3278:
owner of the commodity "labour-power" face to face with other owners of commodities, dealer against dealer. The contract by which he sold to the capitalist his labour-power proved, so to say, in black and white that he disposed of himself freely. The bargain concluded, it is discovered that he was no "free agent," that the time for which he is free to sell his labour-power is the time for which he is forced to sell it, that in fact the vampire will not lose its hold on him "so long as there is a muscle, a nerve, a drop of blood to be exploited." For "protection" against "the serpent of their agonies," the labourers must put their heads together, and, as a class, compel the passing of a law, an all-powerful social barrier that shall prevent the very workers from selling, by voluntary contract with capital, themselves and their families into slavery and death. In place of the pompous catalogue of the "inalienable rights of man" comes the modest Magna Charta of a legally limited working-day, which shall make clear "when the time which the worker sells is ended, and when his own begins.
3330:
real, active men, and on the basis of their real life process we demonstrate the development of the ideological reflexes and echoes of this life process. The phantoms formed in the human brain are also, necessarily, sublimates of their material life process, which is empirically verifiable and bound to material premises. Morality, religion, metaphysics, all the rest of ideology and their corresponding forms of consciousness, thus no longer retain the semblance of independence. They have no history, no development; but men, developing their material production and their material intercourse, alter, along with this, their real existence, their thinking, and the products of their thinking. Life is not determined by consciousness, but consciousness by life.
2925:
The realization of a natural thing like a tree is a process that by and large points back toward itself: every step of the process takes place in order to reproduce the genus. In the historical process, however, what exists, what is actual, is imperfect. It is inimical to the potential. What is trying to come into existence - freedom - inherently negates everything preceding it and everything existing, since no actual existing human institution can possibly embody pure human freedom. So the actual is both itself and its opposite (as potential). And this potential (freedom) is never inert but constantly exerts an impulse toward change.
2883:(b) In rejecting the idea that laws merely describe or independently ground phenomena, Hegel revives the Aristotlean position that law or principle is something implicit in a thing, a potentiality which is not actual but which is in the process of becoming actual. This means that if we want to know the principle governing something, we have to observe its typical life-process and figure out its characteristic behavior. Observing an acorn on its own, we can never deduce that it is an oak tree. To figure out what the acorn is - and also what the oak tree is - we have to observe the line of development from one to the other.
2677:
2886:(c) The phenomena of history arise from a whole with an essence which undergoes transformation of form and which has an end or telos. For Hegel, the essence of humanity is freedom, and the telos of that essence is the actualization of that freedom. Like Aristotle, Hegel believes the essence of a thing is revealed in the entire, typical process of development of that thing. Looked at purely formally, human society has a natural line of development in accordance with its essence just like any other living thing. This process of development appears as a succession of stages of world history.
3524:. This notion is often understood as a simple historical narrative: primitive communism had developed into slave states. Slave states had developed into feudal societies. Those societies in turn became capitalist states, and those states would be overthrown by the self-conscious portion of their working-class, or proletariat, creating the conditions for socialism and, ultimately, a higher form of communism than that with which the whole process began. Marx illustrated his ideas most prominently by the development of capitalism from
2880:(a) Hegel adopts the position that chance is not the basis of phenomena and that events are governed by laws. Some have falsely attributed to Hegel the position that phenomena are governed by transcendent, supersensible ideas that ground them. On the contrary, Hegel argues for the organic unity between universal and particular. Particulars are not mere token types of universals; rather, they relate to each other as a part relates to a whole. This latter has import for Marx's own conception of law and necessity.
3294:, produces capitalist private property. This is the first negation of individual private property, as founded on the labor of the proprietor. But capitalist production begets, with the inexorability of a law of Nature, its own negation. It is the negation of negation. This does not re-establish private property for the producer, but gives him individual property based on the acquisition of the capitalist era: i.e., on co-operation and the possession in common of the land and of the means of production.
3290:"), but with the "negation of the negation": "individual property" in the capitalist regime is in fact the "expropriation of the immediate producers." "Self-earned private property, that is based, so to say, on the fusing together of the isolated, independent laboring-individual with the conditions of his labor, is supplanted by capitalistic private property, which rests on exploitation of the nominally free labor of others, i.e., on wage-labor... The capitalist mode of appropriation, the result of the
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means of the actions of men which spring from their needs, passions, and interests. Teleology, according to Hegel, is not opposed to the efficient causation provided by passion; on the contrary, the latter is the vehicle realizing the former. Hegel consistently lays more stress on passion than on the more historically specifiable interests of men. Marx will reverse this priority.
3340:(1845), in which the young Marx broke with Feuerbach's idealism, he writes that "the philosophers have only described the world, in various ways, the point is to change it," and his materialist approach allows for and empowers such change. This opposition between various subjective interpretations given by philosophers, which may be, in a sense, compared with
3595:). These sprawling, voluminous notebooks that Marx put together for his research on political economy, particularly those materials associated with the study of "primitive communism" and pre-capitalist communal production, in fact, show a more radical turning "Hegel on his head" than heretofore acknowledged by most mainstream Marxists and Marxiologists.
2908:"dialectical" character. The process of natural development occurs in a relatively straight line from the germ to the fully realized being and back to the germ again. Some accident from the outside might come along to interrupt this process of development, but if left to its own devices, it proceeds in a relatively straightforward manner.
3253:, as in Burke's case, but rather on the claim that the ideology of economism and the ideology of the human rights are the reverse sides of the same coin. However, as Ătienne Balibar puts it, "the accent put on those contradictions can not not ring out on the signification of 'human rights', since these therefore appears
3329:
In direct contrast to German philosophy, which descends from heaven to earth, here we ascend from earth to heaven. That is to say, we do not set out from what men say, imagine, conceive, nor from men as narrated, thought of, imagined, conceived, in order to arrive at men in the flesh. We set out from
2911:
Society's historical development is internally more complex. The transaction from potentiality to actuality is mediated by consciousness and will. The essence realized in the development of human society is freedom, but freedom is precisely that ability to negate the smooth line of development and go
2924:
The historical process, however, never attempts to preserve an essence in the first place. Rather, it develops an essence through successive forms. This means that at any moment on the path of historical change, there is a contradiction between what exists and what is in the process of coming-to-be.
2907:
Natural and historical change, according to Hegel, have two different kinds of essences. Organic natural entities develop through a straightforward process, relatively simple to comprehend at least in outline. Historical development, however, is a more complex process. Its specific difference is its
3277:
The creation of a normal working-day is, therefore, the product of a protracted civil war, more or less dissembled, between the capitalist class and the working-class... It must be acknowledged that our labourer comes out of the process of production other than he entered. In the market he stood as
2903:
Hegel distinguishes as
Aristotle did not between the application of organic, essentialist categories to the realm of human history and the realm of organic nature. According to Hegel, human history strives toward perfectibility, but nature does not. Marx deepens and expands this idea into the claim
2894:
Human history passes through several stages, in each of which is materialized a higher level of human consciousness of freedom. Each stage also has its own principle or law according to which it develops and lives in accordance with this freedom. Yet the law is not free-standing. It is delivered by
3436:
In 1844â1845, when Marx was starting to settle his account with Hegel and the Young
Hegelians in his writings, he critiqued the Young Hegelians for limiting the horizon of their critique to religion and not taking up the critique of the state and civil society as paramount. Indeed, in 1844, by the
3055:
Marx's early writings are thus a response towards Hegel, German
Idealism and a break with the rest of the Young Hegelians. Marx, stood Hegel on his feet, in his own view of his role, by turning the idealistic dialectic into a materialistic one, in proposing that material circumstances shape ideas,
2920:
In the development of a natural thing, there is by and large no contradiction between the process of development and the way that development must appear. So the transition from an acorn, to an oak, to an acorn again occurs in a relatively uninterrupted flow of the acorn back to itself again. When
2867:
Marx developed a comprehensive, theoretical understanding of political reality early in his intellectual and activist career by means of a critical adoption and radicalization of the categories of 18th and 19th century German
Idealist thought. Of particular importance is Hegel's appropriation of
2507:
would claim, then
Marxist theory is in fact the practical continuation of the philosophical tradition, while much of philosophy is still politically irrelevant. Many critics, both non-Marxist and some Marxist philosophers, feel that this is too quick a dismissal of the post-Marxian philosophical
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in the forest (this right was at the point of being criminalized and privatized by the state). It was Marx's inability to penetrate beneath the legal and polemical surface of the latter issue to its materialist, economic, and social roots that prompted him to critically study political economy.
