

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Now, Gene Roddenberry was a 6-foot-3 guy with muscles. ... And he sat there with tears in his eyes. He said, 'Thank God that someone knows what I'm trying to do. Thank God for Dr. Martin Luther King.'

32994: 3761:, King outlined his understanding of nonviolence, which seeks to win an opponent to friendship, rather than to humiliate or defeat him. The chapter draws from an address by Wofford, with Rustin and 17243: 14029: 3384:

In 2017, Newcastle University unveiled a bronze statue of King to celebrate the 50th anniversary of his honorary doctorate ceremony. The Students Union also voted to rename their bar "Luther's".

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I'd like somebody to mention that day that Martin Luther King Jr. tried to give his life serving others. I'd like for somebody to say that day that Martin Luther King Jr. tried to love somebody.

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Despite the extensive surveillance, by 1976 the FBI had acknowledged that it had not obtained any evidence that King himself or the SCLC were actually involved with any communist organizations.

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King reproved another student for keeping beer in his room once, saying they shared responsibility as African Americans to bear "the burdens of the Negro race". For a time, he was interested in

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and that Ralph Abernathy, as spokesman for King, refused to comment on the source of the invitation. Mail belonging to King and other civil rights activists was intercepted by the CIA program

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education is preparation for citizenship ... citizenship has to do with contributing to your own economic well-being, as well as contributing to the economic well-being of the broader society

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officers rushed to the motel. Marrell McCollough, an undercover police officer, was the first person to administer first aid to King. The antagonism between King and the FBI, the lack of an

2469:". King stated that equal rights for African Americans could not be far away, "because the arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends toward justice" and "you shall reap what you sow". 9973: 2004: 15528: 6398: 16906: 13085: 8410: 2922: 2110: 17297: 16218: 15845: 6735: 3116:

attended King's funeral on behalf of the President, as there were fears that Johnson's presence might incite protests and perhaps violence. At his widow's request, King's last sermon at

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The Bureau placed wiretaps on the home and office phone lines of both Levison and King, and bugged King's rooms in hotels as he traveled across the country. In 1967, Hoover listed the

32341: 13790: 13539: 5957: 4665: 2322:. This was a symposium that brought together many civil rights leaders. King spoke about how "We must get rid of the idea of superior and inferior races," through nonviolent tactics. 12438: 8568: 5991: 4544:

gave the book a positive review but opined that Garrow's allegations about King's sex life were "sensational" and stated that Garrow was "amassing facts rather than analyzing them".

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document declassified in 2017 downplayed King's role in the "black militant situation" in Chicago, with a source stating that King "sought at least constructive, positive projects."

2558:

to cancel a march in order to avoid the violence that he feared would result. King was hit by a brick during one march, but continued to lead marches in the face of personal danger.

2354:, King compared his activism to his father's, citing his training in non-violence as a key difference. He also discusses the next phase of the civil rights movement and integration. 20686: 18068: 16327: 14531: 14359: 13176: 3364:

The Martin Luther King Fund and Foundation in the UK was set up as a charity on December 30, 1969, after King's assassination and following a visit to the UK in 1969 by his widow,

22330: 19159: 3571: 2797:. In his nomination, King said, "I do not personally know of anyone more worthy of than this gentle monk from Vietnam. His ideas for peace, if applied, would build a monument to 16094: 15672: 13734: 7920: 14168: 4604:

for "his courageous resistance to bigotry and his lifelong dedication to the advancement of social justice and human dignity." Also in 1966, King was elected as a fellow of the

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Actually, the Negro has been betrayed by both the Republican and the Democratic party. The Democrats have betrayed him by capitulating to the whims and caprices of the Southern

1206:. However, he relied on his sister Christine to help him with spelling, while King assisted her with math. King also developed an interest in fashion, commonly wearing polished 17174: 11359: 10728: 6915: 5722: 2923: 2168: 34642: 34357: 32987: 32012: 16255: 15703: 3916:(NARF) was patterned after the NAACP's Legal Defense and Education Fund. The National Indian Youth Council (NIYC) was especially supportive in King's campaigns especially the 2565:, a seminary student who had previously joined the movement in the South, in charge of their organization. Jackson continued their struggle for civil rights by organizing the 1641: 1536:

was influential in the Montgomery African-American community. As the church's pastor, King became known for his oratorical preaching in Montgomery and the surrounding region.

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ordered the recorded audiotapes and written transcripts resulting from the FBI's electronic surveillance of King between 1963 and 1968 to be sealed from public access in the

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regarding settlement of unpaid labor but clarified that he felt that the money should not be spent exclusively on blacks. He stated, "It should benefit the disadvantaged of

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of the Holy Christian Orthodox Church on September 9, 2016. His feast day was set as April 4, the date of his assassination. King is also honored with a Lesser Feast on the

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get rid of one without getting rid of the others… the whole structure of American life must be changed. America is a hypocritical nation and must put own house in order.

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of peaceful demonstrators, and he declined bail until the city made concessions. According to King, "that agreement was dishonored and violated by the city" after he left.

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revolution." King condemned America's "alliance with the landed gentry of Latin America", and said that the U.S. should support "the shirtless and barefoot people" in the

1395:, associate pastor at Twelfth Baptist Church in Roxbury. The young men often held bull sessions in their apartments, discussing theology, sermon style, and social issues. 13209: 11062: 34472: 25682: 17842: 16625: 14112: 9009: 7179: 4581:

for his "exceptional advancement of the principles of human liberty." In his acceptance remarks, King said, "Freedom is one thing. You have it all or you are not free."

2268:

I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.

17105: 15404: 6953: 5753: 2514:, discriminatory processing of housing requests by couples who were exact matches in income and background. Several larger marches were planned and executed: in Bogan, 22559: 15210: 2830:" to address issues of economic justice. King traveled the country to assemble "a multiracial army of the poor" that would march on Washington to engage in nonviolent 2611: 2245:

I say to you today, my friends, so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream.

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King led the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and later became co-pastor with his father at Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta (pulpit and sanctuary pictured).

1271:, to earn roughly USD$ 4 per day. On Friday evenings, the students visited downtown Simsbury to get milkshakes and watch movies, and on Saturdays they would travel to 17200: 17019: 14750: 9938: 1254:

In the summer before King started at Morehouse, he boarded a train with his friend—Emmett "Weasel" Proctor—and a group of other Morehouse College students to work in

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sentiment being projected throughout the United States at the time, and the association of social democratic and democratic socialist ("socialist") movements with

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and organizing power of black churches to conduct nonviolent protests in the service of civil rights reform. The group was inspired by the crusades of evangelist

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from 1963 forward. FBI agents investigated him for possible communist ties, spied on his personal life, and secretly recorded him. In 1964, the FBI mailed King

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conducted her first "Blue Eyes/Brown Eyes" exercise with her class of elementary school students to help them understand King's death as it related to racism.

