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Russia that were considered unfavourable to orthodox
Marxist theory of communist revolution. At the time, orthodox Marxists claimed that Russia was ripe for the development of capitalism, not yet for socialism. Lenin advocated the need of the development of a large corps of technical intelligentsia to assist the industrial development of Russia and advance the Marxist economic stages of development as it had too few technical experts at the time. In that vein, Lenin explained it as follows: "Our poverty is so great that we cannot, at one stroke, restore full-scale factory, state, socialist production." He added that the development of socialism would proceed according to the actual material and socio-economic conditions in Russia and not as abstractly described by Marx for industrialised Europe in the 19th century. To overcome the lack of educated Russians who could operate and administrate industry, Lenin advocated the development of a
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9064:, pp. 308–310: "The linkages between ethnic cleansing and the history of communism in power are manifold. Communist governments, wherever they arose, sought to increase the purview of their states by homogenizing, categorizing and making more transparent their populations. ... The state would weed out the weak and ungovernable ... and eliminate those ethnicities or nationalities that proved able to perpetuate their cultural, political and economic distinctiveness. ... Ethnic cleansing and communism are linked not only in the history of the Soviet Union and Stalin ... Communist governments saw it in their interests to establish ethnically-homogeneous states and territories, sometimes even claiming that 'national' expulsions constituted a 'social' revolution, since those expelled were the bourgeois or aristocratic 'oppressors' of the native peoples"
6647:
strategy of the party, he found confirming evidence for five of the factors contributing to its electoral success, already mentioned in the theoretical literature on former
Marxist–Leninist parties, namely the economic situation, the weakness of the opponents, the electoral laws, the fragmentation of the political spectrum and the legacy of the old regime. However, Marandici identified seven additional explanatory factors at work in the Moldovan case, namely the foreign support for certain political parties, separatism, the appeal to the ethnic minorities, the alliance-building capacity, the reliance on the Soviet notion of the Moldovan identity, the state-building process and the control over a significant portion of the media. It is due to these seven additional factors that the party managed to consolidate and expand its constituency. In the
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8739:, pp. 657, 659: "Lenin argued that power could be secured on behalf of the proletariat through the so-called vanguard leadership of a disciplined and revolutionary communist party, organized according to what was effectively the military principle of democratic centralism. ... The basics of Marxism-Leninism were in place by the time of Lenin's death in 1924. ... The revolution was to be accomplished in two stages. First, a 'dictatorship of the proletariat,' managed by the élite 'vanguard' communist party, would suppress counterrevolution, and ensure that natural economic resources and the means of production and distribution were in common ownership. Finally, communism would be achieved in a classless society in which Party and State would have 'withered away'.";
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bureaucracy, corruption, and alcoholism. There are production and distribution bottlenecks, plan failures, consumer scarcities, criminal abuses of power, suppression of dissidents, and expressions of alienation among some of the population." Parenti further argued that the economies of
Eastern European countries and the Soviet Union suffered from "fatal distortions in their development" because of "embargo, invasion, devastating wars, and costly arms buildup; excessive bureaucratization and poor incentive systems; lack of administrative initiative and technological innovation; and a repressive political rule that allowed little critical expression and feedback while fostering stagnation and elitism."
14391:, p. 200. "When the full record is considered, it makes little sense to try to understand Stalinism either as the victorious implementation of Marxism or as the pure fury of fanatics who cannot achieve their imagined goal. Stalinism meant the substantive abandonment of the Marxian program and the pragmatic acceptance of postrevolutionary Russian reality, while the power of the dictatorship was used to reinterpret and enforce Marxist doctrine as a tool of propaganda and legitimation. No genuine ideological imperative remained. Marxism could be made to appear to justify Stalinism, but it was no longer allowed to serve either as a policy directive or an explanation of reality."
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14379:, p. 200. "There remains another theory of Marxism's evil ideological influence that has come into vogue in recent years. This is the argument advanced by the American Catholic political philosopher Eric Voegelin, among others, that the commitment of Marxists to a political belief at one and the same time both deterministic and utopian was a form of "gnosticism," a heresy of hubris, leading them inexorably to the monumental crimes of Stalinism. In this view, the Marxian vision dictated the Stalinist outcome not because the communist utopia was inevitable but because it was impossible."
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8755:, p. 24: "Lenin defended the dictatorial organization of the workers' state. Several years before the revolution, he had bluntly characterized dictatorship as 'unlimited power based on force, and not on law', leaving no doubt that those terms were intended to apply to the dictatorship of the proletariat. ... To socialists who accused the Bolshevik state of violating the principles of democracy by forcibly suppressing opposition, he replied: you are taking a formal, abstract view of democracy. ... The proletarian dictatorship was described by Lenin as a single-party state."
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9026:, p. 301: "The labor camps developed in the USSR were introduced across the communist world. This was especially easy in eastern Europe where they inherited the punitive structures of the Third Reich. But China too was quick in developing its camp network. This became one of the defining features of communism. It is true that other types of society used forced labour as part of their penal system … What was different about communist rulership was the dispatch of people to the camps for no reason other than the misfortune of belonging to a suspect social class."
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14403:, p. 23. "This article concerns the research done by the author in Stalin's private library. The notes made in the works of Marx, Engels and Lenin suggest that until the end of his life Stalin felt himself in general agreement with these "classics." The choice of books and the notes support the thesis that, despite his historical interest and his identification with some of the tsars as powerful rulers, Stalin always continued to consider himself a Marxist, and that he was uninterested in other systems of thought, including those of traditional Russia."
2502:
5909:(1979–1990) against the Sandinista government. In 1989, the Contra War concluded with the signing of the Tela Accord at the port of Tela, Honduras. The Tela Accord required the subsequent, voluntary demobilisation of the Contra guerrilla armies and the FSLN army. In 1990, a second national election installed to government a majority of non-Sandinista political parties, to whom the FSLN handed political power. Since 2006, the FSLN has returned to government, winning every legislative and presidential election in the process (2006, 2011 and 2016).
2625:
10617:, Arch Getty argued that the Soviet political system was chaotic, that institutions often escaped the control of the centre, and that Stalin's leadership consisted to a considerable extent in responding, on an ad hoc basis, to political crises as they arose. Getty's work was influenced by political science of the 1960s onwards, which, in a critique of the totalitarian model, began to consider the possibility that relatively autonomous bureaucratic institutions might have had some influence on policy-making at the highest level.
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7343:. The educational system imparts the social norms for a self-disciplined and self-fulfilling way of life, by which the socialist citizens establish the social order necessary for realising a communist society. With the advent of a classless society and the abolition of private property, society collectively assume many of the roles traditionally assigned to mothers and wives, with women becoming integrated into industrial work. This has been promoted by Marxism–Leninism as the means to achieve women's emancipation.
3196:. Trotsky's permanent revolution advocated rapid industrialisation, elimination of private farming and having the Soviet Union promote the spread of communist revolution abroad. Stalin's socialism in one country stressed moderation and development of positive relations between the Soviet Union and other countries to increase trade and foreign investment. To politically isolate and oust Trotsky from the party, Stalin expediently advocated socialism in one country, a policy to which he was indifferent. In 1925, the
6257:. Gorbachev's policies were designed at dismantling authoritarian elements of the state that were developed by Stalin, aiming for a return to a supposed ideal Leninist state that retained one-party structure while allowing the democratic election of competing candidates within the party for political office. Gorbachev also aimed to seek détente with the West and end the Cold War that was no longer economically sustainable to be pursued by the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union and the United States under President
4140:
Organised religion was repressed, especially minority religious groups. Education was transformed. Under Lenin, the education system allowed relaxed discipline in schools that became based upon
Marxist theory, but Stalin reversed this in 1934 with a conservative approach taken with the reintroduction of formal learning, the use of examinations and grades, the assertion of full authority of the teacher and the introduction of school uniforms. Art and culture became strictly regulated under the principles of
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8751:, p. 140: "The communist party-states collapsed because they no longer fulfilled the essence of a Leninist model: a strong commitment to Marxist-Leninist ideology, rule by the vanguard communist party, and the operation of a centrally planned state socialist economy. Before the mid-1980s, the communist party controlled the military, police, mass media, and state enterprises. Government coercive agencies employed physical sanctions against political dissidents who denounced Marxism-Leninism.";
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2567:. Without denying the tragedy of the events, other scholars criticise the interpretation that sees communism as the main culprit as presenting a biased or exaggerated anti-communist narrative. Several academics propose a more nuanced analysis of Marxist–Leninist rule, stating that anti-communist narratives have exaggerated the extent of political repression and censorship in Marxist–Leninist states and drawn comparisons with what they see as atrocities that were perpetrated by
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2936:
6907:, elections are "generally not competitive, with voters having no choice or only a strictly limited choice". Generally, when alternative candidates have been allowed to stand for election, they have not been allowed to promote very different political views. In Marxist–Leninist states, elections are generally held for all positions at all levels of government. In most states, this has taken the form of directly electing representatives, although in some states such as
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it (Moore, 2012). Still other scholars argue that the famine was just an effect of the Soviet Union's push for rapid industrialization and a by-product of that was the destruction of the peasant way of life (Fischer, 1935). The final school of thought argues that the
Holodomor was caused by factors beyond the control of the Soviet Union and Stalin took measures to reduce the effects of the famine on the Ukrainian people (Davies & Wheatcroft, 2006).
8082:, which remained committed to orthodox Marxism–Leninism, and those democratic Marxist–Leninists which continued to work within the liberal-democratic process for a democratic road to socialism, while many other ruling Marxist–Leninist parties became closer to democratic socialist and social democratic parties. Outside Communist states, reformed Marxist–Leninist communist parties have led or been part of left-leaning coalitions, including in the former
9399:, or populist, parties, amassed the largest popular vote (well in excess of 50 percent) and elected the greatest number of deputies (approximately 60 percent) of all the parties involved. The Bolsheviks, who had usurped power in the name of the soviets three weeks prior to the election, amassed only 24 percent of the popular vote and elected only 24 percent of the deputies. The party of Lenin had not received the mandate of the people to govern them.
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communist party organised
Russian society to realise rapid industrialisation programs as defence against Western interference with socialism in Bolshevik Russia. The five-year plans were prepared in the 1920s whilst the Bolshevik government fought the internal Russian Civil War (1917–1922) and repelled the external Allied intervention to the Russian Civil War (1918–1925). Vast industrialisation was initiated mostly based with a focus on
2097:'s updating and adaptation of Marxism–Leninism to Chinese conditions in which revolutionary praxis is primary and ideological orthodoxy is secondary, represents urban Marxism–Leninism adapted to pre-industrial China. The claim that Mao had adapted Marxism–Leninism to Chinese conditions evolved into the idea that he had updated it in a fundamental way applying to the world as a whole. Consequently, Mao Zedong Thought became the official
68:
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revolutionary development. ... On
January 5, 1918, the deputies to the Constituent Assembly met in Petrograd; on January 6 the Central Executive Committee of the Congress of Soviets, dominated by Lenin, issued the Draft Decree on the Dissolution of the Constituent Assembly. The Constituent Assembly, the dream of Russian political reformers for many years, was swept aside as a 'deceptive form of bourgeois-democratic parliamentarism.'
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the "revisionist school" as representing those who "insisted that the old image of the Soviet Union as a totalitarian state bent on world domination was oversimplified or just plain wrong. They tended to be interested in social history and to argue that the
Communist Party leadership had had to adjust to social forces." These "revisionist school" historians challenged the "totalitarian model", as outlined by political scientist
8680:, p. 14: "Ironically, the ideological father of communism, Karl Marx, claimed that communism entailed the withering away of the state. The dictatorship of the proletariat was to be a strictly temporary phenomenon. Well aware of this, the Soviet Communists never claimed to have achieved communism, always labeling their own system socialist rather than communist and viewing their system as in transition to communism."
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13980:, p. 293: "The new communist states in eastern Europe and east Asia ... had much in common. Usually a single party governed ... . Dictatorship was imposed. The courts and the press were subordinated to political command. The state expropriated large sectors of the economy ... . Religion was persecuted ... . Marxism-Leninism in its Stalinist variant was disseminated, and rival ideologies were persecuted."
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functionaries much discretion to interpret the intent of orders from Moscow, but this allowed their corruption. To Stalin, the correction of such abuses of authority and economic corruption were responsibility of the NKVD. In the 1937–1938 period, the NKVD arrested 1.5 million people, purged from every stratum of Soviet society and every rank and file of the party, of which 681,692 people were killed as
8672:, p. 21: "Contrary to Western usage, these countries describe themselves as 'Socialist' (not 'Communist'). The second stage (Marx's 'higher phase'), or 'Communism' is to be marked by an age of plenty, distribution according to needs (not work), the absence of money and the market mechanism, the disappearance of the last vestiges of capitalism and the ultimate 'whithering away' of the State.";
7828:. Although some non-communist states used forced labour, according to Service what was different was "the dispatch of people to the camps for no reason other than the misfortune of belonging to a suspect social class." According to Pons, this was justified by Marxist–Leninist ideology and seen as a means of "redemption". According to Service, their economic policies are blamed for causing major
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until his death. Graeme Gill stated that
Stalinism was "not a natural flow-on of earlier developments; sharp break resulting from conscious decisions by leading political actors." Gill added that "difficulties with the use of the term reflect problems with the concept of Stalinism itself. The major difficulty is a lack of agreement about what should constitute Stalinism." Historians such as
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2270:. Although the periods and countries vary among different ideologies and parties, they generally accept that the Soviet Union was socialist during Stalin's time, Maoists believe that China became state capitalist after Mao's death, and Hoxhaists believe that China was always state capitalist, and uphold the Albania as the only socialist state after the Soviet Union under Stalin.
3034:(All-Russian Extraordinary Commission) secret police to eliminate anti–Bolshevik opposition in the country. Initially, there was strong opposition to the Bolshevik régime because they had not resolved the food shortages and material poverty of the Russian peoples as promised in October 1917. From that social discontent, the Cheka reported 118 uprisings, including the
5855:, the Quebec government minister. The political manifesto of the FLQ condemned English-Canadian imperialism in French Quebec and called for an independent, socialist Quebec. The Canadian government's harsh response included the suspension of civil liberties in Quebec and compelled the FLQ leaders' flight to Cuba. Uruguay faced Marxist–Leninist revolution from the
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provoked geopolitical, ideological and nationalist tensions, which derived from the different stages of development, between the urban society of the industrialised Soviet Union and the agricultural society of the pre-industrial China. The theory versus praxis arguments escalated to theoretic disputes about
Marxist–Leninist revisionism and provoked the
9009:, pp. 5–6: "Whereas fascist totalitarianism in Italy and Germany was crushed in 1945, communist totalitarianism was reinforced in the USSR and other Marxist-Leninist states ... enough was achieved in the pursuit of comprehensive political monopoly for the USSR – as well as most other communist states – to be rightly described as totalitarian."
8161:
work of 19th-century European reformers and were greatly expanded during World War I, when state actors in all the combatant countries dramatically increased efforts to mobilise and control their populations. As the Soviet state was born at this moment of total war, it institutionalised state intervention as permanent features of governance.
5836:(22–28 October 1962) occurred when the United States opposed Cuba being armed with nuclear missiles by the Soviet Union. After a stalemate confrontation, the United States and the Soviet Union jointly resolved the nuclear-missile crisis by respectively removing United States missiles from Turkey and Italy and Soviet missiles from Cuba.
7048:(as when housing is determined by one's ability to pay)", and condemned "wide variations in personal wealth as the West has not" whilst emphasizing equality, by which they mean "free education and medical care, little disparity in housing or salaries, and so forth." When asked to comment on the claim that former citizens of
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officially supported the overthrow of apartheid while the West and the United States in particular maintained official neutrality on the matter. In the 1976–1977 period of the Cold War, the United States and other Western countries found it morally untenable to politically support Apartheid South Africa, especially when the
1973:, who had previously supported multi-party free elections. After the Bolshevik defeat, Lenin started referring to the assembly as a "deceptive form of bourgeois-democratic parliamentarism". This was criticised as being the development of vanguardism as a form of hierarchical party–elite that controlled society.
8676:, p. 45: "Among Western journalists the term 'Communist' came to refer exclusively to regimes and movements associated with the Communist International and its offspring: regimes which insisted that they were not communist but socialist, and movements which were barely communist in any sense at all.";
3043:
1921–1924 period featured the simultaneous occurrence of economic recovery, famine (1921–1922) and a financial crisis (1924). By 1924, considerable economic progress had been achieved and by 1926 the Bolshevik government had achieved economic production levels equal to Russia's production levels in 1913.
8122:
Marxist–Leninists respond that there was generally no unemployment in Marxist–Leninist states and all citizens were guaranteed housing, schooling, healthcare and public transport at little or no cost. In his critical analysis of Marxist–Leninist states, Ellman stated that they compared favorably with
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in China, partly as a result of Marxist–Leninist ideology. According to Gray, they were justified as a means of maintaining "proletarian power". According to Gray and Walker, political dissidents were deemed to be "distorting the true path to communism". According to Pons, repression of social groups
6301:
had collapsed. On the one hand, as a result of the Pan-European Picnic, the Marxist–Leninist rulers of the Eastern Bloc did not act decisively, but cracks appeared between them and on the other hand the media-informed Central and Eastern European population now noticed a steady loss of power in their
5672:
In the 1950s, the de-Stalinisation of the Soviet Union was ideological bad news for the People's Republic of China because Soviet and Russian interpretations and applications of Leninism and orthodox Marxism contradicted the Sinified Marxism–Leninism of Mao Zedong—his Chinese adaptations of Stalinist
3311:
Stalin exercised extensive personal control over the party and unleashed an unprecedented level of violence to eliminate any potential threat to his regime. While Stalin exercised major control over political initiatives, their implementation was in the control of localities, often with local leaders
3254:
with Stalinism, i.e. government by command-policy to realise projects such as the rapid industrialisation of cities and the collectivisation of agriculture. Such Stalinism also subordinated the interests (political, national and ideological) of Asian and European communist parties to the geopolitical
2709:
Twelve years before the October Revolution in 1917, the Bolsheviks had failed to assume control of the February Revolution of 1905 (22 January 1905 – 16 June 1907) because the centres of revolutionary action were too far apart for proper political coordination. To generate revolutionary momentum from
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scholarship". According to Haynes and Klehr, "revisionists" are more numerous and dominate academic institutions and learned journals. A suggested alternative formulation is "new historians of American communism", but that has not caught on because these historians describe themselves as unbiased and
2425:
after them, and is reveling because, being popularized after Lenin's death by Stalin, it contained three clear doctrinal and institutionalized principles that became a model for later Soviet-type regimes; its global influence, having at its height covered at least one-third of the world's population,
12264:
Concepts of totalitarianism became most widespread at the height of the Cold War. Since the late 1940s, especially since the Korean War, they were condensed into a far-reaching, even hegemonic, ideology, by which the political elites of the Western world tried to explain and even to justify the Cold
9207:
is added by democratic socialists to attempt to distinguish themselves from Communists who also call themselves socialists. All but communists, or more accurately, Marxist-Leninists, believe that modern-day communism is highly undemocratic and totalitarian in practice, and democratic socialists wish
8160:
stated that many forms of state interventionism used by Marxist–Leninist governments, including social cataloging, surveillance and internment camps, pre-dated the Soviet regime and originated outside Russia. Hoffman further stated that technologies of social intervention developed together with the
7516:
To secure the economic and settler colonies, foreign sources of new capital-investment-profit, the imperialist state seeks either political or military control of the limited resources (natural and human). The First World War (1914–1918) resulted from such geopolitical conflicts among the empires of
6903:, as a means to develop socialism and then communism. The communist party is the supreme political institution of the state. Marxism–Leninism asserts that the people's interests are fully represented through the communist party and other state institutions. In the words of historians Silvio Pons and
6646:
resulted in roughly the same representation in the parliament. According to Ion Marandici, a Moldovan political scientist, the Party of Communists differs from those in other countries because it managed to appeal to the ethnic minorities and the anti-Romanian Moldovans. After tracing the adaptation
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and during the Cold War was dominated by the "totalitarian model" of the Soviet Union, stressing the absolute nature of Stalin's power. The "revisionist school" beginning in the 1960s focused on relatively autonomous institutions which might influence policy at the higher level. Matt Lenoe described
14213:
Scholars also disagree over what role the Soviet Union played in the tragedy. Some scholars point to Stalin as the mastermind behind the famine, due to his hatred of Ukrainians (Hosking, 1987). Others assert that Stalin did not actively cause the famine, but he knew about it and did nothing to stop
8127:
wrote that there was a rise in living standards throughout Eastern Bloc countries as the result of modernisation programs under Marxist–Leninist governments. Sen found that several Marxist–Leninist states made significant gains in life expectancy and commented "one thought that is bound to occur is
7863:
stated that Marxism–Leninism is inherently oppressive, writing that the "Marxian vision dictated the Stalinist outcome not because the communist utopia was inevitable but because it was impossible." Criticism like this has itself been criticised for philosophical determinism, i.e. that the negative
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to be torn down. The event in East Germany developed into a popular mass revolt with sections of the Berlin Wall being torn down and East and West Berliners uniting. Gorbachev's refusal to use Soviet forces based in East Germany to suppress the revolt was seen as a sign that the Cold War had ended.
5966:
defeated the French re-establishment of European colonialism in Vietnam. To fill the geopolitical power vacuum caused by French defeat in southeast Asia, Vietnam was divided into South Vietnam and North Vietnam in 1954, and the United States then became the Western power supporting the client-state
4139:
Social developments in the Soviet Union included the relinquishment of the relaxed social control and allowance of experimentation under Lenin to Stalin's promotion of a rigid and authoritarian society based upon discipline, mixing traditional Russian values with Stalin's interpretation of Marxism.
2420:
According to Rachel Walker, "Marxism–Leninism" is an empty term that depends on the approach and basis of ruling Communist parties, and is dynamic and open to redefinition, being both fixed and not fixed in meaning. As a term, "Marxism–Leninism" is misleading because Marx and Lenin never sanctioned
10745:
In the intervening quarter-century, the Soviet Union has changed substantially. Our knowledge of the Soviet Union has changed as well. We all know that the traditional paradigm no longer satisfies, despite several efforts, primarily in the early 1960s (the directed society, totalitarianism without
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of 1991 in which hardline Marxist–Leninist military leaders overthrew Gorbachev and seized control of the government. This regime only lasted briefly as widespread popular opposition erupted in street protests and refused to submit. Gorbachev was restored to power, but the various Soviet republics
5677:
as the official state ideology. As the specifically Chinese development of Marxism–Leninism, Maoism illuminated the cultural differences between the European-Russian and the Asian-Chinese interpretations and practical applications of Marxism–Leninism in each country. The political differences then
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against the Germanic invaders who would exterminate Slavic Russia. Hitler's attack against the Soviet Union (Nazi Germany's erstwhile ally) realigned Stalin's political priorities, from the repression of internal enemies to the existential defence against external attack. The pragmatic Stalin then
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achieved the rapid industrialisation (coal, iron and steel, electricity and petroleum, among others) and the collectivisation of agriculture. It achieved 23.6% of collectivisation within two years (1930) and 98.0% of collectivisation within thirteen years (1941). As the revolutionary vanguard, the
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to eliminate any person who might be a threat, whether real, potential, or imagined. As an administrator, Stalin governed the Soviet Union by controlling the formulation of national policy, but he delegated implementation to subordinate functionaries. Such freedom of action allowed local communist
3291:
Political developments in the Soviet Union included Stalin dismantling the remaining elements of democracy from the party by extending his control over its institutions and eliminating any possible rivals. The party's ranks grew in numbers, with the party modifying its organisation to include more
3278:
revolutionaries, Bukharin, Rykov and Tomsky recommended amelioration of the dekulakisation to lessen the negative social impact in the relations between the Soviet peoples and the party, but Stalin took umbrage and then accused them of uncommunist philosophical deviations from Lenin and Marx. That
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since at least 1974. Daniel Schwekendiek wrote that what made North Korean Marxism–Leninism distinct from that of China and the Soviet Union was that it incorporated national feelings and macro-historical elements in the socialist ideology, opting for its "own style of socialism". The major Korean
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argued that Marxist–Leninist ideology contradicted Marxism and Leninism in theory, therefore Stalin's ideology was not useful for the implementation of socialism in Russia. Moreover, Trotskyists within the party identified their anti-Stalinist communist ideology as Bolshevik–Leninism and supported
12414:
Richter, Michael (2006). "Die doppelte Diktatur: Erfahrungen mit Diktatur in der DDR und Auswirkungen auf das Verhältnis zur Diktatur heute." [The double dictatorship: experiences with dictatorship in the GDR and effects on the relationship to the dictatorship today.]. In Besier, Gerhard;
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The decisive distinction between socialist and communist, as in one sense these terms are now ordinarily used, came with the renaming, in 1918, of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks) as the All-Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks). From that time on, a distinction of socialist
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dismissed the Marxist–Leninist idea of a "vanguard", stating that a revolution could not be brought about by command. She predicted that once the Bolsheviks had banned multi-party democracy and internal dissent, the "dictatorship of the proletariat" would become the dictatorship of a faction, and
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stating that Marxism was used to "justify Stalinism, but it was no longer allowed to serve either as a policy directive or an explanation of reality" during Stalin's rule. In contrast, E. Van Ree wrote that Stalin considered himself to be in "general agreement" with the classical works of Marxism
2008:
until his death in 1953. In Marxist political discourse, Stalinism, denoting and connoting the theory and praxis of Stalin, has two usages, namely praise of Stalin by Marxist–Leninists who believe Stalin successfully developed Lenin's legacy, and criticism of Stalin by Marxist–Leninists and other
1956:
was the revolutionary means to achieving socialism in the praxis of government, the relationship between ideology and decision-making inclined to pragmatism and most policy decisions were taken in light of the continual and permanent development of Marxism–Leninism, with ideological adaptation to
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The dominant account gives no sense of how communist regimes renewed themselves after 1956 or why western leaders feared they might overtake the capitalist world well into the 1960s. For all its brutalities and failures, communism in the Soviet Union, eastern Europe and elsewhere delivered rapid
8059:
In Western Europe, communist parties, which were still committed to Marxism–Leninism through more democratic means, were part of the initial post-war governments, and even when the Cold War forced many of those countries to remove them from government, such as in Italy, they remained part of the
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in Europe. In 1912, Lenin resolved a factional challenge to his ideological leadership of the RSDLP by the Forward Group in the party, usurping the all-party congress to transform the RSDLP into the Bolshevik party. In the early 1910s, Lenin remained highly unpopular and was so unpopular amongst
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of old Cambodia, first by displacing the population of the capital city, Phnom Penh; and then by displacing the national populace to work farmlands to increase food supplies. Meanwhile, the Khmer Rouge purged Kampuchea of internal enemies (social class and political, cultural and ethnic) at the
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licensed Stalin to accuse Bukharin, Rykov and Tomsky of plotting against the party and the appearance of impropriety then compelled the resignations of the Old Bolsheviks from government and from the Politburo. Stalin then completed his political purging of the party by exiling Trotsky from the
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and the techniques required to operate and administrate industries. Importantly, Lenin declared that the development of socialism would not be able to be pursued in the manner originally thought by Marxists. A key aspect that affected the Bolshevik regime was the backward economic conditions in
1914:
have offered other explanations and criticise the focus on the upper levels of society and use of concepts such as totalitarianism which have obscured the reality of the system. While the emergence of the Soviet Union as the world's first nominally communist state led to communism's widespread
15052:
In the 1990s, following the collapse of the communist regimes in Eastern Europe and the breakup of the Soviet Union, social democracy was adopted by some of the old communist parties. Hence, parties such as the Czech Social Democratic Party, the Bulgarian Social Democrats, the Estonian Social
12297:
The opposition between the West and Soviet totalitarianism was often presented as an opposition both moral and epistemological between truth and falsehood. The democratic, social, and economic credentials of the Soviet Union were typically seen as 'lies' and as the product of a deliberate and
10574:
In 1953, Carl Friedrich characterised totalitarian systems in terms of five points: an official ideology, control of weapons and of media, use of terror, and a single mass party, 'usually under a single leader'. There was of course an assumption that the leader was critical to the workings of
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Meanwhile, the Central and Eastern European Marxist–Leninist states politically deteriorated in response to the success of the Polish Solidarity movement and the possibility of Gorbachev-style political liberalisation. In 1989, revolts began across Central and Eastern Europe and China against
4147:
Foreign policy in the Soviet Union from 1929 to 1941 resulted in substantial changes in the Soviet Union's approach to its foreign policy. In 1933, the Marxist–Leninist geopolitical perspective was that the Soviet Union was surrounded by capitalist and anti-communist enemies. As a result, the
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disagrees with blanket condemnations of former Marxist–Leninist countries, he condemned "Stalin and his autocratic system of rule and believed there were things seriously wrong with existing Soviet society.", including "serious problems of labor productivity, industrialization, urbanization,
7480:
and the native populations and to create new markets. That the capitalists' control of national politics ensures the government's military safeguarding of colonial investments and the consequent imperial competition for economic supremacy provokes international wars to protect their national
7230:
In the economic praxis of Bolshevik Russia, there was a defining difference of political economy between socialism and communism. Lenin explained their conceptual similarity to Marx's descriptions of the lower-stage and the upper-stage of economic development, namely that immediately after a
6147:
caused much geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union because of the Afrikaners' violent social control and political repression of the black and coloured populations of South Africa exercised under the guise of anti-communism and national security. The Soviet Union
3042:
and the lack of modern technology which were conditions that orthodox Marxism considered unfavourable to communist revolution. Agricultural Russia was sufficiently developed for establishing capitalism, but it was insufficiently developed for establishing socialism. For Bolshevik Russia, the
4576:
of the Eastern Bloc countries under Soviet predominance featured an official-and-personal style of socialist diplomacy that failed Stalin and Tito when Tito refused to subordinating Yugoslavia to the Soviet Union. In 1948, circumstance and cultural personality aggravated the matter into the
15053:
Democratic Party, and the Romanian Social Democratic Party, among others, achieved varying degrees of electoral success. Similar processes took place in Africa as the old communist parties were transformed into social democratic ones, even though they retained their traditional titles ... .
9453:
The political significance of the election to the Russian Constituent Assembly is difficult to as by a large segment of the Russian people ascertain since the Assembly was partly by a large segment of the Russian people as not being really necessary to fulfill their desires in this era of
2745:
from Russia. Membership in both the Bolshevik and Menshevik ranks diminished from 1907 to 1908 while the number of people taking part in strikes in 1907 was 26% of the figure during the year of the Revolution of 1905, dropping to 6% in 1908 and 2% in 1910. The 1908–1917 period was one of
13992:, p. 306: "Elections in the Communist states, at least until the final years when the systems were undergoing reform, were generally not competitive, with voters having no choice or only a strictly limited choice. Most elections had only one candidate standing for each position."
7484:
In the vertical perspective (social-class relations) of Marxism–Leninism, the internal and international affairs of a country are a political continuum, not separate realms of human activity. This is the philosophic opposite of the horizontal perspectives (country-to-country) of the
2000:(1926) represented Marxism–Leninism as a separate communist ideology and featured a global hierarchy of communist parties and revolutionary vanguard parties in each country of the world. With that, Stalin's application of Marxism–Leninism to the situation of the Soviet Union became
8721:
from communist, often with supporting definitions such as social democrat or democratic socialist, became widely current, although it is significant that all communist parties, in line with earlier usage, continued to describe themselves as socialist and dedicated to socialism.
4156:
government in Germany initially caused the Soviet Union to sever diplomatic relations that had been established in the 1920s. In 1938, Stalin accommodated the Nazis and the anti-communist West by not defending Czechoslovakia, allowing Hitler's threat of pre-emptive war for the
7231:
proletarian revolution in the socialist lower-stage society the practical economy must be based upon the individual labour contributed by men and women, and paid labour would be the basis of the communist upper-stage society that has realised the social precept of the slogan "
4212:'s extensive and effective attack threatened the territorial integrity of the Soviet Union and the political integrity of Stalin's model of a Marxist–Leninist state, when the Nazis were initially welcomed as liberators by the anti-communist and nationalist populations in the
3292:
trade unions and factories. The ranks and files of the party were populated with members from the trade unions and the factories, whom Stalin controlled because there were no other Old Bolsheviks to contradict Marxism–Leninism. In the late 1930s, the Soviet Union adopted the
4647:
of the party and of the Soviet Union. He realised this with the dismantling of the Gulag archipelago of forced-labour camps and freeing the prisoners as well as allowing Soviet civil society greater political freedom of expression, especially for public intellectuals of the
3066:(8 November 1917) fulfilled Lenin's promised redistribution of Russia's arable land to the peasants, who reclaimed their farmlands from the aristocrats, ensuring the peasants' loyalty to the Bolshevik party. To overcome the civil war's economic interruptions, the policy of
2650:
in the Soviet Union, continuing to be the official state ideology after de-Stalinisation and of other Marxist–Leninist states, the basis for elements of Marxism–Leninism predate this. The philosophy of Marxism–Leninism originated as the pro-active, political praxis of the
7175:
are set and differentiated according to skill and intensity of work. While socially utilised means of production are under public control, personal belongings or property of a personal nature that does not involve mass production of goods remains unaffected by the state.
2498:, which stated that the Soviet Union and other Marxist–Leninist states were totalitarian systems, with the personality cult, and almost unlimited powers of the "great leader", such as Stalin. It was considered to be outdated by the 1980s and for the post-Stalinist era.
7227:. These reforms were promoted to encourage materialism and acquisitiveness in order to stimulate economic growth. This pro-consumerist policy has been advanced on the lines of industrial pragmatism as it advances economic progress through bolstering industrialisation.
2733:(Department for Protecting the Public Security and Order), émigré Bolsheviks returned to Russia to agitate, organise and lead, but then they returned to exile when peoples' revolutionary fervour failed in 1907. The failure of the February Revolution exiled Bolsheviks,
6064:. That social restructuring of Cambodia into Kampuchea included attacks against the Vietnamese ethnic minority of the country which aggravated the historical, ethnic rivalries between the Viet and the Khmer peoples. Beginning in September 1977, Kampuchea and the
7191:, the primary goal before achieving communism was the development of socialism in itself. Such was the case in the Soviet Union, where the economy was largely agrarian and urban industry was in a primitive stage. To develop socialism, the Soviet Union underwent
6068:
continually engaged in border clashes. In 1978, Vietnam invaded Kampuchea and captured Phnom Penh in January 1979, deposed the Maoist Khmer Rouge from government and established the Cambodian Liberation Front for National Renewal as the government of Cambodia.
3308:(representing the ethnic groups of the country). By 1939, with the exception of Stalin himself, none of the original Bolsheviks of the October Revolution of 1917 remained in the party. Unquestioning loyalty to Stalin was expected by the regime of all citizens.
5769:
when the United States sponsored the People's Republic of China to replace the Republic of China (Taiwan) as the representative of the Chinese people at the United Nations. In the due course of Sino-American rapprochement, China also assumed membership in the
6183:, the West joined the Soviet Union and others in enacting sanctions against weapons trade and weapons-grade material to South Africa. However, forceful actions by the United States against Apartheid South Africa were diminished under President Reagan as the
3074:, state-controlled means of distribution and nationalisation of large-scale farms, was adopted to requisite and distribute grain in order to feed industrial workers in the cities whilst the Red Army was fighting the White Army's attempted restoration of the
3021:
As promised to the Russian peoples in October 1917, the Bolsheviks quit Russia's participation in the Great War on 3 March 1918. That same year, the Bolsheviks consolidated government power by expelling the Mensheviks, the Socialist Revolutionaries and the
3082:
of Russia. Moreover, the politically unpopular forced grain-requisitions discouraged peasants from farming resulted in reduced harvests and food shortages that provoked labour strikes and food riots. In the event, the Russian peoples created an economy of
7358:
without any socio-economic mobility. It focuses upon modernisation and distancing society from the past, the bourgeoisie and the old intelligentsia. The socio-cultural changes required for establishing a communist society are realised with education and
5453:
7505:, allowed the exportation of high-profit investment capital to undeveloped countries with uneducated, native populations (sources of cheap labour), plentiful raw materials for exploitation (factors for manufacture) and a colonial market to consume the
8182:, "has been to relativise the unique crimes of Nazism, bury those of colonialism and feed the idea that any attempt at radical social change will always lead to suffering, killing and failure." Other leftists, including some Marxist–Leninists, apply
3152:
on 21 January 1924, Lenin's political testament was read aloud to the Central Committee, who chose to ignore Lenin's ordered removal of Stalin as General Secretary because enough members believed Stalin had been politically rehabilitated in 1923.
2868:
4585:
to the geopolitical agenda (economic and military) of the Soviet Union, i.e. Tito at Stalin's disposal. Stalin punished Tito's refusal by denouncing him as an ideological revisionist of Marxism–Leninism; by denouncing Yugoslavia's practice of
7123:
and of distribution to supply and deliver the goods and services required throughout society and the national economy. The state serves as a safeguard for the ownership and as the coordinator of production through a universal economic plan.
7107:(material necessity) would maximise individual liberty by enabling men and women to pursue their interests and innate talents (artistic, industrial and intellectual) whilst working by choice, without the economic coercion of poverty. In the
6658:'s 1980s reforms by initiating significant privatisation of the national economy. At the same time, no corresponding political liberalisation has occurred as happened in previous years to Eastern European countries. In the early 2010s, the
6730:
in 2008. Prachanda has since been deposed as prime minister, leading the Maoists, who consider Prachanda's removal to be unjust, to abandon their legalistic approach and return to their street actions and militancy and to lead sporadic
5760:
with the United States in an effort to publicly challenge the Soviet Union for leadership of the international Marxist–Leninist movement. Mao Zedong's pragmatism permitted geopolitical rapprochement and eventually facilitated President
3312:
interpreting the policies in a way that served themselves best. This abuse of power by local leaders exacerbated the violent purges and terror campaigns carried out by Stalin against members of the party deemed to be traitors. With the
5991:
operation that decisively turned international public opinion against the United States intervention to the Vietnamese civil war, with the military withdrawal of the United States from Vietnam in 1973 and the subsequent and consequent
3250:. In 1929, Stalin politically controlled the party and the Soviet Union by way of deception and administrative acumen. In that time, Stalin's centralised, socialism in one country régime had negatively associated Lenin's revolutionary
15023:
Because many communists now call themselves democratic socialists, it is sometimes difficult to know what a political label really means. As a result, social democratic has become a common new label for democratic socialist political
7271:(childcare and continuing education) necessary to increase the productivity of the workers and the socialist economy to develop a communist society. As part of the planned economy, the Marxist–Leninist state is meant to develop the
3316:(1936–1938), Stalin rid himself of internal enemies in the party and rid the Soviet Union of any alleged socially dangerous and counterrevolutionary person who might have offered legitimate political opposition to Marxism–Leninism.
2806:
international socialist movement that by 1914 it considered censoring him. Unlike the European socialists who chose bellicose nationalism to anti-war internationalism, whose philosophical and political break was consequence of the
4319:
effectively resisted the German Nazi and Italian Fascist occupation. In the 1943–1944 period, the Yugoslav Partisans liberated territories with Red Army assistance and established the communist political authority that became the
4172:
front organisations to encourage European socialists and democrats to join the Soviet communists to fight throughout Nazi-occupied Europe, creating agreements with France to challenge Germany. After Germany and Britain signed the
2256:, the ruling parties hold Marxism–Leninism as their official ideology, although they give it different interpretations in terms of practical policy. Marxism–Leninism is also the ideology of anti-revisionist, Hoxhaist, Maoist, and
7722:. Rival ideologies were persecuted, including dissident leftists, and most elections had only one candidate. According to Daniel Gray, Silvio Pons, and David Martin Walker, Marxist–Leninist regimes have carried out killings and
6353:
in 1980 and the subsequent vacuum of strong leadership amidst an economic crisis allowed the rise of rival ethnic nationalism in the multinational country. The first leader to exploit such nationalism for political purposes was
8139:
Others such as Parenti stated that Marxist–Leninist states experienced greater economic development than they would have otherwise, or that their leaders were forced to take harsh measures to defend their countries against the
7464:) withers away, so shall international relations wither away because they are projections of national economic forces, Lenin said that the capitalists' exhaustion of domestic sources of investment profit by way of price-fixing
6462:
12533:
10746:
terror, the mobilization system) to articulate an acceptable variant. We have come to realize that models which were, in effect, offshoots of totalitarian models do not provide good approximations of post-Stalinist reality.
