2303:..Kurdish dynasties were formed (cf. James, 2006, 2007: 110–13; Ripper, 2012: 21), such as the Hasanwayhids, Rawadids (cf. Minorsky, 1953), Ayyubids and Marwanids. Among these, the Marwanid dynasty (983–1085) especially enjoyed considerable economic and cultural prosperity (Ripper, 2012: 21). However, Kurdish, the mother tongue of the rulers of the dynasty, does not seem to have enjoyed any visibility in administration nor in the cultural life at the court. Thus, although the qasida poetry was thriving in the Marwanid court and produced by poets of Kurdish and other origins, the language of its composition and performance is reported to be exclusively Arabic (cf. James, 2007:112; Ripper, 2012: 507–28), while the number of coins from their reign is also in Arabic (cf. Heidemann, 1997–1998).
1430:
1496:
1415:
1557:
1323:
1663:
1403:
298:
1269:
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The long rule of Nasr al-Dawla represented the apogee of
Marwanid power. He built a new citadel on a hill of Mayyafariqin where the Church of the Virgin stood, and also constructed bridges and public baths, and restored the observatory. Some libraries were established in the mosques of Mayyafarikin
1491:
in 1031. In 1032 he sent an army of 5000 horsemen, under the command of his general Bal, to re-take the town from Arab tribes supported by
Byzantium. The Kurdish commander Bal took the city and killed the Arab tribal chief, then he wrote to his lord, asking for reinforcements, "if you want to save
1394:, Sharwin ibn Muhammad, who assumed rulership. He legitimized his rule with the ancient rule that whoever kills the ruler becomes himself the successor. However this archaic rule and Sharwin's rule were soon contested, and Sharwin was overthrown. Coins are known from his brief reign.
1547:
and
Syriacs was rich in cultural creations. It enjoyed extensive trade, vibrant arts and crafts, and an impressive history. Nasr al-Dawla left monumental inscriptions in Diyarbakır that show still now the artistic brightness of his reign.
1571:
After Nasr al-Dawla's death, the
Marwanids' power declined. His second son, Nizam, succeeded him and ruled until 1079, then followed his son Nasir al-Dawla Mansur. The end of the Marwanid dynasty came about by treason.
1474:
in
Diyarbakır, in 1011. He signed with the Byzantine Empire a pact of mutual non-aggression, but violated it once or twice. The renown of this Kurdish Muslim prince grew so much that the inhabitants of al-Ruha
1251:) in 997 by rebellious inhabitants. His brother Abu Mansur Sa’id succeeded him under the name of Mumahhid al-Dawla. In 992, after Badh's death and a series of Byzantine punitive raids around Lake Van, Emperor
1483:), at the west, called him to free them from an Arab chief. Nasr al-Dawla took the city of Edessa in 1026, and added it to his possessions. This event has been reported by the famous western Syriac author
1238:
chronicler, discussed the life of Abu ‘Ali al-Hasan. After the death of his uncle Badh, the elder son of Marwan came back to Hisn-Kayfa, and married the widow of the old warrior chief. He fought the last
1588:, to allow him to assault Mayyafarikin. When the city was taken, Ibn Jahir took the Marwanids' great treasures for himself. Henceforth, the Diyar Bakr fell almost entirely under the direct rule of the
2328:
1744:
1353:. He annexed David's state, received Mumahhid al-Dawla with honours and made peace with him. Mumahhid al-Dawla took advantage of the peace to restore the walls of his capital Maïpherqat (
1918:
Ashtiany, Julia; Bray, Julia; Smith, Gerald Rex; Johnstone, T. M.; Latham, J. D.; Serjeant, R. B.; Menocal, María Rosa; Cambridge, University of; Scheindlin, Raymond P. (1990-03-30).
1337:
Mumahhid, a skilful diplomat, made use of the
Byzantines' ambitions. The relations of this prince with Emperor Basil II were quite friendly. When Basil learnt of the murder of the
2387:
1596:
in south-eastern Turkey). The roots of the
Badikan tribe go back to Badh ibn dustak the founder of the Marwanids. This tribe continues its existence in the provinces of
2329:
Stefan
Heidemann: A New Ruler of the Marwanid Emirate in 401/1010 and Further Considerations on the Legitimizing Power of Regicide. In: Aram 9-10 (1997-8), pp. 599-615.