2871:
Marx builds on four contributions Hegel makes to our philosophical understanding. They are: (1) the replacement of mechanism and atomism with
Aristotelean categories of organicism and essentialism, (2) the idea that world history progresses through stages, (3) the difference between natural and
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wrote in 1996 that "there is no
Marxist philosophy and there never will be; on the other hand, Marx is more important for philosophy than ever before." So even the existence of Marxist philosophy is debatable (the answer depends on what is meant by "philosophy"). Balibar's remark is intended to
3714:. Anti-humanist Marxists believe that ideas like "humanity," "freedom," and "human potential" are pure ideology, or theoretical versions of the bourgeois economic order. They feel that such concepts can only condemn Marxism to theoretical self-contradictions which may also hurt it politically.
3686:
Parties), have been strongly humanist. These humanist
Marxists believe that Marxism describes the true potential of human beings, and that this potential can be fulfilled in collective freedom after the Communist revolution has removed capitalism's constraints and subjugations of humanity. A
2628:
image which made of communism an ultimate stage of history, as well as the apocalyptic images which made it a "society of transparence", "without contradiction" nor ideology. Balibar observes that, in the end, Althusser enjoined the most sober definition of communism, exposed by Marx in
2947:, a leader of the circle of Young Hegelians to whom Marx attached himself. However, Marx and Engels came to disagree with Bruno Bauer and the rest of the Young Hegelians about socialism and also about the usage of Hegel's dialectic. Having achieved his thesis on the
3316:
as excessively abstract, and so no less ahistorical and idealist than what it purported to replace, namely the reified notion of God found in institutional
Christianity that legitimized the repressive power of the Prussian state. Instead, Marx aspired to give
2912:
off in novel, hitherto unforeseen directions. As humankind's essence reveals itself, that revelation is at the same time the subversion of itself. Spirit is constantly at war with itself. This appears as the contradictions constituting the essence of Spirit.
3077:
But Marx also criticized
Feuerbach for being insufficiently materialistic, as Stirner himself had pointed out, and explained that the alienation described by the Young Hegelians was in fact the result of the structure of the economy itself. Furthermore, he
4320:
Interview with Laszlo Garai on the Activity Theory of Alexis Leontiev and his own Theory of Social Identity as referred to the meta-theory of Lev Vygotsky. Journal of Russian and East European Psychology, vol. 50, no. 1, JanuaryâFebruary 2012, pp.
2649:
in response to criticisms around his actions concerning the Kronstadt rebellion and wider questions posed around the perceived, âamoralâ methods of the Bolsheviks. Critics believed these methods seemed to emulate the Jesuit maxim that the
3511:. The totality of these relations of production constitutes the economic structure of society, the real foundation, on which arises a legal and political superstructure and to which correspond definite forms of social consciousness. The
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rather than âeternal moral truthsâ proclaimed by institutional religions. On the other hand, he regarded it as farcical to assert that an end could justify any criminal means and viewed this to be a distorted representation of the
2667:
is sought by the working class as an instrument to actualize socialism. He also viewed revolution to be deducible from the laws of the development and primarily the class struggle but this did not mean all means are permissible.
2697:) and a "mature Marx" or also by separating it into purely philosophical works, economics works and political and historical interventions, Ătienne Balibar has pointed out that Marx's works can be divided into "economic works" (
3671:, who was strongly influenced by Hegel, tried to take a middle path between these extremes: Adorno contradicted Hegel's motto "the true is the whole" with his new version, "the whole is the false," but he wished to preserve
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of its realization. The criteria of acceptance or rejection of a 'marxist' proposition was always the same, whether it was presented as 'epistemological' or as 'philosophical': it was in the act of rendering intelligible a
3515:
of material life conditions the general process of social, political and intellectual life. It is not the consciousness of men that determines their existence, but their social existence that determines their
3371:
is thus inextricably linked to his rupture with his earlier writings, which pushed Marxist commentators to speak of a "young Marx" and a "mature Marx", although the nature of this cut poses problems.
3641:
that he kept during his last years, all point to a historical Marx who was continuously developing his ideas until his deathbed and does not fit into any pre-existing ideological straitjacket.
2438:. The key characteristics of Marxism in philosophy are its materialism and its commitment to political practice as the end goal of all thought. The theory is also about the struggles of the
2406:, in particular during the 1930s. Marxist philosophy is not a strictly defined sub-field of philosophy, because the diverse influence of Marxist theory has extended into fields as varied as
3194:. According to Marx, the recognition of these individual rights was the result of the universal extension of market relations to all of society and to all of the world, first through the
2687:
There are endless interpretations of the "philosophy of Marx", from the interior of the Marxist movement as well as in its exterior. Although some have separated Marx's works between a "
2921:
change in the essence takes place, as it does in the process of evolution, we can understand the change mostly in mechanical terms using principles of genetics and natural selection.
3675:
as a negative, oppositional version of the utopia described by Hegel's "spirit." Adorno believed in totality and human potential as ends to be striven for, but not as certainties.
3618:), Marx pursues in these research notes a decidedly empirical approach to analyzing historical changes and different modes of production, emphasizing without forcing them into a
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paradigm the rich varieties of communal productions throughout the world and the critical importance of collective working-class antagonism in the development of capitalism.
3589:
Some believe that Marx regarded them merely as a shorthand summary of his huge ongoing work-in-progress (which was only published posthumously over a hundred years later as
2515:; much or perhaps even all of it has been influenced, subtly or overtly, by Marxism. Simply dismissing all philosophy as sophistry might condemn Marxism to a simplistic
3210:
on the marketplace through juridical contracts, and worked in the same time as an ideological means to discompose the collective grouping of producers required by the
3433:" between the "young Marx" and the "mature Marx" was such that no comparisons could be done between both works, marking a shift to a "scientific theory" of society.
276:
3445:), Marx's thinking could have taken at least three possible courses: the study of law, religion, and the state; the study of natural philosophy; and the study of
3452:
He chose the last as the predominant focus of his studies for the rest of his life, largely on account of his previous experience as the editor of the newspaper
3520:
In this brief popularization of his ideas, Marx emphasized that social development sprang from the inherent contradictions within material life and the social
3458:
on whose pages he fought for freedom of expression against Prussian censorship and made a rather idealist, legal defense for the Moselle peasants' customary
2576:. So Marxist philosophy must continue to take account of advances in the theory of politics developed after Marx, but it must also be wary of a descent into
2553:, must take Marx's condemnation of philosophy into account, but many such thinkers also feel a strong need to remedy the perceived theoretical problems with
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in Marxist thought has been quite contentious. Many Marxists, especially Hegelian Marxists and also those committed to political programs (such as many
3090:, human nature). But the essence of man is no abstraction inherent in each single individual. In reality, it is the ensemble of the social relations."