7645:
said that ideologically the "Bolshevik communists were not merely atheists, but, according to Lenin's terminology, militant atheists" in excluding religion from the social mainstream, from education and from government.
2726:. Most importantly, the experience of this revolution caused Lenin to conceive of the means of sponsoring socialist revolution through agitation, propaganda and a well-organised, disciplined and small political party.
7782:, as partly of an effort to extend state control by homogenising their populations and removing ethnic groups that maintained their "cultural, political and economic distinctiveness". Such states have been accused of
7150:
of the worker are determined according to the type of skills and the type of work he or she can perform within the national economy. Moreover, the economic value of the goods and services produced is based upon their
4204:, who were poorly led, ill-trained and under-equipped. As a result, they fought poorly and suffered great losses of soldiers (killed, wounded and captured). The weakness of the Red Army was partly consequence of the
2746:
disillusionment in the Bolshevik party over Lenin's leadership, with members opposing him for scandals involving his expropriations and methods of raising money for the party. This political defeat was aggravated by
8289:
in contemporary times, writing that the latter "are guilty of mass manslaughter or mass deaths from criminal negligence because of their not taking obvious measures to reduce mass deaths", and a possible defense of
3187:
in the party and the country. The direction of the party was decided in confrontations of politics and personality between Stalin's troika and Trotsky over which Marxist policy to pursue, either Trotsky's policy of
2170:
that excluded such political rapprochement with the West. To the Albanian Marxist–Leninists, the Chinese dealings with the United States indicated Mao's lessened, practical commitments to ideological orthodoxy and
7298:
and an education that teaches citizens to abide by a disciplined and self-fulfilling lifestyle dictated by the social norms of communism as a means to establish a new social order. The judicial reformation of
6444:
Since the fall of the Eastern European Marxist–Leninist regimes, the Soviet Union and a variety of African Marxist–Leninist regimes in 1991, only a few Marxist–Leninist parties remained in power. This include
11589:
7877:
criticised the focus upon the upper levels of society and the use of Cold War concepts, such as totalitarianism, which have obscured the reality of Marxist–Leninist systems, such as that of the Soviet Union.
10538:
Academic Sovietology, a child of the early Cold War, was dominated by the 'totalitarian model' of Soviet politics. Until the 1960s it was almost impossible to advance any other interpretation, in the USA at
3011:
8156:, including the rights that everyone is treated equal regardless of education or financial stability; that any citizen can keep a job; or that there is a more efficient and equal distribution of resources.
4115:
During the 1930s, the rapid industrialisation of the country accelerated the Soviet people's sociological transition from poverty to relative plenty when politically illiterate peasants passed from Tsarist
3245:
in the 1920s). In 1927, the party endorsed Stalin's policy of socialism in one country as the Soviet Union's national policy and expelled the leftist Trotsky and the centrists Kamenev and Zinoviev from the
1969:, which obtained 37.6%. On 6 January 1918, the Draft Decree on the Dissolution of the Constituent Assembly was issued by the Central Executive Committee of the Congress of Soviets, a committee dominated by
11183:
10701:... the Western scholars who in the 1990s and 2000s were most active in scouring the new archives for data on Soviet repression were revisionists (always 'archive rats') such as Arch Getty and Lynne Viola.
3147:
of the party and that he be replaced with "some other person who is superior to Stalin only in one respect, namely, in being more tolerant, more loyal, more polite, and more attentive to comrades." Upon
15391:
4367:(16 April–2 May 1945). On concluding the Great Patriotic War (1941–1945), the Soviet Union was a military superpower with a say in determining the geopolitical order of the world. Apart from the failed
5839:
Both Bolivia, Canada and Uruguay faced Marxist–Leninist revolution in the 1960s and 1970s. In Bolivia, this included Che Guevara as a leader until being killed there by government forces. In 1970, the
16047:
10385:
10193:
5705:, who voted for war despite the absent Soviet Union and authorised an international military expedition to intervene, expel the northern invaders from the south of Korea and restore the geopolitical
17734:
2998:. These communist forces were soon crushed by anti-communist forces and attempts to create an international communist revolution failed. However, a successful revolution occurred in Asia, when the
2555:
and described deaths under Marxist–Leninist regimes (civil wars, deportations, famines, repressions, and wars) as being a direct consequence of Marxism–Leninism. Some of these works, in particular
4469:
in the Third World. With the end of the Grand Alliance and the start of the Cold War, anti-fascism became part of both the official ideology and language of Marxist–Leninist states, especially in
2659:
in realising political change in Tsarist Russia. Lenin's leadership transformed the Bolsheviks into the party's political vanguard which was composed of professional revolutionaries who practised
2373:
to stress the importance of Stalin's leadership to the Marxist–Leninist ideology. Radek's suggestion failed to catch on, as Stalin as well as CPSU's ideologists preferred to continue the usage of
17729:
7521:. For the colonised working classes who create the wealth (goods and services), the elimination of war for natural resources (access, control, and exploitation) is resolved by overthrowing the
4120:
to self-determination and became politically aware urban citizens. The Marxist–Leninist economic régime modernised Russia from the illiterate, peasant society characteristic of monarchy to the
16442:
6402:
were now set for independence. On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev officially announced the dissolution of the Soviet Union, ending the existence of the world's first Marxist–Leninist-led state.
2476:), "orthodox", and "right-wing"; Norman Markowitz, a prominent "revisionist", referred to them as "reactionaries", "right-wing romantics", "romantics", and "triumphalist" who belong to the "
8028:
dismissed Marxism–Leninism as political opportunism that preserved capitalism because of the claim that the exchange of commodities would occur under socialism. He believed that the use of
5999:
With the end of the Vietnam War, Vietnam was reunited under Marxist–Leninist government in 1976. Marxist–Leninist regimes were also established in Vietnam's neighbour states. This included
1714:
in 1924, Marxism–Leninism became a distinct movement in the Soviet Union when Stalin and his supporters gained control of the party. It rejected the common notion among Western Marxists of
9928:
8785:
The 1936 Constitution described the Soviet Union for the first time as a 'socialist society', rhetorically fulfilling the aim of building socialism in one country, as Stalin had promised.
5701:
and the imperial war for regional hegemony sponsored by the United States and the Soviet Union. The international response to the North Korean invasion of South Korea was realised by the
9774:
2714:(22 January 1905), the Bolsheviks encouraged workers to use political violence in order to compel the bourgeois social classes (the nobility, the gentry and the bourgeoisie) to join the
4606:
and the establishment of Yugoslavia's diplomatic and commercial relations with countries of the Eastern Bloc and the Western Bloc. Yugoslavia's international relations matured into the
3642:
7232:
4602:(Cominform). The break from the Eastern Bloc allowed the development of a socialism with Yugoslav characteristics which allowed doing business with the capitalist West to develop the
2309:
12851:
Lahodynsky, Otmar (9 August 2014). "Paneuropäisches Picknick: Die Generalprobe für den Mauerfall" [Pan-European picnic: the dress rehearsal for the fall of the Berlin Wall].
12543:
8222:. According to Parenti, these revolutionary governments "extended a number of popular freedoms without destroying those freedoms that never existed in the previous regimes", such as
3038:(7–17 March 1921) against the economic austerity of the War Communism imposed by the Bolsheviks. The principal obstacles to Russian economic development and modernisation were great
18719:
16077:
16028:
12946:
12298:
multiform propaganda. ... In this context, the concept of totalitarianism was itself an asset. As it made possible the conversion of prewar anti-fascism into postwar anti-communism.
10366:
10268:
10174:
10070:
9258:
8975:
8568:
5673:
interpretation and praxis for establishing socialism in China. To realise that leap of Marxist faith in the development of Chinese socialism, the Chinese Communist Party developed
1775:
The internationalism of Marxism–Leninism was expressed in supporting revolutions in other countries, initially through the Communist International and then through the concept of
9847:
17540:
17407:
6080:, a trilingual sign in English, Afrikaans and Zulu enforces the segregation of a Natal beach as exclusively "for the sole use of members of the white race group." The Afrikaner
5237:
3143:
of December 1922 named Trotsky and Stalin as the most able men in the Central Committee, but he harshly criticised them. Lenin said that Stalin should be removed from being the
1764:
808:
649:
16510:
11219:
8060:
liberal-democratic process. By the 1960s and 1970s, many Western Marxist–Leninists had criticised many of the actions of Communist states, distanced from them, and developed a
7493:
approaches to international relations. Colonial imperialism is the inevitable consequence in the course of economic relations among countries when the domestic price-fixing of
7363:(agitation and propaganda) which reinforce communal and communist values. The modernisation of educational and cultural policies eliminates the societal atomisation, including
1867:
regimes, have been variously described as "bureaucratic-authoritarian systems", and China's socio-economic structure has been referred to as "nationalistic state capitalism".
15475:
10575:
totalitarianism: at the apex of a monolithic, centralised, and hierarchical system, it was he who issued the orders which were fulfilled unquestioningly by his subordinates.
2200:. In 2009, the constitution was quietly amended so that not only did it remove all Marxist–Leninist references present in the first draft but also dropped all references to
13125:
4363:(5 July – 23 August 1943). The Red Army then repelled the Nazi and Fascist occupation armies from Eastern Europe until the Red Army decisively defeated Nazi Germany in the
3168:
said that the true threat to the ideological integrity of the party was Trotsky, who was a personally charismatic political leader as well as the commanding officer of the
2924:(1917–1922) against the Bolshevik government. Moreover, despite the White–Red civil war, Russia remained a combatant in the Great War that the Bolsheviks had quit with the
19866:
19123:
19106:
17535:
17530:
17525:
5232:
5227:
5222:
4088:
3344:
camps for regular criminals and political dissidents, for culturally insubordinate artists and politically incorrect intellectuals and for homosexual people and religious
3144:
3132:
2450:, historiography is characterised by a split between traditionalists and revisionists. "Traditionalists", who characterise themselves as objective reporters of an alleged
1788:
803:
798:
793:
14200:
6187:
feared the rise of revolution in South Africa as had happened in Zimbabwe against white minority rule. In 1979, the Soviet Union intervened in Afghanistan to establish a
19153:
6203:, as a means to challenge the Soviet Union. The war became a Soviet equivalent of the Vietnam War to the United States and it remained a stalemate throughout the 1980s.
5828:, a state formally recognised by the Soviet Union. In response, the United States launched a coup against the Castro government in 1961. However, the CIA's unsuccessful
5697:(1950–1953), the first proxy war between the Eastern Bloc and the Western Bloc, resulted from dual origins, namely the nationalist Koreans' post-war resumption of their
5082:
3197:
2667:
of proactive, pragmatic commitment to achieving revolution was the Bolsheviks' advantage in out-manoeuvring the liberal and conservative political parties who advocated
14977:
12682:
10796:
5132:
11085:
11583:
6766:
6414:
Map of current and former Communist states, most of which followed, as party or state–party ideology, or were inspired by Marxist–Leninist ideology and development:
14130:
10895:
7207:
to grow food to feed the industrial workers in the industrialised cities. Since the mid-1930s, Marxism–Leninism has advocated an austere social-equality based upon
6211:
8273:
stated that mass deaths from famines are not a "uniquely Stalinist evil", and compared the behavior of the Stalinist regime vis-à-vis the Holodomor to that of the
4622:
3786:
2959:
2860:(17 August 1914 – 3 March 1918) by sending Lenin and his Bolshevik cohort in a diplomatically sealed train, anticipating them partaking in revolutionary activity.
11173:
2142:
of the 1970s, a small portion of Marxist–Leninists began to downplay or repudiate the role of Mao in the Marxist–Leninist international movement in favour of the
19096:
16922:
16168:
7068:
7004:
after the Soviet takeover of Eastern Europe at the end of World War II. Similarly, inequality went back up after the collapse of the Soviet system. According to
6707:
4108:
3811:
1795:, political centralisation, and repression. During the Cold War, Marxism–Leninist countries like the Soviet Union and its allies were one of the major forces in
16555:
11907:
6293:
to test the reaction of the Soviet Union, then triggered a peaceful chain reaction in August 1989, at the end of which there was no longer East Germany and the
4621:
became leader of the Soviet Union and of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and then consolidated an anti-Stalinist government. In a secret meeting at the
2054:
19616:
19116:
15363:
7760:
6461:. Most Marxist–Leninist communist parties outside of these nations have fared relatively poorly in elections, although other parties have remained or became a
1496:
3102:
restored some private enterprise to animate the Russian economy. As part of Lenin's pragmatic compromise with external financial interests in 1918, Bolshevik
18244:
16613:
16068:
16023:
14164:
13094:
10353:
10161:
7744:
7670:
and in the last phase of the wall's development the "death strip" between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at would-be escapees from the East
6121:
4461:(1947–1991), a protracted state of tension (military and diplomatic) between the United States and the Soviet Union which often threatened a Soviet–American
3391:
144:
5808:
Communist revolution erupted in the Americas in this period, including revolutions in Bolivia, Cuba, El Salvador, Grenada, Nicaragua, Peru and Uruguay. The
4181:(1938–1945), Stalin adopted pro-German policies for the Soviet Union's dealings with Nazi Germany. In 1939, the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany agreed to the
19142:
19111:
16802:
9393:
Out of a total vote of approximately 42 million and a total of 703 elected deputies, the primarily agrarian Social Revolutionary Party, plus nationalistic
8391:
7192:
5832:(17 April 1961) by anti-communist Cuban exiles impelled the Republic of Cuba to side with the Soviet Union in the geopolitics of the bipolar Cold War. The
3247:
8148:. Parenti wrote that accounts of political repression are exaggerated by anti-communists and that communist party rule provided some human rights such as
7060:, replied: "Millions of people in Eastern Europe are now free from employment, free from safe streets, free from health care, free from social security."
19101:
19053:
18172:
13037:
6996:
The fact that Marxist–Leninist governments confiscated private businesses and landholdings radically increased income and property equality in practice.
6631:
2005:
1416:
14503:
6330:
Honecker was pressured to resign from office and the new government committed itself to reunification with West Germany. The Marxist–Leninist regime of
6116:(1961–1974) in three countries, namely Angola, Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique. In Ethiopia, a Marxist–Leninist revolution deposed the monarchy of Emperor
16959:
15606:
15074:
13064:
11046:
7993:, where the capitalist elite have been replaced by an unaccountable bureaucratic elite and there is no true democracy or workers' control of industry.
4859:
3228:
10613:
Tucker's work stressed the absolute nature of Stalin's power, an assumption which was increasingly challenged by later revisionist historians. In his
30:
This article is about the political philosophy and state ideology developed by Joseph Stalin. For countries governed by Marxist–Leninist parties, see
19350:
15429:
9804:
7798:; there is still a debate among scholars whether ideology played a role, to what extent, and whether they meet the legal definition of genocide. For
6385:
The Soviet Union itself collapsed between 1990 and 1991, with a rise of secessionist nationalism and a political power dispute between Gorbachev and
4387:
2105:
as well as the ideological basis of communist parties around the world which sympathised with China. In the late 1970s, the Peruvian communist party
16927:
8098:, which abolished the monarchy in 2008 and turned the country into a federal liberal-democratic republic, and have democratically shared power with
1237:
19861:
16452:
14089:
8068:. This development was criticised by both non-Marxist–Leninists and other Marxist–Leninists in the East as amounting to social democracy. With the
5174:
13838:
The origin of Marxist–Leninist atheism, as understood in the USSR, is linked with the development of the German philosophy of Hegel and Feuerbach.
3054:
which had been private property of the Russian aristocracy during the Tsarist monarchy. Lenin was immediately committed to avoid antagonising the
18102:
13004:
7290:
and ending the exploitation of women. Marxist–Leninist policy on family law has typically involved the elimination of the political power of the
4631:
1335:
13301:
9997:
2750:'s political reformations of Imperial Russian government. In practise, the formalities of political participation (the electoral plurality of a
17750:
16585:
12834:
Szabo, Hilde (16 August 1999). "Die Berliner Mauer begann im Burgenland zu bröckeln" [The Berlin Wall began to crumble in Burgenland].
9747:
8186:, and have at times criticised Marxist–Leninist praxis and some actions by Marxist–Leninist governments, while acknowledging its advancements,
8020:
but rather a composite ideology that Stalin used to expediently determine what is communism and what is not communism for the countries of the
7637:) to examine the socio-economic relations among people and things as parts of a dynamic, material world that is unlike the immaterial world of
7103:
that give limited financial-access to the material necessities of life, such as food and shelter. That personal and societal emancipation from
6615:
6510:
6112:
became Marxist–Leninist states governed by their respective native peoples during the 1968–1980 period. Marxist–Leninist guerrillas fought the
5403:
4273:
3816:
15340:
11260:
11126:
6610:
has led an interim and later national unity government between 1989 and 1990, constantly remaining the third or fourth most popular party. In
1898:, as well as free universal education and healthcare, low unemployment and lower prices for certain goods. Historians such as Silvio Pons and
19048:
18661:
18019:
6168:
for education which black South Africans were required to speak when addressing white people and Afrikaners; and the police assassination of
5987:(the General Offensive and Uprising of Tet Mau Than, 1968). Although a military failure for the guerrillas and the army, it was a successful
4676:. In that geopolitical vein, Khrushchev presented de-Stalinisation as the restoration of Leninism as the state ideology of the Soviet Union.
3336:. To provide manpower (manual, intellectual and technical) to realise the construction of socialism in one country, the NKVD established the
2814:(1914–1918). That nationalist betrayal of socialism was denounced by a small group of socialist leaders who opposed the Great War, including
1257:
14866:
8043:
Other leftists, including Marxist–Leninists, criticise it for its repressive state actions, while recognising certain advancements, such as
7251:
which reads the following: "In order to have more, it is necessary to produce more. In order to produce more, it is necessary to know more."
6191:(existed until 1992), although the act was seen as an invasion by the West which responded to the Soviet military actions by boycotting the
2986:. In Hungary, the disorganised workers who had proclaimed the Hungarian Soviet Republic were fought and defeated by the royal armies of the
18714:
17889:
17849:
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13405:
8386:
8371:
7421:
5979:
politician. Despite possessing military superiority, the United States failed to safeguard South Vietnam from the guerrilla warfare of the
5386:
5217:
2929:
2909:
2836:
1137:
1100:
788:
171:
17695:
6654:
In Asia, a number of Marxist–Leninist regimes and movements continue to exist. The People's Republic of China has continued the agenda of
5917:
2663:
to elect leaders and officers as well as to determine policy through free discussion, then decisively realised through united action. The
19233:
19203:
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17460:
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12074:
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which is then regulated with nationalist wars such as the Great War among the empires of Europe. To relieve strategic pressures from the
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2196:
in the 1970s. This was made official in 1992 and 2009, when constitutional references to Marxism–Leninism were dropped and replaced with
724:
719:
714:
709:
14586:
14292:
12334:
7115:
that improve the means of production and the means of distribution. To meet the material needs of a socialist society, the state uses a
2085:
claimed to be the sole heir and successor to Stalin concerning the correct interpretation of Marxism–Leninism and ideological leader of
19490:
19450:
19360:
19171:
18687:
18004:
17417:
10999:
9882:
9827:
6627:
4582:
4561:
4514:
The events that precipitated the Cold War in Europe were the Soviet and Yugoslav, Bulgarian and Albanian military interventions to the
3654:
3123:
1962:
1489:
656:
12919:
The Factors Leading to the Electoral Success, Consolidation and Decline of the Moldovan Communists' Party During the Transition Period
7387:
necessary for developing a communist society as opposed to the antithetic bourgeois individualist associated with social atomisation.
2485:
scholarly and contrast their work to the work of anti-communist traditionalists whom they would term biased and unscholarly. Academic
19478:
19373:
19245:
19031:
18237:
17979:
17675:
14479:
Alam, Javeed. “Can Democratic Centralism Be Conducive to Democracy?” Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 44, no. 38, 2009, pp. 37–42.
11209:
10850:"Advocating for the Cause of the 'Victims of Communism' in the European Political Space: Memory Entrepreneurs in Interstitial Fields"
8638:
7279:(political education) to facilitate their contextual understanding of the historical development of communism as presented in Marx's
6635:
6599:
6470:
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3300:
for every man and woman older than 18 years of age and organised the soviets (councils of workers) into two legislatures, namely the
2147:
1212:
918:
5713:
at the 38th Parallel of global latitude. Consequent to Chinese military intervention in behalf of North Korea, the magnitude of the
19916:
19383:
19300:
19193:
17885:
16822:
11845:
6916:
6719:
6346:
5659:
5428:
5408:
4321:
3776:
2547:), wrote of mass, excess deaths under Marxist–Leninist regimes. These authors defined the political repression by communists as a "
2409:
should be the bulwark of the revolutionary energy, which is led by the working class. Three common Maoist values are revolutionary
1132:
15452:
12108:
7028:, they were correct to the extent that historically only violent shocks have resulted in major reductions in economic inequality.
6735:
using their substantial influence on the Nepalese labour movement. These actions have oscillated between mild and intense. In the
2113:, a contemporary variety of Marxism–Leninism that is a supposed higher level of Marxism–Leninism that can be applied universally.
1799:. With the death of Stalin and the ensuing de-Stalinisation, Marxism–Leninism underwent several revisions and adaptations such as
19856:
19323:
19130:
18997:
18167:
13117:
7775:
6393:. With the Soviet Union collapsing, Gorbachev prepared the country to become a loose federation of independent states called the
5460:
5448:
5443:
4099:
3176:
and revolutionary partner of Lenin. To thwart Trotsky's likely election to head the party, Stalin, Kamenev and Zinoviev formed a
2098:
1411:
12884:
9725:
3015:
19021:
18866:
17809:
17402:
17014:
15536:
14190:
7196:
6855:
6805:
6797:
6759:
6752:
6557:
5783:
5762:
4213:
3649:
3406:
2656:
2632:
2551:", "Communist genocide", "Red Holocaust", or followed the "victims of Communism" narrative. Some of them compared Communism to
1816:
1748:
1060:
644:
313:
16535:
9905:
8294:
and his associates is that "their behaviour was no worse than that of many rulers in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries."
7111:
of upper-stage economic development, the elimination of alienating labour (mechanistic work) depends upon the developments of
7000:
dropped in Russia under the rule of the Soviet Union, then rebounded after its demise in 1991. It also dropped rapidly in the
6682:, the communists continued to shrink in India and are currently only take power in the state of Kerala. The armed wing of the
5682:(1956–1966) and the two countries broke their international relations (diplomatic, political, cultural and economic). China's
2686:
19881:
19508:
19009:
18975:
18963:
18958:
18849:
18106:
17481:
16695:
16428:
16405:
16308:
16286:
16260:
16229:
16157:
16127:
16090:
16041:
15983:
15889:
15866:
15840:
15787:
15738:
15715:
15558:
15516:
15469:
15310:
15269:
15176:
15126:
15045:
15016:
14948:
14922:
14744:
14428:
14345:
14306:
14256:
14056:
13933:
13901:
13812:
13787:
13755:
13726:
13572:
13543:
13375:
13233:
13163:
12818:
12777:
12745:
12666:
12625:
12578:
12513:
12457:
12428:
12398:
12373:
12328:
12290:
12257:
12126:
12068:
11710:
11484:
11455:
11430:
11405:
10993:
10921:
10829:
10606:
10567:
10531:
10379:
10289:
10187:
10144:
10083:
9969:
9922:
9841:
9699:
9664:
9586:
9477:
9335:
9303:
9271:
9196:
9115:
8988:
8816:
8778:
8713:
8585:
8538:
8503:
8468:
8435:
8183:
8149:
8133:
6502:
6498:
6494:
6234:
Social resistance to the policies of Marxist–Leninist regimes in Eastern Europe accelerated in strength with the rise of the
5333:
5150:
4811:
3704:
3441:
2807:
1792:
1538:. It was the predominant ideology of most communist governments throughout the 20th century. It was developed in Russia by
1482:
1342:
820:
741:
676:
191:
19435:
16369:
14351:
14119:"The Crime of Genocide Committed against the Poles by the USSR before and during World War II: An International Legal Study"
12692:
10899:
10765:
9483:
9121:
8076:, there was a split among Marxist–Leninists between those hardline Marxist–Leninists, sometimes referred to in the media as
6249:
rose to power in the Soviet Union and began policies of radical political reform involving political liberalisation, called
1722:. According to its supporters, the gradual transition from capitalism to socialism was signified by the introduction of the
19545:
19313:
18230:
18024:
17839:
17804:
17476:
17427:
15182:
14834:
14434:
14262:
10949:
7486:
7204:
7077:
6774:
6643:
6623:
6619:
6569:
6378:
in 1990, the victory of nationalists in multi-party elections in most of Yugoslavia's constituent republics and eventually
5882:
5870:
5572:
3699:
3659:
3401:
1731:
1621:
is derived from Marxism–Leninism, although its evolution is disputed. Marxist–Leninist states are commonly referred to as "
1262:
1090:
1055:
995:
736:
681:
666:
11557:
11075:
7179:
Because Marxism–Leninism has historically been the state ideology of countries who were economically undeveloped prior to
2260:
communist parties worldwide. The anti-revisionists criticise some rule of the communist states by claiming that they were
19876:
19425:
19091:
19038:
19026:
18082:
18033:
18009:
17984:
17864:
17844:
16842:
16782:
16757:
15908:
14750:
14118:
6919:
this also included indirect elections, such as deputies being elected by deputies as the next lower level of government.
6851:
6770:
6651:, the Party of Communists are the only ones who have been in power for so long and did not change the name of the party.
6588:
5740:
facilitated Russian and Chinese rapprochement with the United States and expanded East–West geopolitics into a tri-polar
5515:
4221:
4197:
4178:
3411:
2676:
2082:
1598:
1318:
1242:
1217:
1115:
1095:
9158:
8442:
By 1985, one-third of the world's population lived under a Marxist–Leninist system of government in one form or another.
5920:, an organisation of left-wing parties fighting against the right-wing military government of El Salvador. In 1983, the
4526:(1948–1949) by the Soviet Union. The event that precipitated the Cold War in continental Asia was the resumption of the
19473:
19468:
19188:
19136:
17974:
17964:
17819:
17814:
17799:
17770:
17670:
16578:
13851:
10305:
Walker, Rachel (April 1989). "Marxism–Leninism as Discourse: The Politics of the Empty Signifier and the Double Bind".
10215:
Meisner, Maurice (January–March 1971). "Leninism and Maoism: Some Populist Perspectives on Marxism-Leninism in China".
8868:
6835:
6748:
6740:
6663:
6529:
6478:
6394:
6375:
6261:
joined in pushing for the dismantlement of apartheid and oversaw the dismantlement of South African colonial rule over
6188:
6047:. To eliminate Western cultural influence, Kampuchea expelled all foreigners and effected the destruction of the urban
5391:
4259:
meant to realise the Nazi German colonisation of Bolshevik Russia. In response, Stalin ordered the Red Army to fight a
4217:
3939:
3836:
2955:
2889:
2564:
1070:
1065:
1050:
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913:
15955:
11526:
8923:
7415:
between communist and non-communist anti-fascists against strong fascist movements. This Marxist–Leninist approach to
6580:
19725:
19676:
19609:
19420:
19148:
18750:
18654:
18112:
17859:
17834:
17829:
17715:
17704:
17030:
16645:
16363:
16335:
16322:
16008:
15764:
15225:
14905:
14888:
13435:
13335:
11896:
11879:
10499:
10467:
10435:
8095:
7756:
7490:
7477:
6683:
6639:
6545:
6541:
6537:
6533:
6474:
5921:
5413:
4635:(25 February 1956) in which he specified and condemned Stalin's dictatorial excesses and abuses of power such as the
4208:(1936–1938) of senior officers and career soldiers whom Stalin considered politically unreliable. Strategically, the
4132:
was virtually eliminated in the country during the 1930s. However, this rapid industrialisation also resulted in the
3866:
1871:
1349:
1110:
1085:
1080:
958:
946:
119:
10032:
9803:[First stipulation of the 'Seongun Thought' of the North Korean Constitution] (in Korean). Radio Free Asia.
8132:
and Paul Gready reported that Marxist–Leninist states pressed Western governments to include economic rights in the
7339:("illegitimate children"), and voided the political power of the bourgeoisie and the private property-status of the
7135:
as the guiding principle of the economy. The state's huge purchasing power replaces the role of market forces, with
2932:
by the armies of seventeen countries, featuring Great Britain, France, Italy, the United States and Imperial Japan.
2344:
was advocated and classes deemed hostile were to be repressed. In the 1920s, it was first defined and formulated by
19911:
19851:
19755:
19743:
19567:
19557:
19513:
19328:
19004:
18953:
18836:
17904:
17824:
17690:
16515:(2nd revised ed.). Translated and edited from Russian by Dutt, Clemens. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House.
14775:
14337:
13925:
11516:
8111:
7012:
that was so attractive to egalitarian Western intellectuals that they quietly justified the killing of millions of
6715:
6173:
5530:
5289:
4470:
4390:
from the Eastern European countries occupied by the Axis Powers and installed native Marxist–Leninist governments.
3242:
2995:
1828:
1152:
1075:
933:
17:
16560:. Translated by Syrovatkin, Sergei. Moscow: Progress Publishers. Retrieved 31 December 2020 – via Wayback Machine.
14152:
13086:
11582:, ed. (1927) . "First All-Russian Congress of Soviets: Composition of the First All-Russian Congress of Soviets".
7031:
Marxist–Leninists respond to this type of criticism by highlighting the ideological differences in the concept of
6281:
Marxist–Leninist regimes. In China, the government refused to negotiate with student protestors, resulting in the
19760:
19748:
19604:
19589:
19503:
19405:
18987:
18807:
18334:
17899:
17869:
17854:
17725:
16949:
16752:
16727:
9511:
8069:
7563:
7419:
derives from the analyses (political, economic, sociological and geopolitical) that Lenin presented in the essay
7081:
6572:
legislative elections, respectively. From 2017 to 2021, the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia supported the
6565:
6235:
5702:
4969:
4849:
4067:
3284:
Soviet Union in 1929. Afterwards, the political opposition to the practical régime of Stalinism was denounced as
3007:
2472:. Alternative characterisations for traditionalists include "anti-communist", "conservative", "Draperite" (after
2401:, who gave a more democratic implication than Lenin's for why workers remained passive. A key difference between
2110:
1672:
1295:
1147:
1120:
1105:
968:
235:
9762:
7203:
and then became the workforce of the new factories and industries. Similarly, the farmer populations worked the
2822:
and Lenin, who said that the European socialists had failed the working classes for preferring patriotic war to
19701:
19681:
19378:
18992:
18817:
18745:
17914:
17765:
17755:
17680:
17631:
17626:
17422:
17412:
16777:
14298:
13027:
8895:
6871:
6687:
6482:
6338:
was forcefully overthrown in 1989 and Ceaușescu was executed. Almost Eastern Bloc regimes also fell during the
6282:
6239:
5318:
5306:
5142:
4378:, with the Soviet Union contributing to the Allied victory in World War II. In accordance with the three-power
4133:
3871:
3846:
3023:
3003:
2897:
1162:
1010:
1000:
923:
885:
661:
10901:
The Legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance? (International Humanitarian Law)
7885:, noting that a large number of people in the Soviet Union were still in poverty despite its planned economy.
3288:(Bolshevik–Leninism), described as a deviation from Marxism–Leninism, the state ideology of the Soviet Union.
19836:
19772:
19599:
19463:
19415:
19176:
18970:
18844:
18827:
17894:
17785:
17685:
16638:
16608:
16571:
14965:
14494:
12687:
11837:
7986:
7591:
7188:
6908:
6785:
6762:
6727:
6577:
6335:
6144:
6081:
6065:
5418:
4595:
4547:
4430:
2908:, the Bolshevik's seizure of power against the Provisional Government resulted in their establishment of the
2738:
2102:
1966:
1762:, this text became the foundation of the philosophy of Marxism–Leninism. In 1938, Stalin's official textbook
1142:
1030:
928:
102:
82:
51:
15811:
15586:
15066:
13060:
11036:
8250:, economic betterment, the preservation of health and human life, and the end of many of the worst forms of
7425:(1917). Extrapolating from five philosophical bases of Marxism, namely that human history is the history of
19368:
19043:
18938:
18739:
18647:
18613:
18091:
17969:
17909:
17591:
17516:
16827:
16762:
16690:
16675:
15900:
14196:
11397:
8061:
7976:, are critical of Marxism–Leninism, particularly for what they see as its authoritarianism. Polish Marxist
7764:
7707:
7634:
7587:
7549:
5652:
5338:
5212:
4744:
4665:
4599:
3756:
3184:
2999:
2823:
2759:
2172:
2066:
1328:
1207:
1157:
850:
783:
181:
156:
15417:
14794:
The Human Rights Reader: Major Political Essays, Speeches, and Documents from Ancient Times to the Present
11515:(1974) . "First All Russia Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies". In Apresyan, Stephan;
9797:
4398:
3106:
temporarily returned 91% of industry to private ownership or trusts until the Soviet Russians learned the
2183:, which retained orthodox Marxism–Leninism when compared to the ideology of the post-Stalin Soviet Union.
19906:
19649:
19631:
19397:
19255:
19216:
19183:
18873:
18861:
18777:
18679:
18628:
18608:
18312:
17999:
17780:
17636:
17446:
17143:
17094:
16737:
16548:. Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House. Retrieved 31 December 2020 – via Marxists Internet Archive.
13000:
10905:
8376:
8247:
7841:
7795:
7351:
7312:
7224:
6084:
cited anti-communism as a reason for the treatment of the black and coloured populations of South Africa.
5328:
5034:
4182:
3677:
3456:
3324:
3220:
2857:
2845:
2755:
2694:
2523:
2510:
2329:
1776:
1232:
1025:
704:
371:
250:
14076:
13364:
The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century
10106:
7586:
in the public and private affairs of human society. The tenets of the Soviet Union's national policy of
6305:
19644:
19621:
19594:
18603:
18438:
18117:
18044:
18039:
17989:
17929:
17790:
17496:
16982:
16270:
16149:
16141:
15542:
15168:
15118:
14465:
13367:
12365:
11178:
10724:
10598:
10559:
10523:
10314:
10093:
9099:
8012:, pp. 110–126 and dismissed one-party rule as undemocratic. She further stated that it is neither
7990:
7799:
7748:
7327:
secular into a "free and voluntary union" between persons who are social-and-legal equals, facilitated
7184:
6904:
6847:
6596:
6561:
6490:
6053:
5851:(FLQ) featured the kidnap of James Cross, the British Trade Commissioner in Canada; and the killing of
5722:
4719:
4060:
3826:
3731:
3058:
by making efforts to coax them away from the Socialist Revolutionaries, allowing a peasant takeover of
2885:
2439:
2009:
Marxists who repudiate Stalin's political purges, social-class repressions and bureaucratic terrorism.
1985:
1899:
1843:. The socio-economic nature of Marxist–Leninist states, especially that of the Soviet Union during the
1758:
1602:
1359:
1267:
1252:
1222:
1035:
761:
14917:
Parenti, Michael (August 2007). Contrary Notions: The Michael Parenti Reader. City Lights Books, 403.
12992:
9203:
In a modern sense of the word, communism refers to the ideology of Marxism-Leninism. ... he adjective
9153:
7456:
of the means of production and so will eliminate the economic causes of war; and that once the state (
7223:
semi-officially allowed some limited, small-scale wage inequality to boost labour productivity in the
5897:(1 December 1974 – 17 July 1979) to establish a socialist Nicaragua. Within months, the government of
3207:
Kamenev and Zinoviev for an expedient alliance with the three most prominent leaders of the so-called
19896:
19841:
19686:
19659:
19562:
18297:
18222:
17949:
17646:
17581:
16832:
16767:
16500:
14870:
13293:
12282:
9509:
Franks, Benjamin (May 2012). "Between Anarchism and Marxism: The Beginnings and Ends of the Schism".
8918:
6863:
6801:
6793:
6607:
5726:
5433:
5348:
4974:
4839:
4796:
4519:
4410:
3994:
3831:
2967:
2947:
2943:
2533:
2230:
2159:
1848:
978:
19654:
18572:
17323:
13419:
11257:
9411:
Dando, William A. (June 1966). "A Map of the Election to the Russian Constituent Assembly of 1917".
9351:
Dando, William A. (June 1966). "A Map of the Election to the Russian Constituent Assembly of 1917".
9208:
to emphasise by their name that they disagree strongly with the Marxist-Leninist brand of socialism.
6160:
upon the non-white peoples of South Africa, specifically the imposition of the Germanic language of
3200:
chose Stalin's policy, defeating Trotsky as a possible leader of the party and of the Soviet Union.
1878:. Marxist–Leninist states have been marked by a high degree of centralised control by the state and
1874:
and mainly focuses on the actions and policies of Marxist–Leninist leaders, most notably Stalin and
551:
19901:
19767:
18598:
18470:
17959:
17432:
17052:
16883:
16705:
16492:
16355:
16278:
15806:
15330:
15302:
15008:
13366:. The Princeton Economic History of the Western World (hardcover ed.). Princeton, New Jersey:
12885:"People's Front 0.33% ahead of Poroshenko Bloc with all ballots counted in Ukraine elections – CEC"
12060:
11841:
11116:
10766:"A Tale of 'Two Totalitarianisms': The Crisis of Capitalism and the Historical Memory of Communism"
10590:
10551:
10515:
8381:
7320:
6031:
to restructure the society of old Cambodia and to be effected and realised with the abolishment of
5894:
5423:
5166:
5158:
4771:
4661:
4349:
4124:, socialist society of educated farmers and industrial workers. Industrialisation led to a massive
3861:
3851:
3821:
3446:
3293:
3193:
2983:
2963:
2341:
2048:
1863:. The Eastern Bloc, including Marxist–Leninist states in Central and Eastern Europe as well as the
1727:
1719:
1202:
973:
671:
273:
201:
9986:
8705:
8692:
6238:, the first non-Marxist–Leninist controlled trade union in the Warsaw Pact that was formed in the
2340:, was hailed to be a historical necessity by Marxist–Leninists. Moreover, the introduction of the
97:
19016:
18482:
18415:
18339:
18324:
18307:
17994:
17954:
17944:
17939:
17601:
17397:
16877:
16660:
16397:
14860:
14248:
14160:
13564:
12570:
12505:
11616:
11041:
9833:
8770:
8701:
7622:
7416:
6355:
6113:
6057:
5848:
5645:
5577:
5510:
5376:
5195:
5124:
4801:
4535:
4329:
4308:
4288:
3934:
3904:
3637:
3305:
3149:
2925:
2698:
2394:
2382:
2209:
2179:, head of the Albanian Labour Party, theorised anti-revisionist Marxism–Leninism, referred to as
2078:
1796:
1739:
1610:
1594:
1590:
1579:
1559:
1197:
1192:
1187:
860:
686:
639:
134:
12947:"Mid-life crisis or terminal decline? The Indian Communist movement from its foundation to-date"
11140:
industrialisation, mass education, job security and huge advances in social and gender equality.
7171:
as a driving force for production is replaced by social obligation to fulfil the economic plan.
6268:
2624:
19886:
19696:
19288:
19226:
18521:
18356:
17223:
17133:
16420:
15850:
14044:
13414:
12320:
10792:
9961:
8278:
7929:
7865:
7537:
7529:
7316:
7280:
6927:
6140:
6077:
5296:
4653:
4500:
4265:
3919:
3559:
2802:
2715:
2495:
2212:, which eventually developed after losing its original Marxist–Leninist elements. According to
1743:
1227:
446:
361:
216:
17168:
15211:
15112:
13445:
13147:
12050:
11801:
4355:
In 1943, the Red Army began to repel the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union, especially at the
4255:
killings of the Jewish populations, the local communists, the civil and community leaders—the
391:
19815:
18787:
18346:
18329:
18014:
17611:
17546:
17278:
16817:
16807:
16213:
15858:
14755:
The Soviet bureaucracy and Western capitalism rested on mutually antagonistic social systems.