250:
236:
222:
197:
183:
169:
2315:
Blaum, P., "A History of the
Kurdish Marwanid Dynasty (983-1085), Part I", Kurdish Studies: An International Journal, Vol.5, No.1-2, Spring/Fall 1992, pp. 54–68.
1172:
Tribe. The
Encyclopaedia of Iran considers them as an Arab dynasty in one article, and refers to them as a Kurdish dynasty in another article. The Marwanids were
1516:
2318:
Blaum, P., "A History of the Kurdish Marwanid Dynasty (983-1085), Part II", Kurdish Studies: An International Journal, Vol.6, No.1-2, Fall 1993, pp. 40–65.
2380:
2297:Öpengin, Ergin (2021). "The History of Kurdish and the Development of Literary Kurmanji". In Bozarslan, Hamit; Gunes, Cengiz; Yadirgi, Veli (eds.).
2293:, "The Marwanid dynasty at Mayyafariqin in the tenth and eleventh centuries AD", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 1903, pp. 123–154.
2373:
1728:
1520:
1447:
was the third son of Marwan to ascend the throne. A clever politician, he skilfully navigated between the surrounding great powers: the
1169:
2629:
1693:
1368:(Akhlat and Manzikert), Mumahhid al-Dawla came to offer his submission to the emperor and in return he received the high rank of
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1906:
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851:
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2289:, Tārīkh al-fāriqī (ed. Badawī `Abd al-Latīf `Awwad). Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-Lubnānī, 1984. English summary by
1466:
and Basil II. Elias of Nisibis has written that Nasr al-Dawla Ahmad ibn Marwan, "the victorious emir", subdued
1345:, who had left his kingdom to the Byzantine Empire by testament, he stopped the campaign that he had begun in
1243:, confused them and retook all the fortresses. Elias related the tragic end of this prince who was killed in
933:
836:
569:
2189:
876:
2171:
edited by Paul Magdalino, International Congress of Historical Sciences, 284 pp., Brill Publishers, 2003,
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958:
544:
2614:
2220:
The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the Sixth to the Eleventh Century
776:
761:
1843:
1773:
1205:
1183:. He left his cattle, took up arms and became a valiant chief of war, obtaining popularity. When the
35:
2624:
1644:
1573:
1492:
your Lordship on Kertastan (Kurdistan)". Al-Ruha was finally captured again by Byzantines in 1033.
1444:
1287:
1217:
489:
17:
2290:
1620:
takes its name from Bad, the founder of the Marvanids. Malabadi means (house of Bad) in Kurdish.
1487:(1226–1286). So Nasr al-Dawla annexed Edessa, but the city was retaken by the Byzantine general
2286:
1540:
1495:
1429:
1414:
688:
464:
1821:
1556:
1511:
and Amid. He invited well-known scholars, historians and poets to his royal court, among them
1197:. He also conquered Diyarbakır, as well as a variety of urban sites on the northern shores of
2568:
1592:. The last emir, Nasir al-Dawla Mansur, kept only the city of Jazirat Ibn ‘Umar (present-day
1463:
1365:
946:
529:
2283:, Metropolitan of Nisibe, edited and translated into French by L .J. Delaporte, Paris, 1910.
1678:
like their Buyid Predecessors, because they provided mounted soldiers from their own ranks.
1674:
The Marwanids based their Military on Kurdish tribesmen, they never needed to employ Turkic
1617:
1601:
1194:
2580:
1941:
Shrines of the 'Alids in Medieval Syria: Sunnis, Shi'is and the Architecture of Coexistence
756:
562:
283:
741:
8:
2087:
boris james (2021). The Cambridge History of the Kurds. Cambridge University Press. P.30.
1476:
1279:
1016:
766:
736:
479:
419:
2412:
2154:, Vol. VI, ed. C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, B.Lewis and C. Pellat, (Brill, 1991), 626.
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327:
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549:
504:
406:
362:
352:
69:
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2466:
2436:
2070:
1543:, but he kept his territories. This fine period of peace and good feelings between
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202:
188:
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Die Marwāniden von Diyār Bakr. Eine kurdische Dynastie im islamischen Mittelalter
1629:
1613:
1488:
1452:
1232:
1212:, Bādh took advantage of the chaotic political situation to conquer the plain of
1180:
831:
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372:
287:
31:
1322:
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2562:
2550:
2502:
2098:
2074:
2061:
Ghazarian, L. (2006). "Les kurdes Ardalân entre la Perse et l'Empire ottoman".