4105:
2537:
practice remains powerful even to a contemporary reader. Marxist and Marx-influenced 20th century theory, such as (to name a few random examples) the
2595:
Althusser proposed a 'new definition' of philosophy as "class struggle in theory"... Marxism had proper signification (and original "problematic")
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in his sixth thesis on Feuerbach as an abstract "kind" which incarnated itself in each singular individual: "Feuerbach resolves the essence of
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In the social production of their existence, men inevitably enter into definite relations, which are independent of their will, namely
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masks itself and as the one in which the exploited class struggle express itself: more than a truth or an illusion, it is therefore a
5501:
3352:, which combines theory and practice in a materialist way, is what distinguish "Marxist philosophers" with the rest of philosophers.
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4303:
Marx, Karl; Engels, Friedrich. "Part I: Feuerbach. Opposition of the Materialist and Idealist Outlook A. Idealism and Materialism".
3155:
as a "bourgeois declaration" of the rights of the "egoistic individual", ultimately based on the "right to private property", which
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of all his inherent characteristics (thus man projected on God all qualities which are in fact man's own quality which defines the "
3117:, Marx began with the totality of social relations: labour, language and all which constitute our human existence. He claimed that
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historical (dialectical) change, and (4) the idea that dialectical change proceeds through contradictions in the thing itself.
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3661:. Others consider "totality" merely another version of Hegel's "spirit," and thus condemn it as a crippling, secret idealism.
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formulations in the 1859 preface took on canonical status in the subsequent development of orthodox Marxism, in particular in
3421:(1867). This abandonment of the early theory of alienation would be amply discussed, and several Marxist theorists, including
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3237:, who dismissed the "rights of Man" in favour of the "rights of the individual": it is not grounded on an opposition to the
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that Marxist theory and ideology carried on: but he did it in the name of communism itself." Althusser thus criticized the
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of the capitalist sphere. Such individual rights were the symmetric of the "right for the labourer" to "freely" sell his
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3186:, Marx thus takes a place amongst the 19th century philosophers who criticized this pre-eminence of the subject and its
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2587:Ătienne Balibar claimed that if one philosopher could be called a "Marxist philosopher", that one would doubtlessly be
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3586:" (an expression coined by Engels) has been challenged by Marxist theorists, such as Antonio Gramsci or Althusser.
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based its theory on the writings of the young Marx, emphasizing the humanist and dialectical aspects thereof.
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deduced from its own implicit "philosophy of the subject", which asserts the preeminence of an individual and
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Communism is "not a state of the future, but the real movement which destroys the existing state of being.".
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3066:(published in 1932), inspired itself from Feuerbach's critique of the alienation of Man in God through the
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designed to legitimize the current state of affairs, and effective transformation of the world through
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Marx did not study directly with Hegel, but after Hegel died Marx studied under one of Hegel's pupils,
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Some varieties of Marxist philosophy are strongly influenced by Hegel, emphasizing totality and even
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that humankind itself can adapt society to its own purposes rather than adapting themselves to it.
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priority to what he called the "real life process" of real human beings, as he and Engels said in
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Marxism's philosophical roots were thus commonly explained as derived from three sources: English
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But the communist revolution does not end with the negation of individual liberty and equality ("
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in theory", thus radically separating himself from those who claimed philosophers could adopt a "
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in France and Germany. He then wrote a scathing criticism of the Young Hegelians in two books,
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Aristotle's organicist and essentialist categories in the light of Kant's transcendental turn.
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maxim. Instead, Trotsky believed that the means and ends frequently âexchanged placesâ as when
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However, other Marxists, especially those influenced by Louis Althusser, are just as strongly
3214:: thus, in the same time that the Industrial Era requires masses to concentrate themselves in
2654:â. Trotsky argued that Marxism situated the foundation of morality as a product of society to
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and then after the crushing of the 1871 Paris Commune, Marx's thought transformed itself.
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reading, which mostly based itself on Engels' latter writings in an attempt to theorize "
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instead of the other way around. In this, Marx was following the lead of Feuerbach. His
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particular version of the humanism within the Marxism is represented by the school of
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Marx summarized the materialistic aspect of his theory of history, otherwise known as
2523:, crippling it in practice and making it comically simplistic at the level of theory.
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ironizes on the "pompous catalogue of the human rights" in comparison to the "modest
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2484:(1845), which can be read as an epitaph for philosophy: "The philosophers have only
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3030:(1841), was not sufficient. According to Stirner, any ideals, God, Humanity, the
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628:
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3382:, which was prepared to an imminent revolution, and ended with the famous cry: "
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or alienation. Some critics have claimed that meant that Marx enforced a strict
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in theory". Marx's movement away from university philosophy and towards the
3222:, the individualist, "bourgeois" ideology separated themselves as competing
2773:, and German idealist philosophy. Although this "three sources" model is an
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Thereupon, instead of founding itself on the singular, concrete individual
3071:
2988:, he cut away with the environment in which he grew up and encountered the
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1997:
1962:
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Marx's critique of the ideology of the human rights thus departs from the
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as the popular interpretation of Marxism as "collectivism" would have it
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3429:, would return to it. Others, such as Althusser, would claim that the "
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subject over social relations. On the other hand, Marx also criticized
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look of Marx's writings in that period (most famous of which is the "
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2138:
1967:
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1142:
952:
5164:
166:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
35:
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What distinguished Marx from Feuerbach was his view of Feuerbach's
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appropriate to a given stage in the development of their material
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2754:. Both after the defeat of the French socialist movement during
2495:
If this claim (which Marx originally intended as a criticism of
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957:
3563:. "Vulgar Marxism" was seen as little other than a variety of
3409:
Marx thereby modified his theory of alienation exposed in the
2503:) is still more or less the case in the 21st century, as many
2323:
492:
Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice
5477:
5139:
4425:
4358:
3603:
3528:, and by the prediction of the development of socialism from
457:
An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital
2958:
in 1841, the young Marx progressively broke away with the
5322:
3355:
Indeed, Marx's break with German Idealism involves a new
3145:, considered one of the founders of communism during the
3657:, whose influence extends to contemporary thinkers like
3644:
2620:
However, "Althusser never ceased to put in question the
277:
The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State
4203:
Capital, vol 1, Afterword to the Second German Edition
3629:, the communal land system, in Russia in his letter to
3002:(1845), in which he criticized not only Bauer but also
2703:, 1867), "philosophical works" and "historical works" (
3016:. Max Stirner claimed that all ideals were inherently
2683:
was an important figure in the development of Marxism.
3602:
belief in historical progress and stages espoused by
2726:
Marx's philosophy is thus inextricably linked to his
2402:, which enforced a rigid reading of what Marx called
3417:, exposed in the first chapter of the first book of
2929:
Rupture with German idealism and the Young Hegelians
2899:(3) Difference between natural and historical change
2572:," or a simplistic model of state power rather than
2398:, which drew from various sources, and the official
3551:). They also gave way to a vulgar Marxism as plain
3496:
A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy
3485:(this term was coined by Engels and popularised by
3386:". However, Marx's thought changed again following
3152:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2965:and its teachings impregnated by German Idealism (
27:Philosophy influenced by Marxist political thought
3297:
3080:criticized Feuerbach's conception of human nature
2394:. Marxist philosophy may be broadly divided into
6456:
4176:The social and political thought of Leon Trotsky
4149:The social and political thought of Leon Trotsky
2856:
3020:, and that replacing God with Humanity, as did
3012:(1844), considered one of the founding book of
2526:Nonetheless, the force of Marx's opposition to
4179:. Oxford : Clarendon Press. pp. 556â560.
4152:. Oxford : Clarendon Press. pp. 556â560.
3441:", a text that most explicitly elaborated his
3439:Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844
3411:Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844
3063:Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844
2819:, from whom came the idea that the grounds of
2694:Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844
2474:explain the significance of the final line of
4374:
3136:
2838:) was seen as little other than a variety of
2746:, written with Engels (who was observing the
2348:
237:The Condition of the Working Class in England
4216:See section on "The Individual and Society."