14578:
14312:
12314:
12100:
10927:
10913:
10909:
8282:
8175:
8091:
7925:
7897:
7752:
7727:
7630:
7626:
7575:
7372:
7355:
7287:
7199:
that transplanted peasant populations to the cities, where they were educated and trained as
7156:
7045:
6826:
In the Americas, there have been several insurgencies and Marxist–Leninist movements. In the
6804:
is a pan-African, Marxist–Leninist party founded in 2013 by expelled former president of the
6584:
6397:. Hardline Marxist–Leninist leaders in the military reacted to Gorbachev's policies with the
6184:
6097:
5988:
5890:
5874:
5737:
4806:
4578:
4496:
4406:
3999:
3929:
3899:
3461:
2991:
2747:
2660:
2390:
2337:
2304:
and his successors. Endorsing the final objective, namely the creation of a community-owning
2266:
2143:
2024:
1864:
1832:
1680:
1660:
1247:
870:
506:
124:
114:
17193:
16351:
The Bolsheviks: The Intellectual and Political History of the Triumph of Communism in Russia
16111:
15000:
13152:
Totalitarianism and the Prospects for World Order: Closing the Door on the Twentieth Century
10983:
9874:
9252:
Morgan, W. John (2001). "Marxism-Leninism: The Ideology of Twentieth-Century Communism". In
8969:
Morgan, W. John (2001). "Marxism-Leninism: The Ideology of Twentieth-Century Communism". In
7682:
variants, across the political spectrum. Most Marxist–Leninist states have been regarded as
6136:(1964–1979) that deposed white-minority rule and then established the Republic of Zimbabwe.
4979:
3544:
1734:, the Soviet Union, and the Communist International to establish universal Marxist–Leninist
416:
19577:
19440:
19260:
18772:
17699:
17606:
17571:
17338:
17020:
16710:
16180:
15779:
15207:
13874:
13718:
10854:
7853:
7837:
7723:
7518:
7260:
7180:
7139:
7096:
6744:
6592:
6521:
6367:
6192:
6157:
6024:
5913:
5833:
5829:
5687:
5483:
5396:
5264:
5108:
4781:
4669:
4607:
4414:
4356:
3689:
3494:
3259:
3189:
3140:
3128:
2711:
2568:
2325:
2296:, as they became equivalent to the ideas of Marxism–Leninism, namely the interpretation of
2289:
2044:
1883:
1723:
1648:
1567:
1531:
941:
865:
835:
566:
206:
67:
19664:
17298:
11174:"How To Be A Socialist Without Being An Apologist For The Atrocities Of Communist Regimes"
8950:
8653:
8036:
were more effective than a vanguard organised by democratic centralism. Anarcho-communist
7719:
7127:
For the purpose of reducing waste and increasing efficiency, scientific planning replaces
6331:
3599:
2518:
2505:
1919:, several academics say that Marxism–Leninism in practice was a form of state capitalism.
531:
8:
19804:
19533:
19338:
19267:
19075:
18924:
18802:
18724:
18697:
18623:
18533:
18351:
18261:
18122:
17656:
17641:
17616:
17348:
17067:
17046:
16894:
16812:
16680:
16650:
16525:
16506:
16482:
16296:
15652:
15001:
14797:
14767:
9914:
9469:
The Socialist Alternative to Bolshevik Russia: The Socialist Revolutionary Party, 1921–39
8361:
8353:
8203:
8178:
narrative that Stalin and Hitler were twin evils, therefore communism is as monstrous as
7961:
7941:
7864:
events in the movement's history were predetermined by their convictions, with historian
7618:
7510:
7384:
7380:
7340:
7276:
7120:
7017:
6983:
6970:
6942:
6831:
6789:
6755:
6506:
6410:
6371:
6363:
6359:
6339:
6286:
6273:
6008:
5968:
5955:
5843:(5 October – 28 December 1970) occurred in Canada, a brief revolution in the province of
5779:
5567:
5438:
5323:
5301:
5274:
5269:
4821:
4749:
4640:
4508:
4375:
4345:
4193:
3984:
3964:
3889:
3761:
3519:
3301:
3099:
3051:
3035:
2975:
2873:
2767:
2604:
2543:
2305:
2167:
2139:
2124:
1840:
1804:
1692:
1676:
1364:
1354:
890:
875:
616:
576:
283:
166:
17308:
17158:
16720:
14613:
Meyer, Gerald (Summer 2003). "Anarchism, Marxism and the Collapse of the Soviet Union".
12250:
The Totalitarian Paradigm after the End of Communism: Towards a Theoretical Reassessment
7528:
and establishing a socialist state because a peaceful world economy is feasible only by
6780:
In Africa, several Marxist–Leninist states reformed themselves and maintained power. In
5954:(1955–1975) was the second East–West war fought during the Cold War (1947–1991). In the
5782:
that allowed continual growth for the Chinese economy. The ideological justification is
541:
19891:
19846:
19671:
19582:
18899:
18812:
18702:
18692:
17651:
17596:
17471:
17358:
17233:
17035:
16987:
16389:
16318:
16200:
16192:
15947:
15832:
15776:
Communism in History and Theory: From Utopian Socialism to the Fall of the Soviet Union
15672:
15664:
15383:
14697:
14638:
14559:
14420:
13747:
13535:
13266:
13225:
13219:
12866:
12810:
12769:
12658:
12538:
12132:
11828:
11702:
11169:
10873:
10788:
10736:
10672:
10654:
10334:
10326:
10240:
10232:
9741:
9536:
9444:
9436:
9384:
9376:
9089:
9081:
8243:
8123:
Western states in some health indicators such as infant mortality and life expectancy.
8033:
7953:
7874:
7779:
7583:
7506:
7502:
7473:
7200:
7143:
6843:
6711:
6703:
6648:
6430:
6390:
6133:
5925:
5924:(25–29 October 1983) thwarted the assumption of power by the elected government of the
5732:
5683:
5525:
5478:
5353:
5311:
5259:
5029:
4944:
4919:
4816:
4714:
4495:, became epithets widely used by Marxist–Leninists to smear their opponents, including
4324:. To end the Imperial Japanese occupation of China in continental Asia, Stalin ordered
4312:
4186:
3969:
3694:
3604:
3529:
3524:
3499:
3416:
3360:
3333:
3328:
3297:
2987:
2905:
2888:(KPD) and anti-communist Freikorps units called in by the German government led by the
2751:
2680:
2611:
communist and other socialist currents, both of which have been victims of repression.
2608:
2596:
2548:
2293:
2090:
2062:
1911:
1860:
1684:
1606:
1535:
895:
855:
731:
456:
109:
17208:
15454:
The Communist International, Anti-Imperialism and Racial Equality in British Dominions
8239:
7142:
not being achieved through market forces but by economic planning based on scientific
4581:(1948–1955) that resulted from Tito's rejection of Stalin's demand to subordinate the
3539:
3062:' estates while no immediate nationalisations were enacted on peasants' property. The
431:
19779:
19719:
19498:
19284:
18980:
18782:
18767:
18709:
18588:
18285:
18275:
17586:
17491:
17303:
17258:
17178:
17153:
17104:
16997:
16933:
16852:
16797:
16715:
16670:
16655:
16551:
16424:
16401:
16359:
16331:
16304:
16301:
From Marx to Mises: Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation
16282:
16256:
16225:
16204:
16153:
16123:
16119:
16112:
16086:
16037:
16004:
15979:
15885:
15862:
15836:
15783:
15760:
15734:
15711:
15554:
15512:
15465:
15306:
15265:
15221:
15172:
15122:
15041:
15012:
14944:
14918:
14901:
14884:
14740:
14701:
14689:
14630:
14563:
14551:
14424:
14341:
14302:
14252:
14052:
13929:
13897:
13808:
13783:
13751:
13722:
13568:
13539:
13381:
13371:
13341:
13331:
13229:
13159:
12894:
12814:
12773:
12741:
12662:
12621:
12574:
12509:
12497:
12453:
12424:
12394:
12369:
12324:
12286:
12253:
12122:
12064:
11875:
11706:
11480:
11451:
11426:
11401:
11389:
10989:
10917:
10877:
10825:
10692:
10688:
10658:
10646:
10602:
10563:
10527:
10495:
10463:
10431:
10375:
10338:
10285:
10281:
10244:
10183:
10140:
10079:
9965:
9918:
9837:
9719:
9695:
9660:
9582:
9540:
9528:
9473:
9448:
9428:
9388:
9368:
9331:
9299:
9267:
9192:
9188:
9111:
8984:
8812:
8774:
8709:
8581:
8577:
8534:
8499:
8464:
8431:
8251:
8235:
8227:
8195:
8157:
8153:
8073:
7997:
7969:
7965:
7957:
7715:
7614:
7533:
7368:
7108:
7088:
7073:
6997:
6679:
6290:
6258:
6246:
6216:
6165:
5821:
5745:
5710:
5679:
5555:
5254:
5116:
4734:
4618:
4603:
4527:
4475:
4402:
4333:
4304:
4141:
3989:
3721:
3579:
3504:
3451:
3216:
3173:
3079:
2921:
2798:
2719:
2528:
2464:
2386:
2074:
1836:
1756:, and was taken as example by Marxist–Leninists in other countries; according to the
1704:
1700:
1696:
845:
751:
536:
481:
401:
381:
298:
211:
151:
129:
17368:
17128:
16992:
16476:
15951:
15676:
13270:
11525:. Vol. 25 (4th English ed.). Moscow: Progress Publishers. pp. 15–42.
10784:
7429:
between a ruling class and an exploited class; that capitalism creates antagonistic
6866:
between the Peruvian government and Marxist–Leninist–Maoist militants including the
6366:
by the other republics in the Yugoslav federation. This resulted in a surge of both
6152:
government killed 176 people (students and adults) in the police suppression of the
6088:
A new front of Marxist–Leninist revolution erupted in Africa between 1961 and 1979.
4959:
4429:
Upon Allied victory concluding the Second World War (1939–1945), the members of the
4183:
Treaty of Non-aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
3514:
1831:. This also caused several splits between Marxist–Leninist states, resulting in the
356:
18368:
18253:
18212:
18200:
18157:
18146:
17561:
17556:
17378:
17363:
17218:
17213:
17198:
17025:
16970:
16633:
16628:
16618:
16438:
16248:
16184:
15943:
15939:
15748:
15656:
15598:
15578:
15546:
15500:
15375:
14679:
14669:
14622:
14541:
14462:
Poverty in the Soviet Union: The Life-styles of the Underprivileged in Recent Years
13871:
The Evolution of Dialectical Materialism: A Philosophical and Sociological Analysis
13424:
13258:
12889:
12609:
12114:
11476:
10863:
10818:
The Criminalisation of Communism in the European Political Space after the Cold War
10780:
10728:
10684:
10638:
10483:
10451:
10419:
10318:
10277:
10224:
9520:
9420:
9360:
9103:
8573:
8522:
8339:
8311:
8259:
8219:
8199:
8032:
organisations by the Communist International and a political vanguard organised by
8001:
7937:
7901:
7803:
7791:
7771:
7595:
7525:
7465:
7453:
7295:
7264:
7164:
7128:
7049:
6912:
6706:
from 1996 to 2006 that managed to topple the monarchy there and create a republic.
6698:
has had Marxist–Leninist ministers in their national governments. Maoist rebels in
6012:
5825:
5809:
5801:
5771:
5698:
5621:
5609:
5550:
5092:
5044:
4729:
4724:
4644:
4553:
4504:
4422:
4383:
4364:
4228:
4174:
4036:
4024:
3894:
3781:
3771:
3614:
3569:
3554:
3396:
3224:
3208:
3204:
3165:
3103:
3092:
3071:
3027:
2901:
2849:
2690:
2668:
2501:
2443:
2349:
2261:
2217:
2216:
by Robert L. Worden, Marxism–Leninism was abandoned immediately after the start of
2163:
2128:
1891:
1852:
1780:
1735:
1715:
1645:
1637:
1547:
1513:
1470:
1446:
1401:
825:
606:
586:
441:
436:
421:
92:
87:
14772:
American Capitalism: Social Thought and Political Economy in the Twentieth Century
12585:
Most estimates of the number of Chinese dead are in the range of 15 to 30 million.
10868:
10849:
9829:
A Concise History of Modern Korea: From the Late Nineteenth Century to the Present
3046:
Initial Bolshevik economic policies from 1917 to 1918 were cautious, with limited
2671:
without a practical plan of action for the Russian society they wished to govern.
2116:
19871:
19691:
18904:
18856:
18762:
18393:
18378:
18292:
18257:
18182:
18162:
17501:
17243:
17203:
17188:
17183:
16954:
16847:
16772:
16486:
16349:
16107:
16072:
15994:
15756:
15707:
15582:
14940:
14789:
14414:
14331:
14242:
13917:
13779:
13400:
13359:
13155:
12529:
11579:
11028:
10761:
10713:
Zimmerman, William (September 1980). "Review: How the Soviet Union is Governed".
10065:
9524:
9467:
9253:
9093:
8970:
8366:
8325:
8231:
8107:
8052:
8037:
8005:
7973:
7889:
7642:
7579:
7498:
7461:
7457:
7220:
7132:
7116:
7112:
7025:
7009:
6957:, willingly sacrificing their life for the good of the collective. Terms such as
6900:
6896:
6532:. AKEL has consistently been the first and third most popular party, winning the
6350:
6200:
6153:
6044:
5756:
Consequent to the Sino-Soviet split, the pragmatic China established politics of
5749:
5633:
5358:
4889:
4854:
4791:
4786:
4683:
4673:
4591:
4557:
4539:
4523:
4515:
4484:
4442:
4379:
4360:
4337:
4316:
4048:
4004:
3791:
3736:
3619:
3574:
3549:
3509:
3376:
3266:
of the farmlands of the Soviet Union, a politically radical dispossession of the
3047:
2877:
2853:
2841:
2819:
2763:
2702:
2592:
2584:
2473:
2398:
2333:
2241:
2086:
2031:
1993:
1992:
as political expediencies used to realise his plans for the Soviet Union and for
1958:
1949:
1903:
1879:
1856:
1668:
1622:
1458:
1426:
1406:
768:
466:
426:
411:
406:
228:
223:
186:
161:
31:
17293:
15755:. Malden, Massachusetts; Oxford, England; Melbourne, Victoria; Berlin, Germany:
15660:
15195:
As a result of communist modernization, living standards in Eastern Europe rose.
15162:
14830:
14626:
13428:
13403:; Abalakina-Paap, Marina (1992). "Authoritarianism in the former Soviet Union".
12417:
Lasten diktatorischer Vergangenheit – Herausforderungen demokratischer Gegenwart
7948:
critics see it as an example of state capitalism, and have referred to it as a "
4189:, by way of which Nazi Germany started the Second World War (1 September 1939).
2912:(1917–1991), yet parts of Russia remained occupied by the counter-revolutionary
526:
19711:
19639:
18919:
18909:
18526:
18177:
18132:
18087:
17333:
17318:
17313:
17273:
17238:
17148:
17138:
16700:
16137:
16059:
15695:
15640:
15108:
14856:
14826:
14674:
14657:
13323:
13289:
13285:
13249:
Horn, Eva (2006). "Actors/Agents: Bertolt Brecht and the Politics of Secrecy".
12988:
12836:
11549:
11512:
11253:
10845:
10813:
8913:
8274:
8270:
8215:
8025:
7977:
7603:
7426:
7404:
7395:
Marxism–Leninism aims to create an international communist society. It opposes
7376:
7256:
7216:
7212:
7160:
7092:
7021:
7005:
6989:
6978:
6954:
6946:
6875:
6732:
6659:
6549:
6322:
6117:
6036:
6028:
5993:
5976:
5929:
5852:
5840:
5488:
5200:
5064:
5014:
5004:
4954:
4649:
4277:
4242:
4093:
3914:
3609:
3564:
3431:
3345:
3263:
3238:
3112:
3063:
2979:
2913:
2815:
2794:
2723:
2639:
2628:
2538:
2459:
2427:
2324:) were to carry out the mission of reconstruction of the society. Conducting a
2313:
2301:
1977:
1970:
1945:
1937:
1711:
1656:
1583:
1421:
1374:
1323:
561:
546:
496:
461:
376:
366:
341:
196:
17087:
16188:
15299:
Cultivating the Masses: Modern State Practices and Soviet Socialism, 1914–1939
14734:
13262:
12362:
How the Cold War Transformed Philosophy of Science: To the Icy Slopes of Logic
10322:
10228:
10031:. Translated by Roberts, Moss. New York City, New York: Monthly Review Press.
7497:
has voided profitable competition in the capitalist homeland. The ideology of
7350:
social relations among citizens by eliminating the capitalist value system of
6758:
state structures in the Philippines; under the administration, however, of an
4311:) against fascist military occupation. In Mediterranean Europe, the communist
4161:
to annex the land and "rescue the oppressed German peoples" living in Czecho.
2047:
to differentiate themselves from Stalin's justification and implementation of
2012:
19830:
19572:
18511:
18403:
17621:
17328:
17248:
17118:
17062:
16938:
16857:
16685:
16531:
15564:
15550:
14693:
14634:
14555:
14546:
14529:
14195:(Education and Human Development Master's Theses). The College at Brockport:
14084:
14072:
13771:
13385:
13215:
11990:
11214:
10715:
10696:
10650:
9691:
9532:
9432:
9372:
9327:
9319:
9295:
9287:
9148:
9107:
9085:
9077:
8808:
8401:
8291:
8266:
8211:
8191:
8078:
8065:
8048:
8029:
7893:
7870:
7860:
7807:
7695:
7683:
7559:
7412:
7268:
7168:
7136:
7053:
7041:
6846:
which has been waged since 1964 between the Colombian government and aligned
6827:
6816:
6808:
6655:
6386:
6379:
6349:, although for different reasons than those of the Warsaw Pact. The death of
6228:
6129:
5984:
5972:
5959:
5898:
5886:
5866:
5775:
5343:
5284:
5009:
4964:
4914:
4776:
4488:
4234:
3924:
3714:
3534:
3489:
3436:
3421:
3341:
3275:
3067:
2881:
2643:
2619:
2345:
2317:
2257:
1981:
1907:
1887:
1784:
1783:. The establishment of other communist states after World War II resulted in
1633:
1539:
880:
621:
596:
556:
521:
471:
346:
303:
255:
176:
38:. For Lenin's ideology in the form that existed in Lenin's own lifetime, see
34:. For the means of governing and related policies implemented by Stalin, see
13855:
13345:
10957:
10135:
Ilyin, Mikhail (2011). "Stalinism". In Badie, Bertrand; et al. (eds.).
8879:
6513:
resulted in the loss of its 32 members and no parliamentary representation.
5774:
of the United Nations. In the post-Mao period of Sino-American détente, the
501:
19455:
19276:
18670:
18420:
18388:
18302:
18152:
18029:
17795:
17740:
17511:
17353:
17268:
17173:
17099:
16732:
16623:
16519:
16381:
16014:
15797:
15730:
15699:
15602:
15532:
15335:
15326:
15243:
15158:
15144:
14730:
14446:
14363:
14316:
14274:
14114:
13032:
12733:
12346:
12104:
12086:
11520:
11121:
11112:
11080:
11071:
11011:
10945:
10931:
10487:
10455:
10423:
10361:
10263:
10165:
9859:
9683:
9625:
9495:
9133:
8800:
8187:
8171:
8166:
8141:
8124:
8083:
8021:
7825:
7811:
7787:
7687:
7554:
7522:
7513:(1881–1914) in which imperialism was safeguarded by the national military.
7430:
7408:
7308:
7001:
6950:
6867:
6781:
6318:
6298:
6294:
6180:
6169:
6072:
6040:
5983:
sponsored by North Vietnam. On 30 January 1968, North Vietnam launched the
5813:
5797:
5597:
5381:
5049:
5039:
4909:
4904:
4657:
4565:
4450:
4446:
4438:
4434:
4372:
4368:
4169:
4165:
4149:
4129:
4125:
4104:
3746:
3726:
3584:
3323:(People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs) to rise above the law and the
3280:
3212:
3115:
who would propel the industrial development of Russia to self-sufficiency.
3088:
2954:
Elsewhere, the successful October Revolution in Russia had facilitated the
2935:
2787:
2742:
2647:
2588:
2576:
2490:
2451:
2447:
2226:
2106:
2035:
2016:
1933:
1916:
1563:
1555:
1396:
1045:
985:
778:
756:
581:
491:
396:
240:
16252:
15924:
12118:
11550:"First All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies"
7509:
which the capitalist homeland cannot consume. The example is the European
5862:
2607:
position that does not deny the atrocities but make a distinction between
19318:
19280:
19272:
18894:
18878:
18792:
18734:
18555:
18548:
18475:
18363:
18318:
18137:
17880:
17775:
17576:
17566:
17486:
17283:
17263:
17228:
17163:
16976:
16862:
16443:"Socialism Means Abolishing the Distinction Between Bosses and Employees"
15508:
15257:
14831:"Theses on the Role of the Communist Party in the Proletarian Revolution"
14238:
13294:"From Soviets to oligarchs: Inequality and property in Russia, 1905–2016"
12617:
12310:
11032:
10891:
10357:
10259:
10169:
10026:
8255:
8207:
8129:
8044:
7982:
7949:
7845:
7735:
7667:
7663:
7659:
7638:
7610:
7442:
7438:
7400:
7396:
7291:
7272:
7013:
6820:
6773:
has preferred nonviolent parliamentary struggle through participation in
6736:
6675:
6398:
6326:
6310:
6250:
6220:
6048:
6016:
5963:
5951:
5944:
5817:
5793:
5721:(July 1951 – July 1953). Afterwards, the shooting war was ended with the
5540:
5100:
5054:
4949:
4899:
4844:
4636:
4573:
4462:
4371:
policy in the early 1930s, Marxist–Leninists played an important role in
4300:
4269:
4205:
4158:
3979:
3944:
3709:
3594:
3589:
3471:
3313:
3177:
3161:
2775:
2664:
2600:
2572:
2486:
2321:
2234:
2187:
2176:
2153:
2120:
2039:
1895:
1787:, and these states tended to follow the Soviet Marxist–Leninist model of
1688:
1664:
1618:
1571:
1389:
1379:
1040:
1020:
840:
830:
746:
601:
511:
486:
451:
386:
245:
17080:
16196:
14642:
9602:
Butenko, Alexander (1996). "Sotsializm segodnya: opyt i novaya teoriya"
9554:
Butenko, Alexander (1996). "Sotsializm segodnya: opyt i novaya teoriya"
8319:
6823:, the country's long standing leader, was a professed Marxist–Leninist.
6630:
parliamentary elections. The April 2009 Moldovan elections results were
5725:(27 July 1953); and the superpower Cold War in Asia then resumed as the
5628:
4043:
2939:
2458:
and Marxist–Leninist states, are criticised by their opponents as being
2166:
Albanian Labour Party perceived as an ideological betrayal of Mao's own
2146:
and stricter adherence to Stalin. The Sino-Albanian split was caused by
1453:
19308:
18593:
18565:
18543:
18453:
18068:
18058:
17551:
17383:
17343:
17123:
17057:
16964:
15387:
14684:
14490:
14478:
14288:
13328:
Political Pilgrims: Western Intellectuals in Search of the Good Society
11205:
10740:
10022:
9440:
9380:
8103:
7921:
7917:
7913:
7848:
put the Great Chinese Famine in a global context, stating that lack of
7731:
7703:
7691:
7304:
7300:
7208:
6691:
6434:
6196:
6105:
5906:
5766:
5694:
5562:
5279:
5249:
5207:
5059:
5019:
4989:
4984:
4894:
4884:
4879:
4611:
4531:
4341:
4325:
4292:
4250:
4153:
3974:
3841:
3766:
3285:
3251:
3107:
2917:
2863:
2831:
2827:
2779:
2734:
2360:
2094:
2058:
1941:
1875:
1847:(1924-1953), has been much debated, varyingly being labelled a form of
1844:
1652:
1629:
1543:
1300:
1285:
815:
611:
571:
351:
18639:
18252:
15668:
15420:[Law and Socialism in the Perspective of Human Emancipation].
14733:(October 1995). "Preface, and Trotsky and the Collapse of Stalinism".
13028:"Mugabes under the spotlight – Zimbabwe's first family filmed at home"
12421:
Burdens of the dictatorial past – challenges of the democratic present
11830:
From the Factory to the Kremlin: Mikhail Tomsky and the Russian Worker
10593:; Harris, James (8 September 2005). "Joseph Stalin: Power and Ideas".
10554:; Harris, James (8 September 2005). "Joseph Stalin: Power and Ideas".
10518:; Harris, James (8 September 2005). "Joseph Stalin: Power and Ideas".
10330:
10236:
5757:
4200:(Operation Barbarossa, 22 June 1941) was ineffectively opposed by the
3203:
In the 1925–1927 period, Stalin dissolved the troika and disowned the
1718:
as a prerequisite for building socialism, in favour of the concept of
19528:
19523:
19345:
19238:
19068:
18729:
18516:
18492:
18448:
18443:
18398:
18383:
18280:
18142:
18127:
17288:
17041:
17008:
17003:
16888:
16837:
16345:
16244:
16221:
16114:
Blackshirts and Reds: Rational Fascism and the Overthrow of Communism
16000:
15461:
15217:
13893:
10979:
10821:
9395:
8396:
8223:
7945:
7849:
7833:
7783:
7675:
7599:
7449:
7434:
7347:
7152:
7076:
encouraging peasants and farmers to strengthen working discipline in
6879:
6723:
6695:
6161:
6149:
6000:
5980:
5940:
5856:
5718:
5498:
4939:
4934:
4766:
4754:
4739:
4626:
4564:
provoked Stalin to expel the Yugoslav leader and Yugoslavia from the
4466:
4260:
4256:
4209:
4144:
and Russian traditions that Stalin admired were allowed to continue.
3751:
3368:
2971:
2811:
2652:
2580:
2455:
2414:
2282:
2201:
2001:
1989:
1800:
1730:. By the late 1920s, Stalin established ideological orthodoxy in the
1527:
1384:
1369:
516:
318:
278:
35:
15379:
13120:[Marxist–Leninist Party Peru Libre and the class struggle].
10732:
9424:
9364:
8218:
for education, health, housing, and jobs as well as the increase of
7259:. The Marxist–Leninist state provides for the national welfare with
6662:-led Indian government depended on the parliamentary support of the
6035:
and private property, the outlawing of religion, the killing of the
4393:
1746:
in the 1930s by Stalin and his associates, such as in Stalin's text
19518:
19063:
18797:
18757:
18458:
18373:
18097:
18063:
17506:
17408:
The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)
17373:
16904:
16899:
16563:
16447:
16082:
16033:
15881:
15727:
Comparative Political Systems: Policy Performance and Social Change
13330:(4th ed.). New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.
12917:
10642:
10371:
10273:
10179:
10075:
9263:
8980:
8841:
8145:
8017:
7933:
7494:
7360:
7336:
7332:
7324:
7248:
6966:
6931:
6839:
6812:
6573:
6553:
6254:
6125:
6120:(1930–1974) and established the Derg government (1974–1987) of the
6101:
6061:
6015:(1941–1955), the native Cambodian Marxist–Leninists and the Maoist
5741:
5714:
5545:
5535:
5493:
5024:
4999:
4994:
4929:
4458:
4454:
4418:
4201:
4121:
3949:
3741:
3169:
3157:
3059:
2793:
In Swiss exile, Lenin developed Marx's philosophy and extrapolated
2672:
2469:
2410:
2353:
2180:
2132:
2020:
1953:
1808:
1641:
1575:
1551:
1290:
773:
591:
293:
288:
39:
16078:
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
16029:
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
13922:
On Superconductivity and Superfluidity: A Scientific Autobiography
12974:
11450:. Vol. 2. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 415.
10367:
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
10269:
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
10175:
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
10071:
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
9259:
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
8976:
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
8569:
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
7674:
Marxism–Leninism has been broadly criticized, particularly in its
7354:, by which Tsarism classified, divided and controlled people with
7233:
From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs
6690:
against the government of India since 1967 and is still active in
6345:
Unrest and eventual collapse of Marxism–Leninism also occurred in
4660:. De-Stalinisation also ended Stalin's national-purpose policy of
19410:
18914:
18618:
18538:
17934:
17875:
17253:
17073:
15801:
15617:– via World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Number 1284.
13949:
13947:
13945:
13177:
13175:
10629:
Lenoe, Matt (2002). "Did Stalin Kill Kirov and Does It Matter?".
8246:
in Algeria; nonetheless, they "fostered conditions necessary for
8099:
8087:
8013:
7882:
7881:
Mervyn Matthews criticized Marxism–Leninism for failing to solve
7711:
7699:
7571:
7328:
7104:
7036:
7032:
6671:
6611:
6486:
6458:
6262:
6109:
6020:
5902:
4656:, whose literature obliquely criticised Stalin and the Stalinist
4587:
4117:
3296:
which ended weighted-voting preferences for workers, promulgated
3271:
3075:
3055:
3039:
2783:
2730:
2468:, in their eagerness on continuing to focus on the issues of the
2406:
2297:
2278:
2253:
1820:
1753:
1589:
Today, Marxism–Leninism is the ideology of the ruling parties of
1182:
1127:
476:
323:
15643:(November 2002). "Soviet Repression Statistics: Some Comments".
15364:"Fundamental Rights in the Soviet Union: A Comparative Approach"
15260:; Gready, Paul (2007). "The No-Nonsense Guide to Human Rights".
10118:
10116:
7654:
7183:, or whose economies were nearly obliterated by war such as the
7099:, without work–life balance, which is performed in exchange for
18560:
18497:
18463:
18410:
16943:
16917:
16069:"Marxism-Leninism: The Ideology of Twentieth-Century Communism"
16024:"Marxism–Leninism: The Ideology of Twentieth-Century Communism"
14294:
How We Forgot the Cold War. A Historical Journey across America
13653:
13617:
13581:
13140:
12502:
The Cold War: The United States and the Soviet Union, 1917–1991
10354:"Marxism–Leninism: The Ideology of Twentieth-Century Communism"
10162:"Marxism–Leninism: The Ideology of Twentieth-Century Communism"
9763:"The Constitution of North Korea: Its Changes and Implications"
8430:. New York: Cavendish Square Publishing. pp. 9–24, 36–44.
8179:
8040:
criticised Marxism–Leninism as centralising and authoritarian.
7829:
7820:
7679:
7469:
7364:
6667:
6603:
6564:
have been the second and fourth most popular parties until the
6517:
6466:
6089:
5935:
5844:
5674:
5520:
4924:
4699:
4691:
4543:
4303:, the native communist party usually led the armed resistance (
3959:
3233:
3156:
Consequent to personally spiteful disputes about the praxis of
3084:
2771:
2552:
2402:
2369:
1812:
1765:
History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)
308:
18195:
14530:"State Capitalism(s) Redux? Theories, Tensions, Controversies"
13942:
13501:
13499:
13486:
13484:
13471:
13469:
13456:
13454:
13198:
13196:
13194:
13192:
13190:
13172:
12728:
12726:
9875:"The single most important fact for understanding North Korea"
8698:
Keywords: A vocabulary of culture and society, revised edition
8333:
7562:
in the Soviet Union, Stalin ordered in 1931 the razing of the
7379:, an educated and cultured citizen possessed of a proletarian
6516:
In Europe, several Marxist–Leninist parties remain strong. In
6493:
has also exerted influence and governed the country after the
5800:(leader of the Republic of Cuba from 1959 until 2008) led the
5616:
4668:, by way of which Khrushchev re-committed the Soviet Union to
4437:
rivalries and ideological tensions which disunity broke their
4031:
1988:
who theorised and applied the socialist theories of Lenin and
1465:
19333:
19211:
18503:
17710:
16910:
15587:"The Soviet Economic Decline: Historical and Republican Data"
13398:
12922:. Midwestern Political Science Association Convention. SSRN.
10113:
9678:
9676:
9650:
9648:
9646:
9038:
9036:
9034:
9032:
8795:
8793:
8527:"Stalinismus". Untersuchung von Ursprung, Wesen und Wirkungen
7815:
7147:
6965:
were frequently used in the official language and praised in
6935:
6699:
6446:
6438:
6093:
6032:
5504:
4542:
and his Kuomintang nationalist government to Formosa island (
4382:(4–11 February 1945), the Soviet Union purged native fascist
4283:
3954:
3337:
3267:
3031:
2896:
In March 1917, the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II led to the
2481:
2389:, which broke off from national Communist parties, after the
2192:
1824:
1614:
953:
13854:[Materialist dialectic] (in Swedish). Archived from
13708:
13706:
13704:
13118:"Partido marxista-leninista Perú Libre y la lucha de clases"
10898:. In Blumenthal, David A.; McCormack, Timothy L. H. (eds.).
6485:, and generally remaining the second most popular party. In
5789:
4089:
five-year plans for the national economy of the Soviet Union
2571:, particularly during the Cold War. These academics include
19445:
19221:
17760:
17745:
17720:
16665:
15418:"Direito e Socialismo na Perspectiva da Emancipação Humana"
13959:
13689:
13677:
13665:
13641:
13629:
13605:
13593:
13511:
13496:
13481:
13466:
13451:
13187:
12723:
11971:
11286:
11284:
11282:
11280:
11278:
11023:
11021:
7852:
was the major culprit and comparing it to other famines in
7172:
7100:
6949:
were an important part of Marxist–Leninist ideology in the
6859:
6525:
6454:
6450:
6224:
6004:
5847:, where the actions of the Marxist–Leninist and separatist
4492:
3320:
3198:
14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
2477:
2249:
2245:
1005:
990:
963:
139:
14219:
14024:
14002:
14000:
13998:
13890:
Marxism and Scientific Socialism: From Engels to Althusser
12993:"From Liberator to Tyrant: Recollections of Robert Mugabe"
12279:
The Democracy Makers: Human Rights and International Order
11613:
Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916–1926
11234:
9673:
9643:
9029:
8790:
8620:
8618:
7411:
international alliances and has advocated the creation of
7275:'s universal education (academic and technical) and their
6850:
against two Marxist–Leninist guerrilla groups, namely the
6830:, there are several Marxist–Leninist parties, such as the
6227:
and its other Western allies, in a meeting with President
3006:(1924–1992). The percentage of Bolshevik delegates in the
2620:
Bolsheviks, February Revolution, and Great War (1903–1917)
19430:
19250:
16417:
The Economics of Socialism after World War Two: 1945-1990
15621:
15003:
Contemporary Political Ideologies: A Comparative Analysis
14713:
14711:
14012:
13701:
8938:
8605:
8603:
8601:
8599:
8597:
8531:"Stalinism". Investigation of origin, essence and effects
7985:
believe Marxism–Leninism leads to the establishment of a
7445:
4185:(Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, 23 August 1939) and to jointly
4168:'s bid for European empire and hegemony, Stalin promoted
2982:. In Munich, the local Freikorps fought and defeated the
2308:
and providing each of its participants with consumption "
2175:. In response to Mao's apparently unorthodox deviations,
2065:, the American journalist who reported and explained the
1636:
in the 1920s based on his understanding and synthesis of
14333:
Breath of Proximity: Intersubjectivity, Ethics and Peace
13776:
Marxism–Leninism as the Civil Religion of Soviet Society
13150:; Faulkner, Robert K.; Mahoney, Daniel J., eds. (2003).
13093:. Party for Socialism and Liberation. 18 November 2019.
12711:
12590:
12478:
12235:
Britain, America and Anti-Communist Propaganda 1945–1953
11739:
11737:
11275:
11018:
9798:"Bug gaejeong heonbeob 'seongunsasang' cheos myeong-gi"
9547:
9072:
9070:
9057:
9055:
9053:
9051:
8830:
8828:
7452:
is an economic system that voids social classes through
7039:. It was stated that "Marxist–Leninist norms disparaged
6473:
has remained a significant political force, winning the
6219:, who sought to end the Cold War between the Soviet-led
5765:
which subsequently ended the policy of the existence to
4623:
20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
4610:(1961) of countries without political allegiance to any
2762:) were the Tsar's piecemeal and cosmetic concessions to
2312:", Marxism–Leninism puts forward the recognition of the
1906:
came from Marxist–Leninist ideology. Historians such as
15901:"USSR strayed from communism, say Economics professors"
15089:
15040:(3rd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 415.
14813:
History for the IB Diploma: Communism in Crisis 1976–89
14382:
13995:
13971:
11643:
11641:
11367:
11355:
10060:
10058:
10056:
10054:
10052:
10050:
9002:
9000:
8615:
8286:
7770:
According to Pons, Marxist–Leninist states carried out
6172:(September 1977), a politically moderate leader of the
3351:
2393:, especially when the split was finalised by 1963. The
18103:
Crimes against humanity under Marxist–Leninist regimes
15278:
14708:
13146:
12786:
11995:
The Age of Extremes: A History of the World, 1914–1991
11772:
11345:
11343:
11341:
11328:
11326:
11313:
11311:
11152:
11150:
11148:
9606:[Socialism Today: Experience and New Theory].
9579:
The Sino–Soviet Split: Cold War in the Communist World
9558:[Socialism Today: Experience and New Theory].
9178:
9176:
9019:
9017:
9015:
8849:
8594:
8454:
8452:
8450:
7307:
from the legal system. This facilitates the political
6060:
for the deaths of 2,700,000 people by mass murder and
5928:(1973–1983), a Marxist–Leninist vanguard party led by
4299:
In the continental European countries occupied by the
2273:
16218:
Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy
15999:(2nd ed.). London, England; New York, New York:
13283:
12216:
12214:
12187:
12177:
12175:
12173:
12148:
12146:
12144:
12142:
12052:
Livre noir du Communisme: crimes, terreur, répression
12032:
12030:
12028:
11961:
11959:
11957:
11955:
11942:
11940:
11938:
11936:
11934:
11932:
11930:
11928:
11770:
11768:
11766:
11764:
11762:
11760:
11758:
11756:
11754:
11752:
11734:
11724:
11722:
11680:
11678:
11676:
11674:
11672:
11670:
11668:
11628:
11626:
10773:
History of the Present: A Journal of Critical History
9095:
Beyond Totalitarianism: Stalinism and Nazism Compared
9067:
9048:
8959:, pp. 24–42, Bureaucratic-Authoritarian Systems.
8825:
8463:. New York: Cavendish Square Publishing. p. 17.
6382:
beginning in 1991. Yugoslavia was dissolved in 1992.
6122:
Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia
3118:
3091:
to counter the Bolshevik government's voiding of the
2766:
because public office remained available only to the
2426:
has made Marxist–Leninist a convenient label for the
2220:
in the Soviet Union and has been totally replaced by
1521:
16211:
15538:
Soviet Economic Development from Lenin to Khrushchev
15505:
War and Revolution: Rethinking the Twentieth Century
15331:"Communism may be dead, but clearly not dead enough"
12699:
12634:
12466:
12393:(2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 69–70.
12237:. Chapters 2–5. The Information Research Department.
11638:
11117:"Communism may be dead, but clearly not dead enough"
11037:"The merits of taking an anti-anti-communism stance"
10047:
9245:
9242:, pp. 24–42, Bureaucratic-Authoritarian Systems
8997:
8677:
8392:
Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine
8301:
8238:
in Cuba, the "U.S.-supported puppet governments" of
6027:(1975–1982), a Marxist–Leninist state that featured
5686:, an idealistic massive reform project, resulted in
2960:
revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–1920)
2864:
October Revolution and Russian Civil War (1917–1922)
1870:
Criticism of Marxism–Leninism largely overlaps with
19867:
Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
15878:
Soviet Marxism-Leninism: The Decline of an Ideology
13087:"Program of the Party for Socialism and Liberation"
12057:
Black Book of Communism: crimes, terror, repression
12049:Courtois, Stéphane; Mark Kramer (15 October 1999).