1255:(r. 976–1025) was able to negotiate a lasting peace with the Kurdish emirate.
1165:
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519:
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275:
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970:
965:
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104:
985:
1532:
1056:
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229:
93:
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1897:
History, University of Minnesota Center for Early Modern (2000-09-25).
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633:
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343:
1963:
Zengi and the Muslim Response to the Crusades: The Politics of Jihad
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243:
1584:(1072–1092), a grand-nephew of Toghrul Beg, and the famous vizier
1124:
2400:
1863:
az, Arafat (2020). "Mervânî Devleti'nin Kurucusu Bâd b. Dostık".
1675:
1589:
1577:
1524:
1456:
1361:
708:
693:
603:
30:
This article is about the Kurdish dynasty. For the branch of the
1220:, an Armenian princedom annexed by the Byzantine Empire in 966.
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1609:
1471:
1407:
1390:
1148:
1112:
913:
638:
348:
78:
1597:
1213:
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1593:
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1460:
1448:
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1136:
1132:
1108:
1053:
953:
713:
378:
307:
297:
1666:
Medieval miniature depicting Marwanid assault on Byzantine
1406:
Medieval miniature depicting Marwanid assault on Byzantine
1244:
1187:
1100:
1072:
368:
358:
59:
1840:
The Kurdish National Movement: Its Origins and Development
1770:
The Kurdish National Movement: Its Origins and Development
1727:
Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East
1376:
1164:
According to most academic sources, the Marwanids were a
1711:
1709:
2395:
2013:
The history of Armenia: from the origins to the present
1357:), where an inscription still commemorates this event.
1349:
to ensure the Arabian emirs' obedience and crossed the
2116:
1729:"In the West were the Marwanids, based at Diyarbakr.."
1706:
1523:. He sheltered political refugees such as the future
1899:
City Walls: The Urban Enceinte in Global Perspective
1539:
as his own liege, who ruled the largest part of the
1095:(present day northern Iraq/southeastern Turkey) and
1067:(present day northern Iraq/southeastern Turkey) and
1576:, a former vizier, left the Diyar Bakr and went to
1388:In 1010, Mumahhid al-Dawla was assassinated by his
1397:
2606:
2352:The Kurdish Marwanid princes and Syriac scholars
2346:The Kurdish Marwanid princes and Syriac scholars
1560:Inscription with Nizam al-Dawla's name, 464 AH (
1383:
2136:Basil II And the Governance of Empire, 976-1025
1499:Inscription with Nasr al-Dawla's name, 410 AH (
1433:Inscription with Nasr al-Dawla's name, 416 AH (
1418:Inscription with Nasr al-Dawla's name, 405 AH (
2341:Waqf inscription from Nasr al-Dawla; Jerusalem
1223:
2381:
2287:al-Fāriqī, Ahmad b. Yûsuf b. `Alī b. al-Azraq
1017:
1290:. There might be a discussion about this on
1531:(1075–1099). In 1054 he had to acknowledge
1179:The founder of the dynasty was a shepherd,
2388:
2374:
2040:. Cambridge University Press. p. 15.
1988:Early Seljūq History: A New Interpretation
1623:
1258:
1024:
1010:
2252:. Columbia University Press. p. 89.
2060:
2010:
1960:
1310:Learn how and when to remove this message
1193:, who ruled Iraq, died in 983, Badh took
2359:An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors
2247:
2204:"Malabadi Köprüsü yıllara meydan okuyor"
2122:
2035:
1829:. Türk Diyanet Vakfı. 2007. pp. 269–270.
1742:
1661:
1580:. There, he convinced the Seljuq sultan
1555:
1494:
1428:
1413:
1401:
1321:
2296:
2216:
2138:, (Oxford University Press, 2005), 309.
1985:
1715:
14:
2607:
2096:
1802:. Osmanlı Araştırmaları Vakfı. p. 35.
2369:
1885:"ŞANLIURFA - TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi"
1360:In 1000 when Basil II travelled from
1050:میرنشینی مەڕوانی یان میرنشینی دۆستەکی
732:Kurdish rebellions during World War I
2190:"Mervani Kürt beyliğinin hazin sonu"
1879:
1877:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1738:
1736:
1641:Sharwin ibn Muhammad (1010), usurper
1262:
1049:
24:
2309:
2299:The Cambridge History of the Kurds
2097:Tilman, Nagle (15 December 1990).