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in changing the focus of the march. Kennedy initially opposed the march outright, because he was concerned it would negatively impact the drive for passage of

1868:. After Albany, King sought to choose engagements for the SCLC in which he could control the circumstances, rather than entering into pre-existing situations. 13152: 8630: 6979: 34502: 34254: 32669: 32541: 31126: 28541: 21740: 20679: 17812: 4577:, which was awarded to him for leading nonviolent resistance to racial prejudice in the U.S. In 1965, he was awarded the American Liberties Medallion by the 3136:

His good friend Mahalia Jackson sang his favorite hymn, "Take My Hand, Precious Lord", at the funeral. The assassination helped to spur the enactment of the

12343: 34537: 34377: 26711: 22885: 20367: 15166: 13450: 17233: 16030: 3679:" and "The Dimensions of a Complete Life". The sermons argued for man's need for God's love and criticized the racial injustices of Western civilization. 28835: 28683: 20556: 14021: 13999: 11823: 11654: 11648: 10040: 8794: 8097: 4164: 1871: 1055:

as instructed by their father. After dinners, Martin Jr.'s grandmother Jennie, whom he affectionately referred to as "Mama" told lively stories from the

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King stated that black Americans, as well as other disadvantaged Americans, should be compensated for historical wrongs. In an interview conducted for

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to the gathering of supporters informing them of the tragedy and urging them to continue King's ideal of nonviolence. The following day, he delivered

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all holing up like generals in a dugout getting ready to watch a war." Johnson declared April 7 a national day of mourning for King. Vice President

34427: 32319: 22651: 21856: 20672: 20604: 19207: 18404:"James L. Bevel, The Strategist of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement", a 1984 paper by Randall Kryn, published with a 1988 addendum by Kryn in Prof. 17128: 14416: 13825: 12569:

Dixie's Dirty Secret: The True Story of how the Government, the Media, and the Mob Conspired to Combat Immigration and the Vietnam Antiwar Movement

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move toward a democratic socialism." King further said that "capitalism has outlived its usefulness" and "failed to meet the needs of the masses".

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campaigns had ignored civil rights. The coordinated day of action took place on October 19. King participated in a sit-in at the restaurant inside

13352: 11433: 9961: 9816: 8523: 2729:. King contemplated but ultimately decided against the proposal as he felt uneasy with politics and considered himself better suited to activism. 2265:, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. 911:

was established as a holiday in cities and states throughout the United States beginning in 1971; the federal holiday was first observed in 1986.

32867: 32107: 29041: 27294: 27185: 26605: 21350: 20432: 20196: 19130: 19119: 18990: 15518: 15460: 13093: 6390: 3184: 3157:, Ray pleaded guilty to avoid the possibility of the death penalty. He was sentenced to a 99-year prison term. Ray later claimed a man he met in 3034: 2424:, violence by state police and others against the peaceful marchers resulted in much publicity, which made racism in Alabama visible nationwide. 1555:

was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus. The two incidents led to the Montgomery bus boycott, which was urged and planned by

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in social movements such as labor unions and civil rights. Hoover directed the FBI to track King in 1957, and the SCLC when it was established.

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the mobility to have done it himself. Our government was very involved in setting the stage for and I think the escape route for James Earl Ray.

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descent. As an adolescent, Michael Sr. left his parents' farm and walked to Atlanta, where he attained a high school education, and enrolled in

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The "Beyond Vietnam" speech reflected King's evolving political advocacy in his later years, which paralleled the teachings of the progressive

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King was awarded at least fifty honorary degrees from colleges and universities. On October 14, 1964, King became the youngest winner of the

3900:. He also took issue that King's non-violence approach depended on appealing to America's conscience, feeling America had none to appeal to. 3021: 19109: 16564: 13650: 13531: 10232: 5949: 34562: 32637: 32473: 32182: 32172: 31830: 31820: 30729: 30382: 29374: 22107: 20541: 12430: 11709: 8560: 5983: 4459: 4313: 1239: 660: 18060: 14077: 34682: 34677: 34572: 34522: 34392: 34387: 34352: 32679: 32451: 30714: 28718: 28713: 28501: 28483: 27215: 27124: 20149: 18153: 16319: 15812: 15309: 15113: 15035: 14926: 14535: 14508: 14363: 13184: 9381: 8799: 8672: 7705: 4711: 4053:

for president, saying that his election "would be a tragedy, and certainly suicidal almost, for the nation and the world." King believed

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convinced the majority of Americans that the civil rights movement was the most important issue in American politics in the early 1960s.

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Ling, Peter (October 1996). "Plagiarism, preaching and prophecy: the legacy of Martin Luther King, Jr. and the persistence of racism ".

1340:, a professor of philosophy. King's father supported his decision to continue his education and made arrangements for King to work with 34727: 34467: 34367: 32899: 31843: 31838: 30764: 30719: 30704: 29822: 27264: 26966: 23723: 20568: 20531: 20516: 17475: 16084: 11687: 10322: 7916: 7505: 3117: 2732:

On April 15, 1967, King spoke at an anti-war march from Manhattan's Central Park to the United Nations. The march was organized by the

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of Scripto products. However, as the strike stretched into December, King, who was wanting to focus more on a civil rights campaign in

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Harrell, David Edwin; Gaustad, Edwin S.; Miller, Randall M.; Boles, John B.; Woods, Randall Bennett; Griffith, Sally Foreman (2005).

6907: 5726: 4430:]). You are done. There is but one way out for you. You better take it before your filthy fraudulent self is bared to the nation. 4207: 3869: 3052: 2413: 2315: 2249: 548: 13794: 12126:

We Interrupt This Broadcast: The Events that Stopped Our Lives ... from the Hindenburg Explosion to the Attacks of September 11

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been intended to "convince Dr. King to resign from the SCLC." Upon the release of the full letter in 2014, Yale history professor

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and its theme of refusing to cooperate with an evil system. He also was greatly influenced by the works of Protestant theologians

2236:". In the speech's most famous passage – in which he departed from his prepared text, possibly at the prompting of 1375:

in 1951. He applied to the University of Edinburgh for a doctorate in the School of Divinity but ultimately chose Boston instead.

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He played freshman football there. The summer before his last year at Morehouse, in 1947, the 18-year-old King chose to enter the

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United States Department of Justice Investigation of Recent Allegations Regarding the Assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr

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United States Department of Justice Investigation of Recent Allegations Regarding the Assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr

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King's role in the bus boycott transformed him into a national figure and the best-known spokesman of the civil rights movement.

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The Domestication of Martin Luther King Jr.: Clarence B. Jones, Right-Wing Conservatism, and the Manipulation of the King Legacy

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Kittles informed King that his Y-chromosome DNA analysis traced to Ireland and his mtDNA analysis associated him with the Mende.