12048:
11394:
Lenin, Hegel, and Western Marxism: A Critical Study
11338:
11323:
11308:
11296:
11145:
10896:"Justice Betrayed: Post-1945 Responses to Genocide"
10585:
10583:
9987:"The Restoration of Capitalism in the Soviet Union"
9173:
9012:
8962:
8547:
8447:
8269:of Marxism–Leninism and its repressions, historian
6708:
Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)
6405:
6156:(June 1976), a political protest against Afrikaner
3812:
Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist–Leninist)
2840:(1917) that capitalist economic expansion leads to
2233:as well as a focus on autobiographical features of
2208:has been described by Michael Seth as a version of
15213:Unhealthy Societies: The Afflictions of Inequality
14394:
12446:Die SED: Geschichte ihrer Stalinisierung 1946–1953
12211:
12199:
12170:
12158:
12139:
12110:The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture, 1931–1933
12025:
12013:
12001:
11952:
11925:
11782:
11749:
11719:
11665:
11653:
11623:
8691:
7609:As a basis of Marxism–Leninism, the philosophy of
6922:
6583:while the Portuguese Communist Party has provided
6206:
4291:cadre-leader addresses survivors of the 1934–1935
2109:developed and synthesised Mao Zedong Thought into
2034:to Stalin within the Soviet party and government,
16330:. New York City: New York Mainstream Publishers.
14123:Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law
12423:] (in German). LIT Verlag. pp. 195–208.
11874:. New York City: New York Mainstream Publishers.
11493:
11448:Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800–1914
11384:
11382:
5820:deposed the military dictatorship (1952–1959) of
4560:'s rejection in 1948 of Soviet hegemony upon the
4394:Cold War, de-Stalinisation and Maoism (1944–1953)
2158:of Sino–American rapprochement, specifically the
19828:
19519:Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences
14184:
14182:
13221:The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia
12099:
11258:"Report on the Unity Congress of the R.S.D.L.P."
10580:
9076:
8908:
8906:
8230:, citing the examples of the "feudal regime" of
7662:was constructed in 1961 to stop emigration from
7574:, wherein all human activity results from human
7024:in order to achieve this equality. According to
5175:Settlers: The Mythology of the White Proletariat
3030:. The Bolshevik government then established the
2790:of the proletarian majority of Imperial Russia.
2559:and its 93 or 100 millions figure, are cited by
2292:and ideas have acquired a new meaning since the
1530:ideology that became the largest faction of the
16148:. Princeton, New Jersey; Oxfordshire, England:
16026:. In Smelser, Neil J.; Baltes, Paul B. (eds.).
15577:
15058:
15007:(14th ed.). Wadsworth Publishing. p.
14900:Parenti, Michael (1997). Blackshirts and Reds.
14849:
12759:
12757:
12732:
10756:
10754:
10137:International Encyclopedia of Political Science
9951:
9949:
9682:
8799:
8767:The Oxford Handbook of the History of Communism
8234:in China, the "U.S.-sponsored police state" of
7747:against the "exploiting classes". In addition,
7267:(academic, technical and professional) and the
6878:on the Marxist–Leninist program put forward by
6771:original Marxist–Leninist party founded in 1930
5996:to the North Vietnamese army on 30 April 1975.
5690:between 1959 and 1961, mostly from starvation.
4632:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences
3180:that featured Stalin as General Secretary, the
1752:, became the official Soviet interpretation of
15411:
15409:
14869:from the original on 15 July 2018 – via
13836:. The Slovak Institute in North America: 231.
13713:Evans, Graham; Newnham, Jeffrey, eds. (1998).
13559:Krieger, Joel; Murphy, Craig N., eds. (2012).
13115:
11588:. New York: The Century Co. pp. 360–361.
11445:
11421:Evans, Graham; Newnham, Jeffrey, eds. (1998).
11379:
10706:
10492:In Denial: Historians, Communism and Espionage
10460:In Denial: Historians, Communism and Espionage
10428:In Denial: Historians, Communism and Espionage
9654:
8572:(1st ed.). Elsevier. pp. 9298–9302.
7912:Marxism–Leninism has been criticized by other
7686:, and some of them have been accused of being
7472:, then prompts the same capitalists to export
6718:and national leader from 1994 to 1995 and the
6616:Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova
6511:annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation
5786:, the Chinese adaptation of Marxism–Leninism.
4530:(1927–1949) fought between the anti-communist
4433:resumed their expediently suppressed, pre-war
4359:(23 August 1942 – 2 February 1943) and at the
2916:of anti-communists who had united to form the
2229:and the memory of the traumatic experience of
18655:
18238:
18020:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
16614:Aggravation of class struggle under socialism
16579:
16475:Buzuev, Vladimir; Gorodnov, Vladimir (1987).
15422:Belo Horizonte: Revista de Ciências do Estado
14528:Alami, Ilias; Dixon, Adam D. (January 2020).
14192:The Holodomor: Genocide and National Identity
14179:
13715:Penguin Dictionary of International Relations
13558:
13061:"Engels at 200: Intellectual giant and rebel"
12967:
11423:Penguin Dictionary of International Relations
11107:
11105:
11103:
11066:
11064:
9655:Lenman, Bruce P.; Anderson, T., eds. (2000).
8903:
8876:Big Russian encyclopedia – electronic version
8517:
8515:
8128:that communism is good for poverty removal."
7582:(gods, goddesses and demons) who have direct
6143:(1948–1994), the Afrikaner government of the
5916:(1979–1992) featured the popularly supported
5653:
4538:. After military defeat exiled Generalissimo
4068:
3392:Aggravation of class struggle under socialism
2810:among socialists, the Bolsheviks opposed the
1944:was the ideological basis. As the only legal
1490:
1258:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
27:Communist ideology developed by Joseph Stalin
15694:
15489:– via McMaster University's MacSphere.
15067:"The (Re)Birth of the Nepal Communist Party"
14766:
14599:First published in the July 1934 edition of
14049:Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe
13712:
13561:The Oxford Companion to Comparative Politics
13406:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
13181:
12754:
12740:(3rd ed.). HarperCollins. p. 458.
12738:The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought
11420:
11246:
11027:
10751:
10589:
10550:
10514:
10494:. San Francisco: Encounter. pp. 43–44.
10430:. San Francisco: Encounter. pp. 11–57.
10122:
9955:
9946:
9688:The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought
8805:The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought
8744:
7448:to further private economic expansion; that
7422:Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism
6953:, where it played a key part in forming the
6938:" which was hidden in the graveyard, Ukraine
6895:Marxism–Leninism involves the creation of a
6011:(1968–1975), a coalition composed of Prince
5778:government (1982–1987) affected policies of
5454:International Conference of Marxist–Leninist
5387:National Democratic Front of the Philippines
4248:
4240:
4232:
3139:As he neared death after suffering strokes,
2970:. In Berlin, the German government aided by
2930:Allied Intervention to the Russian Civil War
2910:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
2837:Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism
2638:Although Marxism–Leninism was created after
2405:and other forms of Marxism–Leninism is that
2240:In the other four existing Marxist–Leninist
2151:
1948:, it decided almost all policies, which the
16136:
15898:
15406:
14964:Deutscher, Tamara (January–February 1983).
14225:
14042:
13989:
13965:
13695:
13683:
13671:
13659:
13647:
13635:
13623:
13611:
13599:
13587:
13517:
13505:
13490:
13475:
13460:
13202:
11977:
10671:
10665:
10482:
10450:
10418:
9227:
9061:
9042:
8533:] (in German). Berlin: Verlag am Park.
8486:
7740:Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries
6380:civil war between the various nationalities
5717:warfare reached operational and geographic
5693:In Eastern Asia, the Cold War produced the
5245:Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries
4453:. The renewed competition for geopolitical
3304:(representing electoral districts) and the
3243:All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions
2900:(March–July 1917), who then proclaimed the
2631:, who led the Bolshevik faction within the
2320:and development. In addition, workers (the
1738:. The formulation of the Soviet version of
18662:
18648:
18245:
18231:
17418:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR
16586:
16572:
16414:
16388:
15922:
15899:Fitzgibbons, Daniel J. (11 October 2002).
15507:. Translated by Elliott, Gregory. London:
15450:
15256:
14934:
14585:(13). Translated by Sharkey, Paul. Paris.
14527:
14030:
14018:
13953:
13849:
13807:. Discovery Publishing House. p. 90.
12850:
12608:
12316:Politics and the Novel during the Cold War
11100:
11061:
9746:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
9223:
9146:
8835:Lisichkin, G. (1989). "Mify i real'nost'"
8669:
8566:Hanson, S. E. (2001). "Marxism/Leninism".
8512:
8009:
7390:
6317:The revolts culminated with the revolt in
5660:
5646:
5404:Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist
4075:
4061:
3655:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR
1963:1917 Russian Constituent Assembly election
1915:association with Marxism–Leninism and the
1497:
1483:
657:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR
17980:Communist Party of the Russian Federation
15747:
15206:
15065:Bhattarai, Kamal Dev (21 February 2018).
15064:
14963:
14883:Parenti, Michael (1995). Against Empire.
14683:
14673:
14545:
14370:
14189:Sawicky, Nicholas D. (20 December 2013).
14051:. Social Science Monographs. p. 81.
13418:
13322:
12915:
12450:The SED: The History of its Stalinization
11361:
11290:
11240:
10867:
10712:
10675:(2007). "Revisionism in Soviet History".
10622:
10139:. Sage Publications. pp. 2481–2485.
9581:. Princeton University Press. p. 4.
8834:
8609:
8489:Istoriya politicheskikh ucheniy. Uchebnik
8372:History of the People's Republic of China
8117:
6636:July 2009 Moldovan parliamentary election
6471:Communist Party of the Russian Federation
6195:and providing clandestine support to the
5918:Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front
5133:On the Correct Handling of Contradictions
5083:Report on an Investigation of the Peasant
4483:, with the latter used to mean a general
3857:Communist Party of the Russian Federation
3127:At his death on 21 January 1924, Lenin's
2729:Despite secret-police persecution by the
2225:elements are the emphasis on traditional
1213:Communist Party of the Russian Federation
18113:Criticism of Marxist–Leninist party rule
16823:General Secretary of the Communist Party
15925:"'State Capitalism' in the Soviet Union"
15855:The Rise and Fall of Communism in Russia
15296:
14658:"The Common Ground of Law and Anarchism"
14459:
13916:
13358:
11989:
11168:
10844:
10812:
10462:. San Francisco: Encounter. p. 43.
9713:
9711:
9147:Ball, Terence; Dagger, Richard (2019) .
8689:
8496:History of political doctrines. Textbook
8458:
8425:
8000:dismissed Marxism–Leninism as a type of
7653:
7553:
7476:to undeveloped countries to finance the
7242:
7067:
7058:East German Minister of National Defence
6926:
6917:Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
6429:
6409:
6304:
6267:
6210:
6071:
5934:
5861:
5788:
5731:
5409:Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)
4590:as socialism deviated from the cause of
4552:
4441:wartime alliance through the concept of
4397:
4322:Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
4282:
4098:
3122:
2934:
2904:(September–November 1917). Later in the
2867:
2685:
2623:
2500:
2381:became the name for the ideology of the
2277:
2115:
2053:
2011:
1984:completed his rise to power and was the
1534:in the world in the years following the
19862:Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party
18669:
18005:Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party
16275:Comrades!: A History of World Communism
16269:
16106:
16032:. Vol. 26 (1st ed.). Oxford:
15849:
15796:
15724:
15627:
15499:
15284:
15095:
14998:
14855:
14825:
14804:
14753:from the original on 17 December 2002.
14655:
14388:
14376:
14188:
14006:
13977:
13770:
13441:
13300:. Centre for Economic Policy Research.
13224:. W. W. Norton & Company. pp.
13116:Palacios Dongo, Alfredo (29 May 2021).
13058:
12496:
12443:
12413:
12276:
11585:Documents of Russian History, 1914–1917
11471:Beckett, Ian Frederick William (2009).
11470:
11388:
11156:
10760:
10257:
10214:
9760:
9624:
9601:
9553:
9239:
9219:
9023:
9006:
8956:
8748:
8482:
8480:
8419:
7776:population transfer in the Soviet Union
7155:(as material objects) and not upon the
7091:is the emancipation of people from the
6362:and demanded concessions to Serbia and
6321:against the Marxist–Leninist regime of
6285:that stopped the revolts by force. The
5449:Communist (Maoist) Party of Afghanistan
5444:Revolutionary Internationalist Movement
4583:Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia
4562:Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia
2646:during the period of his authoritarian
2328:led by what its proponents termed the "
1238:Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party
14:
19829:
18688:Index of Soviet Union–related articles
18083:All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
17403:Dialectical and Historical Materialism
17015:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
16317:
16295:
16238:
16146:A Dictionary of 20th Century Communism
16066:
16021:
15978:(3rd ed.). Checkmark Publishing.
15639:
15531:
15416:Braga, Alexandre (January–July 2017).
15107:
14729:
14717:
14576:
14517:– via Marxists Internet Archive.
14287:
14113:
14071:
13887:
13868:
13828:"Atheism in East European Countries".
13802:
12987:
12865:
12564:
12528:
12359:
12247:
11869:
11794:
11619:. pp. xxx, 39, 315, 670–671, 751.
11578:
11263:from the original on 19 September 2008
11210:"Nathan Robinson's case for socialism"
10890:
10406:
10351:
10304:
10258:Wormack, Brantly (2001). "Maoism". In
10159:
10064:
10021:
9958:A Socioeconomic History of North Korea
9903:
9872:
9604:Социализм сегодня: опыт и новая теория
9556:Социализм сегодня: опыт и новая теория
9508:
9251:
9235:
8968:
8944:
8845:(in Russian). Vol. 3. p. 59.
8736:
8673:
8646:Stanford Journal of East Asian Affairs
8565:
8521:
7907:
7802:, the Soviet Union and China enforced
7407:and anti-colonial forces. It supports
6856:Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia
6806:African National Congress Youth League
6798:Congress of South African Trade Unions
6642:. Failing to elect the president, the
6558:Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia
5893:(1961–1990) against the government of
5859:movement from the 1960s to the 1970s.
5784:socialism with Chinese characteristics
5382:Communist Party of Peru – Shining Path
4214:Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
4177:(29 September 1938) which allowed the
3650:Dialectical and Historical Materialism
2697:at the Winter Palace after the failed
2657:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
2633:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
1965:, obtaining 23.3% of the vote, to the
1817:socialism with Chinese characteristics
1749:Dialectical and Historical Materialism
1319:All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
645:Dialectical and Historical Materialism
314:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
18643:
18226:
17482:Industrialization in the Soviet Union
16567:
16437:
16169:"Stalin and Marxism: A Research Note"
15875:
15826:
15773:
15609:from the original on 20 December 2020
15432:from the original on 29 November 2020
15415:
15394:from the original on 27 November 2020
15368:University of Pennsylvania Law Review
15325:
14980:from the original on 24 February 2021
14788:
14612:
14489:
13214:
13154:. Oxford, England; Lanham, Maryland:
13097:from the original on 4 September 2021
13025:
12944:
12833:
12309:
12232:
11913:from the original on 10 November 2016
11851:from the original on 3 September 2021
11610:
11511:
11425:. Penguin Random House. p. 317.
11252:
11204:
11111:
11070:
11035:(22 March 2018). Dresser, Sam (ed.).
10802:from the original on 31 October 2021.
10628:
10134:
9984:
9796:Park, Seong-Woo (23 September 2009).
9777:from the original on 24 February 2021
9717:
9708:
9576:
9465:
9410:
9350:
9318:
9286:
9231:
9185:Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey
9182:
8926:from the original on 10 February 2009
8855:
8764:
8752:
8740:
8732:
8624:
8553:
8387:People's democracy (Marxism–Leninism)
8150:economic, social, and cultural rights
8134:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
7888:The principle in Marxism-Leninism of
6503:2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election
6499:2006 Ukrainian parliamentary election
6495:1994 Ukrainian parliamentary election
6039:and compulsory manual labour for the
5151:Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung
3327:(State Political Directorate) to use
2778:. These reforms resolved neither the
2190:, Marxism–Leninism was superseded by
1663:, would seize power on behalf of the
821:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution
742:Industrialization in the Soviet Union
677:Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung
145:Intensification of the class struggle
18025:Sandinista National Liberation Front
17477:Collectivization in the Soviet Union
16593:
16344:
16050:from the original on 31 October 2021
15973:
15481:from the original on 6 February 2021
15361:
15157:
15135:from the original on 3 December 2020
15035:
14810:
14589:from the original on 17 October 2021
14509:from the original on 17 October 2021
14412:
14354:from the original on 6 February 2021
14329:
14203:from the original on 6 February 2021
14167:from the original on 30 October 2021
14133:from the original on 5 November 2021
13741:
13529:
13248:
13007:from the original on 10 October 2021
12804:
12792:
12763:
12717:
12705:
12652:
12640:
12614:The Red Flag: A History of Communism
12596:
12567:Communism: A Very Short Introduction
12522:
12484:
12472:
12388:
11826:
11696:
11647:
11560:from the original on 6 February 2021
11373:
11349:
11332:
11317:
11302:
11186:from the original on 20 October 2021
11088:from the original on 18 October 2020
11002:from the original on 17 October 2021
10978:
10388:from the original on 31 October 2021
10307:British Journal of Political Science
10196:from the original on 31 October 2021
9850:from the original on 6 February 2021
9825:
9795:
9728:from the original on 17 October 2021
9657:Chambers Dictionary of World History
9324:Gorbachev and His Reforms, 1985–1990
9292:Gorbachev and His Reforms, 1985–1990
9124:from the original on 6 February 2021
8492:История политических учений. Учебник
8487:Zotov, V. D.; Zotova, L. D. (2010).
8477:
7840:; however, scholars disagree on the
7590:originated from the philosophies of
7255:Marxism–Leninism supports universal
6644:2020 Moldovan parliamentary election
6481:, amid allegations of United States
6374:in response and the collapse of the
5901:sponsored the counter-revolutionary
5883:Sandinista National Liberation Front
5871:Sandinista National Liberation Front
5688:an estimated 15 to 55 million deaths
5573:Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang
5429:Communist Party of Ecuador – Red Sun
4365:Berlin Strategic Offensive Operation
3817:All-Union Communist Party Bolsheviks
3787:20th Congress of the Communist Party
3352:Socialism in one country (1928–1944)
3270:class of peasant-landlords from the
2848:(4 August 1914 – 11 November 1918),
2603:wrote about the merits of taking an
2131:followers led to the development of
1732:Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
1628:Marxism–Leninism was developed from
1554:. It was the state ideology of the
1263:Sandinista National Liberation Front
737:Collectivization in the Soviet Union
18034:Militarized Communist Party of Peru
17985:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
16783:Socialist state of the whole people
16485:. Retrieved 31 December 2020 – via
16241:A Short History of Soviet Socialism
16166:
15992:
15923:Howard, M. C.; King, J. E. (2001).
15909:University of Massachusetts Amherst
15814:from the original on 4 January 2019
15802:"The Soviet Union Versus Socialism"
15541:(illustrated ed.). Cambridge:
14400:
14265:from the original on 3 January 2014
14237:
12220:
12205:
12193:
12181:
12164:
12152:
12036:
12019:
12007:
11965:
11946:
11788:
11776:
11743:
11728:
11684:
11659:
11632:
11547:
11499:
11222:from the original on 13 August 2021
11129:from the original on 11 August 2014
11049:from the original on 8 October 2021
10944:
10003:from the original on 10 August 2021
9913:(5th ed.). Washington, D. C.:
8639:"The Political Philosophy of Juche"
8636:
7726:of dissidents and social classes ("
7095:caused by mechanistic work that is
6890:
6666:which has led state governments in
5971:(1955–1975) in the South headed by
5763:Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China
5434:Serve the People – Communist League
4222:Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
4198:German invasion of the Soviet Union
4179:German occupation of Czechoslovakia
3135:because of his abusive personality.
2693:addressing the two chambers of the
2274:Definition, theory, and terminology
2083:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
1927:
1218:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
24:
18173:State ideology of the Soviet Union
17975:Communist Party of the Philippines
17965:Communist Party of India (Marxist)
16372:from the original on 18 March 2022
15234:from the original on 15 April 2022
15038:Historical Dictionary of Socialism
14935:Kindersley, Richard, ed. (2016) .
14837:from the original on 25 March 2019
14597:– via The Anarchist Library.
14095:from the original on 2 August 2021
13067:from the original on 3 August 2021
12736:; Trombley, Stephen, eds. (1999).
12337:from the original on 14 April 2021
11894:
11446:Cavanagh Hodge, Carl, ed. (2008).
9686:; Trombley, Stephen, eds. (1999).
9486:from the original on 21 March 2022
8803:; Trombley, Stephen, eds. (1999).
7952:" contrary to left-wing politics.
7570:The Marxist–Leninist worldview is
7008:, this was one of the features of
6874:was won by presidential candidate
6836:Party for Socialism and Liberation
6741:Communist Party of the Philippines
6726:was elected prime minister by the
6664:Communist Party of India (Marxist)
6530:2008 Cypriot presidential election
6479:1996 Russian presidential election
6395:Commonwealth of Independent States
6376:League of Communists of Yugoslavia
5392:Communist Party of the Philippines
4625:, Khrushchev denounced Stalin and
4388:collaboration with the Axis Powers
4218:Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
3643:The History of the Communist Party
3229:General Secretary of the Comintern
3160:, the October Revolution veterans
3119:Stalin's rise to power (1922–1928)
2946:, speaks to supporters during the
2890:Social Democratic Party of Germany
2565:Members of the European Parliament
1695:, to pave the way for an eventual
1417:State ideology of the Soviet Union
650:The History of the Communist Party
25:
19928:
17031:Scientific Outlook on Development
16646:Commanding heights of the economy
16469:
15996:European Dictatorships, 1918–1945
15974:Kohn, George Childs, ed. (2007).
15961:from the original on 28 July 2019
15343:from the original on 26 July 2020
15185:from the original on 2 April 2019
15077:from the original on 2 March 2021
14437:from the original on 16 June 2013
13304:from the original on 21 June 2020
13128:from the original on 23 July 2021
12926:from the original on 7 March 2021
12893:. 8 November 2014. Archived from
12077:from the original on 22 June 2020
11808:from the original on 12 June 2018
11529:from the original on 22 July 2020
10035:from the original on 3 March 2016
9934:from the original on 25 July 2021
9885:from the original on 6 March 2021
9767:Fordham International Law Journal
9639:] (in Russian). pp. 7–8.
9637:Stalin's school of falsifications
9630:Stalinskaya shkola fal'sifikatsiy
9161:from the original on 16 June 2015
8242:and others in Vietnam as well as
8096:1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly
7478:exploitation of natural resources
7346:Marxist–Leninist cultural policy
6686:has been fighting in the ongoing
6684:Communist Party of India (Maoist)
6640:Alliance for European Integration
6638:resulted in the formation of the
6475:1995 Russian legislative election
5922:United States invasion of Grenada
5414:Communist Party of India (Maoist)
4231:with the Nazi's lasted until the
3319:Stalin allowed the secret police
3131:ordered the removal of Stalin as
2808:internationalist–defencist schism
2433:
2336:organised hierarchically through
1872:criticism of communist party rule
1350:Criticism of communist party rule
682:President Ho Chi Minh's Testament
120:Commanding heights of the economy
19811:
19810:
19798:
18206:
18194:
18010:Lao People's Revolutionary Party
17428:Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism
16803:Civilian control of the military
16758:People's democratic dictatorship
16512:Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism
16173:Studies in East European Thought
15633:
15571:
15525:
15493:
15444:
15355:
15319:
15290:
15250:
15200:
15151:
15101:
15029:
14992:
14957:
14928:
14911:
14894:
14877:
14819:
14782:
14776:University of Pennsylvania Press
14760:
14723:
14649:
14606:
14570:
14521:
14483:
14472:
14453:
14406:
14323:
14315:on 26 February 2019 – via
14281:
14231:
14145:
14107:
14065:
14036:
13983:
13910:
13881:
13862:
13843:
13821:
13796:
13764:
13735:
13552:
13523:
13392:
13352:
13316:
13277:
13242:
13208:
13109:
13079:
13059:Riggins, Thomas (30 June 2020).
13052:
13040:from the original on 7 June 2021
13019:
12981:
12938:
12916:Marandici, Ion (23 April 2010).
12909:
12877:
12859:
12844:
12827:
12798:
12675:
12646:
12602:
12558:
12490:
12437:
12407:
12382:
12353:
12303:
12270:
12241:
12226:
12093:
12042:
11983:
11888:
11863:
11820:
11690:
11604:
11592:from the original on 17 May 2021
10689:10.1111/j.1468-2303.2007.00429.x
9807:from the original on 17 May 2021
8678:Rosser & Barkley Rosser 2003
8346:
8332:
8318:
8304:
7625:(considered by its proponents a
7375:. Marxism–Leninism develops the
6406:Post-Cold War era (1991–present)
6358:, who used it to seize power as
6289:, which was based on an idea by
6174:internal resistance to apartheid
5627:
5615:
5603:
5591:
5290:Down to the Countryside Movement
4698:
4617:At the death of Stalin in 1953,
4264:entered the Soviet Union to the
4107:demonstrates the Soviet Union's
4103:A 1929 metallurgical combine in
4042:
4030:
4018:
3660:Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism
3645:of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)
3375:
3231:, 1926–1929; Editor-in-Chief of
2996:First Republic of Czechoslovakia
2430:as a dynamic ideological order.
2421:or supported the creation of an
1998:Concerning Questions of Leninism
1952:represented as correct. Because
1644:. Marxism–Leninism holds that a
1464:
1452:
1440:
1243:Lao People's Revolutionary Party
667:Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism
652:of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)
66:
19917:Dictatorship of the proletariat
16753:Dictatorship of the proletariat
16728:Theory of the productive forces
15753:A Dictionary of Marxist Thought
15687:
11572:
11541:
11505:
11464:
11439:
11414:
11198:
11162:
10972:
10938:
10884:
10838:
10806:
10793:10.5406/historypresent.4.2.0115
10785:10.5406/historypresent.4.2.0115
10544:
10508:
10476:
10444:
10412:
10370:. Vol. 20 (1st ed.).
10345:
10298:
10272:. Vol. 20 (1st ed.).
10251:
10208:
10178:. Vol. 20 (1st ed.).
10153:
10128:
10015:
9994:Revolutionary Democracy Journal
9978:
9904:Worden, Robert L., ed. (2008).
9897:
9866:
9819:
9789:
9754:
9618:
9595:
9570:
9512:Journal of Political Ideologies
9502:
9459:
9404:
9344:
9312:
9280:
9213:
9140:
8886:
8861:
8758:
8726:
8683:
8663:
8110:), and others as part of their
8086:. In Nepal, Marxist–Leninists (
8070:dissolution of the Soviet Union
7743:was deemed a necessary part of
7598:(1804–1872) as well as that of
7564:Cathedral of Christ the Saviour
7082:Azeri Soviet Socialist Republic
6923:Collectivism and egalitarianism
6276:, a peace demonstration in 1989
6207:Reform and collapse (1979–1991)
5703:United Nations Security Council
4192:In the 1941–1942 period of the
3258:In the 1928–1932 period of the
3255:interests of the Soviet Union.
3008:All-Russian Congress of Soviets
2872:From 5 to 12 January 1919, the
2834:, Lenin explained in the essay
2316:as a dominating principle of a
1902:stated that the repression and
1827:communist parties have adopted
1673:dictatorship of the proletariat
1566:, and various countries in the
236:Theory of the productive forces
19857:Eponymous political ideologies
17705:People's Republic of Kampuchea
17423:A Critique of Soviet Economics
16778:State of socialist orientation
15944:10.1080/10370196.2001.11733360
15829:Dictionary of Historical Terms
14966:"E. H. Carr—A Personal Memoir"
14656:Tamblyn, Nathan (April 2019).
14299:University of California Press
14157:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
13744:Dictionary of Historical Terms
13532:Dictionary of Historical Terms
12807:Dictionary of Historical Terms
12766:Dictionary of Historical Terms
12655:Dictionary of Historical Terms
12452:] (in German). Schöningh.
12391:Dictionary of Historical Terms
11827:Wynn, Charters (22 May 1996).
11699:Dictionary of Historical Terms
11554:Saint Petersburg Encyclopaedia
11473:1917: Beyond the Western Front
10282:10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/01173-6
10028:A Critique of Soviet Economics
9873:Fisher, Max (6 January 2016).
9633:Сталинская школа фальсификаций
8896:Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary
8630:
8578:10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/01174-8
8559:
8190:acts such as their support of
7806:, and their widespread use of
7052:now enjoy increased freedoms,
6872:2021 Peruvian general election
6548:legislative elections. In the
6483:foreign electoral intervention
6283:1989 Tiananmen Square massacre
5461:International Communist League
5143:A Critique of Soviet Economics
5125:On the Ten Major Relationships
4546:), Mao Zedong established the
4227:The anti-Soviet nationalists'
3847:Communist Party of New Zealand
3837:Italian Marxist–Leninist Party
3024:Left Socialist-Revolutionaries
2974:units fought and defeated the
2956:German Revolution of 1918–1919
2898:Russian Provisional Government
2348:based on his understanding of
1675:. The state would control the
662:A Critique of Soviet Economics
13:
1:
19351:Political abuse of psychiatry
19143:Congress of People's Deputies
16639:Soviet-type economic planning
16609:Administrative-command system
16503:. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
14999:Sargent, Lyman Tower (2008).
14211:– via Digital Commons.
13805:Ideology and Political System
12869:(25 June 2019). "Interview".
12688:Uppsala Conflict Data Program
11838:University of Texas at Austin
10869:10.1080/00905992.2017.1364230
10631:The Journal of Modern History
9956:Schwekendiek, Daniel (2011).
8839:[Myths and reality].
8407:
8112:People's Multiparty Democracy
7900:has ben argued as leading to
7592:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
7437:exploiters and the exploited
7189:Socialist Republic of Vietnam
7087:The goal of Marxist–Leninist
6786:South African Communist Party
6743:, through its armed wing the
6728:Constituent Assembly of Nepal
6066:Socialist Republic of Vietnam
5419:Purba Banglar Sarbahara Party
4596:Communist Party of Yugoslavia
4518:(1944–1949) on behalf of the
4268:, a common front against the
3274:social order of monarchy. As
3014:in July 1917, to 66%, at the
2710:the Tsarist army killings on
1967:Socialist Revolutionary Party
1829:People's Multiparty Democracy
103:Soviet-type economic planning
83:Administrative-command system
19882:Politics of the Soviet Union
18614:Social dominance orientation
17970:Communist Party of Kampuchea
17592:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
17517:Chinese Communist Revolution
16828:Highest organ of state power
16691:Proletarian internationalism
15725:Andrain, Charles F. (1994).
15704:Socialism Today and Tomorrow
15164:Europe Since 1989: A History
14197:State University of New York
13026:Smith, David (24 May 2013).
12415:Stoklosa, Katarzyna (eds.).
11870:Strong, Anna Louise (1957).
11522:V. I. Lenin, Collected Works
11398:University of Illinois Press
10490:(2003). "Revising History".
10458:(2003). "Revising History".
10426:(2003). "Revising History".
9907:North Korea: A Country Study
9724:(revised ed.). London.
9525:10.1080/13569317.2012.676867
8878:(in Russian). Archived from
8652:(1): 105–111. Archived from
8412:
8062:democratic road to socialism
7738:in the Soviet Union and the
7649:
7383:who is oriented towards the
6678:. However, with the rise of
6589:Ecologist Party "The Greens"
6056:, the scope of which became
5213:Chinese Communist Revolution
4745:Continuous revolution theory
4666:proletarian internationalism
4643:. Khrushchev introduced the
4600:Communist Information Bureau
4087:Beginning in 1928, Stalin's
3757:Chinese Communist Revolution
3000:Mongolian Revolution of 1921
2824:proletarian internationalism
2760:Russian Constitution of 1906
2214:North Korea: A Country Study
2173:proletarian internationalism
2067:Chinese Communist Revolution
1932:In the establishment of the
1671:socialist state, called the
1208:Communist Party of Kampuchea
851:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
182:Proletarian internationalism
7:
19514:Academy of Medical Sciences
18629:List of totalitarian states
18609:Right-wing authoritarianism
18000:Indochinese Communist Party
17637:Maoist insurgency in Turkey
17632:New People's Army rebellion
17413:Britain's Road to Socialism
16738:Wars of national liberation
16537:The Foundations of Leninism
16521:Marxist-Leninist Philosophy
16102:– via Science Direct.
15932:History of Economics Review
15661:10.1080/0966813022000017177
15451:Drachewych, Oleksa (2018).
14833:. Communist International.
14627:10.1521/siso.67.2.218.21187
14159:. College of Liberal Arts,
13918:Ginzburg, Vitalij Lazarevič
13429:10.1037/0022-3514.63.6.1004
13001:Public Broadcasting Service
11611:Smele, Jonathan D. (2015).
10930:on 25 May 2017 – via
10906:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
10615:Origins of the Great Purges
10396:– via Science Direct.
10204:– via Science Direct.
8498:] (in Russian). Норма.
8377:History of the Soviet Union
8297:
8248:national self-determination
8214:, and the creation of mass
8008:of the means of production,
7842:Holodomor genocide question
7543:
7352:traditionalist conservatism
7225:economy of the Soviet Union
7195:with pragmatic programs of
6885:
6842:has been in the midst of a
6437:, the current President of
6240:People's Republic of Poland
5709:of the Soviet and American
5531:National Democracy Movement
5329:Maoist insurgency in Turkey
5319:New People's Army rebellion
4411:post-war order of the world
4409:and Stalin established the
4187:invade and partition Poland
3777:Death and funeral of Stalin
3457:Soviet socialist patriotism
3221:Premier of the Soviet Union
3010:increased from 13%, at the
3004:Mongolian People's Republic
2994:as well as the army of the
2852:impelled the withdrawal of
2741:and anarchists such as the
2557:The Black Book of Communism
2524:The Black Book of Communism
2511:The Black Book of Communism
2442:is polarised. According to
2330:vanguard of the proletariat
1922:
1777:socialist-leaning countries
1522:
1233:Indochinese Communist Party
251:Wars of national liberation
10:
19933:
19877:Marxist schools of thought
18604:Left-wing authoritarianism
18439:Authoritarian conservatism
18118:Marxist schools of thought
18045:Portuguese Communist Party
17990:Communist Party of Vietnam
16983:Kaysone Phomvihane Thought
16557:Fundamentals of Philosophy
16167:Ree, E. Van (March 1997).
16150:Princeton University Press
15827:Cooke, Chris, ed. (1998).
15591:World Bank Economic Review
15543:Cambridge University Press
15169:Princeton University Press
15119:Cambridge University Press
14937:In Search of Eurocommunism
14675:10.1007/s10991-019-09223-1
14496:State Capitalism in Russia
14466:Cambridge University Press
13852:"Materialistisk dialektik"
13368:Princeton University Press
12366:Cambridge University Press
12360:Reisch, George A. (2005).
10725:Cambridge University Press
10599:Cambridge University Press
10560:Cambridge University Press
10524:Cambridge University Press
10315:Cambridge University Press
9100:Cambridge University Press
8690:Williams, Raymond (1983).
8051:under those states. While
7774:, most notably the forced
7547:
7532:that overthrow systems of
7441:; that capitalism employs
7286:Marxism–Leninism supports
7238:
7205:system of collective farms
7185:German Democratic Republic
7097:psychologically alienating
7063:
6909:People's Republic of China
6688:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency
6562:Portuguese Communist Party
6491:Communist Party of Ukraine
6223:and the United States-led
6134:Zimbabwe War of Liberation
5723:Korean Armistice Agreement
5307:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency
5218:People's Republic of China
4720:Antagonistic contradiction
4548:People's Republic of China
4465:, but it usually featured
4134:Soviet famine of 1930–1933
3872:Stalin Bloc — For the USSR
3827:Communist Party of Germany
3732:Soviet atomic bomb project
2886:Communist Party of Germany
2614:
2365:Marxism–Leninism–Stalinism
2363:suggested the formulation
2103:People's Republic of China
1986:leader of the Soviet Union
1759:Great Russian Encyclopedia
1360:Marxist schools of thought
1253:Party of Labour of Albania
1223:Communist Party of Vietnam
29:
19792:
19736:
19710:
19630:
19553:
19544:
19489:
19396:
19359:
19299:
19202:
19164:
19084:
18946:
18937:
18887:
18835:
18826:
18678:
18581:
18431:
18298:Counterintelligence state
18268:
18190:
18076:
18052:
17995:Communist Party of Malaya
17950:Communist Party of Brazil
17923:
17664:
17647:Internal conflict in Peru
17440:
17391:
17112:
16923:Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism
16871:
16833:Leading role of the party
16790:
16768:National-democratic state
16763:People's democratic state
16746:
16601:
16501:Marxists Internet Archive
16478:What Is Marxism–Leninism?
16067:Morgan, W. John (2015) .
15876:Evans, Alfred B. (1993).
15774:Busky, Donald F. (2002).
15706:. Boston, Massachusetts:
14871:Marxists Internet Archive
14460:Matthews, Mervyn (1986).
13850:Wadenström, Ralf (1991).
13742:Cook, Chris, ed. (1998).
13530:Cook, Chris, ed. (1998).
13263:10.1162/grey.2006.1.24.38
12805:Cook, Chris, ed. (1998).
12764:Cook, Chris, ed. (1998).
12653:Cook, Chris, ed. (1998).
12444:Malycha, Andreas (2000).
12389:Cook, Chris, ed. (1998).
12283:Columbia University Press
12277:Guilhot, Nicolas (2005).
11802:"Aleksey Ivanovich Rykov"
11697:Cook, Chris, ed. (1998).
10323:10.1017/S0007123400005421
10229:10.1017/S0305741000010407
9826:Seth, Michael J. (2019).
9659:. Chambers. p. 769.
9577:Lüthi, Lorenz M. (2008).
9466:White, Elizabeth (2010).
9183:Busky, Donald F. (2000).
8919:The Columbia Encyclopedia
8459:Lansford, Thomas (2007).
8426:Lansford, Thomas (2007).
8174:stated the result of the
8024:. Italian left communist
7356:stratified social classes
6848:right-wing paramilitaries
6802:Economic Freedom Fighters
6794:African National Congress
6765:, its armed attacks were
6608:Communist Party of Greece
6297:and the Marxist–Leninist
6215:Soviet General Secretary
5727:Korean Demilitarised Zone
5516:Mao's cult of personality
5456:Parties and Organizations
5349:Internal conflict in Peru
4520:Communist Party of Greece
4457:resulted in the bi-polar
4449:and the Marxist–Leninist
4332:to temporarily cease the
3832:Communist Party of Greece
2968:Hungarian Soviet Republic
2948:1919 Hungarian Revolution
2944:Hungarian Soviet Republic
2739:Socialist Revolutionaries
2679:to assume command of the
2397:was mainly influenced by
2231:Korea under Japanese rule
1976:Within five years of the
1957:material conditions. The
1849:bureaucratic collectivism
1517:
18599:Inverted totalitarianism
18471:Authoritarian capitalism
17960:Communist Party of India
17930:Albanian Party of Labour
17053:Bill of Rights socialism
16706:Socialism in one country
16676:Marxist–Leninist atheism
16398:Rowman & Littlefield
16356:Harvard University Press
16279:Harvard University Press
16081:(2nd ed.). Oxford:
16022:Morgan, W. John (2001).
15993:Lee, Stephen J. (2000).
15551:10.1017/CBO9780511622335
15362:Towe, Thomas E. (1967).
15303:Cornell University Press
15297:Hoffmann, David (2011).
14547:10.1177/1024529419881949
14534:Competition & Change
14413:Gill, Graeme J. (1998).
13182:Albert & Hahnel 1981
12061:Harvard University Press
11842:University of Pittsburgh
11617:Rowman & Littlefield
11076:"The battle for history"
10352:Morgan, W. John (2001).
10160:Morgan, W. John (2001).