2015:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 69.
1638:Mumahhid al-Dawla Sa’īd (997–1010)
25:
2641:
2334:
1939:Mulder, Stephennie (2019-08-06).
1874:
1787:
1733:
1690:, a ten-arch bridge built in 1065
1653:Nasir al-Dawla Mansur (1079–1085)
1267:
296:
248:
234:
220:
195:
181:
167:
2630:11th century in the Middle East
2325:. Würzburg: Ergon Verlag, 2000.
2210:
2196:
2182:
2157:
2141:
2128:
2090:
2081:
2054:
2029:
2004:
1979:
1954:
1933:
1912:
1891:
1743:Bosworth, C.E. (19 July 2011).
1650:Nizām al-Dawla Nasr (1061–1079)
2301:. Cambridge University Press.
2273:, Mukhtassar al-Duwal, Beirut.
1986:Peacock, Andrew C. S. (2010).
1943:. Edinburgh University Press.
1922:. Cambridge University Press.
1901:. Cambridge University Press.
1857:
1832:
1813:
1762:
1721:
1645:Nasr al-Dawla Ahmad ibn Marwān
1398:Nasr al-Dawla Ahmad ibn Marwan
13:
1:
1699:
1635:Al-Hasan ibn Marwān (991–997)
1561:
1506:), Silvan, Diyarbakır, Turkey
1500:
1440:), Silvan, Diyarbakır, Turkey
1434:
1425:), Silvan, Diyarbakır, Turkey
1419:
1384:Sharwin ibn Muhammad, usurper
1333:), Silvan, Diyarbakır, Turkey
1327:
1143:, and temporarily ruled over
570:Timeline of Kurdish uprisings
2362:, by Catherine Holmes, 2003.
2217:Kennedy, Hugh (2015-12-14).
1567:), Amida, Diyarbakır, Turkey
1082:
7:
1681:
1657:
1551:
1224:Abu Ali Al-Hasan ibn Marwān
1042:Dustakids, Marwanid Emirate
10:
2646:
2620:Medieval Upper Mesopotamia
2241:
2223:. Routledge. p. 215.
2169:Byzantium in the Year 1000
2152:The Encyclopaedia of Islam
2075:10.1163/157338406780345907
1990:. Routledge. p. 154.
1630:Abu Shujā' Badh ibn Dustak
1159:
1154:
1099:, centered on the city of
1087:The Marwanid realm in the
1071:, centered on the city of
777:Kurdish Republic of Lachin
762:Kurdish Republic of Ararat
29:
2408:
2250:The New Islamic Dynasties
2011:Payaslian, Simon (2007).
1965:. Routledge. p. 42.
1844:Syracuse University Press
1774:Syracuse University Press
1694:List of Kurdish dynasties
1206:Bardas Phokas the Younger
1168:dynasty hailing from the
146:
142:
132:
122:
118:
110:
100:
89:
65:
55:
50:
43:
1961:El-Azhari, Taef (2016).
1204:During the rebellion of
1107:). They also ruled over
2463:(970–11th/12th century)
2348:, by Ephrem-Isa Yousif.
2165:Basil II and Asia Minor
1838:Jwaideh, Wadie (2006).
1768:Jwaideh, Wadie (2006).
1624:List of Marwanid rulers
1326:Merwanid Said, 391 AH (
1259:Mumahhid al-Dawla Sa'id
2248:Bosworth, C.E (1996).
2150:, Carole Hillenbrand,
2038:Abbasid Belles Lettres
1920:Abbasid Belles Lettres
1798:Tekin, Rahimi (2000).
1671:
1568:
1507:
1441:
1426:
1411:
1334:
134:• Disestablished
2271:Chronique universelle
2063:Iran and the Caucasus
2036:Ashtiany, J. (1990).
1665:
1559:
1517:Abd Allah al-Kazaruni
1498:
1432:
1417:
1405:
1366:David III Kuropalates
1325:
2593:Hashemites of Jordan
1280:confusing or unclear
877:Kurdish philosophers
757:Kingdom of Kurdistan
583:Karduchian dynasties
2547:(16th–19th century)
2541:(15th–19th century)
2493:(11th–12th century)
2445:(10th–11th century)
2192:. 23 December 2019.