2876:(1) Aristotelian organicism and essentialism
2784:(1990) has assigned four "masters" to Marx:
2488:the world, in various ways; the point is to
232:Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844
4014:list of contributors to Marxist theory
2730:and to his historical interventions in the
4381:
4367:
3731:, especially the earlier writings such as
3038:alienated the "Ego". Marx also criticized
2796:, 1841) for his materialism and theory of
2706:The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte
2453:, for example, defined the philosophy as "
2355:
2341:
377:Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses
252:The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte
4269:argued that Marx represented exacerbated
4093:
4091:
3466:
2949:Difference of natural philosophy between
2790:Difference of natural philosophy between
2671:
2560:Such problems might include a too-simple
2464:
182:Learn how and when to remove this message
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
4172:
4145:
3717:
3567:, with the alleged determination of the
3559:), which has been criticized by various
3413:and would later arrive to his theory of
3198:(including the first period of European
2842:, with the alleged determination of the
2675:
3097:, as did classic philosophy, including
2539:critical theory of the Frankfurt School
487:The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany
14:
6457:
4302:
4088:
3042:, who had become famous with his cry "
2777:, it still has some measure of truth.
2533:and to any "philosophy" divorced from
1163:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
6120:
4862:
4400:
4362:
3645:Differences within Marxist philosophy
3616:Lectures on the Philosophy of History
3384:Proletarians of all countries, unite!
2076:Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory
447:Change the World Without Taking Power
4199:
3363:" in the 1960s, would define it as "
2980:Along with Engels, who observed the
2756:Louis Napoleon Bonaparte's 1851 coup
131:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
3832:to include a more complex model of
3129:which destroyed the possibility of
402:Marxism and the Oppression of Women
332:Theses on the Philosophy of History
24:
3249:project on behalf of the right of
2788:(to whom he dedicated his thesis,
25:
6481:
3196:primitive accumulation of capital
422:Time, Labor and Social Domination
6438:
6437:
6424:
3402:which would last until the 1870
2603:tendency towards communism, and
2599:insofar as it was the theory of
2378:that are strongly influenced by
2322:
2310:
2298:
2134:21st-century communist theorists
472:Towards Socialism or Capitalism?
387:How Europe Underdeveloped Africa
307:Essays on Marx's Theory of Value
213:
136:
34:
4353:A Dictionary of Marxist Thought
4345:, La DĂ©couverte, RepĂšres, 1991)
4341:. Verso, 1995 (French edition:
4328:
4313:
4296:
4280:
4039:Marxist explanations of warfare
3825:History and Class Consciousness
3667:, a leading philosopher of the
3359:; Louis Althusser, founder of "
3273:of a day work limited by law":
2721:dictatorship of the proletariat
2719:and acclaimed it as the first "
836:Theory of historical trajectory
714:Dictatorship of the proletariat
412:Hegemony and Socialist Strategy
312:History and Class Consciousness
267:Critique of the Gotha Programme
45:needs additional citations for
4388:
4260:
4245:
4229:
4210:
4193:
4166:
4139:
4132:, Arguments (English edition,
4115:
3298:Criticisms of Ludwig Feuerbach
2834:"Vulgar Marxism" (or codified
2808:, from which come his idea of
2400:philosophy in the Soviet Union
634:Socially necessary labour time
532:Philosophy in the Soviet Union
417:The Sublime Object of Ideology
342:A Critique of Soviet Economics
13:
1:
6121:
4242:, 1993, p.74 original edition
4082:
3378:, Marx and Engels thus wrote
3292:capitalist mode of production
2863:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
2857:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
2829:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
2737:Critique of the Gotha Program
2728:critique of political economy
2681:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
2641:In 1938, Trotsky had written
2461:" as a purely neutral judge.
555:Critique of political economy
5910:Ordinary language philosophy
4401:
4219:"Ămile Durkheim (1858â1917)"
4108:, RepĂšres (English edition,
3535:The base-superstructure and
592:Falling profit-rate tendency
367:The Society of the Spectacle
7:
5960:Contemporary utilitarianism
5875:Internalism and externalism
4002:
3653:: for example, the work of
3308:Marx's theory of alienation
3141:In the same way, following
3027:The Essence of Christianity
2890:(2) Stages of world history
2800:which opened up a realm of
2541:, the political writing of
2442:and their reprimand of the
2066:Capitalism Nature Socialism
582:Concrete and abstract labor
467:Capital in the Anthropocene
392:Social Justice and the City
287:The Accumulation of Capital
162:the claims made and adding
10:
6486:
5224:Svatantrika and Prasangika
4863:
4010:Category:Marxist theorists
3937:Situationist International
3493:), in the 1859 preface to
3470:
3394:, which put an end to the
3301:
3192:consciousness as political
3137:Criticisms of human rights
2932:
2860:
337:Dialectic of Enlightenment
6418:
6370:
6270:
6232:
6179:
6146:
6137:
6133:
6116:
6066:
5978:
5816:
5807:
5740:
5523:
5514:
5492:
5447:
5389:
5341:
5295:
5286:
5249:
5120:
4985:
4932:
4923:
4873:
4869:
4858:
4797:
4769:
4726:
4678:
4635:
4588:
4560:
4512:
4484:
4446:Philosophy of mathematics
4436:Philosophy of information
4411:
4407:
4396:
4173:Knei-Paz, Baruch (1978).
4146:Knei-Paz, Baruch (1978).
3549:known in the Soviet Union
3257:as the language in which
3149:, he criticized the 1789
3086:into the essence of man (
3049:The Poverty of Philosophy
2564:, an untenable theory of
482:Literature and Revolution
442:Late Victorian Holocausts
372:Pedagogy of the Oppressed
357:The Wretched of the Earth
4292:chapter XXXII, section 1
3828:developed the theory of
3757:and other works inspired
3460:right of collecting wood
3388:Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte
3357:definition of philosophy
3280:Quantum mutatus ab illo!
2652:ends justifies the means
432:The Origin of Capitalism
302:The State and Revolution
5915:Postanalytic philosophy
5856:Experimental philosophy
4024:Dialectical materialism
3902:and his students (e.g.
3775:âTheir Morals and Oursâ
3541:dialectical materialism
3505:relations of production
3477:Dialectical materialism
3380:The Communist Manifesto
3202:) and then through the
3014:individualist anarchism
2836:dialectical materialism
2743:The Communist Manifesto
2643:âTheir Morals and Oursâ
2404:dialectical materialism
1138:MarxismâLeninismâMaoism
781:Relations of production
664:Base and superstructure
517:Dialectical materialism
477:The Revolution Betrayed
297:Terrorism and Communism
292:Philosophical Notebooks
247:The Communist Manifesto
6048:Social constructionism
5060:Hellenistic philosophy
4476:Theoretical philosophy
4451:Philosophy of religion
4441:Philosophy of language
4343:La philosophie de Marx
4339:The Philosophy of Marx
4240:The Philosophy of Marx
4110:The Philosophy of Marx
4102:La philosophie de Marx
3886:Socialisme ou Barbarie
3693:theoretical psychology
3639:Ethnological Notebooks
3518:
3483:historical materialism
3473:Historical materialism
3467:Historical materialism
3396:French Second Republic
3332:
3284:
2684:
2672:Karl Marx's philosophy
2656:serve social interests
2618:
2580:or the temptations of
2499:and the more moderate
2465:Marxism and philosophy
2390:, or works written by
2081:Historical Materialism
826:Proletarian revolution
821:Primitive accumulation
816:Historical determinism
6431:Philosophy portal
5950:Scientific skepticism
5930:Reformed epistemology
4456:Philosophy of science
3890:Cornelius Castoriadis
3718:Key works and authors
3501:
3431:epistemological break
3392:December 2, 1851 coup
3327:
3275:
3212:Industrial Revolution
2806:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
2691:" (in particular the
2679:
2614:Ecrits pour Althusser
2593:
2436:philosophy of history
2432:philosophy of science
2317:Philosophy portal
2111:Science & Society
729:Democratic centralism
587:Factors of production
452:Caliban and the Witch
397:Women, Race and Class
5851:Critical rationalism
5558:Edo neo-Confucianism
5402:Acintya bheda abheda
5381:Renaissance humanism
5092:School of the Sextii
4466:Practical philosophy
4461:Political philosophy
4255:chapter X, section 7
3734:The 1844 Manuscripts
3584:scientific socialism
3565:economic determinism
3553:economic determinism
3509:forces of production
3443:theory of alienation
3231:counterrevolutionary
3190:. Instead, Marx saw
3058:theory of alienation
2840:economic determinism
2750:) a year before the
2715:which concerned the
2562:economic determinism
2428:political philosophy
2329:Socialism portal
2305:Communism portal
2174:History of communism
2169:Economic determinism
2154:Criticism of Marxism
2144:Creative destruction
904:Marxism and religion
624:Scientific socialism
527:Philosophy of nature
407:Imagined Communities
272:Dialectics of Nature
69:"Marxist philosophy"
54:improve this article
5422:Nimbarka Sampradaya
5333:Korean Confucianism
5080:Academic Skepticism
4306:The German Ideology
4200:Marx, Karl (1873).