10123:Albert & Hahnel 1981
10074:(2nd ed.). Oxford:
9834:Rowman & Littlefield
9799:
9721:Class Struggles in China
9632:
9603:
9555:
9262:(2nd ed.). Oxford:
9108:10.1017/CBO9780511802652
8979:(2nd ed.). Oxford:
8870:
8836:
8745:Albert & Hahnel 1981
8491:
8382:List of socialist states
8064:, which became known as
7765:Marxist–Leninist atheism
7641:. Soviet astrophysicist
7617:exists independently of
7588:Marxist–Leninist atheism
7550:Marxist–Leninist atheism
7249:pro-education propaganda
6852:National Liberation Army
6389:, the new leader of the
5895:Anastasio Somoza Debayle
5424:Communist Party of Burma
5339:Cambodian–Vietnamese War
5334:Death and funeral of Mao
5167:Bombard the Headquarters
5159:Historic Eight Documents
4772:Newborn socialist things
4662:socialism in one country
4445:into the anti-communist
4350:Second Sino-Japanese War
3862:National Bolshevik Party
3852:Romanian Communist Party
3822:Albanian Party of Labour
3467:Transformation of nature
3447:Socialism in one country
3294:1936 Soviet Constitution
3281:ideological deviationism
3194:socialism in one country
3113:technical intelligentsia
2984:Bavarian Soviet Republic
2964:First Hungarian Republic
2928:which then provoked the
2701:which exiled Lenin from
2517:Some academics, such as
2508:, one of the authors of
2342:proletarian dictatorship
2310:according to their needs
2150:'s rejection of China's
2049:socialism in one country
1728:1936 Soviet Constitution
1720:socialism in one country
1625:" by Western academics.
1542:and drew on elements of
1203:Communist Party of India
202:Socialism in one country
157:Marxist–Leninist atheism
19912:Totalitarian ideologies
19852:Dialectical materialism
19805:Soviet Union portal
18483:Authoritarian socialism
18168:State ideology of China
18040:Workers' Party of Korea
17955:Communist Party of Cuba
17945:Chinese Communist Party
17602:Portuguese Colonial War
17398:Foundations of Leninism
16950:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism
16661:Dialectical materialism
16497:Encyclopedia of Marxism
16415:Wilczynski, J. (2008).
16392:; Gray, Daniel (2009).
16189:10.1023/A:1017935822255
15851:Daniels, Robert Vincent
14249:Oxford University Press
14226:Pons & Service 2010
14161:University of Minnesota
13990:Pons & Service 2010
13966:Pons & Service 2010
13696:Pons & Service 2010
13684:Pons & Service 2010
13672:Pons & Service 2010
13660:Pons & Service 2010
13648:Pons & Service 2010
13636:Pons & Service 2010
13624:Pons & Service 2010
13612:Pons & Service 2010
13600:Pons & Service 2010
13588:Pons & Service 2010
13565:Oxford University Press
13518:Pons & Service 2010
13506:Pons & Service 2010
13491:Pons & Service 2010
13476:Pons & Service 2010
13461:Pons & Service 2010
13203:Pons & Service 2010
13063:. Communist Party USA.
12571:Oxford University Press
12565:Holmes, Leslie (2009).
12506:Oxford University Press
12252:. Rodopi. p. 200.
11978:Pons & Service 2010
10988:. Verso. pp. 6–7.
10374:. pp. 2332, 3355.
9962:McFarland & Company
9154:Encyclopædia Britannica
9062:Pons & Service 2010
9043:Pons & Service 2010
8771:Oxford University Press
8702:Oxford University Press
7991:deformed workers' state
7981:then of an individual.
7623:dialectical materialism
7530:proletarian revolutions
7417:international relations
7391:International relations
7315:social inferiority and
7193:rapid industrialisation
7020:and supposedly wealthy
6193:Moscow Olympics of 1980
6114:Portuguese Colonial War
6058:crimes against humanity
5849:Quebec Liberation Front
5780:economic liberalisation
5748:to meet with President
5578:Thought reform in China
5511:Left communism in China
5377:Chinese Communist Party
5196:Chinese Soviet Republic
4850:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism
4802:Revolutionary base area
4594:; and by expelling the
4572:In the late 1940s, the
4536:Chinese Communist Party
4509:anti-Stalinist leftists
4340:and the anti-communist
4330:Chinese Communist Party
4309:urban guerrilla warfare
4289:Chinese Communist Party
4111:in the 1920s and 1930s.
4109:rapid industrialisation
3935:Authoritarian socialism
3905:Stalin and antisemitism
3638:Foundations of Leninism
3306:Soviet of Nationalities
3279:implicit accusation of
2926:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
2699:1905 Russian Revolution
2440:Marxist–Leninist states
2395:Italian Communist Party
2383:Chinese Communist Party
2379:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism
2210:Korean ultranationalism
2127:in the 1970s and whose
2111:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism
2079:Chinese Communist Party
1797:international relations
1611:other communist parties
1580:Communist International
1560:Soviet satellite states
1412:State ideology of China
1338:under communist regimes
1336:Crimes against humanity
1296:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism
1268:Workers' Party of Korea
1198:Communist Party of Cuba
1193:Chinese Communist Party
861:Portuguese Colonial War
687:The Governance of China
640:Foundations of Leninism
187:Protracted people's war
135:Dialectical materialism
19697:Stalinist architecture
19451:Science and technology
19361:Ideological repression
19289:Soviet Airborne Forces
19227:Destruction battalions
17890:Bosnia and Herzegovina
17224:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
17134:Khorloogiin Choibalsan
16518:Sheptulin, Alexander.
16214:Barkley Rosser, J. Jr.
14244:Development as freedom
14031:Walker & Gray 2009
14019:Walker & Gray 2009
13954:Walker & Gray 2009
13869:Jordan, Z. A. (1967).
13803:Kundan, Kumar (2003).
12321:Transaction Publishers
12248:Siegel, Achim (1998).
12101:Wheatcroft, Stephen G.
11548:Kulegin, A. M. (ed.).
10276:. pp. 9191–9193.
9761:Dae-Kyu, Yoon (2003).
9224:Howard & King 2001
8922:(6th ed.). 2007.
8118:Responses to criticism
8010:Howard & King 2001
7930:libertarian socialists
7866:Robert Vincent Daniels
7671:
7567:
7538:exploitation of labour
7252:
7084:
6939:
6739:, the Maoist-oriented
6602:from 2015 to 2019. In
6441:
6427:
6314:
6277:
6231:
6189:Marxist–Leninist state
6141:Apartheid South Africa
6085:
6078:Apartheid South Africa
6043:by way of death-squad
5947:
5878:
5805:
5753:
5297:New Communist movement
4664:and was replaced with
4654:Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
4569:
4501:libertarian socialists
4426:
4296:
4249:
4241:
4233:
4136:that killed millions.
4112:
3920:Stalinist architecture
3560:Khorloogiin Choibalsan
3262:, Stalin effected the
3192:or Stalin's policy of
3136:
2951:
2893:
2803:proletarian revolution
2801:as a reinforcement of
2716:proletarian revolution
2706:
2635:
2514:
2496:Carl Joachim Friedrich
2286:
2160:1972 Mao–Nixon meeting
2152:
2135:
2070:
2027:
1859:, or a totally unique
1744:historical materialism
1228:French Communist Party
1138:Bosnia and Herzegovina
447:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
362:Khorloogiin Choibalsan
19479:List of metro systems
19032:Collective leadership
18347:Dominant-party system
18133:Post-Marxism–Leninism
18015:Nepal Communist Party
17612:Nicaraguan Revolution
17582:Albanian–Soviet split
17279:Mengistu Haile Mariam
16818:Democratic centralism
16808:Collective leadership
16394:The A to Z of Marxism
16253:10.4324/9780203500279
16239:Sandle, Mark (1999).
15859:Yale University Press
15208:Wilkinson, Richard G.
14941:Palgrave Macmillan UK
14615:Science & Society
14330:Škof, Lenart (2015).
14077:"Systematic genocide"
14075:(24 September 2010).
13888:Thomas, Paul (2008).
13858:on 23 September 2017.
12945:Nathalène, Reynolds.
12233:Defty, Brook (2007).
12119:10.1057/9780230273979
11895:Strong, Anna Louise.
11477:Koninklijke Brill NV.
10985:The Communist Horizon
10950:"Counting the Bodies"
10595:Stalin: A New History
10556:Stalin: A New History
10520:Stalin: A New History
9985:Bland, Bill (1995) .
8765:Smith, S. A. (2014).
8106:), social democrats (
8092:Nepal Communist Party
7926:democratic socialists
7898:democratic centralism
7844:, and Nobel laureate
7753:religious persecution
7728:enemies of the people
7657:
7627:philosophy of science
7557:
7517:Europe over colonial
7373:cultural backwardness
7319:. The reformation of
7317:economic exploitation
7246:
7071:
6930:
6760:otherwise-sympathetic
6585:confidence and supply
6477:, almost winning the
6433:
6413:
6308:
6271:
6214:
6185:Reagan administration
6075:
5989:psychological warfare
5938:
5891:Nicaraguan Revolution
5875:Nicaraguan Revolution
5865:
5792:
5744:that allowed Premier
5735:
5030:Muppala Lakshmana Rao
4840:Maoism–Third Worldism
4807:Seek truth from facts
4652:such as the novelist
4579:Yugoslav–Soviet split
4556:
4497:democratic socialists
4487:struggle against the
4407:Franklin D. Roosevelt
4401:
4286:
4102:
3995:Soviet–Albanian split
3930:Anti-Soviet agitation
3900:Rise of Joseph Stalin
3126:
2992:Kingdom of Yugoslavia
2938:
2871:
2689:
2661:democratic centralism
2627:
2504:
2338:democratic centralism
2281:
2237:as a guerrilla hero.
2144:Albanian Labour Party
2119:
2057:
2015:
1865:Third World socialist
1661:democratic centralism
1651:is needed to replace
1248:Nepal Communist Party
871:Nicaraguan Revolution
507:Mengistu Haile Mariam
125:Democratic centralism
115:Collective leadership
19441:Net material product
19384:Censorship of images
19301:Political repression
19261:Soviet Border Troops
19194:First Deputy Premier
18778:1965 economic reform
18773:Soviet space program
18213:Communism portal
18201:Socialism portal
17700:Democratic Kampuchea
17607:Black Power movement
17572:Non-Aligned Movement
16711:Socialist patriotism
16297:Steele, David Ramsay
16085:. pp. 656–662.
15905:The Campus Chronicle
15780:Greenwood Publishing
15749:Bottomore, Thomas B.
15729:. Armonk, New York:
15653:Taylor & Francis
15603:10.1093/wber/9.3.341
15329:(16 February 2006).
15301:. Ithaca, New York:
15262:New Internationalist
15036:Lamb, Peter (2015).
14862:Dialogue With Stalin
14811:Todd, Allan (2012).
14798:Taylor & Francis
14768:Lichtenstein, Nelson
14736:The Rise of Militant
14662:Liverpool Law Review
13721:. pp. 316–317.
13719:Penguin Random House
13538:. pp. 221–222.
12873:. ORF (broadcaster).
12772:. pp. 192–193.
12620:. pp. 502–503.
12534:"Unnatural Disaster"
12368:. pp. 153–154.
11074:(2 September 2002).
10960:on 21 September 2016
10855:Nationalities Papers
9718:Bland, Bill (1997).
9238:, pp. 265–266;
9226:, pp. 110–126;
9157:(revised ed.).
8743:, pp. 163–165;
8735:, pp. 221–222;
7854:capitalist countries
7838:Great Chinese Famine
7724:political repression
7578:and not the will of
7519:spheres of influence
7501:, rationalised as a
7261:universal healthcare
7219:. In the 1920s, the
7181:socialist revolution
6934:seizing grain from "
6862:, there has been an
6838:. In South America,
6522:Dimitris Christofias
6497:and again after the
6368:Croatian nationalism
6325:and demands for the
6158:cultural imperialism
6025:Democratic Kampuchea
6007:. Consequent to the
5914:Salvadoran Civil War
5834:Cuban Missile Crisis
5830:Bay of Pigs invasion
5824:and established the
5622:Socialism portal
5610:Communism portal
5484:Big-character poster
5265:Black Power movement
5109:On Guerrilla Warfare
4782:One Divides into Two
4670:permanent revolution
4639:(1936–1938) and the
4608:Non-Aligned Movement
4415:spheres of influence
4376:resistance movements
4357:Battle of Stalingrad
4336:(1927–1949) against
4037:Socialism portal
4025:Communism portal
3940:Comparison to Nazism
3690:First five-year plan
3495:Yemelyan Yaroslavsky
3334:enemies of the state
3260:first five-year plan
3190:permanent revolution
2842:colonial imperialism
2569:capitalist countries
2326:socialist revolution
2290:Communist ideologies
2045:permanent revolution
1884:political repression
1724:first five-year plan
1659:, organized through
1649:communist revolution
1568:Non-Aligned Movement
1471:Socialism portal
1447:Communism portal
866:Black power movement
836:Non-Aligned Movement
207:Socialist patriotism
19509:Academy of Sciences
19324:Population transfer
19268:Soviet Armed Forces
19131:Congress of Soviets
19112:Presidium/Politburo
19076:Soviet anti-Zionism
18925:West Siberian Plain
18803:Revolutions of 1989
18740:Great Patriotic War
18725:New Economic Policy
18534:Ecoauthoritarianism
18352:Illiberal democracy
18123:National Bolshevism
17657:Revolutions of 1989
17642:Sino-Albanian split
17627:Naxalite insurgency
17617:Cultural Revolution
17497:Great Patriotic War
17349:Nur Muhammad Taraki
16895:Ho Chi Minh Thought
16813:Cult of personality
16651:Developed socialism
16526:Progress Publishers
16507:Kuusinen, Otto Will
16483:Progress Publishers
16319:Strong, Anna Louise
16212:Rosser, Marina V.;
15645:Europe-Asia Studies
15440:– via Revice.
15374:(1251): 1251–1274.
14778:. pp. 160–161.
13956:, pp. 303–305.
13292:(9 November 2017).
12897:on 12 November 2014
12546:on 11 December 2012
12532:(9 December 2012).
12059:] (in French).
11997:. pp. 380–381.
11376:, pp. 282–284.
11172:(25 October 2017).
11170:Robinson, Nathan J.
11115:(6 February 2006).
11029:Ghodsee, Kristen R.
10673:Fitzpatrick, Sheila
10217:The China Quarterly
9915:Library of Congress
9800:북 개정 헌법 '선군사상' 첫 명기
9608:Журнал Альтернативы
9560:Журнал Альтернативы
9090:Fitzpatrick, Sheila
9082:Fitzpatrick, Sheila
8947:, pp. 265–266.
8874:[Marxism].
8659:on 21 January 2012.
8637:Lee, Grace (2003).
8627:, pp. 221–222.
8362:Anti-Stalinist Left
8354:Soviet Union portal
8094:) were part of the
7942:Anti-Stalinist left
7908:Left-wing criticism
7824:, was inherited by
7763:, was motivated by
7757:in the Soviet Union
7619:human consciousness
7580:supernatural beings
7511:Scramble for Africa
7495:monopoly capitalism
7381:class consciousness
7341:means of production
7294:, the abolition of
7277:class consciousness
7121:means of production
7119:to co-ordinate the
6971:Vladimir Mayakovsky
6943:Soviet collectivism
6832:Communist Party USA
6815:, former President
6811:and his allies. In
6790:Tripartite alliance
6788:is a member of the
6769:. By contrast, the
6600:minority government
6581:minority government
6507:Russo-Ukrainian War
6372:Slovene nationalism
6360:president of Serbia
6340:Revolutions of 1989
6287:Pan-European Picnic
6274:Pan-European Picnic
6019:(1951–1999) led by
6009:Cambodian Civil War
5969:Republic of Vietnam
5956:First Indochina War
5812:(1953–1959) led by
5804:to victory in 1959.
5634:Politics portal
5568:Red Star Over China
5439:Black Panther Party
5324:Sino-Albanian split
5302:Cambodian Civil War
5275:16 May Notification
5270:Cultural Revolution
4822:Three Worlds Theory
4750:Cultural Revolution
4641:cult of personality
4550:on 1 October 1949.
4346:Second United Front
4194:Great Patriotic War
4049:Politics portal
3985:Sino-Albanian split
3965:National Bolshevism
3890:Anti-Stalinist left
3762:First Indochina War
3520:Sergo Ordzhonikidze
3407:Cult of personality
3302:Soviet of the Union
3129:political testament
3100:New Economic Policy
3052:means of production
3036:Kronstadt rebellion
2976:Spartacist uprising
2962:which produced the
2874:Spartacist uprising
2605:anti anti-communist
2544:Death by Government
2306:means of production
2264:countries ruled by
2168:Three Worlds Theory
2140:Sino-Albanian split
2125:Sino-Albanian split
1841:Sino-Albanian split
1805:Ho Chi Minh Thought
1710:After the death of
1693:Soviet collectivism
1677:means of production
1609:), as well as many
1607:socialist republics
1459:Politics portal
1365:National Bolshevism
1355:Cult of personality
891:Revolutions of 1989
886:Naxalite insurgency
876:Cultural Revolution
762:Great Patriotic War
617:Wojciech Jaruzelski
577:Nur Muhammad Taraki
284:Ho Chi Minh Thought
19907:Types of socialism
19154:Military Collegium
19022:Capital punishment
18900:Caucasus Mountains
18813:Post-Soviet states
18693:Russian Revolution
17652:Nepalese Civil War
17597:Great Leap Forward
17359:Pushpa Kamal Dahal
17234:Kaysone Phomvihane
17036:Xi Jinping Thought
16671:Labour aristocracy
16552:Spirkin, Alexander
16493:"Marxism–Leninism"
16421:Aldine Transaction
16299:(September 1999).
15976:Dictionary of Wars
15833:Palgrave Macmillan
15460:(Thesis). London:
15114:Socialist Planning
14601:Ce qu'il faut dire
14421:Palgrave Macmillan
14239:Sen, Amartya Kumar
13748:Palgrave Macmillan
13662:, p. 250–251.
13626:, p. 854–856.
13590:, p. 722–723.
13536:Palgrave Macmillan
13148:Štromas, Alexander
12813:. pp. 13–14.
12811:Palgrave Macmillan
12770:Palgrave Macmillan
12720:, p. 584–585.
12661:. pp. 88–89.
12659:Palgrave Macmillan
12599:, p. 291–292.
12539:The New York Times
12498:Powaski, Ronald E.
12487:, p. 121–122.
12323:. pp. 95–99.
12265:War constellation.
11703:Palgrave Macmillan
11208:(7 January 2020).
10677:History and Theory
8747:, pp. 24–26;
8265:Writing about the
8244:French colonialism
8034:organic centralism
7954:Anarcho-communists
7875:Sheila Fitzpatrick
7780:Cambodian Genocide
7672:
7568:
7507:surplus production
7503:civilising mission
7474:investment capital
7288:women's liberation
7253:
7201:industrial workers
7197:social engineering
7157:cost of production
7085:
6940:
6767:greatly diminished
6712:Man Mohan Adhikari
6649:post-Soviet states
6442:
6428:
6391:Russian Federation
6356:Slobodan Milošević
6315:
6278:
6232:
6086:
5948:
5939:Guerrillas of the
5926:New Jewel Movement
5879:
5873:to victory in the
5806:
5754:
5684:Great Leap Forward
5526:National communism
5479:Anarchism in China
5354:Nepalese Civil War
5312:Naxalbari uprising
5260:Great Leap Forward
4980:İbrahim Kaypakkaya
4945:Pushpa Kamal Dahal
4920:Charles Bettelheim
4817:Social imperialism
4797:Proletarian nation
4715:Agrarian socialism
4570:
4427:
4413:with geopolitical
4313:Yugoslav Partisans
4297:
4113:
3970:National communism
3605:Vladimir Kryuchkov
3530:Vyacheslav Molotov
3525:Valerian Kuybyshev
3500:Kliment Voroshilov
3329:political violence
3298:universal suffrage
3237:, 1918–1929), and
3137:
2988:Kingdom of Romania
2952:
2906:October Revolution
2894:
2752:multi-party system
2707:
2681:October Revolution
2636:
2609:anti-authoritarian
2597:Nathan J. Robinson
2549:Communist democide
2515:
2438:Historiography of
2413:, pragmatism, and
2332:", defined as the
2294:Russian Revolution
2287:
2136:
2091:Mao Zedong Thought
2077:of the 1960s, the
2071:
2063:Anna Louise Strong
2028:
1912:Sheila Fitzpatrick
1861:mode of production
1685:counter-revolution
1536:October Revolution
1532:communist movement
896:Nepalese Civil War
856:Great Leap Forward
784:Chinese Revolution
457:Kaysone Phomvihane
172:People's democracy
110:Collective farming
19824:
19823:
19788:
19787:
19780:Hammer and sickle
19722:and their groups
19720:Soviet dissidents
19499:Communist Academy
19416:Economic planning
19392:
19391:
19285:Soviet Air Forces
19204:Security services
19124:General Secretary
19107:Central Committee
19049:Political parties
18981:Brezhnev Doctrine
18976:Foreign relations
18933:
18932:
18874:Autonomous okrugs
18788:Soviet–Afghan War
18768:Sino-Soviet split
18710:Russian Civil War
18637:
18636:
18589:Democracy indices
18276:Absolute monarchy
18220:
18219:
17587:Sino-Soviet split
17547:Tito–Stalin split
17492:Spanish Civil War
17433:Guerrilla Warfare
17392:Theoretical works
17324:Władysław Gomułka
17299:Nicolae Ceaușescu
17259:Nikos Zachariadis
17179:Nikita Khrushchev
17154:Palmiro Togliatti
16853:Transmission belt
16798:Central committee
16656:Dialectical logic
16439:Wolff, Richard D.
16430:978-0-202-36228-1
16407:978-0-8108-6852-6
16310:978-0-87548-449-5
16288:978-0-674-04699-3
16262:978-1-85728-355-6
16231:978-0-262-18234-8
16159:978-0-691-15429-9
16129:978-0-87286-330-9
16120:City Lights Books
16118:. San Francisco:
16092:978-0-08-097087-5
16043:978-0-08-043076-8
15985:978-0-8160-6578-3
15891:978-0-275-94763-7
15868:978-0-300-10649-7
15842:978-0-333-67347-8
15789:978-0-275-97748-1
15740:978-1-56324-280-9
15717:978-0-89608-077-5
15579:Easterly, William
15560:978-0-521-62742-9
15518:978-1-78873-666-4
15501:Losurdo, Domenico
15471:978-0-8153-5478-9
15424:(in Portuguese).
15312:978-0-8014-4629-0
15305:. pp. 6–10.
15271:978-1-904456-45-2
15210:(November 1996).
15178:978-0-691-16737-4
15128:978-1-107-42732-7
15047:978-1-4422-5826-6
15018:978-0-495-56939-8
14950:978-1-349-16581-0
14923:978-0-87286-482-5
14746:978-0-906582-47-3
14430:978-0-312-17764-5
14347:978-94-017-9738-2
14308:978-0-520-95425-0
14258:978-0-19-289330-7
14058:978-0-88033-995-7
14043:Tooley, T. Hunt;
13935:978-3-540-68008-6
13903:978-0-415-77916-6
13814:978-81-7141-638-7
13789:978-0-7734-9180-9
13757:978-0-333-67347-8
13728:978-0-14-051397-4
13574:978-0-19-973859-5
13545:978-0-333-67347-8
13377:978-0-691-16502-8
13284:Novokmet, Filip;
13235:978-0-393-02030-4
13184:, pp. 24–25.
13165:978-0-7391-0534-4
13091:Liberation School
12820:978-0-333-67347-8
12779:978-0-333-67347-8
12747:978-0-00-686383-0
12695:on 31 March 2016.
12668:978-0-333-67347-8
12627:978-0-8021-4512-3
12610:Priestland, David
12580:978-0-19-955154-5
12515:978-0-19-507851-0
12459:978-3-506-75331-1
12430:978-3-8258-8789-6
12400:978-0-333-67347-8
12375:978-0-521-54689-8
12330:978-1-4128-3136-9
12292:978-0-231-13124-7
12259:978-90-420-0552-5
12128:978-0-230-27397-9
12070:978-0-674-07608-2
11904:Prison Censorship
11712:978-0-333-67347-8
11486:978-90-474-2470-3
11457:978-0-313-33404-7
11432:978-0-14-051397-4
11407:978-90-04-47161-0
10995:978-1-84467-954-6
10923:978-90-04-15691-3
10848:(November 2018).
10831:978-1-351-14174-1
10608:978-1-139-44663-1
10569:978-1-139-44663-1
10533:978-1-139-44663-1
10484:Haynes, John Earl
10452:Haynes, John Earl
10420:Haynes, John Earl
10381:978-0-08-043076-8
10291:978-0-08-043076-8
10189:978-0-08-043076-8
10146:978-1-4129-5963-6
10125:, pp. 24–26.
10101:Missing or empty
10094:cite encyclopedia
10085:978-0-08-097087-5
9971:978-0-7864-6344-2
9924:978-0-8444-1188-0
9843:978-1-5381-2905-0
9701:978-0-00-686383-0
9666:978-0-550-10094-8
9588:978-0-691-13590-8
9479:978-1-136-90573-5
9337:978-0-13-362427-4
9305:978-0-13-362427-4
9273:978-0-08-097087-5
9198:978-0-275-96886-1
9117:978-0-521-72397-8
8990:978-0-08-097087-5
8882:on 23 March 2020.
8858:, pp. 52–53.
8837:Мифы и реальность
8818:978-0-00-686383-0
8780:978-0-19-166752-7
8715:978-0-19-520469-8
8587:978-0-08-043076-8
8540:978-3-945187-64-7
8505:978-5-91768-071-2
8470:978-0-7614-2628-8
8437:978-0-7614-2628-8
8236:Fulgencio Batista
8228:individual rights
8158:David L. Hoffmann
8154:capitalist states
8074:Fall of Communism
8047:achievements and
7998:Raya Dunayevskaya
7996:American Marxist
7966:orthodox Marxists
7751:stated that mass
7720:Nicolae Ceaușescu
7690:, especially the
7615:physical universe
7534:political economy
7369:social alienation
7281:theory of history
7247:A 1920 Bolshevik
7129:market mechanisms
7109:communist society
7089:political economy
7074:Soviet propaganda
6998:Income inequality
6864:internal conflict
6775:general elections
6745:New People's Army
6722:guerrilla leader
6680:Hindu nationalism
6332:Nicolae Ceaușescu
6291:Otto von Habsburg
6259:George H. W. Bush
6247:Mikhail Gorbachev
6217:Mikhail Gorbachev
6176:in South Africa.
6166:standard language
6145:Nationalist Party
6082:Nationalist Party
5958:(1946–1954), the
5822:Fulgencio Batista
5746:Nikita Khrushchev
5738:Sino–Soviet split
5711:division of Korea
5680:Sino-Soviet split
5670:
5669:
5397:New People's Army
5255:Sino-Soviet split
5117:On Protracted War
5085:Movement in Hunan
5077:Theoretical works
4735:Capitalist roader
4619:Nikita Khrushchev
4604:socialist economy
4528:Chinese Civil War
4403:Winston Churchill
4334:Chinese Civil War
4305:guerrilla warfare
4142:socialist realism
4085:
4084:
4000:Tito–Stalin split
3990:Sino–Soviet split
3722:Spanish Civil War
3705:Industrialisation
3632:Theoretical works
3600:Nicolae Ceauşescu
3580:Nikos Zachariadis
3505:William Z. Foster
3452:Socialist realism
3241:(Chairman of the
3217:Premier of Russia
3174:Russian Civil War
3145:General Secretary
3141:Lenin's Testament
3133:General Secretary
3080:absolute monarchs
2978:which began as a
2922:Russian Civil War
2720:absolute monarchy
2718:to overthrow the
2529:Steven Rosefielde
2519:Stéphane Courtois
2506:Stéphane Courtois
2391:Sino–Soviet split
2387:Communist parties
2367:in an article in
2075:Sino-Soviet split
2025:Polish–Soviet War
1837:Sino-Soviet split
1833:Tito–Stalin split
1793:industrialisation
1697:communist society
1578:, as well as the
1523:Marksizm-Leninizm
1518:Марксизм-ленинизм
1507:
1506:
846:Sino-Soviet split
752:Spanish Civil War
672:Guerrilla Warfare
634:Theoretical works
552:Władysław Gomułka
532:Nicolae Ceaușescu
482:Nikos Zachariadis
402:Nikita Khrushchev
382:Palmiro Togliatti
152:Labor aristocracy
130:Dialectical logic
16:(Redirected from
19924:
19897:State ideologies
19842:Authoritarianism
19837:Marxism–Leninism
19814:
19813:
19803:
19802:
19801:
19551:
19550:
19459:
19314:Collectivization
19059:Marxism–Leninism
18944:
18943:
18833:
18832:
18664:
18657:
18650:
18641:
18640:
18488:Marxism–Leninism
18369:Managerial state
18247:
18240:
18233:
18224:
18223:
18211:
18210:
18209:
18199:
18198:
18158:State capitalism
17562:De-Stalinization
17557:Cuban Revolution
17379:Gennady Zyuganov
17364:Rohana Wijeweera
17219:Klement Gottwald
17214:Valko Chervenkov
17199:Lazar Kaganovich
17159:Dolores Ibárruri
17026:Three Represents
16971:Intercommunalism
16791:Political system
16634:Central planning
16629:Anti-revisionism
16619:Anti-imperialism
16595:Marxism–Leninism
16588:
16581:
16574:
16565:
16564:
16464:
16462:
16460:
16455:on 11 March 2018
16451:. Archived from
16441:(27 June 2015).
16434:
16411:
16385:
16379:
16377:
16341:
16329:
16314:
16292:
16266:
16235:
16216:(23 July 2003).
16208:
16163:
16133:
16117:
16108:Parenti, Michael
16103:
16101:
16099:
16073:Wright, James D.
16063:
16057:
16055:
16018:
15989:
15970:
15968:
15966:
15960:
15929:
15919:
15917:
15915:
15895:
15872:
15846:
15831:(2nd ed.).
15823:
15821:
15819:
15793:
15770:
15744:
15721:
15681:
15680:
15637:
15631:
15630:, p. 34–35.
15625:
15619:
15618:
15616:
15614:
15583:Fischer, Stanley
15575:
15569:
15568:
15567:on 4 April 2023.
15563:. Archived from
15529:
15523:
15522:
15497:
15491:
15490:
15488:
15486:
15480:
15459:
15448:
15442:
15441:
15439:
15437:
15413:
15404:
15403:
15401:
15399:
15359:
15353:
15352:
15350:
15348:
15323:
15317:
15316:
15294:
15288:
15282:
15276:
15275:
15254:
15248:
15247:
15241:
15239:
15204:
15198:
15197:
15192:
15190:
15155:
15149:
15148:
15142:
15140:
15105:
15099:
15093:
15087:
15086:
15084:
15082:
15062:
15056:
15055:
15033:
15027:
15026:
15006:
14996:
14990:
14989:
14987:
14985:
14961:
14955:
14954:
14932:
14926:
14915:
14909:
14898:
14892:
14881:
14875:
14874:
14853:
14847:
14846:
14844:
14842:
14823:
14817:
14816:
14808:
14802:
14801:
14790:Ishay, Micheline
14786:
14780:
14779:
14764:
14758:
14757:
14727:
14721:
14715:
14706:
14705:
14687:
14677:
14653:
14647:
14646:
14610:
14604:
14598:
14596:
14594:
14574:
14568:
14567:
14549:
14525:
14519:
14518:
14516:
14514:
14508:
14501:
14487:
14481:
14476:
14470:
14469:
14457:
14451:
14450:
14444:
14442:
14410:
14404:
14398:
14392:
14386:
14380:
14374:
14368:
14367:
14361:
14359:
14327:
14321:
14320:
14311:. Archived from
14285:
14279:
14278:
14272:
14270:
14235:
14229:
14223:
14217:
14216:
14210:
14208:
14186:
14177:
14176:
14174:
14172:
14149:
14143:
14142:
14140:
14138:
14111:
14105:
14104:
14102:
14100:
14094:
14081:
14069:
14063:
14062:
14040:
14034:
14028:
14022:
14016:
14010:
14004:
13993:
13987:
13981:
13975:
13969:
13963:
13957:
13951:
13940:
13939:
13914:
13908:
13907:
13885:
13879:
13878:
13866:
13860:
13859:
13847:
13841:
13840:
13825:
13819:
13818:
13800:
13794:
13793:
13768:
13762:
13761:
13746:(2nd ed.).
13739:
13733:
13732:
13710:
13699:
13693:
13687:
13681:
13675:
13669:
13663:
13657:
13651:
13645:
13639:
13633:
13627:
13621:
13615:
13609:
13603:
13597:
13591:
13585:
13579:
13578:
13556:
13550:
13549:
13534:(2nd ed.).
13527:
13521:
13515:
13509:
13503:
13494:
13488:
13479:
13473:
13464:
13458:
13449:
13439:
13433:
13432:
13422:
13413:(6): 1004–1010.
13401:Ageyev, Vladimir
13399:McFarland, Sam;
13396:
13390:
13389:
13360:Scheidel, Walter
13356:
13350:
13349:
13320:
13314:
13313:
13311:
13309:
13281:
13275:
13274:
13246:
13240:
13239:
13212:
13206:
13200:
13185:
13179:
13170:
13169:
13144:
13138:
13137:
13135:
13133:
13113:
13107:
13106:
13104:
13102:
13083:
13077:
13076:
13074:
13072:
13056:
13050:
13049:
13047:
13045:
13023:
13017:
13016:
13014:
13012:
12991:(27 June 2006).
12985:
12979:
12978:
12971:
12965:
12964:
12962:
12960:
12951:
12942:
12936:
12935:
12933:
12931:
12913:
12907:
12906:
12904:
12902:
12890:Interfax-Ukraine
12881:
12875:
12874:
12863:
12857:
12856:
12848:
12842:
12841:
12831:
12825:
12824:
12809:(2nd ed.).
12802:
12796:
12795:, p. 25–26.
12790:
12784:
12783:
12768:(2nd ed.).
12761:
12752:
12751:
12730:
12721:
12715:
12709:
12703:
12697:
12696:
12691:. Archived from
12679:
12673:
12672:
12657:(2nd ed.).
12650:
12644:
12638:
12632:
12631:
12606:
12600:
12594:
12588:
12587:
12562:
12556:
12555:
12553:
12551:
12542:. Archived from
12530:Mirsky, Jonathan
12526:
12520:
12519:
12494:
12488:
12482:
12476:
12470:
12464:
12463:
12441:
12435:
12434:
12411:
12405:
12404:
12386:
12380:
12379:
12357:
12351:
12350:
12344:
12342:
12307:
12301:
12300:
12274:
12268:
12267:
12245:
12239:
12238:
12230:
12224:
12218:
12209:
12203:
12197:
12196:, p. 74–75.
12191:
12185:
12179:
12168:
12162:
12156:
12150:
12137:
12136:
12135:on 11 June 2018.
12131:. Archived from
12097:
12091:
12090:
12084:
12082:
12046:
12040:
12034:
12023:
12017:
12011:
12005:
11999:
11998:
11987:
11981:
11975:
11969:
11963:
11950:
11944:
11923:
11922:
11920:
11918:
11912:
11901:
11897:"The Stalin Era"
11892:
11886:
11885:
11867:
11861:
11860:
11858:
11856:
11850:
11835:
11824:
11818:
11817:
11815:
11813:
11804:. Archontology.
11798:
11792:
11786:
11780:
11774:
11747:
11746:, p. 41–42.
11741:
11732:
11726:
11717:
11716:
11701:(2nd ed.).
11694:
11688:
11682:
11663:
11657:
11651:
11645:
11636:
11630:
11621:
11620:
11608:
11602:
11601:
11599:
11597:
11576:
11570:
11569:
11567:
11565:
11545:
11539:
11538:
11536:
11534:
11509:
11503:
11497:
11491:
11490:
11468:
11462:
11461:
11443:
11437:
11436:
11418:
11412:
11411:
11386:
11377:
11371:
11365:
11359:
11353:
11347:
11336:
11330:
11321:
11315:
11306:
11300:
11294:
11288:
11273:
11272:
11270:
11268:
11250:
11244:
11243:, p. 53–54.
11238:
11232:
11231:
11229:
11227:
11202:
11196:
11195:
11193:
11191:
11166:
11160:
11154:
11143:
11142:
11136:
11134:
11109:
11098:
11097:
11095:
11093:
11068:
11059:
11058:
11056:
11054:
11025:
11016:
11015:
11009:
11007:
10976:
10970:
10969:
10967:
10965:
10956:. Archived from
10942:
10936:
10935:
10926:. Archived from
10888:
10882:
10881:
10871:
10842:
10836:
10835:
10810:
10804:
10803:
10801:
10770:
10762:Ghodsee, Kristen
10758:
10749:
10748:
10710:
10704:
10703:
10669:
10663:
10662:
10626:
10620:
10619:
10601:. pp. 4–5.
10587:
10578:
10577:
10562:. pp. 3–4.
10548:
10542:
10541:
10512:
10506:
10505:
10480:
10474:
10473:
10448:
10442:
10441:
10416:
10410:
10404:
10398:
10397:
10395:
10393:
10362:Smelser, Neil J.
10349:
10343:
10342:
10302:
10296:
10295:
10264:Smelser, Neil J.
10255:
10249:
10248:
10212:
10206:
10205:
10203:
10201:
10182:. p. 2332.
10170:Smelser, Neil J.
10157:
10151:
10150:
10132:
10126:
10120:
10111:
10110:
10104:
10099:
10097:
10089:
10078:. p. 3355.
10066:Wright, James D.
10062:
10045:
10044:
10042:
10040:
10019:
10013:
10012:
10010:
10008:
10002:
9991:
9982:
9976:
9975:
9953:
9944:
9943:
9941:
9939:
9933:
9912:
9901:
9895:
9894:
9892:
9890:
9870:
9864:
9863:
9857:
9855:
9823:
9817:
9816:
9814:
9812:
9793:
9787:
9786:
9784:
9782:
9773:(4): 1289–1305.
9758:
9752:
9751:
9745:
9737:
9735:
9733:
9715:
9706:
9705:
9690:(3rd ed.).
9680:
9671:
9670:
9652:
9641:
9640:
9622:
9616:
9615:
9599:
9593:
9592:
9574:
9568:
9567:
9551:
9545:
9544:
9506:
9500:
9499:
9493:
9491:
9463:
9457:
9456:
9408:
9402:
9401:
9348:
9342:
9341:
9316:
9310:
9309:
9284:
9278:
9277:
9254:Wright, James D.
9249:
9243:
9228:Fitzgibbons 2002
9217:
9211:
9210:
9191:. pp. 6–8.
9180:
9171:
9170:
9168:
9166:
9144:
9138:
9137:
9131:
9129:
9074:
9065:
9059:
9046:
9040:
9027:
9021:
9010:
9004:
8995:
8994:
8971:Wright, James D.
8966:
8960:
8954:
8948:
8942:
8936:
8935:
8933:
8931:
8910:
8901:
8900:
8890:
8884:
8883:
8865:
8859:
8853:
8847:
8846:
8832:
8823:
8822:
8807:(3rd ed.).
8797:
8788:
8787:
8762:
8756:
8730:
8724:
8723:
8695:
8687:
8681:
8667:
8661:
8660:
8658:
8643:
8634:
8628:
8622:
8613:
8607:
8592:
8591:
8563:
8557:
8551:
8545:
8544:
8519:
8510:
8509:
8484:
8475:
8474:
8456:
8445:
8444:
8423:
8356:
8351:
8350:
8349:
8342:
8340:Socialism portal
8337:
8336:
8328:
8323:
8322:
8314:
8312:Communism portal
8309:
8308:
8307:
8285:), and even the
8260:class oppression
8220:living standards
8200:anti-imperialism
8152:not found under
8002:state capitalism
7938:social democrats
7902:authoritarianism
7804:collectivisation
7772:ethnic cleansing
7730:"), such as the
7621:) is applied as
7602:(1818–1883) and
7596:Ludwig Feuerbach
7594:(1770–1831) and
7558:In establishing
7526:capitalist state
7454:public ownership
7296:private property
7265:public education
7165:marginal utility
7133:price mechanisms
7078:collective farms
7050:socialist states
7010:Communist states
6913:Republic of Cuba
6891:Political system
6424:
6418:
6309:The fall of the
6179:Under President
6013:Norodom Sihanouk
5826:Republic of Cuba
5810:Cuban Revolution
5802:Cuban Revolution
5772:Security Council
5699:Korean Civil War
5662:
5655:
5648:
5632:
5631:
5620:
5619:
5608:
5607:
5606:
5598:China portal
5596:
5595:
5594:
5179:
5171:
5163:
5155:
5147:
5139:
5135:Among the People
5129:
5121:
5113:
5105:
5097:
5093:On Contradiction
5089:
5045:Jose Maria Sison
4762:Marxism–Leninism
4730:Anti-revisionism
4725:Anti-imperialism
4702:
4679:
4678:
4645:de-Stalinisation
4505:social democrats
4423:Yalta Conference
4254:
4246:
4238:
4175:Munich Agreement
4128:in the country.