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in New York City, his first to publicly question U.S. involvement in Vietnam. Later that year, King nominated Nhất Hạnh for the

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CIA files declassified in 2017 revealed that the agency was investigating possible links between King and Communism after a

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and civil rights movement in South Africa. King's work was cited by, and served as, an inspiration for South African leader

2976:. King's flight to Memphis had been delayed by a bomb threat against his plane. In reference to the bomb threat, King said: 2258:

the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.

1966:, a celebrated act of rebellion in the American colonies, was illegal civil disobedience, and that, conversely, "everything 34692: 34632: 34442: 34362: 33006: 32837: 32822: 32686: 32595: 32590: 32524: 30985: 30656: 29307: 28892: 27356: 27304: 27250: 26652: 21726: 19200: 18007: 17298:"J. Edgar Hoover's revenge: Information the FBI once hoped could destroy Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. has been declassified" 17210: 14769: 13908: 13005: 9930: 3861: 2763:

On January 13, 1968, King called for a large march on Washington against "one of history's most cruel and senseless wars":

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from March 1960 onwards. In August the movement asked King to participate in a mass October sit-in, timed to highlight how

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King Jr's birth certificate was later altered to read "Martin Luther King Jr." on July 23, 1957, when he was 28 years old.

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In high school, Martin King Jr. became known for his public-speaking ability, with a voice that had grown into an orotund

1080:, which King would later say made him "determined to hate every white person". His parents instructed him that it was his 34372: 32812: 32649: 32619: 32401: 31980: 31192: 30883: 30744: 29034: 28870: 27299: 27235: 26598: 21749: 20782: 20609: 20336: 20209: 19062: 19026: 17764: 17737: 17583: 17565: 15591: 14694: 14504: 12982:

An American Death: The True Story of the Assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and the Greatest Manhunt of our Time

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Memo describing FBI attempts to disrupt the Poor People's Campaign with fraudulent claims about King‍—‌part of the

3994:. They both have weaknesses ... And I'm not inextricably bound to either party." King did praise Democratic Senator 3397: 3288: 2053: 1950:

King was arrested and jailed early in the campaign—his 13th arrest out of 29. From his cell, he composed the now-famous "

739: 31: 34667: 7527: 4675:, and, in 2000, he was voted sixth in an online "Person of the Century" poll by the same magazine. King placed third in 2857:. The campaign culminated in a march on Washington, D.C., demanding economic aid to the poorest communities of the U.S. 34492: 34412: 32802: 32696: 32612: 32456: 32237: 32037: 31188: 31166: 30739: 27309: 27284: 27269: 26998: 26666: 22911: 22777: 22190: 20599: 20248: 20183: 20048: 19095: 17898: 17843:"The Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. upon accepting The Planned Parenthood Federation Of America Margaret Sanger Award" 15642: 14643: 5603: 4721: 3995: 3770: 3752:, arguing that this would be a better means to accomplish his goals. King then vowed to no longer personally use arms. 3350: 3084: 1691: 1092: 750: 13695: 13290: 12278: 7209: 4557:

to find the killer, and the police presence nearby led to speculation that the FBI was involved in the assassination.

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economic system would not adequately provide the necessities of many American people, particularly African Americans.

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King was criticized by other black leaders in the civil rights movement. This included more militant thinkers such as

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and the Christian gospels, which he would almost always quote in his speeches. King's faith was strongly based in the

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signed a bill creating a federal holiday to honor King. Observed for the first time on January 20, 1986, it is called

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that King and his entourage stayed at Room 306 so often that it was known as the "King-Abernathy suite". According to

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statement of his dream for America. He made our nation stronger because he made it better. His dream sustains us yet.

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same womb that produces all massive social upheavals—the womb of intolerable conditions and unendurable situations."

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The SCLC formed a coalition with Coordinating Council of Community Organizations (CCCO), an organization founded by

1168:, where he maintained a B-plus average. The high school was the only one in the city for African-American students. 34712: 34462: 32877: 32842: 32827: 32585: 32187: 31431: 31401: 31217: 30946: 30058: 29451: 29367: 28850: 28592: 27063: 26950: 20376: 19324: 13480: 13162: 8622: 6987: 4517: 3991: 3987: 3551: 3504: 2440: 2126: 1650: 23594: 14198: 12460: 11923: 11893: 11253: 10117: 6700: 4503:

overseer of the Dr. King records at Stanford University states that he came to the opposite conclusion of Garrow:

1543:—a fifteen-year-old black schoolgirl in Montgomery—refused to give up her bus seat to a white man in violation of 797:

during the 1965 Selma voting rights movement. The civil rights movement achieved pivotal legislative gains in the

34612: 34597: 34382: 34337: 34207: 33003: 32884: 32807: 32602: 32446: 32177: 32042: 31747: 31386: 30853: 30671: 29925: 29827: 28877: 28865: 27341: 27279: 22186: 21804: 21404: 20508: 20427: 19285: 19193: 19083: 19002: 17930:"Presidential Medal of Freedom Remarks on Presenting the Medal to Dr. Jonas E. Salk and to Martin Luther King Jr" 15835: 15333:

The Rhetoric of Redemption: Kenneth Burke's Redemption Drama and Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" Speech

13442: 12347: 5348: 4729: 3964: 3849: 3605:, King urged action consistent with what he describes as Jesus' "extremist" love, and also quoted numerous other 2969: 2932: 1654: 1497:(b. 1963). King limited Coretta's role in the civil rights movement, expecting her to be a housewife and mother. 920: 818: 635: 29468: 26081: 18090: 15177: 8961: 2499:

on Chicago's West Side, as an educational experience and to demonstrate their support and empathy for the poor.

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The Martin Luther King Jr. Companion: Quotations from the Speeches, Essays, and Books of Martin Luther King, Jr

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do (this exact number has been selected for a specific reason, it has definite practical significant [

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Beginning in 1971, cities and states established annual holidays to honor King. On November 2, 1983, President

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You are Being Lied to: The Disinformation Guide to Media Distortion, Historical Whitewashes and Cultural Myths

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Many memorial sites, buildings and sculptures have been created to honor Martin Luther King Jr, including the

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personally ordered surveillance of King, with the intent to undermine his power as a civil rights leader. The

3773:, and other supporters, he was able to fund the journey in April 1959. The trip deepened his understanding of 2725:, with the support of anti-war Democrats, to attempt to persuade King to run against President Johnson in the 34592: 32691: 32624: 32607: 32553: 32502: 32441: 32346: 32307: 32247: 32047: 31436: 31416: 31223: 31202: 29409: 28887: 28830: 28629: 26971: 26944: 26762: 26501: 26486: 25486: 22699: 20279: 19404: 17068:

In Search of Democracy: The NAACP Writings of James Weldon Johnson, Walter White, and Roy Wilkins (1920–1977)

15263:"Armed Resistance in the Civil Rights Movement: Charles E. Cobb and Danielle L. McGuire on Forgotten History" 11188: 11015: 10035: 7240: 6438: 4645: 3813: 3555: 1626: 1617:, who befriended King, as well as the national organizing of the group In Friendship, founded by King allies 1453: 1125:. In September 1940, at the age of 11, King was enrolled at the Atlanta University Laboratory School for the 900: 585: 543: 407: 15867:

King, Martin Luther Jr. (2000). Carson, Clayborne; Holloran, Peter; Luker, Ralph; Russell, Penny A. (eds.).