3834:class consciousness
3745:Theses on Feuerbach
3740:The German Ideology
3415:commodity fetishism
3404:Franco-Prussian War
3376:Revolutions of 1848
3337:Theses on Feuerbach
3323:The German Ideology
3123:commodity fetishism
3060:, developed in the
3009:The Ego and Its Own
3000:The German Ideology
2780:On the other hand,
2752:Revolutions of 1848
2734:, such as the 1875
2712:Civil War in France
2645:which consisted of
2632:The German Ideology
2622:images of communism
2570:false consciousness
2481:Theses on Feuerbach
2061:Capital & Class
741:False consciousness
689:Commodity fetishism
679:Class consciousness
597:Means of production
427:The Age of Extremes
347:The Long Revolution
282:What Is to Be Done?
242:The German Ideology
6043:Post-structuralism
5945:Scientific realism
5900:Quinean naturalism
5880:Logical positivism
5836:Analytical Marxism
5055:Peripatetic school
4967:Chinese naturalism
4494:Aesthetic response
4421:Applied philosophy
4355:. Blackwell, 1991.
4130:Ăditions de Minuit
4075:Rethinking Marxism
4069:Analytical Marxism
3971:autonomist Marxism
3691:and his school in
3614:manner, as in his
3574:by the economical
3513:mode of production
3455:Rheinische Zeitung
3374:A year before the
3361:Structural Marxism
3127:social determinism
3121:was the result of
3044:Property is theft!
2849:by the economical
2775:oversimplification
2685:
2368:Marxist philosophy
2275:Worker cooperative
2253:Left-wing populism
2179:Left-wing politics
2116:Socialist Register
2106:Rethinking Marxism
899:Literary criticism
602:Mode of production
462:Capitalist Realism
322:The Black Jacobins
147:possibly contains
6470:Social philosophy
6452:
6451:
6414:
6413:
6410:
6409:
6406:
6405:
6112:
6111:
6108:
6107:
6104:
6103:
5831:Analytic feminism
5803:
5802:
5765:Kierkegaardianism
5727:Transcendentalism
5687:Neo-scholasticism
5533:Classical Realism
5510:
5509:
5282:
5281:
5097:Neopythagoreanism
4854:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4471:Social philosophy
4349:Bottomore, Thomas
4186:978-0-19-827233-5
4159:978-0-19-827233-5
3981:Maurice Cornforth
3810:Raya Dunayevskaya
3780:Antonie Pannekoek
3561:Marxist theorists
3447:political economy
3423:Marxist humanists
3369:workers' movement
3147:French Revolution
3115:political economy
3088:menschliche Wesen
2916:(4) Contradiction
2763:political economy
2748:Chartist movement
2732:workers' movement
2449:Marxist theorist
2424:social philosophy
2365:
2364:
2206:Political ecology
2184:Marxian economics
1123:Council communism
1091:
1090:
1018:Neue Marx-LektĂŒre
980:Regulation school
869:Cultural analysis
761:Lumpenproletariat
704:Cultural hegemony
694:Communist society
684:Classless society
619:Productive forces
352:Guerrilla Warfare
225:Theoretical works
192:
191:
184:
149:original research
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
6477:
6441:
6440:
6429:
6428:
6427:
6144:
6143:
6135:
6134:
6118:
6117:
6008:Frankfurt School
5955:Transactionalism
5905:Normative ethics
5885:Legal positivism
5861:Falsificationism
5846:Consequentialism
5841:Communitarianism
5814:
5813:
5682:New Confucianism
5521:
5520:
5328:Neo-Confucianism
5293:
5292:
5102:Second Sophistic
5087:Middle Platonism
4930:
4929:
4871:
4870:
4860:
4859:
4703:Epiphenomenalism
4570:Consequentialism
4504:Institutionalism
4409:
4408:
4398:
4397:
4383:
4376:
4369:
4360:
4359:
4335:Balibar, Ătienne
4323:
4317:
4311:
4310:
4300:
4294:
4284:
4278:
4264:
4258:
4249:
4243:
4233:
4227:
4226:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4143:
4137:
4119:
4113:
4095:
4059:Orthodox Marxism
4054:Marxist humanism
4044:Marxist feminism
3962:Georges Politzer
3957:Nikolai Bukharin
3952:Georgi Plekhanov
3912:Jacques RanciĂšre
3881:Jean-Paul Sartre
3854:Frankfurt School
3795:Antonio Labriola
3747:", but also the
3729:Friedrich Engels
3669:Frankfurt School
3578:. However, this
3491:Georgi Plekhanov
3398:and created the
3304:Ludwig Feuerbach
3022:Ludwig Feuerbach
2984:movement in the
2647:ethical polemics
2610:communist policy
2555:orthodox Marxism
2469:The philosopher
2357:
2350:
2343:
2327:
2326:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2280:Workers' council
2101:Race & Class
1008:Frankfurt School
975:Neo-Gramscianism
948:MarxismâLeninism
930:
929:
874:Cultural Studies
831:World revolution
776:Private property
317:Prison Notebooks
217:
194:
193:
187:
180:
176:
173:
167:
164:inline citations
140:
139:
132:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
6485:
6484:
6480:
6479:
6478:
6476:
6475:
6474:
6455:
6454:
6453:
6448:
6425:
6423:
6402:
6366:
6266:
6228:
6175:
6129:
6128:
6100:
6089:Russian cosmism
6062:
6058:Western Marxism
6023:New Historicism
5988:Critical theory
5974:
5970:Wittgensteinian
5866:Foundationalism
5799:
5736:
5717:Social contract
5573:Foundationalism
5506:
5488:
5472:Illuminationism
5457:Aristotelianism
5443:
5432:Vishishtadvaita
5385:
5337:
5278:
5245:
5116:
5045:Megarian school
5040:Eretrian school
4981:
4942:Agriculturalism
4919:
4865:
4846:
4793:
4765:
4722:
4674:
4631:
4615:Incompatibilism
4584:
4556:
4508:
4480:
4403:
4392:
4387:
4331:
4326:
4318:
4314:
4301:
4297:
4285:
4281:
4265:
4261:
4250:
4246:
4236:Ătienne Balibar
4234:
4230:
4217:
4215:
4211:
4198:
4194:
4187:
4171:
4167:
4160:
4144:
4140:
4126:MĂ©taphilosophie
4120:
4116:
4098:Ătienne Balibar
4096:
4089:
4085:
4080:
4019:Critical theory
4005:
4000:
3976:Helmut Reichelt
3942:Fredric Jameson
3916:Pierre Macherey
3904:Ătienne Balibar
3900:Louis Althusser
3876:Joseph Dietzgen
3871:Walter Benjamin
3866:JĂŒrgen Habermas
3862:Herbert Marcuse
3839:Antonio Gramsci
3720:
3697:Alexei Leontiev
3673:critical theory
3659:Fredric Jameson
3647:
3598:In lieu of the
3479:
3471:Main articles:
3469:
3310:
3302:Main articles:
3300:
3224:homo economicus
3139:
2995:The Holy Family
2941:
2939:Young Hegelians
2935:German idealism
2933:Main articles:
2931:
2865:
2859:
2674:
2616:, 1991, p.98).