4077:
4070:
4063:
4047:
4046:
4035:
4034:
4023:
4022:
4021:
3895:De-Stalinization
3867:The Other Russia
3782:De-Stalinization
3700:Collectivisation
3615:Gennady Zyuganov
3570:Valko Chervenkov
3555:Lazar Kaganovich
3427:Marxism–Leninism
3402:Collectivization
3397:Anti-revisionism
3379:
3356:
3355:
3225:Nikolai Bukharin
3209:Right Opposition
3166:Grigory Zinoviev
3104:state capitalism
3093:monetary economy
3072:regulated market
3048:nationalisations
3040:material poverty
3002:established the
2942:, leader of the
2902:Russian Republic
2850:Imperial Germany
2748:Tsar Nicholas II
2691:Tsar Nicholas II
2669:social democracy
2561:political groups
2444:John Earl Haynes
2375:Marxism–Leninism
2350:orthodox Marxism
2262:state capitalist
2244:, namely China,
2242:socialist states
2218:de-Stalinisation
2164:anti-revisionist
2157:
2129:anti-revisionist
2089:. In that vein,
2023:soldiers in the
1928:Communist states
1892:collectivisation
1853:state capitalism
1823:. More recently
1781:de-Stalinisation
1770:Marxism–Leninism
1716:world revolution
1667:and establish a
1638:orthodox Marxism
1623:communist states
1548:orthodox Marxism
1525:
1519:
1510:Marxism–Leninism
1499:
1492:
1485:
1469:
1468:
1457:
1456:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1402:State capitalism
826:De-Stalinization
607:Gennady Zyuganov
587:Rohana Wijeweera
442:Klement Gottwald
437:Valko Chervenkov
422:Lazar Kaganovich
98:Central planning
93:Anti-revisionism
88:Anti-imperialism
70:
60:Marxism–Leninism
47:
46:
21:
18:Marxist-Leninism
19932:
19931:
19927:
19926:
19925:
19923:
19922:
19921:
19902:Totalitarianism
19827:
19826:
19825:
19820:
19799:
19797:
19784:
19732:
19706:
19626:
19540:
19485:
19457:
19431:Internet domain
19426:Five-year plans
19388:
19355:
19295:
19198:
19160:
19092:Communist Party
19080:
19039:Passport system
18929:
18905:European Russia
18883:
18822:
18763:Khrushchev Thaw
18742:(World War II)
18720:Creation treaty
18674:
18668:
18638:
18633:
18577:
18427:
18394:Socialist state
18379:One-party state
18293:Communist state
18264:
18251:
18221:
18216:
18207:
18205:
18193:
18186:
18183:Totalitarianism
18163:State socialism
18072:
18048:
17919:
17660:
17502:Greek Civil War
17436:
17387:
17339:Mathieu Kérékou
17244:Leonid Brezhnev
17209:Bolesław Bierut
17204:Georgi Dimitrov
17189:Josip Broz Tito
17184:Walter Ulbricht
17108:
16955:Gonzalo Thought
16867:
16786:
16773:Socialist state
16742:
16597:
16592:
16487:Wayback Machine
16472:
16467:
16458:
16456:
16431:
16408:
16375:
16373:
16366:
16338:
16327:
16311:
16289:
16271:Service, Robert
16263:
16232:
16160:
16144:, eds. (2010).
16142:Service, Robert
16130:
16097:
16095:
16093:
16053:
16051:
16044:
16011:
15986:
15964:
15962:
15958:
15927:
15913:
15911:
15892:
15869:
15843:
15817:
15815:
15790:
15767:
15757:Wiley-Blackwell
15741:
15718:
15708:South End Press
15696:Albert, Michael
15690:
15685:
15684:
15641:Ellman, Michael
15638:
15634:
15626:
15622:
15612:
15610:
15585:(April 2001) .
15576:
15572:
15561:
15530:
15526:
15519:
15498:
15494:
15484:
15482:
15478:
15472:
15457:
15449:
15445:
15435:
15433:
15414:
15407:
15397:
15395:
15380:10.2307/3310959
15360:
15356:
15346:
15344:
15324:
15320:
15313:
15295:
15291:
15283:
15279:
15272:
15255:
15251:
15237:
15235:
15228:
15220:. p. 122.
15205:
15201:
15188:
15186:
15179:
15171:. p. 132.
15156:
15152:
15138:
15136:
15129:
15121:. p. 372.
15109:Ellman, Michael
15106:
15102:
15094:
15090:
15080:
15078:
15063:
15059:
15048:
15034:
15030:
15019:
14997:
14993:
14983:
14981:
14970:New Left Review
14962:
14958:
14951:
14933:
14929:
14916:
14912:
14899:
14895:
14882:
14878:
14857:Bordiga, Amadeo
14854:
14850:
14840:
14838:
14827:Bordiga, Amadeo
14824:
14820:
14809:
14805:
14787:
14783:
14765:
14761:
14747:
14728:
14724:
14716:
14709:
14654:
14650:
14611:
14607:
14592:
14590:
14577:Voline (1995).
14575:
14571:
14526:
14522:
14512:
14510:
14506:
14499:
14488:
14484:
14477:
14473:
14458:
14454:
14440:
14438:
14431:
14411:
14407:
14399:
14395:
14387:
14383:
14375:
14371:
14357:
14355:
14348:
14340:. p. 161.
14328:
14324:
14309:
14286:
14282:
14268:
14266:
14259:
14236:
14232:
14224:
14220:
14206:
14204:
14187:
14180:
14170:
14168:
14151:
14150:
14146:
14136:
14134:
14112:
14108:
14098:
14096:
14092:
14079:
14070:
14066:
14059:
14047:, eds. (2003).
14041:
14037:
14029:
14025:
14017:
14013:
14005:
13996:
13988:
13984:
13976:
13972:
13964:
13960:
13952:
13943:
13936:
13915:
13911:
13904:
13886:
13882:
13867:
13863:
13848:
13844:
13827:
13826:
13822:
13815:
13801:
13797:
13790:
13780:E. Mellen Press
13769:
13765:
13758:
13750:. p. 221.
13740:
13736:
13729:
13711:
13702:
13694:
13690:
13682:
13678:
13670:
13666:
13658:
13654:
13646:
13642:
13634:
13630:
13622:
13618:
13610:
13606:
13598:
13594:
13586:
13582:
13575:
13567:. p. 218.
13557:
13553:
13546:
13528:
13524:
13516:
13512:
13504:
13497:
13489:
13482:
13474:
13467:
13459:
13452:
13440:
13436:
13420:10.1.1.397.4546
13397:
13393:
13378:
13357:
13353:
13338:
13324:Hollander, Paul
13321:
13317:
13307:
13305:
13290:Zucman, Gabriel
13286:Piketty, Thomas
13282:
13278:
13247:
13243:
13236:
13213:
13209:
13201:
13188:
13180:
13173:
13166:
13156:Lexington Books
13145:
13141:
13131:
13129:
13114:
13110:
13100:
13098:
13085:
13084:
13080:
13070:
13068:
13057:
13053:
13043:
13041:
13024:
13020:
13010:
13008:
12997:Frontline/World
12989:Talbot, Stephen
12986:
12982:
12973:
12972:
12968:
12958:
12956:
12949:
12943:
12939:
12929:
12927:
12914:
12910:
12900:
12898:
12883:
12882:
12878:
12864:
12860:
12849:
12845:
12832:
12828:
12821:
12803:
12799:
12791:
12787:
12780:
12762:
12755:
12748:
12731:
12724:
12716:
12712:
12704:
12700:
12681:
12680:
12676:
12669:
12651:
12647:
12639:
12635:
12628:
12607:
12603:
12595:
12591:
12581:
12563:
12559:
12549:
12547:
12527:
12523:
12516:
12495:
12491:
12483:
12479:
12471:
12467:
12460:
12442:
12438:
12431:
12412:
12408:
12401:
12387:
12383:
12376:
12358:
12354:
12340:
12338:
12331:
12308:
12304:
12293:
12275:
12271:
12260:
12246:
12242:
12231:
12227:
12219:
12212:
12204:
12200:
12192:
12188:
12180:
12171:
12163:
12159:
12151:
12140:
12129:
12098:
12094:
12080:
12078:
12071:
12063:. p. 206.
12047:
12043:
12035:
12026:
12018:
12014:
12006:
12002:
11988:
11984:
11976:
11972:
11964:
11953:
11945:
11926:
11916:
11914:
11910:
11899:
11893:
11889:
11882:
11868:
11864:
11854:
11852:
11848:
11833:
11825:
11821:
11811:
11809:
11800:
11799:
11795:
11787:
11783:
11775:
11750:
11742:
11735:
11727:
11720:
11713:
11705:. p. 306.
11695:
11691:
11683:
11666:
11658:
11654:
11650:, pp. 249.
11646:
11639:
11631:
11624:
11609:
11605:
11595:
11593:
11577:
11573:
11563:
11561:
11546:
11542:
11532:
11530:
11513:Lenin, Vladimir
11510:
11506:
11498:
11494:
11487:
11469:
11465:
11458:
11444:
11440:
11433:
11419:
11415:
11408:
11390:Anderson, Kevin
11387:
11380:
11372:
11368:
11360:
11356:
11348:
11339:
11331:
11324:
11316:
11309:
11301:
11297:
11289:
11276:
11266:
11264:
11254:Lenin, Vladimir
11251:
11247:
11239:
11235:
11225:
11223:
11203:
11199:
11189:
11187:
11179:Current Affairs
11167:
11163:
11155:
11146:
11132:
11130:
11110:
11101:
11091:
11089:
11069:
11062:
11052:
11050:
11026:
11019:
11005:
11003:
10996:
10977:
10973:
10963:
10961:
10943:
10939:
10924:
10889:
10885:
10862:(6): 992–1012.
10846:Neumayer, Laure
10843:
10839:
10832:
10814:Neumayer, Laure
10811:
10807:
10799:
10768:
10759:
10752:
10733:10.2307/2497167
10711:
10707:
10670:
10666:
10627:
10623:
10609:
10588:
10581:
10570:
10549:
10545:
10534:
10513:
10509:
10502:
10481:
10477:
10470:
10449:
10445:
10438:
10417:
10413:
10405:
10401:
10391:
10389:
10382:
10358:Baltes, Paul B.
10350:
10346:
10303:
10299:
10292:
10260:Baltes, Paul B.
10256:
10252:
10213:
10209:
10199:
10197:
10190:
10166:Baltes, Paul B.
10158:
10154:
10147:
10133:
10129:
10121:
10114:
10102:
10100:
10091:
10090:
10086:
10063:
10048:
10038:
10036:
10020:
10016:
10006:
10004:
10000:
9989:
9983:
9979:
9972:
9954:
9947:
9937:
9935:
9931:
9925:
9917:. p. 206.
9910:
9902:
9898:
9888:
9886:
9871:
9867:
9853:
9851:
9844:
9836:. p. 159.
9824:
9820:
9810:
9808:
9801:
9794:
9790:
9780:
9778:
9759:
9755:
9739:
9738:
9731:
9729:
9716:
9709:
9702:
9694:. p. 501.
9681:
9674:
9667:
9653:
9644:
9634:
9623:
9619:
9605:
9600:
9596:
9589:
9575:
9571:
9557:
9552:
9548:
9507:
9503:
9489:
9487:
9480:
9464:
9460:
9425:10.2307/2492782
9409:
9405:
9365:10.2307/2492782
9349:
9345:
9338:
9330:. p. 212.
9317:
9313:
9306:
9298:. p. 206.
9285:
9281:
9274:
9266:. p. 661.
9250:
9246:
9218:
9214:
9199:
9181:
9174:
9164:
9162:
9145:
9141:
9127:
9125:
9118:
9075:
9068:
9060:
9049:
9041:
9030:
9022:
9013:
9005:
8998:
8991:
8983:. p. 661.
8967:
8963:
8955:
8951:
8943:
8939:
8929:
8927:
8912:
8911:
8904:
8892:
8891:
8887:
8872:
8867:
8866:
8862:
8854:
8850:
8838:
8833:
8826:
8819:
8811:. p. 506.
8798:
8791:
8781:
8773:. p. 126.
8763:
8759:
8731:
8727:
8716:
8688:
8684:
8670:Wilczynski 2008
8668:
8664:
8656:
8641:
8635:
8631:
8623:
8616:
8608:
8595:
8588:
8564:
8560:
8556:, pp. 1–2.
8552:
8548:
8541:
8520:
8513:
8506:
8493:
8485:
8478:
8471:
8457:
8448:
8438:
8424:
8420:
8415:
8410:
8367:History of Cuba
8352:
8347:
8345:
8338:
8331:
8326:Politics portal
8324:
8317:
8310:
8305:
8303:
8300:
8232:Chiang Kai-shek
8216:social programs
8120:
8108:Nepali Congress
8053:Michael Parenti
8038:Peter Kropotkin
8006:state ownership
7974:left communists
7910:
7890:one-party state
7652:
7643:Vitaly Ginzburg
7552:
7546:
7536:based upon the
7499:New Imperialism
7393:
7385:social cohesion
7269:social benefits
7241:
7221:Bolshevik party
7159:(value) or the
7117:planned economy
7113:high technology
7066:
7026:Walter Scheidel
6975:Who needs a "1"
6925:
6901:communist party
6897:one-party state
6893:
6888:
6763:Rodrigo Duterte
6733:general strikes
6714:briefly became
6587:along with the
6463:relative strong
6426:
6422:
6420:
6416:
6408:
6351:Josip Broz Tito
6209:
6201:Osama bin Laden
6154:Soweto uprising
6045:state terrorism
5750:John F. Kennedy
5707:status quo ante
5666:
5626:
5614:
5604:
5602:
5592:
5590:
5583:
5582:
5474:
5466:
5465:
5455:
5372:
5364:
5363:
5359:Chongqing model
5191:
5183:
5182:
5177:
5169:
5161:
5153:
5145:
5137:
5134:
5127:
5119:
5111:
5103:
5095:
5087:
5084:
5078:
5070:
5069:
4890:Louis Althusser
4875:
4867:
4866:
4855:Gonzalo Thought
4835:
4827:
4826:
4792:Probable defeat
4710:
4674:world communism
4592:world communism
4558:Josip Broz Tito
4540:Chiang Kai-shek
4524:Berlin Blockade
4516:Greek Civil War
4485:anti-capitalist
4443:totalitarianism
4396:
4380:Yalta Agreement
4361:Battle of Kursk
4338:Chiang Kai-shek
4317:Josip Broz Tito
4272:(Nazi Germany,
4081:
4041:
4029:
4019:
4017:
4010:
4009:
4005:Totalitarianism
3885:
3877:
3876:
3807:
3799:
3798:
3792:Khrushchev Thaw
3737:Greek Civil War
3673:
3665:
3664:
3644:
3633:
3625:
3624:
3620:Aleksandr Dugin
3575:Georgy Malenkov
3550:Walter Ulbricht
3540:Bolesław Bierut
3510:Georgi Dimitrov
3485:
3477:
3476:
3412:Five-year plans
3387:
3354:
3346:anti-communists
3185:centre of power
3121:
3070:(1918–1921), a
2878:Weimar Republic
2866:
2856:from the war's
2854:Imperial Russia
2820:Karl Liebknecht
2799:colonial revolt
2764:social progress
2705:to Switzerland
2703:Imperial Russia
2677:Bolshevik party
2655:faction of the
2622:
2617:
2593:Michael Parenti
2585:Kristen Ghodsee
2474:Theodore Draper
2436:
2399:Antonio Gramsci
2334:communist party
2276:
2087:world communism
2032:Left Opposition
2004:, the official
1994:world socialism
1959:Bolshevik Party
1950:communist party
1930:
1925:
1904:totalitarianism
1880:Communist party
1857:state socialism
1789:five-year plans
1605:(all one-party
1503:
1463:
1451:
1441:
1439:
1432:
1431:
1427:Totalitarianism
1407:State socialism
1337:
1314:
1306:
1305:
1281:
1273:
1272:
1178:
1170:
1169:
909:
901:
900:
769:Greek Civil War
700:
692:
691:
651:
635:
627:
626:
567:Mathieu Kérékou
467:Leonid Brezhnev
432:Bolesław Bierut
427:Georgi Dimitrov
412:Josip Broz Tito
407:Walter Ulbricht
337:
329:
328:
269:
261:
260:
162:One-party state
147:under socialism
146:
78:
43:
32:Communist state
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
19930:
19920:
19919:
19914:
19909:
19904:
19899:
19894:
19889:
19884:
19879:
19874:
19869:
19864:
19859:
19854:
19849:
19844:
19839:
19822:
19821:
19819:
19818:
19808:
19793:
19790:
19789:
19786:
19785:
19783:
19782:
19777:
19776:
19775:
19765:
19764:
19763:
19753:
19752:
19751:
19740:
19738:
19734:
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19730:
19729:
19728:
19716:
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19708:
19707:
19705:
19704:
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19694:
19689:
19684:
19679:
19674:
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19657:
19652:
19647:
19642:
19636:
19634:
19628:
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19614:
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19612:
19607:
19597:
19592:
19587:
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19554:
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19539:
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19506:
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19493:
19487:
19486:
19484:
19483:
19482:
19481:
19476:
19474:Rail transport
19471:
19469:Railway system
19461:
19453:
19448:
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19402:
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19265:
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19206:
19200:
19199:
19197:
19196:
19191:
19189:Deputy Premier
19186:
19181:
19180:
19179:
19172:Heads of state
19168:
19166:
19162:
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19159:
19158:
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19156:
19146:
19140:
19137:Supreme Soviet
19134:
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19099:
19088:
19086:
19082:
19081:
19079:
19078:
19073:
19072:
19071:
19066:
19061:
19054:State ideology
19051:
19046:
19041:
19036:
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19034:
19024:
19019:
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19002:
19001:
19000:
18990:
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18950:
18948:
18941:
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18934:
18931:
18930:
18928:
18927:
18922:
18920:Ural Mountains
18917:
18912:
18910:North Caucasus
18907:
18902:
18897:
18891:
18889:
18885:
18884:
18882:
18881:
18876:
18871:
18870:
18869:
18859:
18854:
18853:
18852:
18841:
18839:
18830:
18824:
18823:
18821:
18820:
18815:
18810:
18805:
18800:
18795:
18790:
18785:
18780:
18775:
18770:
18765:
18760:
18755:
18754:
18753:
18748:
18737:
18732:
18727:
18722:
18717:
18712:
18707:
18706:
18705:
18700:
18690:
18684:
18682:
18676:
18675:
18667:
18666:
18659:
18652:
18644:
18635:
18634:
18632:
18631:
18626:
18621:
18616:
18611:
18606:
18601:
18596:
18591:
18585:
18583:
18579:
18578:
18576:
18575:
18570:
18569:
18568:
18558:
18553:
18552:
18551:
18546:
18536:
18531:
18530:
18529:
18524:
18514:
18509:
18508:
18507:
18500:
18495:
18490:
18480:
18479:
18478:
18468:
18467:
18466:
18461:
18456:
18451:
18446:
18435:
18433:
18429:
18428:
18426:
18425:
18424:
18423:
18418:
18408:
18407:
18406:
18396:
18391:
18386:
18381:
18376:
18371:
18366:
18361:
18360:
18359:
18349:
18344:
18343:
18342:
18337:
18332:
18327:
18322:
18315:
18313:Constitutional
18310:
18300:
18295:
18290:
18289:
18288:
18278:
18272:
18270:
18266:
18265:
18250:
18249:
18242:
18235:
18227:
18218:
18217:
18215:
18203:
18191:
18188:
18187:
18185:
18180:
18178:Third-Worldism
18175:
18170:
18165:
18160:
18155:
18150:
18140:
18135:
18130:
18125:
18120:
18115:
18110:
18100:
18095:
18088:Anti-communism
18085:
18080:
18078:
18074:
18073:
18071:
18066:
18061:
18056:
18054:
18053:Related topics
18050:
18049:
18047:
18042:
18037:
18027:
18022:
18017:
18012:
18007:
18002:
17997:
17992:
17987:
17982:
17977:
17972:
17967:
17962:
17957:
17952:
17947:
17942:
17937:
17932:
17927:
17925:
17921:
17920:
17918:
17912:
17907:
17902:
17897:
17892:
17883:
17878:
17873:
17867:
17862:
17857:
17852:
17847:
17842:
17837:
17832:
17827:
17822:
17817:
17812:
17807:
17802:
17793:
17788:
17783:
17778:
17773:
17768:
17763:
17758:
17753:
17748:
17743:
17738:
17732:
17726:Czechoslovakia
17723:
17718:
17713:
17708:
17702:
17693:
17688:
17683:
17678:
17673:
17668:
17666:
17662:
17661:
17659:
17654:
17649:
17644:
17639:
17634:
17629:
17624:
17619:
17614:
17609:
17604:
17599:
17594:
17589:
17584:
17579:
17574:
17569:
17564:
17559:
17554:
17549:
17544:
17538:
17533:
17528:
17519:
17514:
17509:
17504:
17499:
17494:
17489:
17484:
17479:
17474:
17469:
17463:
17458:
17453:
17444:
17442:
17438:
17437:
17435:
17430:
17425:
17420:
17415:
17410:
17405:
17400:
17395:
17393:
17389:
17388:
17386:
17381:
17376:
17371:
17369:Abimael Guzmán
17366:
17361:
17356:
17351:
17346:
17341:
17336:
17334:Thomas Sankara
17331:
17326:
17321:
17319:Erich Honecker
17316:
17314:Maurice Bishop
17311:
17306:
17301:
17296:
17291:
17286:
17281:
17276:
17274:Agostinho Neto
17271:
17266:
17261:
17256:
17251:
17246:
17241:
17239:Khalid Bakdash
17236:
17231:
17226:
17221:
17216:
17211:
17206:
17201:
17196:
17191:
17186:
17181:
17176:
17171:
17169:Võ Nguyên Giáp
17166:
17161:
17156:
17151:
17149:Maurice Thorez
17146:
17141:
17139:Ehmetjan Qasim
17136:
17131:
17129:Ernst Thälmann
17126:
17121:
17116:
17114:
17110:
17109:
17107:
17102:
17097:
17092:
17084:
17076:
17071:
17065:
17060:
17055:
17049:
17044:
17039:
17033:
17028:
17023:
17017:
17012:
17006:
17000:
16995:
16990:
16985:
16980:
16974:
16967:
16962:
16960:Prachanda Path
16957:
16952:
16946:
16941:
16936:
16931:
16925:
16920:
16914:
16907:
16902:
16897:
16892:
16886:
16880:
16875:
16873:
16869:
16868:
16866:
16865:
16860:
16855:
16850:
16845:
16840:
16835:
16830:
16825:
16820:
16815:
16810:
16805:
16800:
16794:
16792:
16788:
16787:
16785:
16780:
16775:
16770:
16765:
16760:
16755:
16750:
16748:
16744:
16743:
16741:
16740:
16735:
16730:
16725:
16724:
16723:
16718:
16708:
16703:
16701:Social fascism
16698:
16696:Self-criticism
16693:
16688:
16683:
16678:
16673:
16668:
16663:
16658:
16653:
16648:
16643:
16642:
16641:
16631:
16626:
16621:
16616:
16611:
16605:
16603:
16599:
16598:
16591:
16590:
16583:
16576:
16568:
16562:
16561:
16549:
16532:Stalin, Joseph
16529:
16516:
16504:
16490:
16471:
16470:External links
16468:
16466:
16465:
16435:
16429:
16412:
16406:
16386:
16364:
16342:
16336:
16324:The Stalin Era
16315:
16309:
16303:. Open Court.
16293:
16287:
16267:
16261:
16236:
16230:
16209:
16164:
16158:
16134:
16128:
16104:
16091:
16064:
16060:Science Direct
16042:
16019:
16009:
15990:
15984:
15971:
15938:(1): 110–126.
15920:
15896:
15890:
15873:
15867:
15847:
15841:
15824:
15807:Our Generation
15794:
15788:
15771:
15765:
15745:
15739:
15722:
15716:
15691:
15689:
15686:
15683:
15682:
15632:
15620:
15597:(3): 341–371.
15570:
15559:
15524:
15517:
15511:. p. 00.
15492:
15470:
15443:
15428:(1): 400–402.
15405:
15354:
15318:
15311:
15289:
15277:
15270:
15264:. p. 35.
15249:
15226:
15199:
15177:
15150:
15127:
15100:
15098:, p. 368.
15088:
15057:
15046:
15028:
15017:
14991:
14976:(137): 78–86.
14956:
14949:
14927:
14910:
14893:
14876:
14848:
14818:
14803:
14800:. p. 245.
14781:
14759:
14745:
14722:
14720:, p. 658.
14707:
14648:
14621:(2): 218–221.
14605:
14569:
14520:
14482:
14471:
14452:
14429:
14405:
14393:
14381:
14369:
14346:
14322:
14307:
14301:. p. 38.
14280:
14257:
14230:
14218:
14178:
14144:
14129:(3): 703–760.
14106:
14073:Becker, Jasper
14064:
14057:
14035:
14033:, p. 298.
14023:
14011:
14009:, p. 3–6.
13994:
13982:
13970:
13968:, p. 526.
13958:
13941:
13934:
13928:. p. 45.
13909:
13902:
13880:
13861:
13842:
13830:Slovak Studies
13820:
13813:
13795:
13788:
13782:. p. 45.
13772:Thrower, James
13763:
13756:
13734:
13727:
13700:
13698:, p. 326.
13688:
13686:, p. 258.
13676:
13674:, p. 581.
13664:
13652:
13650:, p. 250.
13640:
13638:, p. 854.
13628:
13616:
13614:, p. 319.
13604:
13602:, p. 580.
13592:
13580:
13573:
13551:
13544:
13522:
13520:, p. 732.
13510:
13508:, p. 731.
13495:
13493:, p. 140.
13480:
13478:, p. 139.
13465:
13463:, p. 138.
13450:
13434:
13391:
13376:
13351:
13336:
13315:
13276:
13241:
13234:
13216:Overy, Richard
13207:
13205:, p. 306.
13186:
13171:
13164:
13158:. p. 18.
13139:
13124:(in Spanish).
13122:Diario Expreso
13108:
13078:
13051:
13018:
12980:
12966:
12937:
12908:
12876:
12867:Németh, Miklós
12858:
12843:
12837:Wiener Zeitung
12826:
12819:
12797:
12785:
12778:
12753:
12746:
12734:Bullock, Allan
12722:
12710:
12708:, p. 582.
12698:
12674:
12667:
12645:
12643:, p. 148.
12633:
12626:
12601:
12589:
12579:
12573:. p. 32.
12557:
12521:
12514:
12489:
12477:
12475:, p. 216.
12465:
12458:
12436:
12429:
12406:
12399:
12381:
12374:
12352:
12329:
12302:
12291:
12285:. p. 33.
12269:
12258:
12240:
12225:
12210:
12198:
12186:
12169:
12157:
12138:
12127:
12092:
12069:
12041:
12024:
12012:
12000:
11991:Hobsbawm, Eric
11982:
11980:, p. 447.
11970:
11951:
11924:
11887:
11880:
11872:The Stalin Era
11862:
11819:
11793:
11781:
11748:
11733:
11718:
11711:
11689:
11664:
11652:
11637:
11622:
11615:. Lanham, MD:
11603:
11571:
11540:
11504:
11492:
11485:
11463:
11456:
11438:
11431:
11413:
11406:
11378:
11366:
11362:Bottomore 1991
11354:
11352:, p. 270.
11337:
11335:, p. 269.
11322:
11320:, p. 207.
11307:
11305:, p. 204.
11295:
11293:, p. 259.
11291:Bottomore 1991
11274:
11245:
11241:Bottomore 1991
11233:
11197:
11161:
11144:
11099:
11060:
11017:
10994:
10971:
10937:
10922:
10883:
10837:
10830:
10805:
10779:(2): 115–142.
10750:
10705:
10664:
10643:10.1086/343411
10637:(2): 352–380.
10621:
10607:
10579:
10568:
10543:
10532:
10507:
10500:
10475:
10468:
10443:
10436:
10411:
10399:
10380:
10344:
10297:
10290:
10250:
10207:
10188:
10152:
10145:
10127:
10112:
10084:
10068:, ed. (2015).
10046:
10014:
9977:
9970:
9964:. p. 31.
9945:
9923:
9896:
9865:
9842:
9818:
9788:
9753:
9707:
9700:
9684:Bullock, Allan
9672:
9665:
9642:
9617:
9610:(in Russian).
9594:
9587:
9569:
9562:(in Russian).
9546:
9519:(2): 202–227.
9501:
9478:
9458:
9419:(2): 314–319.
9403:
9359:(2): 314–319.
9343:
9336:
9320:Sakwa, Richard
9311:
9304:
9288:Sakwa, Richard
9279:
9272:
9244:
9212:
9197:
9172:
9139:
9116:
9086:Geyer, Michael
9078:Geyer, Michael
9066:
9047:
9045:, p. 307.
9028:
9011:
8996:
8989:
8961:
8949:
8937:
8902:
8885:
8860:
8848:
8824:
8817:
8801:Bullock, Allan
8789:
8779:
8757:
8725:
8714:
8682:
8662:
8629:
8614:
8610:Bottomore 1991
8593:
8586:
8558:
8546:
8539:
8523:Kosing, Alfred
8511:
8504:
8476:
8469:
8446:
8436:
8417:
8416:
8414:
8411:
8409:
8406:
8405:
8404:
8399:
8394:
8389:
8384:
8379:
8374:
8369:
8364:
8358:
8357:
8343:
8329:
8315:
8299:
8296:
8275:British Empire
8271:Michael Ellman
8210:achievements,
8196:women's rights
8184:self-criticism
8119:
8116:
8079:neo-Stalinists
8026:Amadeo Bordiga
7978:Rosa Luxemburg
7909:
7906:
7814:, such as the
7800:Robert Service
7749:Robert Service
7745:class struggle
7651:
7648:
7604:Vladimir Lenin
7548:Main article:
7545:
7542:
7431:social classes
7427:class struggle
7413:popular fronts
7405:decolonisation
7403:and advocates
7392:
7389:
7377:New Soviet man
7311:of women from
7257:social welfare
7240:
7237:
7217:self-sacrifice
7213:egalitarianism
7161:exchange value
7093:dehumanisation
7065:
7062:
7006:Paul Hollander
6990:Man Equals Man
6979:Bertolt Brecht
6969:literature by
6955:New Soviet man
6947:egalitarianism
6924:
6921:
6905:Robert Service
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6876:Pedro Castillo
6792:alongside the
6716:prime minister
6660:Manmohan Singh
6550:Czech Republic
6505:following the
6421:
6415:
6407:
6404:
6323:Erich Honecker
6208:
6205:
6118:Haile Selassie
6054:Killing Fields
6041:middle classes
6037:intelligentsia
5994:Fall of Saigon
5977:anti-communist
5930:Maurice Bishop
5905:in the secret
5885:(FSLN) led by
5853:Pierre Laporte
5841:October Crisis
5668:
5667:
5665:
5664:
5657:
5650:
5642:
5639:
5638:
5637:
5636:
5624:
5612:
5600:
5585:
5584:
5581:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5559:
5558:
5553:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5489:Feudal fascism
5486:
5481:
5475:
5473:Related topics
5472:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5458:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5400:
5399:
5394:
5384:
5379:
5373:
5370:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5362:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5315:
5314:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5293:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5241:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5204:
5203:
5201:Jiangxi Soviet
5192:
5189:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5181:
5180:
5172:
5164:
5156:
5148:
5140:
5130:
5122:
5114:
5106:
5098:
5090:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5072:
5071:
5068:
5067:
5065:Zhang Chunqiao
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5035:Narayan Sanyal
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5015:Huey P. Newton
5012:
5007:
5005:Charu Majumdar
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4975:George Jackson
4972:
4967:
4962:
4960:Abimael Guzmán
4957:
4955:Norm Gallagher
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4869:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4863:
4862:
4860:Prachanda Path
4857:
4847:
4842:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4812:Self-criticism
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4695:
4694:
4688:
4687:
4650:intelligentsia
4629:in the speech
4431:Grand Alliance
4395:
4392:
4278:Imperial Japan
4266:Grand Alliance
4243:Einsatzgruppen
4094:heavy industry
4083:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4072:
4065:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4039:
4027:
4012:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3915:Stalin Society
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3886:
3884:Related topics
3883:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3640:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3610:Nina Andreyeva
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3565:Andrei Zhdanov
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3515:Ernst Thälmann
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3442:Self-criticism
3439:
3434:
3432:New Soviet man
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3372:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3353:
3350:
3264:dekulakisation
3239:Mikhail Tomsky
3223:, 1924–1930),
3120:
3117:
3064:Decree on Land
3016:fifth congress
3012:first congress
2980:general strike
2914:White Movement
2865:
2862:
2816:Rosa Luxemburg
2795:decolonisation
2724:Tsar of Russia
2640:Vladimir Lenin
2629:Vladimir Lenin
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2539:Rudolph Rummel
2460:anti-communist
2435:
2434:Historiography
2432:
2428:Communist bloc
2314:class struggle
2302:Vladimir Lenin
2275:
2272:
2138:Following the
2123:, who led the
2099:state ideology
2006:state ideology
1978:death of Lenin
1971:Vladimir Lenin
1946:vanguard party
1938:Russian Empire
1936:in the former
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1900:Robert Service
1712:Vladimir Lenin
1699:that would be
1691:, and promote
1657:vanguard party
1615:state ideology
1584:Bolshevization
1505:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1494:
1487:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1461:
1449:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1422:Third-Worldism
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1382:
1377:
1375:Post-communism
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1324:Anti-communism
1321:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1282:
1280:Related topics
1279:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1130:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
982:
981:
976:
969:Czechoslovakia
966:
961:
956:
951:
950:
949:
944:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
910:
907:
906:
903:
902:
899:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
812:
811:
806:
801:
796:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
765:
764:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
728:
727:
722:
717:
712:
701:
698:
697:
694:
693:
690:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
647:
642:
636:
633:
632:
629:
628:
625:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
562:Thomas Sankara
559:
554:
549:
547:Erich Honecker
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
497:Agostinho Neto
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
462:Khalid Bakdash
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
392:Võ Nguyên Giáp
389:
384:
379:
377:Maurice Thorez
374:
369:
367:Ehmetjan Qasim
364:
359:
357:Ernst Thälmann
354:
349:
344:
342:Vladimir Lenin
338:
335:
334:
331:
330:
327:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
270:
267:
266:
263:
262:
259:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
232:
231:
221:
220:
219:
214:
204:
199:
197:Social fascism
194:
192:Self-criticism
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
106:
105:
95:
90:
85:
79:
76:
75:
72:
71:
63:
62:
56:
55:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
19929:
19918:
19915:
19913:
19910:
19908:
19905:
19903:
19900:
19898:
19895:
19893:
19890:
19888:
19887:Joseph Stalin
19885:
19883:
19880:
19878:
19875:
19873:
19870:
19868:
19865:
19863:
19860:
19858:
19855:
19853:
19850:
19848:
19845:
19843:
19840:
19838:
19835:
19834:
19832:
19817:
19809:
19807:
19806:
19795:
19794:
19791:
19781:
19778:
19774:
19771:
19770:
19769:
19766:
19762:
19759:
19758:
19757:
19754:
19750:
19747:
19746:
19745:
19742:
19741:
19739:
19735:
19727:
19724:
19723:
19721:
19718:
19717:
19715:
19713:
19709:
19703:
19700:
19698:
19695:
19693:
19690:
19688:
19685:
19683:
19680:
19678:
19677:Printed media
19675:
19673:
19670:
19666:
19663:
19662:
19661:
19658:
19656:
19653:
19651:
19648:
19646:
19643:
19641:
19638:
19637:
19635:
19633:
19629:
19623:
19620:
19618:
19615:
19611:
19610:Cyrillisation
19608:
19606:
19603:
19602:
19601:
19598:
19596:
19593:
19591:
19588:
19584:
19581:
19579:
19578:Working class
19576:
19574:
19573:Soviet people
19571:
19570:
19569:
19566:
19564:
19561:
19559:
19556:
19555:
19552:
19549:
19547:
19543:
19535:
19532:
19531:
19530:
19527:
19525:
19522:
19520:
19517:
19515:
19512:
19510:
19507:
19505:
19502:
19500:
19497:
19496:
19494:
19492:
19488:
19480:
19477:
19475:
19472:
19470:
19467:
19466:
19465:
19462:
19460:
19454:
19452:
19449:
19447:
19444:
19442:
19439:
19437:
19434:
19432:
19429:
19427:
19424:
19422:
19421:Energy policy
19419:
19417:
19414:
19412:
19409:
19407:
19404:
19403:
19401:
19399:
19395:
19385:
19382:
19380:
19377:
19375:
19372:
19370:
19367:
19366:
19364:
19362:
19358:
19352:
19349:
19347:
19344:
19340:
19337:
19336:
19335:
19332:
19330:
19327:
19325:
19322:
19320:
19317:
19315:
19312:
19310:
19307:
19306:
19304:
19302:
19298:
19290:
19286:
19282:
19278:
19274:
19271:
19270:
19269:
19266:
19262:
19259:
19257:
19254:
19253:
19252:
19249:
19247:
19244:
19240:
19237:
19236:
19235:
19232:
19228:
19225:
19224:
19223:
19220:
19218:
19215:
19213:
19210:
19209:
19207:
19205:
19201:
19195:
19192:
19190:
19187:
19185:
19182:
19178:
19175:
19174:
19173:
19170:
19169:
19167:
19163:
19155:
19152:
19151:
19150:
19149:Supreme Court
19147:
19144:
19141:
19138:
19135:
19132:
19129:
19125:
19122:
19118:
19115:
19113:
19110:
19109:
19108:
19105:
19103:
19100:
19098:
19095:
19094:
19093:
19090:
19089:
19087:
19083:
19077:
19074:
19070:
19067:
19065:
19062:
19060:
19057:
19056:
19055:
19052:
19050:
19047:
19045:
19042:
19040:
19037:
19033:
19030:
19029:
19028:
19025:
19023:
19020:
19018:
19015:
19011:
19008:
19007:
19006:
19003:
18999:
18996:
18995:
18994:
18991:
18989:
18986:
18982:
18979:
18978:
18977:
18974:
18972:
18969:
18965:
18962:
18960:
18957:
18956:
18955:
18952:
18951:
18949:
18945:
18942:
18940:
18936:
18926:
18923:
18921:
18918:
18916:
18913:
18911:
18908:
18906:
18903:
18901:
18898:
18896:
18893:
18892:
18890:
18886:
18880:
18877:
18875:
18872:
18868:
18865:
18864:
18863:
18860:
18858:
18855:
18851:
18848:
18847:
18846:
18843:
18842:
18840:
18838:
18834:
18831:
18829:
18825:
18819:
18816:
18814:
18811:
18809:
18806:
18804:
18801:
18799:
18796:
18794:
18791:
18789:
18786:
18784:
18781:
18779:
18776:
18774:
18771:
18769:
18766:
18764:
18761:
18759:
18756:
18752:
18751:The Holocaust
18749:
18747:
18744:
18743:
18741:
18738:
18736:
18733:
18731:
18728:
18726:
18723:
18721:
18718:
18716:
18713:
18711:
18708:
18704:
18701:
18699:
18696:
18695:
18694:
18691:
18689:
18686:
18685:
18683:
18681:
18677:
18672:
18665:
18660:
18658:
18653:
18651:
18646:
18645:
18642:
18630:
18627:
18625:
18622:
18620:
18617:
18615:
18612:
18610:
18607:
18605:
18602:
18600:
18597:
18595:
18592:
18590:
18587:
18586:
18584:
18580:
18574:
18573:Shōwa Statism
18571:
18567:
18564:
18563:
18562:
18559:
18557:
18554:
18550:
18547:
18545:
18542:
18541:
18540:
18537:
18535:
18532:
18528:
18525:
18523:
18520:
18519:
18518:
18515:
18513:
18512:Caesaropapism
18510:
18506:
18505:
18501:
18499:
18496:
18494:
18491:
18489:
18486:
18485:
18484:
18481:
18477:
18474:
18473:
18472:
18469:
18465:
18462:
18460:
18457:
18455:
18452:
18450:
18447:
18445:
18442:
18441:
18440:
18437:
18436:
18434:
18430:
18422:
18419:
18417:
18414:
18413:
18412:
18409:
18405:
18404:Islamic state
18402:
18401:
18400:
18397:
18395:
18392:
18390:
18387:
18385:
18382:
18380:
18377:
18375:
18372:
18370:
18367:
18365:
18362:
18358:
18355:
18354:
18353:
18350:
18348:
18345:
18341:
18338:
18336:
18333:
18331:
18328:
18326:
18323:
18321:
18320:
18316:
18314:
18311:
18309:
18306:
18305:
18304:
18301:
18299:
18296:
18294:
18291:
18287:
18284:
18283:
18282:
18279:
18277:
18274:
18273:
18271:
18267:
18263:
18259:
18255:
18254:Authoritarian
18248:
18243:
18241:
18236:
18234:
18229:
18228:
18225:
18214:
18204:
18202:
18197:
18192:
18189:
18184:
18181:
18179:
18176:
18174:
18171:
18169:
18166:
18164:
18161:
18159:
18156:
18154:
18151:
18148:
18144:
18141:
18139:
18136:
18134:
18131:
18129:
18126:
18124:
18121:
18119:
18116:
18114:
18111:
18108:
18107:Mass killings
18104:
18101:
18099:
18096:
18093:
18092:Mass killings
18089:
18086:
18084:
18081:
18079:
18075:
18070:
18067:
18065:
18062:
18060:
18057:
18055:
18051:
18046:
18043:
18041:
18038:
18035:
18031:
18028:
18026:
18023:
18021:
18018:
18016:
18013:
18011:
18008:
18006:
18003:
18001:
17998:
17996:
17993:
17991:
17988:
17986:
17983:
17981:
17978:
17976:
17973:
17971:
17968:
17966:
17963:
17961:
17958:
17956:
17953:
17951:
17948:
17946:
17943:
17941:
17938:
17936:
17933:
17931:
17928:
17926:
17924:Organizations
17922:
17916:
17913:
17911:
17908:
17906:
17903:
17901:
17898:
17896:
17893:
17891:
17887:
17884:
17882:
17879:
17877:
17874:
17871:
17868:
17866:
17863:
17861:
17858:
17856:
17853:
17851:
17848:
17846:
17843:
17841:
17838:
17836:
17833:
17831:
17828:
17826:
17823:
17821:
17818:
17816:
17813:
17811:
17808:
17806:
17803:
17801:
17797:
17794:
17792:
17789:
17787:
17784:
17782:
17779:
17777:
17774:
17772:
17769:
17767:
17764:
17762:
17759:
17757:
17754:
17752:
17749:
17747:
17744:
17742:
17739:
17736:
17733:
17731:
17727:
17724:
17722:
17719:
17717:
17714:
17712:
17709:
17706:
17703:
17701:
17697:
17694:
17692:
17689:
17687:
17684:
17682:
17679:
17677:
17674:
17672:
17669:
17667:
17663:
17658:
17655:
17653:
17650:
17648:
17645:
17643:
17640:
17638:
17635:
17633:
17630:
17628:
17625:
17623:
17622:Prague Spring
17620:
17618:
17615:
17613:
17610:
17608:
17605:
17603:
17600:
17598:
17595:
17593:
17590:
17588:
17585:
17583:
17580:
17578:
17575:
17573:
17570:
17568:
17565:
17563:
17560:
17558:
17555:
17553:
17550:
17548:
17545:
17542:
17539:
17537:
17534:
17532:
17529:
17527:
17523:
17520:
17518:
17515:
17513:
17510:
17508:
17505:
17503:
17500:
17498:
17495:
17493:
17490:
17488:
17485:
17483:
17480:
17478:
17475:
17473:
17470:
17467:
17464:
17462:
17459:
17457:
17454:
17452:
17448:
17445:
17443:
17439:
17434:
17431:
17429:
17426:
17424:
17421:
17419:
17416:
17414:
17411:
17409:
17406:
17404:
17401:
17399:
17396:
17394:
17390:
17385:
17382:
17380:
17377:
17375:
17372:
17370:
17367:
17365:
17362:
17360:
17357:
17355:
17352:
17350:
17347:
17345:
17342:
17340:
17337:
17335:
17332:
17330:
17329:Samora Machel
17327:
17325:
17322:
17320:
17317:
17315:
17312:
17310:
17307:
17305:
17302:
17300:
17297:
17295:
17292:
17290:
17287:
17285:
17282:
17280:
17277:
17275:
17272:
17270:
17267:
17265:
17262:
17260:
17257:
17255:
17252:
17250:
17249:Deng Xiaoping
17247:
17245:
17242:
17240:
17237:
17235:
17232:
17230:
17227:
17225:
17222:
17220:
17217:
17215:
17212:
17210:
17207:
17205:
17202:
17200:
17197:
17195:
17194:Mátyás Rákosi
17192:
17190:
17187:
17185:
17182:
17180:
17177:
17175:
17172:
17170:
17167:
17165:
17162:
17160:
17157:
17155:
17152:
17150:
17147:
17145:
17142:
17140:
17137:
17135:
17132:
17130:
17127:
17125:
17122:
17120:
17119:Joseph Stalin
17117:
17115:
17111:
17106:
17103:
17101:
17098:
17096:
17093:
17090:
17089:
17085:
17083:
17082:
17077:
17075:
17072:
17069:
17066:
17064:
17061:
17059:
17056:
17054:
17050:
17048:
17045:
17043:
17040:
17037:
17034:
17032:
17029:
17027:
17024:
17022:
17018:
17016:
17013:
17010:
17007:
17005:
17001:
16999:
16996:
16994:
16991:
16989:
16986:
16984:
16981:
16978:
16977:New Communism
16975:
16972:
16968:
16966:
16963:
16961:
16958:
16956:
16953:
16951:
16947:
16945:
16942:
16940:
16939:Khrushchevism
16937:
16935:
16932:
16929:
16926:
16924:
16921:
16919:
16915:
16913:
16912:
16908:
16906:
16903:
16901:
16898:
16896:
16893:
16890:
16887:
16885:
16881:
16879:
16876:
16874:
16870:
16864:
16861:
16859:
16858:Unified power
16856:
16854:
16851:
16849:
16846:
16844:
16841:
16839:
16836:
16834:
16831:
16829:
16826:
16824:
16821:
16819:
16816:
16814:
16811:
16809:
16806:
16804:
16801:
16799:
16796:
16795:
16793:
16789:
16784:
16781:
16779:
16776:
16774:
16771:
16769:
16766:
16764:
16761:
16759:
16756:
16754:
16751:
16749:
16745:
16739:
16736:
16734:
16731:
16729:
16726:
16722:
16719:
16717:
16714:
16713:
16712:
16709:
16707:
16704:
16702:
16699:
16697:
16694:
16692:
16689:
16687:
16686:Popular front
16684:
16682:
16679:
16677:
16674:
16672:
16669:
16667:
16664:
16662:
16659:
16657:
16654:
16652:
16649:
16647:
16644:
16640:
16637:
16636:
16635:
16632:
16630:
16627:
16625:
16622:
16620:
16617:
16615:
16612:
16610:
16607:
16606:
16604:
16600:
16596:
16589:
16584:
16582:
16577:
16575:
16570:
16569:
16566:
16559:
16558:
16553:
16550:
16547:
16543:
16539:
16538:
16533:
16530:
16527:
16523:
16522:
16517:
16514:
16513:
16508:
16505:
16502:
16498:
16494:
16491:
16488:
16484:
16480:
16479:
16474:
16473:
16454:
16450:
16449:
16444:
16440:
16436:
16432:
16426:
16422:
16418:
16413:
16409:
16403:
16399:
16395:
16391:
16390:Walker, David
16387:
16383:
16371:
16367:
16365:0-674-07830-6
16361:
16357:
16354:. Cambridge:
16353:
16352:
16347:
16343:
16339:
16337:0-900988-54-1
16333:
16326:
16325:
16320:
16316:
16312:
16306:
16302:
16298:
16294:
16290:
16284:
16280:
16276:
16272:
16268:
16264:
16258:
16254:
16250:
16246:
16242:
16237:
16233:
16227:
16223:
16219:
16215:
16210:
16206:
16202:
16198:
16194:
16190:
16186:
16182:
16178:
16174:
16170:
16165:
16161:
16155:
16151:
16147:
16143:
16139:
16135:
16131:
16125:
16121:
16116:
16115:
16109:
16105:
16094:
16088:
16084:
16080:
16079:
16074:
16070:
16065:
16061:
16049:
16045:
16039:
16035:
16031:
16030:
16025:
16020:
16016:
16012:
16010:0-415-23046-2
16006:
16002:
15998:
15997:
15991:
15987:
15981:
15977:
15972:
15957:
15953:
15949:
15945:
15941:
15937:
15933:
15926:
15921:
15910:
15906:
15902:
15897:
15893:
15887:
15883:
15879:
15874:
15870:
15864:
15860:
15856:
15852:
15848:
15844:
15838:
15834:
15830:
15825:
15813:
15809:
15808:
15803:
15799:
15798:Chomsky, Noam
15795:
15791:
15785:
15781:
15777:
15772:
15768:
15766:0-631-18082-6
15762:
15758:
15754:
15750:
15746:
15742:
15736:
15732:
15728:
15723:
15719:
15713:
15709:
15705:
15701:
15700:Hahnel, Robin
15697:
15693:
15692:
15678:
15674:
15670:
15666:
15662:
15658:
15655:: 1152–1172.
