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530:, sweat baths were constructed of stone walls and ceilings, with a small opening in the top of the ceiling. Water poured onto the hot rocks in the room created steam, offering a setting in which to sweat out impurities. Sweat baths were used for a range of conditions and situations. New mothers who had recently conceived a child would seek revitalization in them, while people who were sick could find healing power in sweating.
609:, fresh vegetation was often used in the form of plasters applied directly to the skin. Plasters were also rubbed on the skin to shield spirits. Depending on the ailment, plants were boiled and used in herbal drinks and/or baths, eaten raw, snorted, smoked, or inserted into one of the body's orifices. Common plants used for medicine include, but are not limited to,
315:. Research of Maya ethno-medicine shows that though supernatural causes are related to illness, a large percentage of Maya medical texts are devoted to the treatment of symptoms based upon objective observations of the effects of certain plants on the human system. Herbal remedies were ingested, smoked,
417:
New evidence indicates dental modification, widely established as an aesthetic practice, was also practiced for medical purposes; skeletal remains recovered at the
Piedras Negras S-Sector site indicated dental extractions on teeth affected by caries among other methods of dental modification. Dental
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Since it was perceived by the Maya that sickness was a punishment for a mistake or transgression, it was important that the healer inquire about details of the past of the sick person. This was done in a methodological fashion, first inquiring about ascriptive attributes, followed by specific events
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made a habit out of visiting the sweat baths as well because it left them feeling refreshed and, as they believed, cleaner. In addition, Maya rulers performed ritual purification ceremonies to appease the gods and secure the well-being of their communities. It is hypothesized that kings popularized
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and how they should be used. After studying the symptoms of a sickness, a medicine man may prescribe a remedy to his patient. The number of times or days that the remedy should be ingested or applied depended on an individual's gender; typically the number thirteen was associated with men, and the
589:
were often used in collaboration with other techniques to cure disease. Knowledge of the effects of certain plants on human beings was often used to prescribe an antidote to a particular ailment, but it is also important to note that medicine men also frequently relied on the color of a plant or
569:, archaeologists have uncovered eight stone buildings that served as sweat baths to the Maya royalty. Steambaths are still in use among the contemporary Tzotzil and Tzeltal Maya of highland Chiapas, and are associated with a wide range of medicinal plants and postpartum therapies.
386:
speculated to have been appendicitis. The Maya acknowledged mental afflictions such as melancholia and hallucinations, were capable of understanding the grouping of symptoms relating to contagious diseases, and identified several diseases including pinta and leishmaniasis.
418:
surgeons made jade and turquoise prostheses and filled teeth with iron pyrite for practical use past the well-documented aesthetic use of dental inlays for status display. Surgical practices included wound suturing with human hair and fish bones and fracture reduction.
310:
In understanding Maya medicine, it is important to recognize that the Maya equated sickness with the captivity of one's soul by supernatural beings, angered by some perceived misbehavior. For this reason, curing a sickness involved elements of ritual, cleansing and
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differ from region to region, but many similar patterns in ceremonies, whether being performed for individual or group need, have been noted. First, all rituals are preceded by foresight of a medicine man, who determines the day of the
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Consistent patterns are shown throughout the Maya world as to the happenings of the day of the ritual as well. During the ceremony, elements including expulsion of the evil spirit from the participant, incensing of the
677:, and plants used to make alcoholic substances, were commonly used. The smoking of tobacco mixed with other plants produced a trance-like state. Alcoholic substances were used at rituals and were extremely strong!
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to count them and figure out what day best suited the specific ritual. As a symbol of a spiritual purification, the individual or individuals would observe a fasting and abstinence period before the ritual day.
1085:
Groark, Kevin P. (2010). "The Angel in the Gourd: Ritual, Therapeutic, and
Protective Uses of Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) among the Tzeltal and Tzotzil Maya of Chiapas, Mexico." Journal of Ethnobiology
398:, medicine men were called upon for many reasons, but most often for their healing capabilities. These Maya doctors often employed specialists for specific healing techniques such as bone-setting and
1082:
Groark, Kevin P. (2005). "Vital Warmth and Well-being: Steambathing as
Household Therapy among the Tzeltal and Tzotzil Maya of highland Chiapas, Mexico." Social Science & Medicine 61:785-795.
