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time-bound media (e.g. transportable but fragile media such as papyrus) and space-bound media (e.g. hard-to-transport but longer-lasting media such as stone tablets). Different cultures have used various media to store information and its availability and transportability through time impacts its use. In an extension of Innis' ideas, McLuhan wrote, âThe medium is the messageâ, that is, the way people transmit ideas is consequential in and of itself. The influence of the medium can be invisible and difficult to characterize.
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of the concept of affordance: the idea that the features of a particular technology may encourage certain behaviours from the technology's users. Other scholars explore how technologies and the communities that use them may be mutually determining (the way users respond to technology tends to drive both features and cultural norms among users of that technology) or they may behave as co-creators (the abilities and limitations of a technology may make it a part of the works created using that technology).
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The
Toronto School view of materiality, also known as the âmediumâ view, includes the intellectual legacies of Innis and McLuhan, who focused attention on the consequences of the medium, on what authors communicate and on what audiences experience. Innis explored the broad historical consequences of
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Communication studies scholars use theories of materiality when investigating the impact of media such as newspapers, radio, television, personal computing and the
Internet. Collectively, these are termed âmedia effectsâ studies. In conjunction with materiality, some communication scholars make use
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have consequences for how the object is used. Some scholars expand this definition to encompass a broader range of actions, such as the process of making art, and the power of organizations and institutions to orient activity around themselves. The concept of materiality is used across many
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Lievrouw, Leah (2014). "2: Materiality and Media in
Communication and Technology Studies: An Unfinished Project". In Gillespie, Tarleton; Boczkowski, Pablo; Foot, Kirsten (eds.).
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disciplines within the social sciences to focus attention on the impact of material or physical factors. Scholars working in science and technology studies, anthropology,
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Alleyne, Mark (2009). "International
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Media technologies : essays on communication, materiality, and society
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