1822:İslam Ansiklopedisi
1288:clarify the section
767:Republic of Mahabad
737:Simko Shikak revolt
124:• Established
2587:Hashemites of Iraq
2134:Catherine Holmes,
1672:
1618:Silvan, Diyarbakır
1569:
1508:
1442:
1427:
1412:
1335:
727:Kurdistansky Uyezd
373:Southern Kurdistan
353:Northern Kurdistan
83:poetry/numismatics
2615:Kurdish dynasties
2602:
2601:
2397:Islamic dynasties
2281:Elias bar Shinaya
2259:978-0-231-10714-3
2230:978-1-317-37639-2
1949:978-1-4744-7116-9
1928:978-0-521-24016-1
1907:978-0-521-65221-6
1320:
1319:
1312:
1093:Upper Mesopotamia
1065:Upper Mesopotamia
1034:
1033:
898:Kurdish languages
797:Turkish Kurdistan
792:Iranian Kurdistan
772:Al-Anfal campaign
742:Koçgiri Rebellion
383:Western Kurdistan
363:Eastern Kurdistan
264:
263:
260:
259:
256:
255:
208:
207:
84:
75:
36:Umayyad Caliphate
16:(Redirected from
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2390:
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2321:Ripper, Thomas.
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2235:
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2033:
2027:
2026:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1958:
1952:
1937:
1931:
1916:
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1713:
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1502:
1439:
1436:
1424:
1421:
1364:to the lands of
1343:David III of Tao
1332:
1329:
1315:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1295:
1271:
1270:
1263:
1236:Syriac Christian
1229:Elias of Nisibis
1210:Byzantine Empire
1051:
1026:
1019:
1012:
900:
852:Historical sites
802:Syrian Kurdistan
786:Kurdistan Region
752:Dersim Rebellion
747:Ararat rebellion
584:
300:
290:
279:
271:
266:
265:
252:
251:
238:
237:
224:
223:
212:
211:
203:Bagratid Armenia
199:
198:
189:Hamdanid dynasty
185:
184:
171:
170:
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163:
148:
147:
82:
73:
66:Spoken languages
45:Marwanid Emirate
41:
40:
21:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2625:Sunni dynasties
2605:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2404:
2394:
2337:
2312:
2310:Further reading
2260:
2244:
2239:
2238:
2231:
2215:
2211:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2167:, pp.71-108 in
2163:J. C. Cheynet,
2162:
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2059:
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2023:
2009:
2005:
1998:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1959:
1955:
1938:
1934:
1917:
1913:
1896:
1892:
1883:
1882:
1875:
1865:Turkish Studies
1862:
1858:
1837:
1833:
1818:
1814:
1797:
1788:
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2553:(1560s–1690)
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2277:Chronography
2276:
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2267:Bar Hebraeus
2249:
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2198:
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2164:
2159:
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2118:
2106:. Retrieved
2102:
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2012:
2006:
1987:
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1962:
1956:
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1819:"Nusaybin".
1815:
1800:Ahlat tarihi
1799:
1769:
1764:
1752:. Retrieved
1748:
1723:
1716:Öpengin 2021
1688:Dicle Bridge
1673:
1582:Malik Shah I
1570:
1513:Ibn al-Athir
1509:
1485:Bar Hebraeus
1467:
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1389:
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1355:Mayyafariqin
1336:
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1297:
1286:Please help
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1203:
1195:Mayyāfāriqīn
1178:
1163:
1086:
1057:Sunni Muslim
1041:
1037:
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966:Christianity
837:Celebrations
719:
718:
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654:Hasanwayhids
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615:
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574:
530:Turkmenistan
391:
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335:
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157:Succeeded by
156:
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51:983/990–1084
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2583:(1805–1952)
2577:(1726–1834)
2571:(1704–1831)
2565:(1697–1842)
2559:(1649–1850)
2535:(1382–1517)
2529:(1376–1843)
2523:(1250–1382)
2517:(1234–1262)
2511:(1171–1341)
2505:(1127–1250)
2499:(1104–1154)
2487:(1024–1080)
2069:: 312–314.