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King, Martin Luther Jr. (2000). Carson, Clayborne; Holloran, Peter; Luker, Ralph; Russell, Penny A. (eds.).

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The Papers of Martin Luther King Jr., Volume V: Threshold of a New Decade, January 1959 – December 1960

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of Illinois as being the "greatest of all senators" because of his fierce advocacy for civil rights causes.

2342:

called "The American Race Crisis". In his remarks, King referred to a conversation he had recently had with

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that King's father and maternal grandfather had attended—began accepting high school juniors who passed the

34647: 34552: 34532: 34259: 32514: 32490: 32485: 32468: 32436: 32379: 31492: 31441: 31274: 30400: 30014: 29649: 29340: 29166: 29009: 28975: 28882: 28738: 28723: 28347: 27867: 27391: 27192: 27099: 26988: 24895: 23685: 21472: 20897: 20636: 20447: 20442: 19802: 18438:

Bobby and J. Edgar: The Historic Face-off Between the Kennedys and J. Edgar Hoover that Transformed America

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King was an avid supporter of Native American rights and Native Americans were active supporters of King's

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superficial flaws and suggests that radical reconstruction of society itself is the real issue to be faced

2363: 1799: 1581: 1533: 1403: 1073: 853: 33516: 25674: 16840: 16286: 15232: 11573:(Speech). Riverside Church, NYC: Archived on the African-American Involvement in the Vietnam War website. 10792: 10650: 34702: 34567: 34557: 34527: 34407: 33997: 33456: 33177: 32779: 32771: 32714: 32629: 32117: 32022: 31878: 31860: 31762: 31421: 31391: 31116: 31036: 31015: 30898: 29360: 29060: 28782: 28516: 28277: 27274: 27240: 27220: 27104: 26983: 26690: 26517: 25434: 23739: 22583: 21106: 20923: 20573: 20467: 20222: 20073: 19444: 19343: 16146: 13817: 9877: 5334: 4911: 3913: 3602: 3392: 3056: 3006: 2628:, King eventually agreed to publicly oppose the war as opposition was growing among the American public. 2432: 2405: 2395: 2069: 1951: 1944: 1744:; he remained hospitalized for several weeks. Curry was later found mentally incompetent to stand trial. 1321: 1307: 877: 849: 794: 580: 313: 18978: 10091: 8384: 8004: 4034:, but that "In the past, I always voted the Democratic ticket." In his autobiography, King says that in 2483: 1469:

While studying at Boston University, he asked a friend from Atlanta named Mary Powell, a student at the

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To Redeem the Soul of America: The Southern Christian Leadership Conference & Martin Luther King Jr

10049: 9804: 8515: 3676: 3457: 3447: 3247: 2878: 2546: 2032:, which took place on August 28, 1963. The other leaders and organizations comprising the Big Six were 1930:

changed the course of the campaign by recruiting children and young adults to join the demonstrations.

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through nonviolent resistance. In his final years, he expanded his focus to include opposition towards

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MLK: An American Legacy: Bearing the Cross, Protest at Selma, and the FBI, and Martin Luther King, Jr.

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When Affirmative Action was White: An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth-Century America

2777: 1958:. The letter has been described as "one of the most important historical documents penned by a modern 1024:, the BWA made a resolution saying, "This Congress deplores and condemns as a violation of the law of 32706: 32519: 32351: 31912: 31411: 31249: 31056: 30823: 30818: 30373: 29151: 29101: 29096: 28526: 28357: 28327: 28262: 27747: 27386: 27366: 27336: 27245: 27179: 27152: 27118: 26861: 26642: 25166: 24555: 23098: 21663:

Blowout: Corrupted Democracy, Rogue State Russia, and the Richest, Most Destructive Industry on Earth

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King began writing the letter on newspaper margins and continued on bits of paper brought by friends.

7919:. The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute, Stanford University. June 22, 2017. 7591: 7354: 4903: 4593: 4578: 3940:

Birmingham, contacted him for assistance. Through his intervention the problem was quickly resolved.

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In 1997, King's son Dexter Scott King met with Ray, and publicly supported Ray's efforts to obtain a

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King believed that organized, nonviolent protest against the system of southern segregation known as

1121: 861: 802: 600: 595: 23273: 20563: 14720: 14620: 14307: 13878: 3005:, who was scheduled to perform that night at an event King was attending: "Ben, make sure you play ' 34512: 34497: 34487: 33672: 32972: 32396: 31960: 31873: 31517: 31306: 31121: 31061: 31051: 30977: 30392: 30229: 29701: 29484: 29141: 28427: 28387: 27912: 27817: 27225: 27174: 27167: 27140: 27080: 26961: 26871: 26795: 26494: 26345: 25611: 24379: 23995: 23779: 23079: 20953: 20589: 20170: 19808: 19452: 19082:, digital collection of King's visit and speech in Buffalo, New York on November 9, 1967, from the 17876: 17675: 17617: 16873: 12891: 11568: 8038:

Let Nobody Turn Us Around: Voices of Resistance, Reform, and Renewal: an African American Anthology

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white boy could develop a plan to kill a million-dollar black man." In 2004, Jesse Jackson stated:

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Ward, Brian. "A King in Newcastle; Martin Luther King Jr. and British Race Relations, 1967–1968".

12240:"National Register of Historic Places Registration: Martin Luther King Jr. National Historic Site" 10224: 4625: 2330: 1436:

An academic inquiry in October 1991 concluded that portions of his doctoral dissertation had been

1068:

by jumping from a second-story window, but rose from the ground after hearing that she was alive.