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Today the Maya keep many of the ritualistic traditions of their ancestors. Elements of prayer, offerings, blood sacrifice (replacing human blood with that of sacrificed chickens), burning of
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for bile, as well as knowledge of general functions of body systems, in particular the female reproductive system. In pathology, over two hundred terms described organic conditions, such as
1079:
Groark, Kevin P. (1997). "To Warm the Blood, to Warm the Flesh: The Role of the
Steambath in Highland Maya (Tzeltal-Tzotzil) Ethnomedicine." Journal of Latin American Lore 20(1):3-96.
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in Oaxaca, little evidence of drilling trepanation is found in the Maya region outside of skull impressions surmised to have more to do with cranioplasty than medical relief.
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were used for a more rapid absorption and effect of the substance. In contrast to modern culture, these remedies were used to restore balance and harmony to the body.
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were used to communicate with the spirit world. A number of these substances were used not to cure sickness, but instead for pain relief. In addition, as depicted in
307:, and control over natural events. Since medicine was so closely related to religion, it was essential that Maya medicine men had vast medical knowledge and skill.
483:, prayers, offerings, and sacrifices were all practiced. If the ritual was used to cure a disease, the offering may be in the form of food or ornaments, and
406:. In addition to his duties as a doctor and sorcerer, a medicine man not only cured diseases, but also sporadically accepted compensation to cause them. The
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of the person's life, and lastly about circumstantial or acquired attributes. This aspect of the medicine man's job would be similar to a modern-day
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and birds were combined into the herbal concoctions. In most cases, a mixture of plant and animal product was prepared to cure a specific ailment.
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incense, dancing, and ritual drinking continue in traditional ceremonies. It is noted that even ritualistic practice can have real effects on
343:, held the special ability to alter consciousness to determine causes for events not understood, such as reasons for illness or misfortune.
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Medicine, Dental
Practice, and the Production of Bone Objects among the Classic Maya as seen from the S-Sector of Piedras Negras, Guatemala
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this method of healing because of their regular use of sweat baths. Archeologists have uncovered sweat baths at sites including
291:. Important to all, medicine was practiced only by a select few, who generally inherited their positions and received extensive
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Arnott, Robert, 1951- editor. Finger, Stanley, editor. Smith, C. U. M. (Christopher Upham Murray), editor. (January 2003).
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provided many services to their communities and were held in high regard. Known for their extensive knowledge and
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has been of high importance to the Maya for centuries. However, the study of medicinal plants was limited to the
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de Smet PA, Hellmuth NM (1986). "A multidisciplinary approach to ritual enema scenes on ancient Maya pottery".
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659:-like state. These substances were used for mental and spiritual health purposes. Flora such as
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other remedy in certain situations. For instance, yellow plants and fruits were used in curing
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Screening of plants used in Mayan traditional medicine to treat cancer-like symptoms.
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Although a large number of
Mesoamerican civilizations around the Classic period
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Garcia-Kutzbach, Abraham (July 1976). "Medicine Among the
Ancient Maya".
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In addition to ritualistic and spiritual elements, the medicine man had
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were used in rituals by medicine men to achieve a higher state of
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An important purification element to the ancient Maya was the
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1076:. In Divination and Healing: University of Arizona Press.
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through calendrical divination. The medicine men of the
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Houston, Stephen, David Stuart, and Karl Taube. (2006)
594:; red for problems characterized by blood; and burned
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Calendrical
Divination by the Ixil Maya of Guatemala
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1069:. Massage Therapy Journal. Spring 2004:144-148.