2589:Louis Althusser
2551:Fredric Jameson
2543:Antonio Gramsci
2501:Young Hegelians
2497:German Idealism
2471:Ătienne Balibar
2467:
2451:Louis Althusser
2396:Western Marxism
2361:
2321:
2311:
2309:
2299:
2297:
2285:
2284:
2258:Universal class
2149:Conflict theory
2129:
2121:
2120:
2096:New Left Review
2051:
2043:
2042:
1183:
1173:
1172:
1103:
1093:
1092:
1003:Budapest School
927:
926:Common variants
919:
918:
849:
841:
840:
806:
796:
795:
699:Critical theory
659:
649:
648:
629:Surplus product
557:
547:
546:
507:
497:
496:
362:Reading Capital
227:
188:
177:
171:
168:
153:
141:
137:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6483:
6473:
6472:
6467:
6465:Marxist theory
6450:
6449:
6447:
6446:
6434:
6419:
6416:
6415:
6412:
6411:
6408:
6407:
6404:
6403:
6401:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6374:
6372:
6368:
6367:
6365:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6298:
6297:
6287:
6282:
6276:
6274:
6268:
6267:
6265:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6238:
6236:
6234:Middle Eastern
6230:
6229:
6227:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6185:
6183:
6177:
6176:
6174:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6152:
6150:
6141:
6131:
6130:
6127:
6126:
6122:
6114:
6113:
6110:
6109:
6106:
6105:
6102:
6101:
6099:
6098:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6070:
6068:
6064:
6063:
6061:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5998:Existentialism
5995:
5993:Deconstruction
5990:
5984:
5982:
5976:
5975:
5973:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5826:Applied ethics
5822:
5820:
5811:
5805:
5804:
5801:
5800:
5798:
5797:
5792:
5790:Nietzscheanism
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5761:
5760:
5750:
5744:
5742:
5738:
5737:
5735:
5734:
5732:Utilitarianism
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5633:
5632:
5630:Transcendental
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5597:
5596:
5595:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5568:Existentialism
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5524:
5518:
5512:
5511:
5508:
5507:
5505:
5504:
5498:
5496:
5490:
5489:
5487:
5486:
5481:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5453:
5451:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5441:
5436:
5435:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5393:
5391:
5387:
5386:
5384:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5356:Augustinianism
5353:
5347:
5345:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5299:
5297:
5290:
5284:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5277:
5276:
5271:
5269:Zoroastrianism
5266:
5261:
5255:
5253:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5243:
5242:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5191:
5190:
5189:
5184:
5174:
5173:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5126:
5124:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5114:
5112:Church Fathers
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5083:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5026:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
4994:
4992:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4938:
4936:
4927:
4921:
4920:
4918:
4917:
4916:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4885:
4879:
4877:
4867:
4866:
4856:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4803:
4801:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4775:
4773:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4732:
4730:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4684:
4682:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4641:
4639:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4627:Libertarianism
4624:
4623:
4622:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4600:
4594:
4592:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4566:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4518:
4516:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4490:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4431:Metaphilosophy
4428:
4423:
4417:
4415:
4405:
4404:
4394:
4393:
4386:
4385:
4378:
4371:
4363:
4357:
4356:
4346:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4312:
4295:
4279:
4259:
4244:
4228:
4209:
4192:
4185:
4165:
4158:
4138:
4136:. Verso, 2016)
4134:Metaphilosophy
4122:Henri Lefebvre
4114:
4112:. Verso, 1995)
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4078:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4034:Marxist ethics
4031:
4029:Freudo-Marxism
4026:
4021:
4016:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3932:Amadeo Bordiga
3929:
3924:
3922:Henri Lefebvre
3919:
3897:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3858:Theodor Adorno
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3785:Rosa Luxemburg
3782:
3777:
3768:
3763:
3761:Vladimir Lenin
3758:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3678:The status of
3665:Theodor Adorno
3646:
3643:
3576:infrastructure
3572:superstructure
3522:superstructure
3516:consciousness.
3468:
3465:
3365:class struggle
3343:Weltanschauung
3299:
3296:
3169:utilitarianism
3138:
3135:
3099:contractualism
3034:, or even the
2986:United Kingdom
2930:
2927:
2858:
2855:
2851:infrastructure
2847:superstructure
2827:; and finally
2782:Costanzo Preve
2673:
2670:
2466:
2463:
2459:God's eye view
2455:class struggle
2372:Marxist theory
2363:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2352:
2345:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2319:
2307:
2295:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2263:Vulgar Marxism
2260:
2255:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2130:
2128:Related topics
2127:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2091:Monthly Review
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2071:Constellations
2068:
2063:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1184:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1104:
1101:Other variants
1099:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
997:
996:
990:
989:
988:
987:
985:Third-worldist
982:
977:
972:
971:
970:
965:
960:
955:
945:
937:
936:
928:
925:
924:
921:
920:
917:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
894:Historiography
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
850:
847:
846:
843:
842:
839:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
811:Class struggle
807:
802:
801:
798:
797:
794:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
766:Metabolic rift
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
732:
731:
726:
721:
716:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
660:
655:
654:
651:
650:
647:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
615:
614:
609:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
558:
553:
552:
549:
548:
545:
544:
542:Marxist ethics
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
508:
503:
502:
499:
498:
495:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
382:Ways of Seeing
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
228:
223:
222:
219:
218:
210:
209:
203:
202:
190:
189:
144:
142:
135:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
18:Marxist theory
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6482:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6462:
6460:
6445:
6444:
6435:
6433:
6432:
6421:
6420:
6417:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6375:
6373:
6371:Miscellaneous
6369:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6296:
6293:
6292:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6277:
6275:
6273:
6269:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6239:
6237:
6235:
6231:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6186:
6184:
6182:
6178:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6153:
6151:
6149:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6136:
6132:
6124:
6123:
6119:
6115:
6097:
6096:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6071:
6069:
6067:Miscellaneous
6065:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6053:Structuralism
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6038:Postmodernism
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6028:Phenomenology
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5985:
5983:
5981:
5977:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5965:Vienna Circle
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5895:Moral realism
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5823:
5821:
5819:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5806:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5759:
5756:
5755:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5745:
5743:
5739:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5697:Phenomenology
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5637:Individualism
5635:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5602:
5601:
5598:
5594:
5591:
5590:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5525:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5513:
5503:
5502:Judeo-Islamic
5500:
5499:
5497:
5495:
5491:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5479:
5478:ÊżIlm al-KalÄm
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5454:
5452:
5450:
5446:
5440:
5437:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5427:Shuddhadvaita
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5399:
5398:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5388:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5361:Scholasticism
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5344:
5340:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5285:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5256:
5254:
5252:
5248:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5196:
5195:
5192:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5178:
5175:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5131:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5123:
5119:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5062:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4999:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4984:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4935:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4922:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4880:
4878:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4861:
4857:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4812:Conceptualism
4810:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4800:
4796:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4772:
4768:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4741:Particularism
4739:
4737:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4729:
4725:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4708:Functionalism
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4693:Eliminativism
4691:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4681:
4677:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4638:
4634:
4628:
4625:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4616:
4613:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4598:Compatibilism
4596:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4587:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4563:
4559:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4537:Particularism
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4515:
4511:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4483:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4384:
4379:
4377:
4372:
4370:
4365:
4364:
4361:
4354:
4350:
4347:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4322:
4316:
4308:
4307:
4299:
4293:
4289:
4283:
4276:
4272:
4271:individualism
4268:
4263:
4257:
4256:
4253:Das Kapital,
4248:
4241:
4237:
4232:
4224:
4220:
4213:
4205:
4204:
4196:
4188:
4182:
4178:
4177:
4169:
4161:
4155:
4151:
4150:
4142:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4118:
4111:
4107:
4106:La DĂ©couverte
4103:
4099:
4094:
4092:
4087:
4077:
4076:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4011:
4008:
4007:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3986:Paul Lafargue
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3967:Antonio Negri
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3927:Praxis school
3925:
3923:
3920:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3894:Claude Lefort
3891:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3856:, especially
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3752:
3751:
3746:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3715:
3713:
3712:anti-humanist
3708:
3706:
3705:Praxis school
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3685:
3681:
3676:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3631:Vera Zasulich
3628:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3600:Enlightenment
3596:
3594:
3593:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3517:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3478:
3474:
3464:
3461:
3457:
3456:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3427:Praxis School
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3400:Second Empire
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3338:
3334:Also, in his
3331:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3315:
3309:
3305:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3281:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3239:Enlightenment
3236:
3232:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3204:globalization
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3188:consciousness
3185:
3181:
3177:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3144:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3119:individualism
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3068:objectivation
3065:
3064:
3059:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2940:
2936:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2793:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2767:republicanism
2764:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2717:Paris Commune
2714:
2713:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2682:
2678:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2627:
2623:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2592:
2590:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2374:are works in
2373:
2369:
2358:
2353:
2351:
2346:
2344:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2318:
2308:
2306:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2236:Revolutionary
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2216:Authoritarian
2214:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2018:Moufawad-Paul
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
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1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1128:Eurocommunism
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1113:Austromarxism
1111:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1097:
1096:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1059:Communization
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1033:Praxis School
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
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1009:
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1001:
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829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
808:
805:
800:
799:
792:
791:Working class
789:
787:
784:
782:
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777:
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772:
769:
767:
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585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
572:Crisis theory
570:
567:
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560:
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145:This article
143:
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124:
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113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: â
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
6436:
6422:
6093:
6084:Postcritique
6074:Kyoto School
6033:Posthumanism
6013:Hermeneutics
5868: /
5809:Contemporary
5785:Newtonianism
5779:
5748:Cartesianism
5707:Reductionism
5543:Conservatism
5538:Collectivism
5476:
5204:SarvÄstivadÄ
5182:Anekantavada
5107:Neoplatonism
5075:Epicureanism
5008:Pythagoreans
4947:Confucianism
4913:Contemporary
4903:Early modern
4807:Anti-realism
4761:Universalism
4718:Subjectivism
4514:Epistemology
4352:
4342:
4338:
4329:Bibliography
4315:
4305:
4298:
4287:
4282:
4267:Louis Dumont
4262:
4252:
4247:
4239:
4231:
4222:
4212:
4202:
4195:
4175:
4168:
4148:
4141:
4133:
4125:
4117:
4109:
4101:
4073:
4064:Post-Marxism
3991:Slavoj ĆœiĆŸek
3947:Karl Kautsky
3908:Alain Badiou
3844:Laszlo Garai
3823:
3820:Georg LukĂĄcs
3774:
3771:Leon Trotsky
3754:
3748:
3738:
3732:
3709:
3701:Laszlo Garai
3689:Lev Vygotsky
3677:
3663:
3655:Georg LukĂĄcs
3648:
3638:
3624:
3620:teleological
3615:
3606:(often in a
3597:
3590:
3588:
3547:, as it was
3544:
3534:
3519:
3502:
3494:
3487:Karl Kautsky
3480:
3453:
3451:
3435:
3425:such as the
3418:
3410:
3408:
3379:
3373:
3354:
3347:
3341:
3335:
3333:
3328:
3322:
3311:
3288:collectivism
3285:
3279:
3276:
3271:Magna Charta
3270:
3266:
3262:
3259:exploitation
3254:
3243:universalism
3235:Edmund Burke
3233:critique by
3228:
3173:
3150:
3140:
3092:
3087:
3076:
3072:human nature
3061:
3054:
3047:
3025:
3007:
2999:
2998:(1845), and
2993:
2979:
2977:and Hegel).
2948:
2942:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2833:
2794:and Epicurus
2789:
2779:
2760:
2741:
2735:
2725:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2686:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2626:evolutionist
2621:
2619:
2613:
2612:, or not." (
2609:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2594:
2586:
2578:theoreticism
2559:
2525:
2510:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2468:
2448:
2420:epistemology
2386:approach to
2371:
2367:
2366:
2201:Municipalism
2013:Bhattacharya
1158:Situationist
1133:Instrumental
913:
786:State theory
751:Immiseration
746:Human nature
736:Exploitation
566:accumulation
504:
178:
169:
146:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
6079:Objectivism
6018:Neo-Marxism
5980:Continental
5890:Meta-ethics
5870:Coherentism
5775:Hegelianism
5712:Rationalism
5672:Natural law
5652:Materialism
5578:Historicism
5548:Determinism
5439:Navya-NyÄya
5214:SautrÄntika
5209:Pudgalavada
5145:Vaisheshika
4998:Presocratic
4898:Renaissance
4837:Physicalism
4822:Materialism
4728:Normativity
4713:Objectivism
4698:Emergentism
4688:Behaviorism
4637:Metaphysics
4603:Determinism
4542:Rationalism
4288:Das Kapital
4286:Karl Marx,
4273:instead of
4251:Karl Marx,
4223:iep.utm.edu
4049:Neo-Marxism
3896:and others)
3849:Ernst Bloch
3790:Karl Korsch
3755:Das Kapital
3612:Eurocentric
3569:ideological
3419:Das Kapital
3319:ontological
3267:Das Kapital
3208:labor force
3200:colonialism
3113:) but also
3004:Max Stirner
2990:proletariat
2945:Bruno Bauer
2844:ideological
2810:egalitarian
2709:, the 1871
2700:Das Kapital
2547:neo-Marxism
2508:tradition.