15654:
15650:
15646:
15642:
15636:
15629:
15624:
15608:
15604:
15600:
15596:
15592:
15588:
15584:
15580:
15574:
15566:
15562:
15556:
15552:
15548:
15544:
15540:
15539:
15534:
15533:Davies, R. W.
15528:
15520:
15514:
15510:
15506:
15502:
15496:
15477:
15473:
15467:
15463:
15456:
15455:
15447:
15431:
15427:
15423:
15419:
15412:
15410:
15393:
15389:
15385:
15381:
15377:
15373:
15369:
15365:
15358:
15342:
15338:
15337:
15332:
15328:
15327:Milne, Seumas
15322:
15314:
15308:
15304:
15300:
15293:
15287:, p. 58.
15286:
15281:
15273:
15267:
15263:
15259:
15253:
15245:
15233:
15229:
15227:0-415-09235-3
15223:
15219:
15215:
15214:
15209:
15203:
15196:
15184:
15180:
15174:
15170:
15166:
15165:
15160:
15159:Ther, Philipp
15154:
15146:
15134:
15130:
15124:
15120:
15116:
15115:
15110:
15104:
15097:
15092:
15076:
15072:
15068:
15061:
15054:
15049:
15043:
15039:
15032:
15025:
15020:
15014:
15010:
15005:
15004:
14995:
14979:
14975:
14971:
14967:
14960:
14952:
14946:
14942:
14938:
14931:
14924:
14920:
14914:
14907:
14906:0-87286-329-8
14903:
14897:
14890:
14889:0-87286-298-4
14886:
14880:
14872:
14868:
14864:
14863:
14858:
14852:
14836:
14832:
14828:
14822:
14815:. p. 16.
14814:
14807:
14799:
14795:
14791:
14785:
14777:
14773:
14769:
14763:
14756:
14752:
14748:
14742:
14738:
14737:
14732:
14731:Taaffe, Peter
14726:
14719:
14714:
14712:
14703:
14699:
14695:
14691:
14686:
14681:
14676:
14671:
14667:
14663:
14659:
14652:
14644:
14640:
14636:
14632:
14628:
14624:
14620:
14616:
14609:
14602:
14588:
14584:
14580:
14579:"Red Fascism"
14573:
14565:
14561:
14557:
14553:
14548:
14543:
14539:
14535:
14531:
14524:
14505:
14498:
14497:
14492:
14486:
14480:
14475:
14467:
14463:
14456:
14448:
14436:
14432:
14426:
14423:. p. 1.
14422:
14418:
14417:
14409:
14402:
14397:
14390:
14385:
14378:
14373:
14365:
14353:
14349:
14343:
14339:
14335:
14334:
14326:
14318:
14314:
14310:
14304:
14300:
14296:
14295:
14290:
14284:
14276:
14264:
14260:
14254:
14250:
14246:
14245:
14240:
14234:
14228:, p. 86.
14227:
14222:
14215:
14202:
14198:
14194:
14193:
14185:
14183:
14166:
14162:
14158:
14154:
14148:
14132:
14128:
14124:
14120:
14116:
14115:Karski, Karol
14110:
14091:
14087:
14086:
14085:The Spectator
14078:
14074:
14068:
14060:
14054:
14050:
14046:
14045:Várdy, Steven
14039:
14032:
14027:
14021:, p. 90.
14020:
14015:
14008:
14003:
14001:
13999:
13991:
13986:
13979:
13974:
13967:
13962:
13955:
13950:
13948:
13946:
13937:
13931:
13927:
13923:
13919:
13913:
13905:
13899:
13895:
13891:
13884:
13876:
13872:
13865:
13857:
13853:
13846:
13839:
13835:
13831:
13824:
13816:
13810:
13806:
13799:
13791:
13785:
13781:
13777:
13773:
13767:
13759:
13753:
13749:
13745:
13738:
13730:
13724:
13720:
13716:
13709:
13707:
13705:
13697:
13692:
13685:
13680:
13673:
13668:
13661:
13656:
13649:
13644:
13637:
13632:
13625:
13620:
13613:
13608:
13601:
13596:
13589:
13584:
13576:
13570:
13566:
13562:
13555:
13547:
13541:
13537:
13533:
13526:
13519:
13514:
13507:
13502:
13500:
13492:
13487:
13485:
13477:
13472:
13470:
13462:
13457:
13455:
13447:
13443:
13438:
13430:
13426:
13421:
13416:
13412:
13408:
13407:
13402:
13395:
13387:
13383:
13379:
13373:
13369:
13365:
13361:
13355:
13347:
13343:
13339:
13337:1-56000-954-3
13333:
13329:
13325:
13319:
13303:
13299:
13295:
13291:
13287:
13280:
13272:
13268:
13264:
13260:
13256:
13252:
13245:
13237:
13231:
13227:
13223:
13222:
13217:
13211:
13204:
13199:
13197:
13195:
13193:
13191:
13183:
13178:
13176:
13167:
13161:
13157:
13153:
13149:
13143:
13127:
13123:
13119:
13112:
13096:
13092:
13088:
13082:
13066:
13062:
13055:
13039:
13035:
13034:
13029:
13022:
13006:
13002:
12998:
12994:
12990:
12984:
12976:
12970:
12955:
12948:
12941:
12925:
12921:
12920:
12912:
12896:
12892:
12891:
12886:
12880:
12872:
12868:
12862:
12854:
12847:
12839:
12838:
12830:
12822:
12816:
12812:
12808:
12801:
12794:
12789:
12781:
12775:
12771:
12767:
12760:
12758:
12749:
12743:
12739:
12735:
12729:
12727:
12719:
12714:
12707:
12702:
12694:
12690:
12689:
12684:
12678:
12670:
12664:
12660:
12656:
12649:
12642:
12637:
12629:
12623:
12619:
12615:
12611:
12605:
12598:
12593:
12586:
12582:
12576:
12572:
12568:
12561:
12545:
12541:
12540:
12535:
12531:
12525:
12517:
12511:
12507:
12503:
12499:
12493:
12486:
12481:
12474:
12469:
12461:
12455:
12451:
12447:
12440:
12432:
12426:
12422:
12418:
12410:
12402:
12396:
12392:
12385:
12377:
12371:
12367:
12363:
12356:
12348:
12336:
12332:
12326:
12322:
12318:
12317:
12312:
12306:
12299:
12294:
12288:
12284:
12280:
12273:
12266:
12261:
12255:
12251:
12244:
12236:
12229:
12223:, p. 81.
12222:
12217:
12215:
12208:, p. 80.
12207:
12202:
12195:
12190:
12184:, p. 74.
12183:
12178:
12176:
12174:
12167:, p. 73.
12166:
12161:
12155:, p. 63.
12154:
12149:
12147:
12145:
12143:
12134:
12130:
12124:
12120:
12116:
12112:
12111:
12106:
12105:Davies, R. W.
12102:
12096:
12088:
12076:
12072:
12066:
12062:
12058:
12054:
12053:
12045:
12039:, p. 62.
12038:
12033:
12031:
12029:
12022:, p. 59.
12021:
12016:
12010:, p. 60.
12009:
12004:
11996:
11992:
11986:
11979:
11974:
11968:, p. 47.
11967:
11962:
11960:
11958:
11956:
11949:, p. 49.
11948:
11943:
11941:
11939:
11937:
11935:
11933:
11931:
11929:
11909:
11905:
11898:
11891:
11883:
11881:0-900988-54-1
11877:
11873:
11866:
11847:
11843:
11839:
11832:
11831:
11823:
11807:
11803:
11797:
11791:, p. 43.
11790:
11785:
11779:, p. 42.
11778:
11773:
11771:
11769:
11767:
11765:
11763:
11761:
11759:
11757:
11755:
11753:
11745:
11740:
11738:
11731:, p. 41.
11730:
11725:
11723:
11714:
11708:
11704:
11700:
11693:
11687:, p. 38.
11686:
11681:
11679:
11677:
11675:
11673:
11671:
11669:
11662:, p. 39.
11661:
11656:
11649:
11644:
11642:
11635:, p. 37.
11634:
11629:
11627:
11618:
11614:
11607:
11591:
11587:
11586:
11581:
11580:Golder, Frank
11575:
11559:
11555:
11551:
11544:
11528:
11524:
11523:
11518:
11514:
11508:
11502:, p. 31.
11501:
11496:
11488:
11482:
11478:
11474:
11467:
11459:
11453:
11449:
11442:
11434:
11428:
11424:
11417:
11409:
11403:
11400:. p. 3.
11399:
11395:
11391:
11385:
11383:
11375:
11370:
11364:, p. 98.
11363:
11358:
11351:
11346:
11344:
11342:
11334:
11329:
11327:
11319:
11314:
11312:
11304:
11299:
11292:
11287:
11285:
11283:
11281:
11279:
11262:
11259:
11255:
11249:
11242:
11237:
11221:
11217:
11216:
11211:
11207:
11201:
11185:
11181:
11180:
11175:
11171:
11165:
11158:
11153:
11151:
11149:
11141:
11128:
11124:
11123:
11118:
11114:
11113:Milne, Seumas
11108:
11106:
11104:
11087:
11083:
11082:
11077:
11073:
11072:Milne, Seumas
11067:
11065:
11048:
11044:
11043:
11038:
11034:
11030:
11024:
11022:
11013:
11001:
10997:
10991:
10987:
10986:
10981:
10975:
10959:
10955:
10951:
10947:
10946:Chomsky, Noam
10941:
10933:
10929:
10925:
10919:
10915:
10911:
10907:
10903:
10902:
10897:
10893:
10887:
10879:
10875:
10870:
10865:
10861:
10857:
10856:
10851:
10847:
10841:
10833:
10827:
10823:
10819:
10815:
10809:
10798:
10794:
10790:
10786:
10782:
10778:
10774:
10767:
10764:(Fall 2014).
10763:
10757:
10755:
10747:
10742:
10738:
10734:
10730:
10726:
10722:
10718:
10717:
10716:Slavic Review
10709:
10702:
10698:
10694:
10690:
10686:
10682:
10678:
10674:
10668:
10660:
10656:
10652:
10648:
10644:
10640:
10636:
10632:
10625:
10618:
10616:
10610:
10604:
10600:
10596:
10592:
10591:Davies, Sarah
10586:
10584:
10576:
10571:
10565:
10561:
10557:
10553:
10552:Davies, Sarah
10547:
10540:
10535:
10529:
10526:. p. 3.
10525:
10521:
10517:
10516:Davies, Sarah
10511:
10503:
10501:1-893554-72-4
10497:
10493:
10489:
10488:Klehr, Harvey
10485:
10479:
10471:
10469:1-893554-72-4
10465:
10461:
10457:
10456:Klehr, Harvey
10453:
10447:
10439:
10437:1-893554-72-4
10433:
10429:
10425:
10424:Klehr, Harvey
10421:
10415:
10408:
10403:
10387:
10383:
10377:
10373:
10369:
10368:
10363:
10359:
10355:
10348:
10340:
10336:
10332:
10328:
10324:
10320:
10316:
10312:
10308:
10301:
10293:
10287:
10283:
10279:
10275:
10271:
10270:
10265:
10261:
10254:
10246:
10242:
10238:
10234:
10230:
10226:
10222:
10218:
10211:
10195:
10191:
10185:
10181:
10177:
10176:
10171:
10167:
10163:
10156:
10148:
10142:
10138:
10131:
10124:
10119:
10117:
10108:
10095:
10087:
10081:
10077:
10073:
10072:
10067:
10061:
10059:
10057:
10055:
10053:
10051:
10034:
10030:
10029:
10024:
10018:
9999:
9995:
9988:
9981:
9973:
9967:
9963:
9960:. Jefferson:
9959:
9952:
9950:
9930:
9926:
9920:
9916:
9909:
9908:
9900:
9884:
9880:
9876:
9869:
9861:
9849:
9845:
9839:
9835:
9831:
9830:
9822:
9806:
9802:
9792:
9776:
9772:
9768:
9764:
9757:
9749:
9743:
9727:
9723:
9722:
9714:
9712:
9703:
9697:
9693:
9692:HarperCollins
9689:
9685:
9679:
9677:
9668:
9662:
9658:
9651:
9649:
9647:
9638:
9631:
9627:
9626:Trotsky, Leon
9621:
9613:
9609:
9598:
9590:
9584:
9580:
9573:
9565:
9561:
9550:
9542:
9538:
9534:
9530:
9526:
9522:
9518:
9514:
9513:
9505:
9497:
9485:
9481:
9475:
9472:. Routledge.
9471:
9470:
9462:
9455:
9450:
9446:
9442:
9438:
9434:
9430:
9426:
9422:
9418:
9414:
9413:Slavic Review
9407:
9400:
9398:
9397:
9390:
9386:
9382:
9378:
9374:
9370:
9366:
9362:
9358:
9354:
9353:Slavic Review
9347:
9339:
9333:
9329:
9328:Prentice-Hall
9325:
9321:
9315:
9307:
9301:
9297:
9296:Prentice-Hall
9293:
9289:
9283:
9275:
9269:
9265:
9261:
9260:
9255:
9248:
9241:
9237:
9233:
9229:
9225:
9221:
9216:
9209:
9206:
9200:
9194:
9190:
9186:
9179:
9177:
9160:
9156:
9155:
9150:
9143:
9135:
9123:
9119:
9113:
9109:
9105:
9101:
9097:
9096:
9091:
9087:
9083:
9079:
9073:
9071:
9063:
9058:
9056:
9054:
9052:
9044:
9039:
9037:
9035:
9033:
9025:
9020:
9018:
9016:
9008:
9003:
9001:
8992:
8986:
8982:
8978:
8977:
8972:
8965:
8958:
8953:
8946:
8941:
8925:
8921:
8920:
8915:
8909:
8907:
8899:. p. 00.
8898:
8897:
8889:
8881:
8877:
8873:
8864:
8857:
8852:
8844:
8843:
8831:
8829:
8820:
8814:
8810:
8809:HarperCollins
8806:
8802:
8796:
8794:
8786:
8782:
8776:
8772:
8768:
8761:
8754:
8750:
8746:
8742:
8738:
8734:
8729:
8722:
8717:
8711:
8707:
8703:
8699:
8694:
8686:
8679:
8675:
8671:
8666:
8655:
8651:
8647:
8640:
8633:
8626:
8621:
8619:
8612:, p. 54.
8611:
8606:
8604:
8602:
8600:
8598:
8589:
8583:
8579:
8575:
8571:
8570:
8562:
8555:
8550:
8542:
8536:
8532:
8528:
8524:
8518:
8516:
8507:
8501:
8497:
8490:
8483:
8481:
8472:
8466:
8462:
8455:
8453:
8451:
8443:
8439:
8433:
8429:
8422:
8418:
8403:
8402:Neo-Stalinism
8400:
8398:
8395:
8393:
8390:
8388:
8385:
8383:
8380:
8378:
8375:
8373:
8370:
8368:
8365:
8363:
8360:
8359:
8355:
8344:
8341:
8335:
8330:
8327:
8321:
8316:
8313:
8302:
8295:
8293:
8292:Joseph Stalin
8288:
8284:
8280:
8276:
8272:
8268:
8267:Stalinist era
8263:
8261:
8257:
8253:
8249:
8245:
8241:
8237:
8233:
8229:
8225:
8221:
8217:
8213:
8212:modernisation
8209:
8205:
8201:
8197:
8193:
8192:labour rights
8189:
8185:
8181:
8177:
8176:post–Cold War
8173:
8169:
8168:
8162:
8159:
8155:
8151:
8147:
8143:
8137:
8135:
8131:
8126:
8115:
8113:
8109:
8105:
8101:
8097:
8093:
8089:
8085:
8081:
8080:
8075:
8071:
8067:
8066:Eurocommunism
8063:
8057:
8054:
8050:
8049:modernisation
8046:
8041:
8039:
8035:
8031:
8030:popular front
8027:
8023:
8019:
8015:
8011:
8007:
8003:
7999:
7994:
7992:
7988:
7984:
7979:
7975:
7971:
7968:, as well as
7967:
7963:
7959:
7955:
7951:
7947:
7943:
7939:
7935:
7931:
7927:
7923:
7919:
7915:
7905:
7903:
7899:
7895:
7894:unitary power
7891:
7886:
7884:
7879:
7876:
7872:
7871:Michael Geyer
7867:
7862:
7861:Eric Voegelin
7857:
7855:
7851:
7847:
7843:
7839:
7835:
7831:
7827:
7823:
7822:
7817:
7813:
7809:
7808:forced labour
7805:
7801:
7797:
7793:
7789:
7785:
7781:
7777:
7773:
7768:
7766:
7762:
7758:
7754:
7750:
7746:
7741:
7737:
7733:
7729:
7725:
7721:
7717:
7713:
7709:
7705:
7701:
7697:
7696:Joseph Stalin
7693:
7689:
7685:
7684:authoritarian
7681:
7677:
7669:
7665:
7661:
7656:
7647:
7644:
7640:
7636:
7632:
7628:
7624:
7620:
7616:
7612:
7607:
7606:(1870–1924).
7605:
7601:
7597:
7593:
7589:
7585:
7581:
7577:
7573:
7565:
7561:
7560:state atheism
7556:
7551:
7541:
7539:
7535:
7531:
7527:
7524:
7520:
7514:
7512:
7508:
7504:
7500:
7496:
7492:
7488:
7482:
7479:
7475:
7471:
7467:
7463:
7459:
7455:
7451:
7447:
7444:
7440:
7436:
7432:
7428:
7424:
7423:
7418:
7414:
7410:
7406:
7402:
7398:
7388:
7386:
7382:
7378:
7374:
7370:
7366:
7362:
7357:
7353:
7349:
7344:
7342:
7338:
7335:, eliminated
7334:
7330:
7326:
7322:
7318:
7314:
7310:
7306:
7302:
7297:
7293:
7289:
7284:
7282:
7278:
7274:
7270:
7266:
7262:
7258:
7250:
7245:
7236:
7234:
7228:
7226:
7222:
7218:
7214:
7210:
7206:
7202:
7198:
7194:
7190:
7186:
7182:
7177:
7174:
7170:
7169:profit motive
7166:
7162:
7158:
7154:
7149:
7145:
7141:
7138:
7137:macroeconomic
7134:
7130:
7125:
7122:
7118:
7114:
7110:
7106:
7102:
7098:
7094:
7090:
7083:
7079:
7075:
7070:
7061:
7059:
7055:
7054:Heinz Kessler
7051:
7047:
7046:individualism
7044:
7043:
7042:laissez-faire
7038:
7034:
7029:
7027:
7023:
7019:
7015:
7011:
7007:
7003:
6999:
6994:
6992:
6991:
6986:
6985:
6980:
6976:
6972:
6968:
6964:
6960:
6956:
6952:
6948:
6944:
6937:
6933:
6929:
6920:
6918:
6914:
6910:
6906:
6902:
6898:
6883:
6881:
6877:
6873:
6869:
6865:
6861:
6857:
6853:
6849:
6845:
6841:
6837:
6833:
6829:
6828:United States
6824:
6822:
6818:
6817:Robert Mugabe
6814:
6810:
6809:Julius Malema
6807:
6803:
6799:
6795:
6791:
6787:
6783:
6778:
6776:
6772:
6768:
6764:
6761:
6757:
6754:
6750:
6746:
6742:
6738:
6734:
6729:
6725:
6721:
6717:
6713:
6709:
6705:
6702:engaged in a
6701:
6697:
6693:
6689:
6685:
6681:
6677:
6673:
6669:
6665:
6661:
6657:
6656:Deng Xiaoping
6652:
6650:
6645:
6641:
6637:
6633:
6629:
6625:
6621:
6617:
6613:
6609:
6605:
6601:
6598:
6594:
6590:
6586:
6582:
6579:
6575:
6571:
6567:
6563:
6559:
6555:
6551:
6547:
6543:
6539:
6535:
6531:
6527:
6523:
6519:
6514:
6512:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6496:
6492:
6488:
6484:
6480:
6476:
6472:
6468:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6452:
6448:
6440:
6436:
6432:
6419: Current
6412:
6403:
6400:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6387:Boris Yeltsin
6383:
6381:
6377:
6373:
6369:
6365:
6361:
6357:
6352:
6348:
6343:
6342:(1988–1993).
6341:
6337:
6333:
6328:
6324:
6320:
6312:
6307:
6303:
6302:governments.
6300:
6296:
6292:
6288:
6284:
6275:
6270:
6266:
6264:
6260:
6256:
6252:
6248:
6243:
6241:
6237:
6230:
6229:Ronald Reagan
6226:
6222:
6218:
6213:
6204:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6186:
6182:
6177:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6163:
6159:
6155:
6151:
6146:
6142:
6137:
6135:
6131:
6130:Robert Mugabe
6128:(1965–1979),
6127:
6123:
6119:
6115:
6111:
6107:
6103:
6099:
6095:
6091:
6083:
6079:
6074:
6070:
6067:
6063:
6059:
6055:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6030:
6029:class warfare
6026:
6022:
6018:
6014:
6010:
6006:
6002:
5997:
5995:
5990:
5986:
5985:Tet Offensive
5982:
5978:
5974:
5973:Ngo Dinh Diem
5970:
5965:
5961:
5957:
5953:
5950:In Asia, the
5946:
5942:
5937:
5933:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5910:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5899:Ronald Reagan
5896:
5892:
5888:
5887:Daniel Ortega
5884:
5881:In 1979, the
5876:
5872:
5868:
5867:Daniel Ortega
5864:
5860:
5858:
5854:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5837:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5803:
5799:
5795:
5791:
5787:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5776:Deng Xiaoping
5773:
5768:
5764:
5759:
5752:in June 1961.
5751:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5734:
5730:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5691:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5676:
5663:
5658:
5656:
5651:
5649:
5644:
5643:
5641:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5611:
5601:
5599:
5589:
5588:
5587:
5586:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5548:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5506:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5476:
5470:
5469:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5374:
5371:Organizations
5368:
5367:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5344:Two Whatevers
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5313:
5310:
5309:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5285:January Storm
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5272:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5187:
5186:
5176:
5173:
5168:
5165:
5160:
5157:
5152:
5149:
5144:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5123:
5118:
5115:
5110:
5107:
5102:
5099:
5094:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5080:
5074:
5073:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5010:Pierre Mulele
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4965:Harry Haywood
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4915:Afzal Bangash
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4871:
4870:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4831:
4830:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4777:New Democracy
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4706:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4696:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4633:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4615:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4584:
4580:
4575:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4512:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4489:Western world
4486:
4482:
4478:
4477:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4391:
4389:
4386:and these in
4385:
4384:collaborators
4381:
4377:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4353:
4352:(1937–1945).
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4294:
4290:
4285:
4281:
4279:
4275:
4274:Fascist Italy
4271:
4267:
4262:
4258:
4253:
4252:
4245:
4244:
4237:
4236:
4235:Schutzstaffel
4230:
4229:collaboration
4225:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4190:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4171:
4167:
4164:To challenge
4162:
4160:
4155:
4151:
4145:
4143:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4110:
4106:
4101:
4097:
4095:
4090:
4078:
4073:
4071:
4066:
4064:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4026:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3925:Neo-Stalinism
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3881:
3880:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3772:Doctors' plot
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3716:
3715:Moscow trials
3713:
3712:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3669:
3668:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3545:Mátyás Rákosi
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3535:Harry Pollitt
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3490:Joseph Stalin
3488:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3437:Popular front
3435:
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3422:Korenizatsiia
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3342:forced-labour
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3276:Old Bolshevik
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3261:
3256:
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3219:, 1924–1929;
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3098:In 1921, the
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3068:War Communism
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2882:urban warfare
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2859:
2858:Eastern Front
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2846:Western Front
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2833:
2830:and national
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2713:
2712:Bloody Sunday
2704:
2700:
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2645:
2644:Joseph Stalin
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2534:Red Holocaust
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2396:
2392:
2388:
2385:and of other
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2362:
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2355:
2351:
2347:
2346:Joseph Stalin
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2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2318:social change
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
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2280:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2258:neo-Stalinist
2255:
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2247:
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2238:
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2223:
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2076:
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2050:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1982:Joseph Stalin
1979:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1920:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1908:Michael Geyer
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1888:state atheism
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1858:
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1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1785:Sovietisation
1782:
1778:
1773:
1771:
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1755:
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1745:
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1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1634:Joseph Stalin
1631:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
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1577:
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1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1540:Joseph Stalin
1537:
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1524:
1515:
1511:
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1400:
1398:
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1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1343:Mass killings
1341:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1329:Mass killings
1327:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1302:
1299:
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1234:
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1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1177:Organizations
1174:
1173:
1164:
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1159:
1156:
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1034:
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1024:
1022:
1019:
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1014:
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1007:
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937:
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932:
930:
927:
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922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
911:
905:
904:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
881:Prague Spring
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
791:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
763:
760:
759:
758:
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753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
707:
706:
703:
702:
696:
695:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
637:
631:
630:
623:
622:Todor Zhivkov
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
597:Harry Pollitt
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
557:Samora Machel
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
522:Hardial Bains
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
472:Deng Xiaoping
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
417:Mátyás Rákosi
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
347:Joseph Stalin
345:
343:
340:
339:
333:
332:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
304:Khrushchevism
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
271:
265:
264:
257:
256:Unified power
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
230:
227:
226:
225:
222:
218:
215:
213:
210:
209:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
177:Popular front
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
104:
101:
100:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
80:
74:
73:
69:
65:
64:
61:
58:
57:
53:
49:
48:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
19796:
19568:Demographics
19558:Antisemitism
19411:Central Bank
19329:Forced labor
19277:Spetsnaz GRU
19097:organisation
19058:
19005:Human rights
18954:Constitution
18837:Subdivisions
18715:Russian SFSR
18671:Soviet Union
18502:
18487:
18416:Majoritarian
18389:Police state
18357:Totalitarian
18317:
18303:Dictatorship
18258:totalitarian
18153:Second World
18030:Shining Path
17860:Turkmenistan
17796:Soviet Union
17741:East Germany
17541:2002–present
17512:Eastern Bloc
17447:Soviet Union
17354:Alfonso Cano
17304:Gustáv Husák
17294:Sanzō Nosaka
17269:Fidel Castro
17174:Earl Browder
17100:Zachariadism
17086:
17079:
17063:Lovestoneism
16928:Kimjongunism
16909:
16747:Class system
16733:Third Period
16624:Anti-fascism
16594:
16556:
16545:
16541:
16536:
16520:
16511:
16496:
16477:
16457:. Retrieved
16453:the original
16446:
16416:
16393:
16382:Google Books
16380:– via
16374:. Retrieved
16350:
16323:
16300:
16274:
16240:
16217:
16176:
16172:
16145:
16113:
16096:. Retrieved
16076:
16058:– via
16052:. Retrieved
16027:
16015:Google Books
16013:– via
15995:
15975:
15963:. Retrieved
15935:
15931:
15914:22 September
15912:. Retrieved
15904:
15877:
15854:
15828:
15816:. Retrieved
15805:
15775:
15752:
15731:M. E. Sharpe
15726:
15703:
15688:Bibliography
15648:
15644:
15635:
15628:Parenti 1997
15623:
15611:. Retrieved
15594:
15590:
15573:
15565:the original
15537:
15527:
15504:
15495:
15483:. Retrieved
15453:
15446:
15434:. Retrieved
15425:
15421:
15396:. Retrieved
15371:
15367:
15357:
15345:. Retrieved
15336:The Guardian
15334:
15321:
15298:
15292:
15285:Parenti 1997
15280:
15261:
15258:Ball, Olivia
15252:
15244:Google Books
15242:– via
15236:. Retrieved
15212:
15202:
15194:
15187:. Retrieved
15163:
15153:
15145:Google Books
15143:– via
15137:. Retrieved
15113:
15103:
15096:Service 2007
15091:
15079:. Retrieved
15071:The Diplomat
15070:
15060:
15051:
15037:
15031:
15022:
15002:
14994:
14982:. Retrieved
14973:
14969:
14959:
14936:
14930:
14913:
14896:
14879:
14861:
14851:
14839:. Retrieved
14821:
14812:
14806:
14793:
14784:
14771:
14762:
14754:
14739:. Bertrams.
14735:
14725:
14668:(1): 65–78.
14665:
14661:
14651:
14618:
14614:
14608:
14600:
14591:. Retrieved
14582:
14572:
14540:(1): 70–94.
14537:
14533:
14523:
14511:. Retrieved
14495:
14485:
14474:
14461:
14455:
14447:Google Books
14445:– via
14439:. Retrieved
14415:
14408:
14396:
14389:Daniels 2007
14384:
14377:Daniels 2007
14372:
14364:Google Books
14362:– via
14356:. Retrieved
14332:
14325:
14317:Google Books
14313:the original
14293:
14283:
14275:Google Books
14273:– via
14267:. Retrieved
14243:
14233:
14221:
14212:
14205:. Retrieved
14191:
14169:. Retrieved
14156:
14147:
14135:. Retrieved
14126:
14122:
14109:
14097:. Retrieved
14083:
14067:
14048:
14038:
14026:
14014:
14007:Service 2007
13985:
13978:Service 2007
13973:
13961:
13921:
13912:
13889:
13883:
13870:
13864:
13856:the original
13845:
13837:
13833:
13829:
13823:
13804:
13798:
13775:
13766:
13743:
13737:
13714:
13691:
13679:
13667:
13655:
13643:
13631:
13619:
13607:
13595:
13583:
13560:
13554:
13531:
13525:
13513:
13442:Parenti 1997
13437:
13410:
13404:
13394:
13363:
13354:
13327:
13318:
13306:. Retrieved
13297:
13279:
13254:
13250:
13244:
13220:
13210:
13151:
13142:
13130:. Retrieved
13121:
13111:
13099:. Retrieved
13090:
13081:
13069:. Retrieved
13054:
13042:. Retrieved
13033:The Guardian
13031:
13021:
13009:. Retrieved
12996:
12983:
12969:
12957:. Retrieved
12953:
12940:
12928:. Retrieved
12918:
12911:
12899:. Retrieved
12895:the original
12888:
12879:
12870:
12861:
12855:(in German).