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1067:Massage and Sweat baths Among the Ancient Maya
428:with great dexterity and success, such as the
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1060:Political Ecology in a Yucatec Maya Community
895:Trepanation : history, discovery, theory
549:, but the most impressive find to date is in
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339:Medicine men, known to the ancient Maya as
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942:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
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16:Medicine in the ancient Maya civilization
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605:In cases of skin irritation, wounds and
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356:extensive knowledge of medicinal plants
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2298:Medicine in the medieval Islamic world
2047:Traditional healers of Southern Africa
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382:meaning intestinal pain with pulsation
327:stream. Cleansing techniques included
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2251:Medieval medicine of Western Europe
828:. Brown University. pp. 56–63.
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2117:Traditional Alaska Native medicine
758:Guerra, Francisco (January 1964).
557:. In addition to the recognizable
491:. Following the ceremony would be
442:was used by ancient Mayan healers.
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1100:. University of New Mexico Press.
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727:Houston, Stuart, & Taube, 277
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856:10.1097/00007611-197607000-00045
374:meaning a deep bronchial cough,
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577:The study and observation of
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2195:Traditional Chinese medicine
2153:Iranian traditional medicine
2087:Chumash traditional medicine
2037:Traditional African medicine
1105:The Ethno-Botany of the Maya
1093:. University of Texas Press.
1034:10.1016/0378-8741(86)90091-7
390:The medicine men of ancient
303:for the purpose of healing,
275:. It was a complex blend of
179:Spanish conquest of the Maya
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1065:Benjamin, Patricia. (2006)
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1891:Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil
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643:Entheogenics and the Maya
573:Plant and herbal medicine
553:, a Classic Maya city in
414:, the "disease thrower".
2246:Medicine in ancient Rome
1096:Kunow, Marianna. (2003)
844:Southern Medical Journal
824:Schnell, Joshua (2017).
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649:mind-altering substances
359:number nine with women.
22:This article is part of
1906:Yuknoom Yichʼaak Kʼahkʼ
1866:Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Yopaat
1110:Sharer, Robert. (2006)
598:of red birds in curing
2236:Ancient Greek medicine
2143:Georgian folk medicine
1103:Roys, Ralph L. (1931)
1058:Anderson, E.N. (2005)
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222:Mesoamerica portal
2402:Mesoamerican medicine
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1871:Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal
1630:Título de Totonicapán
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170:Classic Maya collapse
2407:Traditional medicine
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2288:Alternative medicine
1998:Traditional medicine
1886:Kʼinich Yoʼnal Ahk I
1609:Ritual of the Bacabs
1270:Twin-pyramid complex
1107:. Tulane University.
1851:Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil
1821:Xmucane and Xpiacoc
1616:Songs of Dzitbalché
1091:The Memory of Bones
647:For the most part,
366:for intestines and
2241:Byzantine medicine
1876:Kʼinich Yat Ahk II
1684:Howler monkey gods
931:has generic name (
585:class. Plants and
489:human bloodletting
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271:among the ancient
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1861:Itzam Kʼan Ahk II
1179:Maya civilization
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904:978-1-4822-8727-1
508:neurotransmitters
299:. They practiced
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2340:Mithridatism
2138:Dhivehi beys
2106:
1816:Vucub Caquix
1775:
1744:Ah-Muzen-Cab
1735:Post-Classic
1724:Moon goddess
1628:
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770:(1): 31–43.
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683:Maya pottery
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600:yellow fever
576:
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92:Architecture
2345:Naturopathy
2313:Health care
1956:Yohl Ikʼnal
1791:Hun Hunahpu
1709:Kinich Ahau
1699:Jaguar gods
1114:. Stanford.
1086:30(1):5-30.
1010:Groark 2010
983:Benjamin, 2
929:|last=
629:, insects,
567:ball courts
534:Maya rulers
514:Sweat baths
426:trepanation
412:ah-pul-yaah
2391:Categories
2293:Apothecary
1806:Qʼuqʼumatz
1679:Hero Twins
1664:Death gods
1538:Literature
1474:Households
1440:Priesthood
1053:References
974:Colby, 101
965:Sharer 748
736:Sharer 750
669:, certain
637:Entheogens
520:sweat bath
400:childbirth
2355:Shamanism
2303:Electuary
2097:Kallawaya
2092:Curandero
1946:Sak Kʼukʼ
1776:Popol Vuh
1714:Maize god
1674:Goddess I
1595:Popol Vuh
1445:Sacrifice
1428:Midwifery
1418:Childhood
1368:Mythology
1331:Languages
1218:Guatemala
1130:Curandero
1001:Roys, 21.