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Joseph Schwantner: New Morning for the World; Nicolas Flagello: The Passion of Martin Luther King

19937: 19678: 18924: 16938: 16560: 15957: 15063:. G – Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series. Lexington Books. p. 37. 14454: 13642: 12632: 11537:"Searching for the Enemy of Man" in Nhat Nanh, Ho Huu Tuong, Tam Ich, Bui Giang, Pham Cong Thien" 5424: 5414: 4669: 3986:

1958 interview, he expressed his view that neither party was perfect, saying, "I don't think the

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I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed:

2130: 1698:, and other basic civil rights. Most of these rights were successfully enacted into law with the 916: 563: 33823: 33189: 20694: 16977: 16697: 16691: 16654: 16648: 15461:"Abbreviated Report from the International Tribunal on Reparations for Black People in the U.S." 14882: 14081: 11791: 10762: 10625: 10619: 10539: 10533: 10288:

Rare Video Footage of Historic Alabama 1965 Civil Rights Marches, MLK's Famous Montgomery Speech

10261: 10255: 10182: 10176: 9870:"St. Francis College History Collection | University of New England Research | DUNE: DigitalUNE" 9780: 9774: 9499:

Protest, power, and change: an encyclopedia of nonviolent action from ACT-UP to Women's Suffrage

9147: 8126: 8120: 7892: 7886: 7471:"A comparison of the conceptions of God in the thinking of Paul Tillich and Henry Nelson Wieman" 7446: 7441:

National Days, National Ways: Historical, Political, And Religious Celebrations around the World

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The tapes that could confirm or refute the allegation are scheduled to be declassified in 2027.

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Judgment Days: Lyndon Baines Johnson, Martin Luther King Jr., and the Laws that Changed America

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From Civil Rights to Human Rights: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Struggle for Economic Justice

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The Papers of Martin Luther King, Jr: Symbol of the Movement, January 1957 – December 1958

15798:

The Papers of Martin Luther King, Jr: Symbol of the Movement, January 1957 – December 1958

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visit those who were in prison. And I want you to say that I tried to love and serve humanity.

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King's opposition cost him significant support among white allies including President Johnson,

2537: 2510:. During that spring, several white couple/black couple tests of real estate offices uncovered 2303: 2296: 1914:. The campaign used nonviolent but intentionally confrontational tactics, developed in part by 1771: 1511: 1486: 1005: 945: 841: 762: 712: 575: 538: 253: 227: 18145: 17334: 17328: 17234:"Martin Luther King Jr 'watched and laughed' as woman was raped, secret FBI recordings allege" 17072: 17066: 16907:"Martin Luther King Jr. met Malcolm X just once. The photo still haunts us with what was lost" 15925: 15919: 15796: 15519:"Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Black People and Indigenous People: How We Cash This Damn Check" 15435: 15357: 15293: 15097: 15019: 14910: 14496: 13319: 13313: 12687: 12654: 12648: 12606: 12573: 12567: 12403: 12393: 11964: 11954: 11163: 10563: 10557: 10421: 10415: 9503: 9497: 9410: 9404: 9365: 9304: 9298: 9273: 9267: 9211: 9205: 9180: 8656: 8203: 8197: 8043: 7689: 5779: 5576: 5570: 5477:

Though commonly attributed to King, this expression originated with 19th-century abolitionist

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A review by the NSA itself concluded that Minaret was "disreputable if not outright illegal".

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there was a sizable Native American contingent, including many from South Dakota and from the

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people. King's widow Coretta publicly said that she believed her husband would have supported

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under chairman James Bevel. At the U.N. King brought up issues of civil rights and the draft:

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On February 6, 1964, King delivered the inaugural speech of a lecture series initiated at the

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In April 1963, the SCLC began a campaign against racial segregation and economic injustice in

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Speeches that Changed the World: The Stories and Transcripts of the Moments that Made History

11816:"Letter from World Constitution Coordinating Committee to Helen, enclosing current materials" 9595: 9570: 9564: 8701: 8695: 8278: 7847: 5403: 5016: 4942: 4795: 4677: 4565: 3960: 3944: 3909: 3877: 3841: 3774: 3757: 3749: 3687: 3650: 3627: 3580: 3369: 3358: 3230:. Two years later, King's widow Coretta Scott King and the couple's children, represented by 3072: 2819:

A shantytown established in Washington, D.C. to protest economic conditions as a part of the

2718: 2566: 2462: 2121: 2045: 1937: 1720: 1349: 1332:. At Crozer, King was elected president of the student body. At Penn, King took courses with 1272: 1255: 1180: 960: 949: 724: 700: 696: 371: 274: 258: 33588: 18954:

Dreams and Nightmares: Martin Luther King Jr. Malcolm X, and the Struggle for Black Equality

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monitored the communications of leading Americans, including King, who were critical of the

4049:, King urged his supporters "and all people of goodwill" to vote against Republican Senator 3880:

who lost touch with the grassroots of the movement as he became close to elite figures like

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to proceed with wiretapping of King's phone lines, purportedly due to his association with

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emotion. We can very well set a mood of peace out of which a system of peace can be built.

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The Papers of Martin Luther King, Jr., Volume I: Called to Serve, January 1929 – June 1951

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Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference

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King and the Other America: The Poor People's Campaign and the Quest for Economic Equality

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Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference

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All Deliberate Speed: Reflections on the First Half Century of Brown v. Board of Education

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defeats every bill and every move towards liberal legislation in the area of civil rights.

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declared that King had "diminished his usefulness to his cause, his country, his people."

1515: 1129:. While there, King took violin and piano lessons and showed keen interest in history and 8: 33859: 33723: 33433: 33237: 33150: 32744: 32102: 32017: 31497: 31286: 31176: 31106: 30868: 30576: 30546: 30506: 30455: 30440: 30199: 30096: 30081: 30010: 29987: 29797: 29780: 29535: 29256: 29226: 29221: 29211: 29201: 28608: 28569: 28117: 28077: 28027: 27937: 27897: 27872: 27827: 27632: 27587: 27432: 27412: 27381: 27376: 27319: 27230: 27025: 26978: 26928: 26889: 26306: 26253: 26025: 25649: 24027: 23875: 23819: 23715: 23571: 23323: 23166: 21776: 20500: 20452: 20257: 20029: 19907: 19420: 18762:

Doctor Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Contributions to Education as a Black Leader (1929–1968)

17761:"Commemorating Martin Luther King Jr.: Response to Award of American Liberties Medallion" 17610: 17504: 17498: 17436: 17133: 16911: 14671:

Radical Pacifism: The War Resisters League and Gandhian Nonviolence in America, 1915–1963

13345:"Jesse Jackson On 'Mad Dean Disease', the 2000 Elections and Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King" 13157: 12884: 12089: 9899: 9496:

Powers, Roger S.; Vogele, William B.; Kruegler, Christopher; McCarthy, Ronald M. (1997).

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Radical Pacifism: The War Resisters League and Gandhian Nonviolence in America, 1915–1963

8094:"Martin Luther King Jr. and the Global Freedom Struggle: Gandhi Society for Human Rights" 7631: 6758: 4917: 4877: 4749: 4609: 4554: 4415: 4404: 4117: 3971:

who was the executive director and a founder of the Native American Rights Fund, stated:

3829: 3786: 3623: 3619: 3598: 3543: 3434:. However, his youngest child, Bernice King, has said that he would have been opposed to 3075:, and dozens of other cities. Presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy was on his way to 2815: 2671: 2421: 2400: 2229:. At the time, it was the largest gathering of protesters in Washington, D.C.'s history. 2083: 2065: 2025: 1975: 1911: 1897: 1462: 1429: 1419: 1407: 1379: 1337: 1176: 860:. In 1968, King was planning a national occupation of Washington, D.C., to be called the 830: 778: 558: 33738: 32749: 23747: 22667: 22615: 22310: 22048: 18560: 18320: 17546: 15135: 14850:

King, M. L. Morehouse College (Chapter 2 of The Autobiography of Martin Luther King Jr.)