12852:
12846:
12840:(in German).
12835:
12829:
12806:
12800:
12788:
12765:
12737:
12713:
12701:
12693:the original
12686:
12677:
12654:
12648:
12636:
12613:
12604:
12592:
12584:
12566:
12560:
12548:. Retrieved
12544:the original
12537:
12524:
12501:
12492:
12480:
12468:
12449:
12445:
12439:
12420:
12416:
12409:
12390:
12384:
12361:
12355:
12347:Google Books
12345:– via
12339:. Retrieved
12315:
12311:Caute, David
12305:
12296:
12278:
12272:
12263:
12249:
12243:
12234:
12228:
12201:
12189:
12160:
12133:the original
12109:
12095:
12087:Google Books
12085:– via
12079:. Retrieved
12056:
12051:
12044:
12015:
12003:
11994:
11985:
11973:
11915:. Retrieved
11903:
11890:
11871:
11865:
11853:. Retrieved
11829:
11822:
11810:. Retrieved
11796:
11784:
11698:
11692:
11655:
11612:
11606:
11594:. Retrieved
11584:
11574:
11562:. Retrieved
11553:
11543:
11531:. Retrieved
11521:
11517:Riordan, Jim
11507:
11495:
11472:
11466:
11447:
11441:
11422:
11416:
11393:
11369:
11357:
11298:
11265:. Retrieved
11248:
11236:
11224:. Retrieved
11213:
11200:
11188:. Retrieved
11177:
11164:
11157:Parenti 1997
11138:
11131:. Retrieved
11122:The Guardian
11120:
11090:. Retrieved
11081:The Guardian
11079:
11051:. Retrieved
11040:
11033:Sehon, Scott
11012:Google Books
11010:– via
11004:. Retrieved
10984:
10974:
10964:18 September
10962:. Retrieved
10958:the original
10953:
10940:
10932:Google Books
10928:the original
10900:
10892:Aarons, Mark
10886:
10859:
10853:
10840:
10817:
10808:
10776:
10772:
10744:
10720:
10714:
10708:
10700:
10683:(4): 77–91.
10680:
10676:
10667:
10634:
10630:
10624:
10614:
10612:
10594:
10573:
10555:
10546:
10537:
10519:
10510:
10491:
10478:
10459:
10446:
10427:
10414:
10402:
10390:. Retrieved
10365:
10347:
10310:
10306:
10300:
10267:
10253:
10223:(45): 2–36.
10220:
10216:
10210:
10198:. Retrieved
10173:
10155:
10136:
10130:
10103:|title=
10069:
10037:. Retrieved
10027:
10017:
10005:. Retrieved
9993:
9980:
9957:
9938:11 September
9936:. Retrieved
9906:
9899:
9889:11 September
9887:. Retrieved
9878:
9868:
9860:Google Books
9858:– via
9854:11 September
9852:. Retrieved
9828:
9821:
9809:. Retrieved
9791:
9779:. Retrieved
9770:
9766:
9756:
9730:. Retrieved
9720:
9687:
9656:
9636:
9629:
9620:
9611:
9607:
9597:
9578:
9572:
9563:
9559:
9549:
9516:
9510:
9504:
9496:Google Books
9494:– via
9488:. Retrieved
9468:
9461:
9452:
9416:
9412:
9406:
9394:
9392:
9356:
9352:
9346:
9323:
9314:
9291:
9282:
9257:
9247:
9240:Andrain 1994
9220:Chomsky 1986
9215:
9204:
9202:
9184:
9163:. Retrieved
9152:
9142:
9134:Google Books
9132:– via
9126:. Retrieved
9094:
9024:Service 2007
9007:Service 2007
8974:
8964:
8957:Andrain 1994
8952:
8940:
8928:. Retrieved
8917:
8894:
8888:
8880:the original
8875:
8863:
8851:
8840:
8804:
8784:
8766:
8760:
8749:Andrain 1994
8728:
8719:
8697:
8685:
8665:
8654:the original
8649:
8645:
8632:
8567:
8561:
8549:
8530:
8526:
8495:
8488:
8460:
8441:
8427:
8421:
8264:
8188:emancipatory
8172:Seumas Milne
8167:The Guardian
8165:
8164:Writing for
8163:
8142:Western Bloc
8138:
8125:Philipp Ther
8121:
8084:Eastern Bloc
8077:
8058:
8042:
8022:Eastern Bloc
7995:
7911:
7887:
7880:
7859:Philosopher
7858:
7832:such as the
7826:Nazi Germany
7819:
7812:labour camps
7769:
7692:Soviet Union
7688:totalitarian
7673:
7608:
7569:
7523:militaristic
7515:
7483:
7420:
7409:anti-fascist
7394:
7371:, caused by
7345:
7331:, legalised
7309:emancipation
7285:
7254:
7229:
7178:
7126:
7086:
7040:
7030:
7002:Eastern Bloc
6995:
6988:
6984:The Decision
6982:
6974:
6962:
6958:
6951:Soviet Union
6941:
6894:
6868:Shining Path
6825:
6782:South Africa
6779:
6653:
6515:
6443:
6425: Former
6384:
6344:
6319:East Germany
6316:
6299:Eastern Bloc
6295:Iron Curtain
6279:
6272:Logo of the
6244:
6233:
6199:, including
6181:Jimmy Carter
6178:
6170:Stephen Biko
6138:
6087:
6023:established
5998:
5949:
5911:
5880:
5838:
5814:Fidel Castro
5807:
5798:Fidel Castro
5755:
5706:
5692:
5671:
5503:
5238:2002–present
5050:Wang Hongwen
5040:Siraj Sikder
4910:Mohan Baidya
4905:Alain Badiou
4787:People's war
4761:
4658:police state
4630:
4616:
4571:
4566:Eastern Bloc
4513:
4481:anti-fascism
4480:
4474:
4471:East Germany
4451:Eastern Bloc
4447:Western Bloc
4439:anti-fascist
4435:geopolitical
4428:
4417:under their
4373:anti-fascist
4369:Third Period
4354:
4298:
4247:began their
4226:
4191:
4170:anti-fascist
4166:Nazi Germany
4163:
4150:Adolf Hitler
4148:election of
4146:
4138:
4130:Unemployment
4126:urbanisation
4114:
4105:Magnitogorsk
4086:
3747:Eastern Bloc
3727:World War II
3678:Soviet Union
3585:Edward Ochab
3462:Stakhanovite
3426:
3318:
3310:
3290:
3257:
3232:
3213:Alexei Rykov
3202:
3181:
3155:
3138:
3097:
3089:black market
3045:
3020:
2953:
2895:
2884:between the
2835:
2826:. To debunk
2792:
2788:malnutrition
2743:Black Guards
2728:
2708:
2675:allowed the
2648:dictatorship
2642:'s death by
2637:
2589:Seumas Milne
2577:Noam Chomsky
2556:
2542:
2532:
2522:
2516:
2509:
2491:World War II
2463:
2452:totalitarian
2448:Harvey Klehr
2437:
2422:
2419:
2378:
2374:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2288:
2267:revisionists
2265:
2239:
2227:Confucianism
2221:
2213:
2205:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2137:
2107:Shining Path
2072:
2036:Leon Trotsky
2029:
2017:Leon Trotsky
1997:
1975:
1961:lost in the
1934:Soviet Union
1931:
1917:Soviet model
1896:labour camps
1869:
1774:
1769:
1768:popularised
1763:
1757:
1747:
1709:
1627:
1588:
1564:Eastern Bloc
1556:Soviet Union
1509:
1508:
1397:Second World
1111:Turkmenistan
1046:Soviet Union
986:East Germany
809:2002–present
779:Eastern Bloc
757:World War II
705:Soviet Union
582:Alfonso Cano
537:Gustáv Husák
527:Sanzō Nosaka
492:Fidel Castro
397:Earl Browder
241:Third Period
59:
44:
19672:Phraseology
19617:Prohibition
19605:Linguistics
19590:Drug policy
19583:1989 census
19504:Cybernetics
19406:Agriculture
19319:Great Purge
19281:Soviet Navy
19273:Soviet Army
19145:(1989–1991)
19139:(1938–1991)
19133:(1922–1936)
19117:Secretariat
18988:Gun control
18895:Caspian Sea
18879:Closed city
18808:Dissolution
18793:Perestroika
18735:Great Purge
18556:Imperialism
18522:Enlightened
18476:Pinochetism
18364:Mafia state
18335:Proletarian
18319:Dictablanda
18138:Red fascism
17776:North Korea
17671:Afghanistan
17577:Vietnam War
17567:Warsaw Pact
17487:Great Purge
17472:Great Break
17309:János Kádár
17284:Kim Il Sung
17264:Che Guevara
17229:Enver Hoxha
17164:Ho Chi Minh
17105:Brezhnevism
17088:Rankovićism
16863:Vanguardism
16843:Secretariat
16681:Partiinost'
16138:Pons, Silvo
15509:Verso Books
15081:29 November
14718:Morgan 2015
14685:10871/36939
14603:(Brussels).
14491:Cliff, Tony
14289:Wiener, Jon
14153:"Holodomor"
12683:"Nicaragua"
12618:Grove Press
11917:10 November
11479:p. 1.
11396:. Chicago:
11206:Klein, Ezra
11053:11 February
10954:Spectrezine
10908:. pp.
10727:: 482–486.
10409:, p. .
10407:Morgan 2015
10317:: 161–189.
10039:16 February
10023:Zedong, Mao
10007:16 February
9732:16 February
9236:Sandle 1999
9149:"Communism"
8945:Sandle 1999
8930:29 November
8914:"Communism"
8893:"Marxism".
8869:"Marksizm"
8737:Morgan 2015
8693:"Socialism"
8674:Steele 1999
8256:patriarchal
8208:egalitarian
8144:during the
8130:Olivia Ball
8045:egalitarian
8004:because of
7987:degenerated
7983:Trotskyists
7962:libertarian
7950:red fascism
7846:Amartya Sen
7736:Great Purge
7668:West Berlin
7664:East Berlin
7660:Berlin Wall
7639:metaphysics
7611:materialism
7481:interests.
7443:nationalist
7439:proletariat
7433:, i.e. the
7401:imperialism
7397:colonialism
7313:traditional
7303:eliminates
7292:bourgeoisie
7273:proletariat
7140:equilibrium
7014:capitalists
6737:Philippines
6676:West Bengal
6399:August Coup
6327:Berlin Wall
6311:Berlin Wall
6251:perestroika
6221:Warsaw Pact
6049:bourgeoisie
6017:Khmer Rouge
5964:Ho Chi Minh
5952:Vietnam War
5945:Vietnam War
5943:during the
5818:Che Guevara
5794:Che Guevara
5541:Nazi-Maoism
5162:(1965—1966)
5101:On Practice
5055:Yao Wenyuan
4950:Saroj Dutta
4900:Bob Avakian
4845:Mao-spontex
4672:to realise
4637:Great purge
4574:geopolitics
4463:nuclear war
4301:Axis powers
4270:Axis Powers
4206:Great Purge
4159:Sudetenland
3980:Red fascism
3945:Great Purge
3710:Great Purge
3695:Great Break
3595:Kim Il Sung
3590:Enver Hoxha
3472:Vanguardism
3417:Great Break
3314:Great Purge
3162:Lev Kamenev
3078:dynasty as
2776:bourgeoisie
2768:aristocracy
2665:vanguardism
2601:Scott Sehon
2595:. Ghodsee,
2573:Mark Aarons
2487:Sovietology
2322:proletariat
2235:Kim Il Sung
2188:North Korea
2177:Enver Hoxha
2154:Realpolitik
2121:Enver Hoxha
2069:to the West
2040:Trotskyists
1894:and use of
1740:dialectical
1689:bourgeoisie
1679:, suppress
1665:proletariat
1619:North Korea
1574:during the
1572:Third World
1380:Red fascism
1041:South Yemen
1021:North Korea
914:Afghanistan
841:Vietnam War
831:Warsaw Pact
747:Great Purge
732:Great Break
602:Harpal Brar
542:János Kádár
512:Kim Il Sung
487:Che Guevara
452:Enver Hoxha
387:Ho Chi Minh
246:Vanguardism
167:Partiinost'
19831:Categories
19712:Opposition
19702:Television
19682:Propaganda
19655:Literature
19529:Naukograds
19524:Sharashkas
19458:(currency)
19436:Inventions
19379:Censorship
19309:Red Terror
18993:Government
18867:Autonomous
18850:Autonomous
18783:Stagnation
18746:Evacuation
18594:Deep state
18454:Khomeinism
18432:Ideologies
18374:Ochlocracy
18340:Right-wing
18325:Grassroots
18308:Benevolent
18262:government
18069:Trotskyism
18059:Bolshevism
17905:Montenegro
17886:Yugoslavia
17870:Uzbekistan
17855:Tajikistan
17830:Kyrgyzstan
17825:Kazakhstan
17805:Azerbaijan
17771:Mozambique
17665:By country
17552:Korean War
17384:Xi Jinping
17344:Siad Barre
17124:Mao Zedong
17058:Browderism
16993:Pol Potism
16965:Pantherism
16459:29 January
16346:Ulam, Adam
16243:. London:
15613:14 October
15485:14 October
15436:14 October
15398:14 October
14583:Itinéraire
13892:. London:
13563:. Oxford:
13444:, p.
13044:7 December
13011:7 December
12930:6 December
12901:6 December
12550:7 December
12504:. Oxford:
11475:. Leiden:
11006:3 December
10980:Dean, Jodi
10820:. London:
9232:Wolff 2015
9205:democratic
8856:Evans 1993
8769:. Oxford:
8753:Evans 1993
8741:Busky 2002
8733:Cooke 1998
8704:. p.
8625:Cooke 1998
8554:Evans 1993
8408:References
8204:democratic
8104:CPN Maoist
7944:and other
7922:communists
7918:anarchists
7916:, such as
7914:socialists
7755:, such as
7732:Red Terror
7704:Mao Zedong
7566:in Moscow.
7348:modernises
7305:patriarchy
7301:family law
7209:asceticism
7144:assessment
7018:landowners
6963:the masses
6959:collective
6756:oligarchic
6751:sought to
6749:since 1968
6692:East India
6628:April 2009
6465:force. In
6435:Xi Jinping
6347:Yugoslavia
6236:Solidarity
6197:Mujahideen
6106:Mozambique
5907:Contra War
5767:Two Chinas
5695:Korean War
5563:Red Guards
5280:Red August
5250:Korean War
5208:Long March
5060:Akram Yari
5020:Nie Yuanzi
4990:Kang Sheng
4985:Jiang Qing
4895:Samir Amin
4885:Faiz Ahmad
4880:Mao Zedong
4612:power bloc
4532:Kuomintang
4522:; and the
4507:and other
4467:proxy wars
4342:Kuomintang
4326:Mao Zedong
4293:Long March
4251:Lebensraum
4154:Nazi Party
3975:Patriotism
3910:Stalin era
3842:CARC Party
3767:Korean War
3340:system of
3286:Trotskyism
3252:Bolshevism
3108:technology
2918:White Army
2832:chauvinism
2828:patriotism
2780:illiteracy
2756:State Duma
2735:Mensheviks
2480:school of
2454:nature of
2415:dialectics
2361:Karl Radek
2162:which the
2095:Mao Zedong
2073:After the
2059:Mao Zedong
2019:exhorting
1942:Bolshevism
1876:Mao Zedong
1845:Stalin era
1839:, and the
1791:and rapid
1687:, and the
1681:opposition
1653:capitalism
1630:Bolshevism
1544:Bolshevism
1301:Trotskyism
1286:Bolshevism
1153:Montenegro
1133:Yugoslavia
1121:Uzbekistan
1106:Tajikistan
1081:Kyrgyzstan
1076:Kazakhstan
1056:Azerbaijan
1016:Mozambique
908:By country
816:Korean War
612:Xi Jinping
572:Siad Barre
502:Lúcio Lara
352:Mao Zedong
19892:Stalinism
19847:Communism
19773:Republics
19761:Republics
19749:Republics
19600:Languages
19464:Transport
19346:Holodomor
19239:Militsiya
19177:President
19069:Stalinism
18971:Elections
18845:Republics
18828:Geography
18818:Nostalgia
18730:Stalinism
18624:Strongman
18517:Despotism
18493:Stalinism
18449:Francoism
18444:Chiangism
18399:Theocracy
18384:Oligarchy
18281:Autocracy
18260:forms of
18143:Red Scare
18128:New class
17940:Comintern
17900:Macedonia
17840:Lithuania
17536:1989–2002
17531:1976–1989
17526:1949–1976
17466:1982–1991
17461:1964–1982
17456:1953–1964
17451:1927–1953
17289:Chin Peng
17144:José Díaz
17095:Dubčekism
17042:Stalinism
17009:Nkrumaism
17004:Sankarism
16889:Guevarism
16884:Castroism
16838:Politburo
16348:(1998) .
16245:UCL Press
16222:MIT Press
16205:189772356
16183:: 23–33.
16098:25 August
16054:25 August
16001:Routledge
15503:(2020) .
15462:Routledge
15218:Routledge
15189:8 October
14984:13 August
14702:155131683
14694:1572-8625
14635:0036-8237
14593:6 October
14564:211422892
14556:1024-5294
14513:6 October
14441:1 October
14416:Stalinism
14358:8 October
14207:6 October
14171:6 October
14137:6 October
14099:6 October
13894:Routledge
13875:Macmillan
13415:CiteSeerX
13386:958799667
13257:: 38–55.
13251:Grey Room
13132:13 August
13101:13 August
13071:13 August
12975:"History"
12793:Kohn 2007
12718:Kohn 2007
12706:Kohn 2007
12641:Kohn 2007
12597:Kohn 2007
12485:Kohn 2007
12473:Kohn 2007
11648:Ulam 1998
11374:Ulam 1998
11350:Ulam 1998
11333:Ulam 1998
11318:Ulam 1998
11303:Ulam 1998
11226:13 August
11190:13 August
11092:7 October
10878:158275798
10822:Routledge
10697:1468-2303
10659:142829949
10651:0022-2801
10392:25 August
10339:145755330
10245:154407265
10200:25 August
9811:10 August
9781:10 August
9742:cite book
9628:(1990) .
9541:145419232
9533:1356-9317
9449:156132823
9433:0037-6779
9389:156132823
9373:0037-6779
9128:8 October
8461:Communism
8428:Communism
8413:Citations
8397:Stalinism
8277:(towards
8224:democracy
8206:efforts,
7958:classical
7946:left-wing
7850:democracy
7834:Holodomor
7784:genocidal
7676:Stalinist
7650:Criticism
7600:Karl Marx
7462:communist
7458:socialist
7450:socialism
7435:bourgeois
7321:civil law
7153:use value
7056:, former
6899:led by a
6880:Free Peru
6844:civil war
6753:overthrow
6724:Prachanda
6704:civil war
6696:Sri Lanka
6632:protested
6597:Socialist
6593:Left Bloc
6245:In 1985,
6242:in 1980.
6162:Afrikaans
6150:Afrikaner
6001:Kampuchea
5981:Viet Cong
5960:Việt Minh
5941:Viet Cong
5857:Tupamaros
5719:stalemate
5499:Guevarism
5233:1989–2002
5228:1976–1989
5223:1949–1976
4940:Chin Peng
4935:Chen Boda
4767:Mass line
4755:Four Olds
4740:Comprador
4627:Stalinism
4598:from the
4261:total war
4257:Holocaust
4210:Wehrmacht
3752:Cominform
3683:1927–1953
3369:Stalinism
3248:Politburo
3211:, namely
3150:his death
3056:peasantry
3026:from the
3018:in 1918.
2972:Freikorps
2880:featured
2812:Great War
2754:with the
2683:in 1917.
2653:Bolshevik
2581:Jodi Dean
2456:communism
2359:In 1934,
2283:Karl Marx
2202:communism
2002:Stalinism
1990:Karl Marx
1801:Guevarism
1705:stateless
1701:classless
1669:one-party
1646:two-stage
1528:communist
1385:Red Scare
1370:New class
1188:Comintern
1148:Macedonia
1091:Lithuania
938:Cambodia
804:1989–2002
799:1976–1989
794:1949–1976
725:1982–1991
720:1964–1982
715:1953–1964
710:1927–1953
517:Chin Peng
372:José Díaz
319:Stalinism
279:Guevarism
274:Castroism
229:Socialist
36:Stalinism
19816:Category
19369:Religion
19256:Chairmen
19102:Congress
19064:Leninism
19044:Propiska
18939:Politics
18798:Glasnost
18758:Cold War
18698:February
18582:See also
18459:Putinism
18330:Military
18098:Cold War
18077:See also
18064:Leninism
17915:Slovenia
17810:Byelarus
17766:Mongolia
17746:Ethiopia
17735:Slovakia
17696:Cambodia
17691:Bulgaria
17507:Cold War
17374:Gus Hall
17081:Đilasism
17068:Marcyism
17047:American
16988:National
16934:Kadarism
16905:Husakism
16900:Hoxhaism
16872:Variants
16721:Yugoslav
16602:Concepts
16554:(1990).
16534:(1924).
16524:Moscow:
16509:(1963).
16481:Moscow:
16448:Truthout
16370:Archived
16321:(1956).
16273:(2007).
16197:20099624
16181:Springer
16110:(1997).
16083:Elsevier
16048:Archived
16034:Elsevier
15965:12 April
15956:Archived
15952:42809979
15882:ABC-CLIO
15853:(2007).
15812:Archived
15800:(1986).
15751:(1991).
15702:(1981).
15677:43510161
15607:Archived
15535:(1998).
15476:Archived
15430:Archived
15392:Archived
15347:18 April
15341:Archived
15238:24 April
15232:Archived
15183:Archived
15161:(2016).
15139:24 April
15133:Archived
15111:(2014).
15075:Archived
15024:parties.
14978:Archived
14867:Archived
14859:(1952).
14841:25 March
14835:Archived
14829:(1920).
14792:(2007).
14770:(2011).
14751:Archived
14643:40404072
14587:Archived
14504:Archived
14493:(1996).
14435:Archived
14401:Ree 1997
14352:Archived
14338:Springer
14291:(2012).
14269:14 April
14263:Archived
14241:(1999).
14201:Archived
14165:Archived
14131:Archived
14117:(2012).
14090:Archived
13926:Springer
13920:(2009).
13774:(1992).
13362:(2017).
13346:36470253
13326:(1998).
13302:Archived
13271:57572547
13218:(2004).
13126:Archived
13095:Archived
13065:Archived
13038:Archived
13005:Archived
12924:Archived
12612:(2009).
12500:(1997).
12341:24 April
12335:Archived
12313:(2010).
12221:Lee 2000
12206:Lee 2000
12194:Lee 2000
12182:Lee 2000
12165:Lee 2000
12153:Lee 2000
12107:(2010).
12075:Archived
12037:Lee 2000
12020:Lee 2000
12008:Lee 2000
11993:(1996).
11966:Lee 2000
11947:Lee 2000
11908:Archived
11846:Archived
11806:Archived
11789:Lee 2000
11777:Lee 2000
11744:Lee 2000
11729:Lee 2000
11685:Lee 2000
11660:Lee 2000
11633:Lee 2000
11590:Archived
11558:Archived
11527:Archived
11519:(eds.).
11500:Lee 2000
11267:9 August
11261:Archived
11256:(1906).
11220:Archived
11184:Archived
11133:18 April
11127:Archived
11086:Archived
11047:Archived
11000:Archived
10982:(2012).
10894:(2007).
10816:(2018).
10797:Archived
10386:Archived
10372:Elsevier
10364:(eds.).
10274:Elsevier
10266:(eds.).
10194:Archived
10180:Elsevier
10172:(eds.).
10076:Elsevier
10033:Archived
10025:(1977).
9998:Archived
9929:Archived
9883:Archived
9848:Archived
9805:Archived
9775:Archived
9726:Archived
9490:24 April
9484:Archived
9396:narodnik
9322:(1990).
9290:(1990).
9264:Elsevier
9159:Archived
9122:Archived
9092:(eds.).
9084:(2009).
8981:Elsevier
8924:Archived
8871:Марксизм
8842:Novy Mir
8525:(2016).
8298:See also
8146:Cold War
8072:and the
8018:Leninism
7934:Marxists
7786:acts in
7778:and the
7761:in China
7708:Cambodia
7576:volition
7544:Theology
7489:and the
7361:agitprop
7337:bastardy
7333:abortion
7325:marriage
7187:and the
6967:agitprop
6915:and the
6886:Ideology
6840:Colombia
6834:and the
6813:Zimbabwe
6796:and the
6634:and the
6618:won the
6574:ANO 2011
6560:and the
6554:Portugal
6528:won the
6509:and the
6255:glasnost
6132:led the
6126:Rhodesia
6102:Ethiopia
6062:genocide
5889:won the
5877:in 1979.
5869:led the
5742:Cold War
5715:infantry
5556:Japanese
5546:New Left
5536:Naxalite
5494:Hoxhaism
5025:Qi Benyu
5000:Lin Biao
4995:Li Minqi
4970:Ted Hill
4930:Bo Xilai
4834:Variants
4709:Concepts
4684:a series
4682:Part of
4534:and the
4459:Cold War
4455:hegemony
4419:hegemony
4328:and the
4239:and the
4220:and the
4202:Red Army
4152:and his
4122:literate
3950:Hoxhaism
3742:Cold War
3386:Concepts
3361:a series
3359:Part of
3205:centrist
3182:de facto
3170:Red Army
3158:Leninism
2990:and the
2966:and the
2940:Béla Kun
2774:and the
2758:and the
2673:Leninism
2470:Cold War
2411:populism
2407:peasants
2354:Leninism
2181:Hoxhaism
2133:Hoxhaism
2081:and the
2021:Red Army
1954:Leninism
1923:Overview
1825:Nepalese
1809:Hoxhaism
1726:and the
1642:Leninism
1576:Cold War
1552:Leninism
1313:See also
1291:Leninism
1163:Slovenia
1061:Byelarus
1011:Mongolia
991:Ethiopia
979:Slovakia
934:Bulgaria
774:Cold War
592:Gus Hall
299:Kádárism
294:Husakism
289:Hoxhaism
268:Variants
217:Yugoslav
77:Concepts
52:a series
50:Part of
40:Leninism
19737:Symbols
19650:Fashion
19632:Culture
19546:Society
19491:Science
19456:Rouble
19398:Economy
19374:Science
19184:Premier
19165:Offices
19027:Leaders
18947:General
18915:Siberia
18888:Regions
18862:Oblasts
18703:October
18680:History
18619:Statism
18539:Fascism
18411:Tyranny
18286:Tsarist
17935:Comecon
17895:Croatia
17876:Vietnam
17865:Ukraine
17845:Moldova
17820:Georgia
17815:Estonia
17800:Armenia
17791:Somalia
17786:Romania
17756:Hungary
17751:Grenada
17730:Czechia
17676:Albania
17441:History
17254:Pol Pot
17074:Titoism
17021:Dengism
16998:African
16376:27 June
16075:(ed.).
15818:10 June
15388:3310959
13308:22 June
12959:19 June
11812:1 March
11596:2 April
11564:2 April
11533:2 April
11392:(199).
10741:2497167
9566:: 2–22.
9441:2492782
9381:2492782
9256:(ed.).
9189:Praeger
9165:10 June
8973:(ed.).
8279:Ireland
8240:Bảo Đại
8100:Maoists
8088:CPN UML
8014:Marxism
7970:council
7883:poverty
7830:famines
7796:Ukraine
7716:Romania
7712:Pol Pot
7631:history
7572:atheist
7491:realist
7487:liberal
7470:cartels
7329:divorce
7263:, free
7239:Society
7167:). The
7105:poverty
7080:in the
7064:Economy
7037:liberty
7033:freedom
6821:ZANU–PF
6819:of the
6710:leader
6672:Tripura
6612:Moldova
6595:to the
6487:Ukraine
6459:Vietnam
6336:Romania
6313:in 1989
6263:Namibia
6164:as the
6110:Somalia
6021:Pol Pot
5962:led by
5903:Contras
5758:détente
5551:Chinese
5190:History
4588:Titoism
4476:Fascist
4421:at the
4348:in the
4344:as the
4315:led by
4118:serfdom
3806:Parties
3672:History
3272:Tsarist
3172:in the
3076:Romanov
3050:of the
3028:soviets
2876:in the
2784:poverty
2731:Okhrana
2722:of the
2615:History
2537:), and
2465:fascist
2462:, even
2298:Marxism
2285:in 1875
2254:Vietnam
2148:Albania
2101:of the
2030:As the
1821:Titoism
1754:Marxism
1603:Vietnam
1562:in the
1526:) is a
1514:Russian
1183:Comecon
1143:Croatia
1128:Vietnam
1116:Ukraine
1096:Moldova
1071:Georgia
1066:Estonia
1051:Armenia
1036:Somalia
1031:Romania
1001:Hungary
996:Grenada
974:Czechia
947:1979–92
942:1975–79
919:Albania
699:History
477:Pol Pot
324:Titoism
19872:Maoism
19756:Emblem
19744:Anthem
19692:Sports
19645:Cinema
19640:Ballet
19622:Racism
19595:Family
19085:Bodies
18673:topics
18561:Nazism
18498:Maoism
18464:Ziaism
18147:Second
17910:Serbia
17850:Russia
17835:Latvia
17781:Poland
17681:Angola
17113:People
16944:Maoism
16918:Songun
16716:Soviet
16427:
16404:
16362:
16334:
16307:
16285:
16259:
16228:
16203:
16195:
16156:
16126:
16089:
16040:
16007:
15982:
15950:
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15865:
15839:
15786:
15763:
15737:
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15675:
15669:826310
15667:
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15515:
15468:
15386:
15309:
15268:
15224:
15175:
15125:
15044:
15015:
14947:
14921:
14904:
14887:
14743:
14700:
14692:
14641:
14633:
14562:
14554:
14427:
14344:
14305:
14255:
14055:
13932:
13900:
13811:
13786:
13754:
13725:
13571:
13542:
13417:
13384:
13374:
13344:
13334:
13269:
13232:
13162:
12871:Report
12853:Profil
12817:
12776:
12744:
12665:
12624:
12577:
12512:
12456:
12427:
12397:
12372:
12327:
12289:
12256:
12125:
12081:25 May
12067:
11878:
11855:29 May
11709:
11483:
11454:
11429:
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10992:
10920:
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10828:
10791:
10739:
10695:
10657:
10649:
10605:
10566:
10539:least.
10530:
10498:
10466:
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10378:
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10331:193712
10329:
10288:
10243:
10237:651881
10235:
10186:
10143:
10082:
9968:
9921:
9840:
9698:
9663:
9614:: 3–4.
9585:
9539:
9531:
9476:
9447:
9439:
9431:
9387:
9379:
9371:
9334:
9302:
9270:
9195:
9114:
8987:
8815:
8777:
8712:
8584:
8537:
8502:
8467:
8434:
8258:, and
8252:ethnic
8180:Nazism
7964:, and
7936:, and
7821:Laogai
7794:, and
7792:Poland
7718:under
7714:, and
7710:under
7702:under
7694:under
7680:Maoist
7635:nature
7584:agency
7466:trusts
7365:anomie
7215:, and
7146:. The
7022:kulaks
6977:) and
6936:kulaks
6932:YCLers
6911:, the
6870:. The
6800:. The
6784:, the
6747:, has
6720:Maoist
6668:Kerala
6626:, and
6614:, the
6606:, the
6604:Greece
6556:, the
6544:, and
6518:Cyprus
6501:. The
6489:, the
6469:, the
6467:Russia
6457:, and
6423:
6417:
6090:Angola
5845:Quebec
5675:Maoism
5521:Nanjie
5178:(1983)
5170:(1966)
5154:(1964)
5146:(1960)
5138:(1957)
5128:(1956)
5120:(1938)
5112:(1937)
5104:(1937)
5096:(1937)
5088:(1927)
4925:Biplav
4874:People
4692:Maoism
4544:Taiwan
4216:, the
4196:, the
3960:Maoism
3484:People
3234:Pravda
3178:troika
3085:barter
3060:nobles
2892:(SPD).
2786:, nor
2782:, the
2772:gentry
2770:, the
2599:, and
2591:, and
2553:Nazism
2489:after
2403:Maoism
2370:Pravda
2252:, and
1835:, the
1819:, and
1813:Maoism
1779:after
1736:praxis
1613:. The
1582:after
1550:, and
1390:Second
1158:Serbia
1101:Russia
1086:Latvia
1026:Poland
924:Angola
336:People
309:Maoism
212:Soviet
19687:Radio
19665:Opera
19660:Music
19563:Crime
19334:Gulag
19212:Cheka
18857:Krais
18504:Juche
18269:Forms
17881:Yemen
17716:Congo
17711:China
17686:Benin
17522:China
16911:Juche
16878:Cuban
16848:State
16542:Works
16328:(PDF)
16201:S2CID
16193:JSTOR
16179:(1).
16071:. In
15959:(PDF)
15948:S2CID
15928:(PDF)
15673:S2CID
15665:JSTOR
15651:(7).
15479:(PDF)
15458:(PDF)
15384:JSTOR
14698:S2CID
14639:JSTOR
14560:S2CID
14507:(PDF)
14500:(PDF)
14093:(PDF)
14080:(PDF)
13267:S2CID
12950:(PDF)
12448:[
12419:[
12055:[
11911:(PDF)
11900:(PDF)
11849:(PDF)
11834:(PDF)
10914:80–81
10874:S2CID
10800:(PDF)
10789:JSTOR
10769:(PDF)
10737:JSTOR
10723:(3).
10655:S2CID
10356:. In
10335:S2CID
10327:JSTOR
10313:(2).
10241:S2CID
10233:JSTOR
10164:. In
10001:(PDF)
9990:(PDF)
9932:(PDF)
9911:(PDF)
9635:[
9537:S2CID
9445:S2CID
9437:JSTOR
9385:S2CID
9377:JSTOR
8657:(PDF)
8642:(PDF)
8529:[
8494:[
8283:India
7892:with
7816:Gulag
7788:China
7700:China
7613:(the
7323:made
7173:Wages
7148:wages
7101:wages
7072:1933
6858:. In
6700:Nepal
6447:China
6439:China
6364:Serbs
6124:. In
6098:Congo
6094:Benin
6033:money
5975:, an
5505:Juche
3955:Juche
3338:Gulag
3268:kulak
3032:Cheka
2482:CPUSA
2222:Juche
2206:Juche
2198:Juche
2193:Juche
2061:with
1591:China
959:Congo
954:China
929:Benin
789:China
224:State
19768:Flag
19726:List
19534:List
19446:OGAS
19339:List
19222:NKVD
19010:LGBT
18998:List
18964:1977
18959:1936
18527:Soft
18421:Soft
18256:and
17761:Laos
17721:Cuba
16666:Foco
16461:2020
16425:ISBN
16402:ISBN
16378:2015
16360:ISBN
16332:ISBN
16305:ISBN
16283:ISBN
16257:ISBN
16226:ISBN
16154:ISBN
16124:ISBN
16100:2021
16087:ISBN
16056:2021
16038:ISBN
16005:ISBN
15980:ISBN
15967:2017
15916:2021
15886:ISBN
15863:ISBN
15837:ISBN
15820:2020
15784:ISBN
15761:ISBN
15735:ISBN
15712:ISBN
15615:2020
15555:ISBN
15513:ISBN
15487:2020
15466:ISBN
15438:2020
15400:2020
15349:2020
15307:ISBN
15266:ISBN
15240:2022
15222:ISBN
15191:2020
15173:ISBN
15141:2022
15123:ISBN
15083:2020
15042:ISBN
15013:ISBN
14986:2021
14945:ISBN
14919:ISBN
14902:ISBN
14885:ISBN
14843:2019
14741:ISBN
14690:ISSN
14631:ISSN
14595:2020
14552:ISSN
14515:2020
14443:2010
14425:ISBN
14360:2020
14342:ISBN
14303:ISBN
14271:2011
14253:ISBN
14209:2020
14173:2020
14139:2020
14101:2020
14053:ISBN
13930:ISBN
13898:ISBN
13809:ISBN
13784:ISBN
13752:ISBN
13723:ISBN
13569:ISBN
13540:ISBN
13382:OCLC
13372:ISBN
13342:OCLC
13332:ISBN
13310:2020
13230:ISBN
13160:ISBN
13134:2021
13103:2021
13073:2021
13046:2019
13013:2019
12961:2023
12954:SDPI
12932:2019
12903:2019
12815:ISBN
12774:ISBN
12742:ISBN
12663:ISBN
12622:ISBN
12575:ISBN
12552:2012
12510:ISBN
12454:ISBN
12425:ISBN
12395:ISBN
12370:ISBN
12343:2022
12325:ISBN
12287:ISBN
12254:ISBN
12123:ISBN
12083:2020
12065:ISBN
11919:2016
11876:ISBN
11857:2021
11814:2018
11707:ISBN
11598:2021
11566:2021
11535:2021
11481:ISBN
11452:ISBN
11427:ISBN
11402:ISBN
11269:2008
11228:2021
11192:2021
11135:2020
11094:2020
11055:2020
11042:Aeon
11008:2020
10990:ISBN
10966:2016
10918:ISBN
10826:ISBN
10693:ISSN
10647:ISSN
10603:ISBN
10564:ISBN
10528:ISBN
10496:ISBN
10464:ISBN
10432:ISBN
10394:2021
10376:ISBN
10286:ISBN
10202:2021
10184:ISBN
10141:ISBN
10107:help
10080:ISBN
10041:2020
10009:2020
9966:ISBN
9940:2020
9919:ISBN
9891:2020
9856:2020
9838:ISBN
9813:2020
9783:2020
9748:link
9734:2020
9696:ISBN
9661:ISBN
9583:ISBN
9529:ISSN
9492:2022
9474:ISBN
9429:ISSN
9369:ISSN
9332:ISBN
9300:ISBN
9268:ISBN
9193:ISBN
9167:2020
9130:2020
9112:ISBN
8985:ISBN
8932:2020
8813:ISBN
8775:ISBN
8710:ISBN
8582:ISBN
8535:ISBN
8500:ISBN
8465:ISBN
8432:ISBN
8281:and
8226:and
8090:and
8016:nor
7972:and
7896:and
7873:and
7836:and
7818:and
7759:and
7734:and
7678:and
7658:The
7633:and
7468:and
7399:and
7367:and
7131:and
7035:and
6987:and
6961:and
6945:and
6860:Peru
6854:and
6674:and
6624:2005
6620:2001
6591:and
6578:ČSSD
6570:2009
6568:and
6566:2017
6552:and
6546:2006
6542:2001
6538:1981
6534:1970
6526:AKEL
6455:Laos
6451:Cuba
6370:and
6253:and
6225:NATO
6108:and
6005:Laos
6003:and
5912:The
5816:and
5796:and
5736:The
4493:NATO
4491:and
4479:and
4307:and
4276:and
3321:NKVD
3164:and
3087:and
2958:and
2695:Duma
2563:and
2478:HUAC
2446:and
2423:-ism
2352:and
2250:Laos
2246:Cuba
2043:the
2038:and
1910:and
1742:and
1703:and
1655:. A
1640:and
1601:and
1599:Laos
1595:Cuba
1570:and
1006:Laos
964:Cuba
140:Foco
19251:KGB
19246:MGB
19234:MVD
19217:GPU
19017:Law
18566:Neo
18549:Neo
18544:Eco
16249:doi
16185:doi
15940:doi
15657:doi
15599:doi
15547:doi
15376:doi
15372:115
15009:117
14680:hdl
14670:doi
14623:doi
14542:doi
13446:118
13425:doi
13298:Vox
13259:doi
13226:301
12115:doi
11215:Vox
10864:doi
10781:doi
10729:doi
10685:doi
10639:doi
10319:doi
10278:doi
10225:doi
9879:Vox
9521:doi
9421:doi
9361:doi
9104:doi
8706:289
8574:doi
8262:."
7989:or
7810:in
7666:to
7460:or
7446:war
7235:."
6993:).
6524:of
6334:in
6139:In
6076:In
4280:).
3325:GPU
2797:by
2527:),
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