956:Colby, 86
921:cite book
913:881026782
864:0038-4348
784:0025-7273
745:Colby, 90
709:Colby, 84
689:, ritual
671:mushrooms
627:crocodile
607:headaches
555:Guatemala
497:Spaniards
485:sacrifice
465:Guatemala
461:Ixil Maya
423:practiced
351:session.
305:foresight
293:education
263:concerns
198:Guatemala
97:Astronomy
82:Sacrifice
77:Mythology
62:Languages
2335:Humorism
2133:Ayurveda
2070:Americas
2032:Saltigue
1941:Lady Xoc
1801:Jacawitz
1786:Camazotz
1769:Yum Kaax
1764:Kukulkan
1524:Tzolkʼin
1485:Calendar
1435:Religion
1393:Textiles
1373:Numerals
1358:Medicine
1353:Mayanist
1294:Ceramics
1287:Graffiti
1119:See also
880:34553660
814:Roys, 23
802:14105430
687:carvings
596:feathers
592:jaundice
583:priestly
543:Aguateca
524:temezcal
472:calendar
457:ceremony
372:thuhuzen
335:Medicine
281:religion
279:, body,
269:medicine
137:Medicine
117:Textiles
102:Calendar
72:Religion
24:a series
2360:Theriac
2283:Alchemy
2260:Oceania
2158:Ancient
1831:Zipacna
1796:Huracan
1704:Kʼawiil
1689:Itzamna
1650:Classic
1642:Deities
1572:Grolier
1565:Dresden
1559:Codices
1409:Society
1398:Warfare
1336:Classic
1314:Economy
1304:Cuisine
1275:Revival
1260:E-Group
1228:Yucatán
1213:Chiapas
1189:History
1042:3528674
793:1033334
718:Roys 20
675:tobacco
619:tobacco
563:temples
559:palaces
493:dancing
430:Zapotec
404:kax-bac
349:therapy
329:fasting
317:snorted
301:sorcery
289:science
193:Chiapas
188:Yucatán
156:History
147:Warfare
142:Cuisine
67:Writing
57:Society
2229:Europe
2175:Ramuan
2027:Nganga
2005:Africa
1917:Queens
1781:Awilix
1729:Yopaat
1694:Ixchel
1579:Madrid
1509:Kʼatun
1499:Baktun
1388:Stelae
1378:People
1341:Script
1299:Cities
1248:Topics
1040:
911:
901:
878:
872:781854
870:
862:
800:
790:
782:
691:enemas
665:, the
662:peyote
657:trance
579:plants
408:ah-man
380:tiptec
364:hobnel
341:ah-men
285:ritual
265:health
107:Stelae
87:Cities
52:People
26:on the
2276:Other
2170:Kampo
2148:Hilot
1842:Kings
1826:Xquic
1811:Tohil
1759:Ixtab
1669:God L
1659:Chaac
1654:Bacab
1586:Paris
1529:Winal
1504:Haabʼ
1423:Women
1383:Sites
1363:Music
1319:Trade
1309:Dance
1223:Petén
876:S2CID
697:Notes
623:agave
615:cacao
547:Nakbe
539:Tikal
528:sauna
504:copal
481:idols
325:blood
203:Petén
132:Dance
127:Music
122:Trade
2165:Jamu
2126:Asia
2022:Muti
1754:Chin
1749:Akna
1739:Acat
1514:Kʼin
1494:Ajaw
1467:Ajaw
1346:List
1038:PMID
944:link
940:link
933:help
909:OCLC
899:ISBN
868:PMID
860:ISSN
798:PMID
780:ISSN
685:and
631:fish
565:and
545:and
287:and
277:mind
267:and
1719:Mam
1519:Tun
1282:Art
1030:doi
852:doi
788:PMC
772:doi
655:or
463:of
376:zen
368:kah
112:Art
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923:}}
919:{{
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