2486:interpreted
2476:Karl Marx's
2444:bourgeoisie
2440:proletariat
2384:materialist
2164:Communalism
1563:Wallerstein
1153:Revisionist
884:Film theory
864:Criminology
859:Archaeology
771:Proletariat
756:Imperialism
669:Bourgeoisie
644:Wage labour
537:Reification
327:On Practice
6459:Categories
6378:Amerindian
6285:Australian
6224:Vietnamese
6204:Indonesian
5753:Kantianism
5702:Positivism
5692:Pragmatism
5667:Naturalism
5647:Liberalism
5625:Subjective
5563:Empiricism
5467:Avicennism
5412:Bhedabheda
5296:East Asian
5219:Madhyamaka
5199:Abhidharma
5065:Pyrrhonism
4832:Nominalism
4827:Naturalism
4756:Skepticism
4746:Relativism
4736:Absolutism
4665:Naturalism
4575:Deontology
4547:Skepticism
4532:Naturalism
4522:Empiricism
4486:Aesthetics
4390:Philosophy
4083:References
3996:Mao Zedong
3815:Hal Draper
3766:Guy Debord
3750:Grundrisse
3592:Grundrisse
3580:positivist
3537:stadialist
3530:capitalism
3174:Alongside
3107:John Locke
3036:Revolution
3018:alienating
2963:university
2951:Democritus
2861:See also:
2817:Adam Smith
2792:Democritus
2771:radicalism
2689:young Marx
2545:, and the
2517:empiricism
2434:, and the
2408:aesthetics
2376:philosophy
2221:Democratic
2086:Mediations
1698:Przeworski
1638:Poulantzas
1488:Sivanandan
1443:Bettelheim
1343:Horkheimer
1338:MariĂĄtegui
1313:Pashukanis
1238:Liebknecht
1168:Wertkritik
1108:Analytical
968:Trotskyism
943:Autonomist
934:Structural
914:Philosophy
854:Aesthetics
639:Value-form
607:Capitalist
512:Alienation
505:Philosophy
257:Grundrisse
156:improve it
80:newspapers
6257:Pakistani
6219:Taiwanese
6166:Ethiopian
6139:By region
6125:By region
5940:Scientism
5935:Systemics
5795:Spinozism
5722:Socialism
5657:Modernism
5620:Objective
5528:Anarchism
5462:Averroism
5351:Christian
5303:Neotaoism
5274:Zurvanism
5264:Mithraism
5259:Mazdakism
5030:Cyrenaics
4957:Logicians
4590:Free will
4552:Solipsism
4499:Formalism
3805:CLR James
3800:M. N. Roy
3725:Karl Marx
3684:Communist
3651:teleology
3557:economism
3526:feudalism
3251:tradition
3216:factories
3180:Nietzsche
3161:universal
3157:economism
3131:free will
2975:Schelling
2813:democracy
2765:, French
2723:", etc.)
2665:democracy
2535:political
2521:economism
2380:Karl Marx
2268:Economism
2231:Reformist
2211:Socialism
2159:Communism
2139:Anarchism
1993:Coulthard
1918:McDonnell
1878:Screpanti
1788:Rowbotham
1653:Harnecker
1463:Althusser
1403:Deutscher
1243:Kollontai
1233:Luxemburg
1213:Plekhanov
1143:Nkrumaism
1054:Classical
1028:Political
953:Guevarism
909:Sociology
889:Geography
709:Democracy
657:Sociology
612:Socialist
577:Commodity
160:verifying
6443:Category
6398:Yugoslav
6388:Romanian
6295:Scottish
6280:American
6209:Japanese
6189:Buddhist
6171:Africana
6161:Egyptian
6003:Feminist
5925:Rawlsian
5920:Quietism
5818:Analytic
5770:Krausism
5677:Nihilism
5642:Kokugaku
5605:Absolute
5600:Idealism
5588:Humanism
5376:Occamism
5343:European
5288:Medieval
5234:Yogacara
5194:Buddhist
5187:SyÄdvÄda
5070:Stoicism
5035:Cynicism
5023:Sophists
5018:Atomists
5013:Eleatics
4952:Legalism
4893:Medieval
4817:Idealism
4771:Ontology
4751:Nihilism
4655:Idealism
4413:Branches
4402:Branches
4124:, 1965.
4100:, 1993.
4003:See also
3830:ideology
3680:humanism
3627:obschina
3325:(1846):
3314:humanism
3247:humanist
3184:Durkheim
3111:Rousseau
3084:religion
3052:(1845).
3040:Proudhon
2982:Chartist
2960:Prussian
2955:Epicurus
2821:property
2798:clinamen
2786:Epicurus
2582:idealism
2574:hegemony
2566:ideology
2531:idealism
2528:Hegelian
2505:Marxists
2416:ontology
2392:Marxists
2194:Old Left
2189:New Left
2056:Antipode
2050:Journals
1953:Heinrich
1928:Roediger
1923:Douzinas
1913:Hennessy
1868:Holloway
1783:Hartsock
1773:Eagleton
1758:Federici
1733:Bannerji
1708:Therborn
1688:RanciĂšre
1683:Easthope
1663:Anderson
1658:Altvater
1558:O'Connor
1553:MĂ©szĂĄros
1548:Guattari
1503:Thompson
1493:Miliband
1473:Williams
1458:Hobsbawm
1433:Emmanuel
1413:Beauvoir
1378:Lefebvre
1323:Benjamin
1288:Bukharin
1268:Zinoviev
1263:Grossman
1248:Bogdanov
1223:Connolly
1203:Lafargue
1148:Orthodox
1118:Centrist
1069:Leninism
1064:Feminist
1013:Humanist
994:Hegelian
522:Ideology
199:a series
197:Part of
172:May 2011
110:May 2011
6393:Russian
6362:Spanish
6357:Slovene
6347:Maltese
6342:Italian
6322:Finland
6290:British
6272:Western
6262:Turkish
6247:Islamic
6242:Iranian
6194:Chinese
6181:Eastern
6148:African
6095:more...
5780:Marxism
5610:British
5553:Dualism
5449:Islamic
5407:Advaita
5397:Vedanta
5371:Scotism
5366:Thomism
5308:Tiantai
5251:Persian
5239:Tibetan
5229:ĆĆ«nyatÄ
5170:CÄrvÄka
5160:ÄjÄ«vika
5155:MÄ«mÄáčsÄ
5135:Samkhya
5050:Academy
5003:Ionians
4977:Yangism
4934:Chinese
4925:Ancient
4888:Western
4883:Ancient
4842:Realism
4799:Reality
4789:Process
4670:Realism
4650:Dualism
4645:Atomism
4527:Fideism
4351:, ed..
3703:). The
3635:Algeria
3218:and in
3165:Bentham
3095:subject
2802:liberty
2605:in view
2293:Outline
2246:Utopian
2023:Srnicek
2008:Toscano
2003:Seymour
1958:Prashad
1908:Sankara
1903:Berardi
1888:Hampton
1863:Burawoy
1833:Panitch
1828:Haraway
1818:Cleaver
1803:Brenner
1768:Balibar
1723:Postone
1713:Losurdo
1643:Vattimo
1613:Gonzalo
1608:Jameson
1598:Parenti
1538:Liebman
1533:Guevara
1423:Nkrumah
1418:Sombart
1393:Padmore
1363:Kalecki
1358:Marcuse
1318:Bordiga
1303:Gramsci
1258:Trotsky
1218:Du Bois
1208:Kautsky
1084:Western
963:Titoism
848:Aspects
804:History
724:Radical
562:Capital
262:Capital
207:Marxism
154:Please
94:scholar
6352:Polish
6332:German
6327:French
6312:Danish
6302:Canada
6252:Jewish
6214:Korean
6199:Indian
5741:People
5662:Monism
5615:German
5583:Holism
5516:Modern
5494:Jewish
5417:Dvaita
5390:Indian
5313:Huayan
5165:Ajñana
5122:Indian
4987:Greco-
4972:Taoism
4962:Mohism
4908:Modern
4875:By era
4864:By era
4779:Action
4660:Monism
4580:Virtue
4562:Ethics
4275:holism
4183:
4156:
3608:racist
3545:diamat
3349:praxis
3220:cities
3182:, and
3143:Babeuf
3103:Hobbes
3046:", in
3032:Nation
2971:Fichte
2825:labour
2661:Jesuit
2513:Engels
2490:change
2430:, the
2412:ethics
2388:theory
2241:Social
2226:Market
2028:Horvat
1983:Fisher
1978:Linera
1973:Lordon
1963:Kelley
1948:Marcos
1943:Ghandy
1933:Foster
1858:Fraser
1853:Wright
1843:Jessop
1838:Clarke
1823:Bishop
1813:Massey
1793:Mouffe
1743:Newton
1738:Spivak
1728:Rodney
1693:Berman
1648:Badiou
1628:Laclau
1623:Harvey
1618:Dussel
1578:Debord
1573:Tronti
1543:Heller
1528:Castro
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