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King was one of the signatories of the agreement to convene a convention for drafting a

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Politics Lost: How American Democracy was Trivialized by People Who Think You're Stupid

12124: 11784: 11509: 11245: 10756: 9840:"UNE prepares to mark 50th anniversary of Martin Luther King Jr.'s speech in Biddeford" 9140: 9095: 8834:

Carry Me Home: Birmingham, Alabama: The Climactic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution

7439: 7406: 6169: 5099: 4907: 4887: 4873: 4849: 4801: 4773: 4218: 4125: 4059: 4023: 3893: 3885: 3881: 3817: 3729: 3606: 3601:, and Jesus' teaching of putting the sword back into its place (Matthew 26:52). In his 3525: 3365: 3256: 3060: 2953: 2874: 2831: 2527: 2466: 2351: 2049: 1959: 1741: 1598: 1548: 1478: 1474: 1458: 1415: 1279: 1263: 865: 731: 590: 192: 159: 33624: 30536: 21370:, Jeffrey S. Thomas, Steven Strassman (engineers), and Elisa Shokoff (producer) (2001) 19049: 18500:

Carson, Clayborne; Luker, Ralph E.; Russell, Penny A.; Harlan, Louis R., eds. (1992).

13119: 12949: 12056: 10793:"The Rev. James L. Bevel dies at 72; civil rights activist and top lieutenant to King" 10113: 2843:

which laid out his view of how to address social issues and poverty. King quoted from

2648:

King opposed the Vietnam War because it took money and resources that could have been

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against the protesters was broadcast extensively and aroused national public outrage.

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discrimination. Martin Jr. later remarked that Martin Sr. was "a real father" to him.

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in the following year. Williams married Jennie Celeste Parks. Michael Sr. was born to

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Extremist for Love: Martin Luther King Jr., Man of Ideas and Nonviolent Social Action

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Liberating Visions: Human Fulfillment and Social Justice in African-American Thought

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Blythe, Robert W.; Carroll, Maureen A. & Moffson, Steven H. (October 15, 1993).

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Theoharis, Athan G.; Poveda, Tony G.; Powers, Richard Gid; Rosenfeld, Susan (1999).

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Theoharis, Athan G.; Poveda, Tony G.; Powers, Richard Gid; Rosenfeld, Susan (1999).

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in which he compared the sad condition of many African Americans to that of India's

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Prophet of Discontent: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Critique of Racial Capitalism

15734: 11845: 10036:"The Scripto Strike: Martin Luther King's 'Valley of Problems': Atlanta, 1964–1965" 7600: 7049: 5306: 5047: 4971: 4929: 4853: 4526: 4522: 4475: 4346:

For his part, King adamantly denied having any connections to communism. In a 1965

4260: 4227: 4197: 4109: 4093: 4067: 4063: 3889: 3796: 3658: 3638: 3088: 2790: 2632: 2555: 2449: 2389: 2343: 2319: 2240:, who shouted behind him, "Tell them about the dream!" – King said: 2146: 1963: 1955: 1915: 1775: 1632: 1566: 1540: 1333: 1291: 1223: 790: 411: 307: 33564: 22444: 21784: 18741:

A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr

18033: 15592:"The American Indian Civil Rights Movement: A case study in Civil Society Protest" 14134: 12716:

Murders in the United States: Crimes, Killers And Victims Of The Twentieth Century

9238:

Race, Reform, and Rebellion: The Second Reconstruction in Black America, 1945–1990

8724: 8516:"John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King Jr., and the Phone Call That Changed History" 8254:

The Civil Rights Act of 1964: The Passage of the Law that Ended Racial Segregation

8199:

Architects of Political Change: Constitutional Quandaries and Social Choice Theory

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A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King Jr.

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In addition to his nominations for three Grammy Awards, King posthumously won for

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SCLC accepted them. King and the SCLC worked to bring white Northern activists to

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Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)

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Testament of Hope. The essential writings and speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr.

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Black Struggle, Red Scare: Segregation and Anti-communism in the South, 1948–1968

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Hoover developed around-the-clock surveillance campaign aimed at destroying King.

15840: 15673:"Street Smarts: MLK Jr. visited 'Papago' reservation near Tucson, was fascinated" 14161:"Martin Luther King Jr. made a saint by American church – Premier Christian News" 13964: 12498:

The last crusade: Martin Luther King Jr., the FBI, and the poor people's campaign

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A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King Jr

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Radin, Charles A. (October 11, 1991). "Panel Confirms Plagiarism by King at BU".

7301: 7267: 5610:. The Martin Luther King, Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change. Archived from 5478: 4895: 4869: 4499: 4305: 4279: 4275: 4256: 4097: 4050: 4039: 3762: 3642: 3132:

things of life to leave behind. But I just want to leave a committed life behind.

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concern for the social betterment of the countries, and say: "This is not just."

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The Last Crusade: Martin Luther King Jr., the FBI, and the Poor People's Crusade

17167:"A historian's claims about Martin Luther King are shocking – and irresponsible" 16464: 15950:"Mr. Conservative: Barry Goldwater's opposition to the Civil Rights Act of 1964" 14417:"'A Gift Of Love': Martin Luther King's Sermons From Strength To Love (Excerpt)" 13912: 13502: 13001: 10362:

Northern Protest: Martin Luther King Jr., Chicago, and the Civil Rights Movement

8545:

King, Martin Luther Jr. "Chapter 15: Atlanta Arrest and Presidential Politics".

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coalition of southern Dixiecrats and right-wing reactionary northern Republicans

4009:. The Republicans have betrayed him by capitulating to the blatant hypocrisy of 817:

authorities, who frequently responded violently. King was jailed several times.

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Martin Luther King Jr. and the Civil Rights Movement: Controversies and Debates

18340: 15142:. The Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute. April 24, 2017. 13855: 13609: 13564: 13348: 11458: 9459: 8488: 8358: 8280:

When Harlem Nearly Killed King: The 1958 Stabbing of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr

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as central for his work. Before 1960, King also sometimes used the concept of "

3733: 3721: 3646: 3325: 3219: 3141: 3013: 2986: 2506:, and the combined organizations' efforts were fostered under the aegis of the 2496: 2378: 2275: 2233: 2195: 2096: 1971: 1906:

King was arrested in 1963 for protesting the treatment of blacks in Birmingham.