1647:(1011–1061)
1533:Toghrul Beg
674:Hazaraspids
490:Netherlands
230:Shah-Armens
152:Preceded by
94:Sunni Islam
2609:Categories
2481:(990–1096)
2475:(990–1085)
2469:(990–1081)
2451:(909–1171)
2439:(890–1004)
2427:(750–1258)
1700:References
1606:Diyarbakır
1529:al-Muqtadi
1481:Sanli Urfa
1459:caliph of
1341:potentate
1282:to readers
1249:Diyarbakır
1105:Diyarbakır
1091:region of
1089:Diyar Bakr
1077:Diyarbakır
1063:region of
1061:Diyar Bakr
867:Literature
644:Shaddadids
480:Kazakhstan
420:Azerbaijan
328:Population
101:Government
96:(official)
2515:Lu'lu'ids
2485:Mirdasids
2473:Marwanids
2467:Numayrids
2461:Jarrahids
2457:(935–969)
2455:Ikhsidids
2443:Hadhabani
2437:Hamdanids
2433:(868–905)
2421:(661–750)
2415:(632–661)
2413:Rashiduns
2148:Marwanids
1846:. p. 15.
1776:. p. 15.
1574:Ibn Jahir
1521:al-Tihami
1468:Ibn Dimne
1371:magistros
1351:Euphrates
1300:June 2022
1241:Hamdanids
1141:Hasankayf
1117:Manzikert
1083:Territory
1052:) were a
1038:Marwanids
986:Yazdânism
981:Yarsanism
976:Shabakism
890:Languages
669:Hadhabani
664:Marwanids
634:Aishanids
624:Shahrizor
594:Zabdicene
500:Palestine
344:Kurdistan
90:Religion
2581:Alawiyya
2527:Bahdinan
2509:Ayyubids
2491:Artuqids
2479:Uqaylids
2449:Fatimids
2431:Tulunids
2425:Abbasids
2419:Umayyads
2099:"Buyids"
1682:See also
1676:Ghilmans
1658:Military
1552:Twilight
1464:al-Hakim
1339:Georgian
1253:Basil II
1233:Assyrian
1199:Lake Van
1129:Muradiye
991:Yazidism
947:Religion
909:Kurmanji
862:Folklore
857:Language
827:Clothing
679:Ayyubids
659:Annazids
649:Rawadids
617:Medieval
611:Kayusids
599:Cyrtians
589:Corduene
514:Chechnya
505:Pakistan
412:Caucasia
393:Diaspora
336:Homeland
276:a series
274:Part of
244:Artuqids
18:Marwanid
2575:Jalilis
2569:Mamluks
2563:Shihabs
2539:Harfush
2503:Zengids
2401:Mashriq
2242:Sources
1745:"AḴLĀṬ"
1670:in 1032
1590:Seljuks
1578:Baghdad
1527:caliph
1525:Abbasid
1457:Fatimid
1410:in 1032
1362:Cilicia
1278:may be
1208:in the
1170:Humaydi
1166:Kurdish
1160:Origins
1155:History
1121:Nisibis
1097:Armenia
1069:Armenia
1054:Kurdish
1046:Kurdish
971:Judaism
832:Cuisine
815:Culture
709:Mokryan
699:Badinan
694:Ardalan
604:Moxoene
576:Ancient
563:History
540:Ukraine
485:Lebanon
445:Germany
435:Finland
430:Denmark
424:Georgia
416:Armenia
402:Belgium
128:983/990
111:History
105:Emirate
70:Kurdish
56:Capital
2551:Ridwan
2497:Burids
2403:region
2256:
2227:
2179:, p.98
2175:
2108:30 May
2044:
2019:
1994:
1969:
1947:
1926:
1905:
1850:
1806:
1780:
1754:30 May
1668:Edessa
1612:. The
1610:Turkey
1602:Silvan
1541:Jazira
1537:Seljuq
1519:, and
1477:Edessa
1472:vassal
1470:, his
1455:, the
1408:Edessa
1391:ghulam
1149:Edessa
1113:Bitlis
1109:Akhlat
959:Spread
934:Gorani
919:Xwarin
914:Sorani
720:Modern
689:Badlis
639:Daisam
535:Turkey
525:Sweden
510:Russia
495:Norway
475:Jordan
465:Israel
450:Greece
440:France
407:Canada
349:Turkey
308:People
270:
114:
79:Arabic
34:, see
2557:Baban
2545:Soran
2533:Burji
2521:Bahri
1594:Cizre
1545:Kurds
1461:Egypt
1451:emir
1449:Buyid
1347:Syria
1231:, an
1218:Taron
1185:Buyid
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