1752: 1219: 1207: 1029: 984: 880:, was convicted of the assassination, though the King family believes he was a 869: 814: 786: 376: 33956: 33718: 33348: 26516: 22575: 22448: 22381: 21599:

In Such Good Company: Eleven Years of Laughter, Mayhem, and Fun in the Sandbox

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Going down Jericho Road the Memphis strike, Martin Luther King's last campaign

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Radical Abolitionism: Anarchy and the Government of God in Antislavery Thought

14505:

Stanford University | Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute

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The Crusade for Justice: Chicano Militancy and the Government's War on Dissent

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Stanford University | Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute

8459:"Traffic stop 60 years ago spurred Martin Luther King Jr. into greater action" 2028:" civil rights organizations who were instrumental in the organization of the 34331: 34215: 34175: 34095: 33989: 33926: 33896: 33875: 33778: 33552: 33385: 33336: 33299: 33053: 31810: 31792: 31782: 31752: 31697: 31652: 31637: 31582: 31572: 31557: 31507: 31502: 31472: 31269: 31197: 31020: 30858: 30843: 30828: 30611: 30606: 30475: 30425: 30420: 30209: 30204: 30148: 30128: 30004: 29726: 29593: 29186: 29121: 28980: 28910: 28758: 28624: 28447: 28377: 28282: 28132: 28067: 28052: 28042: 28002: 27927: 27917: 27877: 27862: 27752: 27742: 27702: 27652: 27527: 27452: 27422: 26544: 26461: 26295: 26260: 26225: 26190: 26176: 26137: 26095: 26007: 25986: 25965: 25944: 25895: 25807: 25633: 25568: 25559: 25438: 25424: 25361: 25344: 25332: 25266: 25250: 25246: 25222: 25206: 25100: 25088: 24973: 24953: 24949: 24929: 24772: 24748: 24664: 24515: 24419: 24411: 24323: 24263: 24255: 24247: 24167: 24135: 23835: 23565: 23553: 23392: 23380: 23160: 23038: 22944: 22859: 22691: 22679: 22643: 22639: 22507: 22318: 22205: 22075: 22025: 21844: 21796: 21667: 21616: 21602: 21559: 21485: 21264: 21236: 21173: 21111: 20914: 20728: 20283: 20213: 19968: 19726: 19702: 19694: 19662: 18810: 18222: 16589:

War at Home: Covert Action Against U.S. Activists and What We Can Do About It

15607: 15233:"Birmingham civil rights activist Colonel Stone Johnson has died (slideshow)" 12389: 11468: 11364: 11241: 8319:"Before 'I Have a Dream,' Martin Luther King Almost Died. This Man Saved Him" 7691:

Civil Rights History from the Ground Up: Local Struggles, a National Movement

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magazine called the speech "demagogic slander that sounded like a script for

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I have a dream that one day, down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with

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to exert more pressure on state authorities, and, at the personal request of

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King first rose to prominence in the civil rights movement while minister of

1544: 1352:. King became known as one of the "Sons of Calvary", an honor he shared with 1287: 1184: 1149:

The high school that King attended was named after African-American educator

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Martin Luther King, Jr.: Nonviolent Strategies and Tactics for Social Change

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Voice of Deliverance: The Language of Martin Luther King Jr. and Its Sources

5611: 4608:. In November 1967, he made a 24-hour trip to the UK to receive an honorary 2952:

On March 29, 1968, King went to Memphis, Tennessee, in support of the black

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had been acting to desegregate businesses and public spaces, organizing the

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teachings preached at his father's church. At the age of 13, he denied the

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At his childhood home, Martin King Jr. and his two siblings read aloud the

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sent to King just before he received the Nobel Peace Prize read, in part:

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In the fall of 1963, the FBI received authorization from Attorney General

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story, and she corroborated his story to get money to pay her income tax.

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movement that targeted chain stores that did not deal fairly with blacks.

2250:"We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal." 2008:

Leaders of the March on Washington posing in front of the Lincoln Memorial

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King, Martin Luther Jr.; King, Coretta Scott; King, Dexter Scott (1998).

15167:"Martin Luther King Jr.'s Troubled Attitude toward Nonviolent Resistance" 14904: 14902: 14285: 13569:

Black People and Employment: The 1975 Martin Luther King Memorial Lecture

12837: 11557:, Archived on the African-American Involvement in the Vietnam War website 11276: 9527: 9065:

Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience

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The Voice of Conscience: The Church in the Mind of Martin Luther King, Jr

5095: 4600:. In 1966, the Planned Parenthood Federation of America awarded King the 4445: 4010: 3936: 3821: 3717: 3588: 3584: 3239: 3180: 2786: 2707: 2666: 2503: 2428: 2382: 2262: 2033: 1927: 1902: 1849: 1725: 1556: 1013: 857: 286: 232: 29019: 20696:

Grammy Award for Best Audio Book, Narration & Storytelling Recording

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To See the Promised Land: The Faith Pilgrimage of Martin Luther King, Jr

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April 4, 1968: Martin Luther King Jr.'s death and how it changed America

16320:"Nichelle Nichols on playing Star Trek's Lt. Uhura and meeting Dr. King" 15203:"Nonviolence: The Only Road to Freedom – Teaching American History" 13472: 12771: 12337: 12335: 12333: 12331: 11249: 11225: 10958:

April 4, 1968: Martin Luther King Jr.'s death and how it changed America

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To Make the Wounded Whole: The Cultural Legacy of Martin Luther King, Jr

9464:"Celebrating the Birthday and Public Holiday for Martin Luther King, Jr" 8960:

Greene, Helen Taylor; Gabbidon, Shaun L. (2009). "Political Prisoners".

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To See the Promised Land: The Faith Pilgrimage of Martin Luther King, Jr

2903:

The Lorraine Motel, where King was assassinated, is now the site of the

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The Deacons for Defense: Armed Resistance and the Civil Rights Movement

14360:"Martin Luther King Jr., Justice Without Violence – April 3, 1957" 14190: 13086:"Dr. King's Slaying Finally Draws A Jury Verdict, but to Little Effect" 12468: 11956:

Weary Feet, Rested Souls: A Guided History of the Civil Rights Movement

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The Dream: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Speech that Inspired a Nation

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There is a Balm in Gilead: The Cultural Roots of Martin Luther King, Jr

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There is a Balm in Gilead: The Cultural Roots of Martin Luther King, Jr

4410: 4336:, was also linked to the Communist Party by sworn testimony before the 4248: 4181: 4132: 4006: 4001:

King critiqued both parties' performance on promoting racial equality:

3873: 3431: 3215: 3096: 3002: 2944: 2444: 2339: 2211: 2057: 1672: 1622: 1552: 1525: 1520: 1437: 1371:, said Betty had been "the love of King's life." King graduated with a 1268: 1203: 1081: 964: 826: 728: 280: 32013:

Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)

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A Racial Crime: James Earl Ray and the Murder of Martin Luther King Jr

18249:

Pharaoh: Mayor Richard J. Daley: His Battle for Chicago and the Nation

14899: 10985:"What Is Billy Graham's Friendship with Martin Luther King Jr. Worth?" 9142:

Leaders from the 1960s: A biographical sourcebook of American activism

1473:, if she knew any nice Southern girls. Powell spoke to fellow student 34119: 33807: 33321: 33225: 32291: 32137: 31642: 31426: 31364: 31259: 30113: 29875: 29870: 29765: 29352: 28562: 28032: 28017: 26398: 25923: 25641: 25629: 25389: 23588: 23303: 22687: 22178: 21550: 21224: 20902: 20328: 18094: 15735:"'I have a dream for all God's children,' Martin Luther King Jr. Day" 13909:"Chairman's Message: Introduction to the King Center and its Mission" 12328: 5269: 4698: 4629:

King after receiving his honorary doctorate from Newcastle University

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King showing his medallion, which he received from Mayor Wagner, 1964

4395:, March 26, 1964, during the Senate debates regarding the (eventual) 4388: 4372: 4325: 4144: 4085: 4081: 3967:

of the 1960s and many of its leaders. John Echohawk, a member of the

3865: 3346: 3329: 3227: 3196: 2798: 2695: 2079: 1978:, arranged for $ 160,000 to bail out King and his fellow protestors. 1780: 1729: 1199: 1100: 881: 33002: 30938: 13727:"New name for Newcastle University's Student Union Mensbar revealed" 11085: 10824:

The African American Voice in U.S. Foreign Policy Since World War II

9962:"Found After Decades, a Forgotten Tape of King 'Thinking on His Feet 8351:"'King' is a Deft Exploration of the Civil Rights Leader's Stabbing" 5982:

Nancy Clanton, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution (January 17, 2020).

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at the Capitol until Congress created an "economic bill of rights".

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King Came Preaching: The Pulpit Power of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr

17129:"'Irresponsible': Historians attack David Garrow's MLK allegations" 16878: 16291: 16089: 15704:"Navajos and locals in Gallup celebrate Martin Luther King Jr. Day" 15523: 15488:"Stokely Carmichael, A Philosopher Behind The Black Power Movement" 14421: 11994: 9269:

Kennedy, Johnson, and the Quest for Justice: The Civil Rights Tapes

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King Came Preaching: The Pulpit Power of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr

6391:"King enters seventh grade at Atlanta University Laboratory School" 4296:] the targeted group is disrupted, ridiculed, or discredited." 3741: 3158: 3149: 3079:

for a campaign rally when he was informed of King's death. He gave

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staging a violent event, and he negotiated an agreement with Mayor

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program, in attempts to force King out of his leadership position.

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King Sr. on a multinational trip, one of the stops on the trip was

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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

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Lawson, Steven F.; Payne, Charles M.; Patterson, James T. (2006).

16618:"Declassified NSA files show agency spied on Muhammad Ali and MLK" 13793:. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Archived from 11864:"Preparing earth constitution | Global Strategies & Solutions" 5370: 3637:

Among the thinkers who influenced King's theological outlook were

967:. Alberta's father, Adam Daniel Williams, was a minister in rural 30:"Martin Luther King" and "MLK" redirect here. For other uses, see 33523: 33208: 33105: 31381: 30028: 29634: 28511: 26468: 25602: 25526: 22807: 21477: 20200: 19958: 15024:. Book collections on Project MUSE. Fortress Press. p. 313. 14052:"Proclamation 6401 – Martin Luther King Jr. Federal Holiday" 10087: 7208:. Stanford University Archives and Records Center. Archived from 6980:"How a Trip To Connecticut Changed Martin Luther King Jr.'s Life" 4171: 4101: 3903: 3812:

instrument of justice. However, he was apparently unaware of the

3520:

September 9, 2016, The Christian Cathedral by Timothy Paul Baymon

3465: 3188: 3029: 2373: 2129:. King's speech has been redacted from this video because of the 1262:

of Cullman Brothers Tobacco. This was King's first trip into the

1172: 1164:. In the same year, King skipped the ninth grade and enrolled in 1119:, for the all-white audience at the Atlanta premiere of the film 1065: 1045: 1009: 941: 834: 688: 142: 26440: 16287:"Gene Roddenberry's Son Reveals Unhappy 'Star Trek' Family Life" 14749:

King, Martin Luther Jr.; Carson, Clayborne; et al. (2005).

13177:"Loyd Jowers, 73, Who Claimed A Role in the Killing of Dr. King" 12425: 12423: 8252:

Loevy, Robert D.; Humphrey, Hubert H.; Stewart, John G. (1997).

5950:"The story of how Michael King Jr. became Martin Luther King Jr" 3183:

for Martin Luther King Jr. and Coretta Scott King is within the

1818:

called the governor (a Democrat) directly, enlisted his brother

1302: 33667: 33583: 33511: 33358: 33160: 32215: 30071: 29993: 29890: 28579: 22352: 19228: 19177: 19113: 14450:"Writings show King as liberal Christian, rejecting literalism" 13376:

Soweto Blues: Jazz, Popular Music, and Politics in South Africa

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A Nation on Fire: America in the Wake of the King Assassination

11927: 11897: 10725:"The 11 Most Anti-Capitalist Quotes from Martin Luther King Jr" 9008:. The Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute. 4666:

Gallup's List of Most Widely Admired People of the 20th Century

4128: 4100:". He stated that one focused too much on the individual while 3426:

Within the King family, members disagree about his views about

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King gave his most famous speech, "I Have a Dream", before the

1919: 1687: 1570:

that prohibited racial segregation on Montgomery public buses.

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The Daily Show with Jon Stewart Presents Earth (The Audiobook)

20822:

Edward R. Murrow - A Reporter Remembers, Vol. I: The War Years

15397:"A Close Alliance Between MLK and Nelson Rockefeller Revealed" 15060:

War and Words: Horror and Heroism in the Literature of Warfare

15050: 10337: 9869: 8229:

International Encyclopedia of Public Policy and Administration

8118: 5537: 4547: 4367:

article dated November 4, 1964, claimed he was invited to the

825:

considered King a radical and made him an object of the FBI's

777:, and helped organize some of the nonviolent 1963 protests in 33655: 33631: 33619: 33607: 33571: 33559: 33535: 33499: 33487: 33475: 33463: 33306: 33255: 32027: 30038: 27314: 18975: 16187: 16175: 16085:"The Uncompromising Anti-Capitalism of Martin Luther King Jr" 15561:"Dr. King spoke out against the genocide of Native Americans" 15359:

I May Not Get There with You: The True Martin Luther King, Jr

14951:

Against Us, But for Us: Martin Luther King, Jr. and the State

14724: