375:
having never visited the test sites nor interviewed
Australian participants who worked on the atomic tests. The Royal Commission witness statements of recounting discussions between Australian RAAF and USAF B-29 flight crews clearly demonstrate that the tests were not at then international standards in terms of testing instruments nor health and safety precautions for radiation. The Royal Commission heard ample evidence of British scientists being fully dressed in protective radiation suits that were not issued to Australian staff working in the same high-risk radiation zones. Overall the Arnold argument that the British nuclear tests were a partnership was not compatible with the documented facts that the British controlled and managed the tests and the Australians worked under direction from British atomic test leaders.
471:
366:. This report emphasized the partnership between the two nations, and noted that the approach taken towards safety was to international standards of the time and had contrasted with the historic disregard of Australian authorities toward the welfare of indigenous people. Some observers have noted that both reports were framed in the politics of the time: Britain wished to minimize its responsibility, while the Australian government of
208:
228:
tests had statistically significant higher rates of radiation related diseases not generally found among indigenous communities to the same level. In light of the increasing evidence and public lobbying by concerned groups, the Hawke Labor
Government established a Royal Commission to investigate the British atomic tests in Australia.
203:
off the coast of
Western Australia. Over the next thirteen years, twelve major British nuclear tests would occur on Australian territory, along with thirty "minor" atomic trials testing sub-systems. The last Vixen B trial occurred in 1963 whereupon the United Kingdom moved its testing operations to
227:
arose out of a public outcry, led by media reports, over the increasing evidence (and statistical significance) of premature deaths of former
Australian staff associated with the atomic tests and subsequent birth defects of their off-springs. Likewise, remote indigenous communities downwind of the
374:
governments. However, the
Australian Labor Party had not been in power federally from 1950 until 1972, clearly undermining that argument. Likewise the Arnold report was criticised for being authored by a former employee of the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA), and for the author
522:
The child sexual abuse royal commission was McClellan's second royal commission. The first was the
Maralinga Royal Commission into British Nuclear Tests in Australia, on which he served as counsel assisting, at the age of 37. Its findings were damning of the British government and former prime
1409:
293:
25 years ago is still contaminated from mineral-sands tailings which are dangerously radioactive. According to a special report on an investigation of residual radio-active contamination, about 100,000 dangerous metal fragments contaminated with
1871:
1543:
535:
129:
125:
121:
1883:
1865:
1635:
1244:
upon the loyalty to the
British Crown of German Nationals resident in Australia whose property is liable to a charge created by the Treaty of Peace Regulations made under the Treaty of Peace (Germany) Act 1919–1920
1530:
on alleged improper practices and improper refusal to co-operate with the
Victoria Police Force on the part of persons employed in the Postmaster-General's Department in Victoria in relation to illegal gambling
779:
341:
Australia's key representative to oversee the atomic tests on behalf of
Australia, Sir Ernest Titterton, was in fact an expatriate British person who withheld key information from the Australian Government.
1349:
to inquire into allegations affecting members of the
Parliamentary Joint Committee of Public Accounts in connexion with claims made by broadcasting companies against the Commonwealth Government (1930)
1283:
to inquire into extracts from the reports in Parliamentary Debates of speeches made by Mr. Scullin in the House of Representatives on 7 and 19 August 1924, in relation to land tax matters (1924–1925)
329:
then Australian Prime Minister Sir Robert Menzies approved the British nuclear tests without first receiving independent Australian scientific advice on the hazards to humans or the environment.
1019:
British New Guinea—Royal Commission of inquiry into the present conditions, including the method of government, of the Territory of Papua, and the best means of their improvement (1906–1907)
929:
29:
1847:
511:
347:
it is probable that the rate of cancers that occurred subsequent to the atomic tests in Australia would not have otherwise occurred were it not for the fallout from the tests.
278:
walked barefoot over nuclear-contaminated ground because boots they had been given didn't fit. The 1953 British nuclear test that allegedly caused 'black mist' phenomenon in
1889:
1818:
1453:
to inquire into and report upon the contract or contracts with Abbco Bread Co. Pty. Limited for the supply of bread to the Department of the Army, and other matters (1941)
1326:
1859:
553:
922:
904:
370:
wished to implicate their political opponents alongside the British, and have suggested that the timeline of the inquiry was chosen so as not to implicate earlier
1232:
338:
Australia was forced to accept UK assurances on the safety and likely fallout lifespan hazards of the atomic tests, without an independent scientific assessment.
1389:
to inquire into and report upon the circumstances associated with the retirement of Lieutenant-Commander Alan Dermot Casey from the Royal Australian Navy (1934)
1466:
to inquire into and report upon certain transactions of the Sydney Land Sales Control Office, and the Canberra Land Sales Control Office of the Treasury (1947)
353:
failure to provide Australian air crews with protective equipment on over-flights or direct fly-throughs of the atomic mushroom clouds was clearly negligent.
974:
to inquire into and report upon the arrangements made for the transport of troops returning from service in South Africa in the S.S. "Drayton Grange" (1902)
1984:
915:
1140:
on the war—Australian Imperial Force. Report as to number of members fit for active service and number of reinforcements and enlistments required (1918)
1877:
1748:
406:
350:
the Vixen tests on plutonium should have not occurred knowing the half-life and radiation hazard of plutonium even with 1950s knowledge of the hazards.
1929:
1853:
1686:
431:
1989:
1994:
362:
The report's approach and conclusions apparently differed from the British Government's official history, based on official British records, by
344:
the safeguards against radiation exposure for the nuclear veterans were totally inadequate, even by the best practice standards of the 1950s.
1117:
to inquire into and report upon certain charges against the Administrator and other officers of the Northern Territory Administration (1916)
1114:
on the charges made by D. L. Gilchrist concerning the construction of the western section of the Kalgoorlie to Port Augusta Railway (1916)
1456:
to inquire into circumstances under which certain public monies were used and to whom, and for what purposes such moneys were paid (1941)
441:
1935:
523:
minister Robert Menzies. "I thought it might have accelerated our progress towards a republic, but I was wrong," recalls McClellan.
199:, requested via a secure telegraph, to Australia's Prime Minister Sir Robert Menzies, to conduct a series of atomic tests at the
1271:
851:
832:
802:
723:
335:
the atomic test agreement by the British and Australian governments was done in retrospect after the first test had occurred.
938:
590:
1262:
in connection with sugar purchases by the Commonwealth through Mr. W. E. Davies in September and October, 1920 (1923–1924)
1999:
1812:
158:
416:
190:
186:
182:
1570:
875:
754:
1606:
to inquire into and report upon certain incidents in which Aborigines were involved in the Laverton area (1975–1976)
492:
1175:
to inquire into complaints by the munition worker passengers to Australia by the transport "Bahia Castillo" (1919)
1534:
866:
1693:
1490:
1469:
to inquire into certain transactions in relation to timber rights in the Territory of Papua-New Guinea (1949)
1146:
upon the public expenditure of the Commonwealth of Australia with a view to effecting economies (1918–1921)
1459:
an inquiry into a statement that there was a document missing from the official files in relation to "The
1739:
1549:
into exploratory and production drilling for petroleum in the area of the Great Barrier Reef (1970–1975)
1979:
1974:
1955:
451:
536:"Royal Commission into British Nuclear Tests in Australia – Vol. III, Conclusions and Recommendations"
907:
516:
332:
the Australia Federal Cabinet was kept in the dark by Menzies about key aspects of the nuclear tests.
1265:
in connection with joinery supplied to the War Service Homes Commissioner in March, 1920 (1923–1924)
286:
was about three times more than forecast, according to a scientist who was involved in the tests.
1392:
to inquire into the monetary and banking systems at present in operation in Australia (1935–1937)
844:
Maralinga: The chilling expose of our secret nuclear shame and betrayal of our troops and country
795:
Maralinga: The chilling expose of our secret nuclear shame and betrayal of our troops and country
716:
Maralinga: The chilling expose of our secret nuclear shame and betrayal of our troops and country
385:
150:
371:
275:
24:
1277:
on the method for determining the unimproved value of land held under Crown leases (1924–1925)
1715:
of Inquiry into compensation arising from social security conspiracy prosecutions (1984–1986)
394:
309:
has told the McClelland Royal Commission on British nuclear weapons tests in Australia, that
780:"Villains, Victims and Heroes: Contested Memory and the British Nuclear Tests in Australia"
1772:
of Inquiry into the leasing by the Commonwealth of accommodation in Centenary House (1994)
1406:
on doctors' remuneration for national insurance service and other contract practice (1938)
252:
PM asking "What the bloody hell is going on, the cloud is drifting over the mainland?". A
8:
1259:
on the circumstances attending the supposed loss at sea of the steamship "Sumatra" (1923)
584:
200:
1709:
on the use and effects of chemical agents on Australian personnel in Vietnam (1983–1985)
512:"From brickie's labourer to Supreme Court judge: Peter McClellan's extraordinary career"
1626:
of Inquiry into matters in relation to electoral redistribution Queensland, 1977 (1978)
1410:
regarding the contract for the erection of additions to the General Post Office, Sydney
620:
436:
1828:
Inquiry into certain Australian companies in relation to the UN Oil-For-Food Programme
881:
871:
847:
828:
798:
760:
750:
719:
446:
237:
1632:
of Inquiry into the viability of the Christmas Island phosphate industry (1979–1980)
1108:
on mail services and trade development between Australia and the New Hebrides (1915)
990:
476:
220:
71:
1703:
283:
279:
224:
166:
105:
310:
249:
196:
170:
154:
86:
1872:
into misconduct in the banking, superannuation and financial services industry
1544:
on the statement of Lieutenant Commander Cabban and matters incidental thereto
1134:
on Java and the East Indies, Singapore and the Straits Settlements (1917–1918)
1968:
1460:
411:
290:
245:
20:
1306:
on certain matters in connexion with the British Phosphate Commission (1926)
885:
867:
Britain, Australia and the bomb : the nuclear tests and their aftermath
764:
746:
A very special relationship : British atomic weapon trials in Australia
1827:
1692:
into the activities of the Australian Building Construction Employees' and
1286:
on the finances of Western Australia, as affected by Federation (1924–1925)
861:
740:
390:
363:
268:
78:
1629:
of Inquiry into the efficiency and administration of hospitals (1979–1981)
1775:
of Inquiry into the relations between the CAA and Seaview Air (1994–1996)
1383:
on mineral oils and petrol and other products of mineral oils (1933–1935)
744:
421:
264:
260:
1884:
into violence, abuse, neglect and exploitation of people with disability
1866:
into the protection and detention of children in the Northern Territory
1143:
on Public Service administration, Commonwealth of Australia (1918–1920)
892:
A Very Special Relationship: British Atomic Weapons Trials in Australia
314:
302:
atomic test range – 25 years after the atomic tests which caused them.
1769:
of Inquiry into the Australian Secret Intelligence Service (1994–1995)
1588:
Independent Inquiry into Frequency Modulation Broadcasting (1973–1974)
937:
426:
367:
299:
295:
256:
212:
162:
1636:
on the activities of the Federated Ship Painters and Dockers Union
1088:
upon the Commonwealth electoral law and administration (1914–1915)
578:
207:
157:
in its use, with the then Australian government's permission, of
146:
1079:
to inquire into certain charges against Mr. Henry Chinn (1913)
977:
on sites for the seat of government of the Commonwealth (1903)
1712:
on Australia's security and intelligence agencies (1983–1985)
1094:
on food supplies and trade and industry during the war (1914)
357:
306:
253:
241:
236:
The Royal Commission was told that 30 badly leaking drums of
1724:
of inquiry into alleged telephone interceptions (1985–1986)
1149:
on taxation of leasehold estates in Crown lands (1918–1919)
1591:
of Inquiry into transport to and from Tasmania (1974–1976)
289:
A house built less than 200 metres from an area mined for
274:
The McClelland Royal Commission was told that one hundred
244:. The Commission was also told that acting Prime Minister
1280:
on the assessment of war service disabilities (1924–1925)
383:
The Royal Commission formed part of the plot of the film
1576:
Australian Post Office Commission of inquiry (1973–1974)
1483:
on the Port Augusta to Alice Springs Railway (1951–1952)
143:
Royal Commission into British nuclear tests in Australia
37:
Royal Commission into British nuclear tests in Australia
1745:
into grain storage, handling and transport (1986–1988)
1169:
on industrial troubles on Melbourne wharfs (1919–1920)
993:, British New Guinea, on the 6th of March, 1904 (1904)
903:
British Nuclear Tests in Australia - Royal Commission
1603:
into alleged payments to maritime unions (1974–1976)
1386:
on the wheat, flour and bread industries (1934–1936)
1082:
on Northern Territory railways and ports (1913–1914)
466:
1594:
on Australian Government Administration (1974–1976)
1184:
on the increase of the selling price of coal (1920)
320:
211:This image of British nuclear testing conducted at
1848:into institutional responses to child sexual abuse
1111:on Liverpool Military Camp, New South Wales (1915)
939:Royal Commissions of the Commonwealth of Australia
870:(2nd ed.). Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan.
407:List of inquiries into uranium mining in Australia
1585:of Inquiry into the maritime industry (1973–1976)
259:is making use of the thin blanket of radioactive
1966:
1824:to Inquire into the Centenary House Lease (2004)
1178:on Northern Territory Administration (1919–1920)
980:on the Bonuses for Manufactures Bill (1903–1904)
195:In September 1950, the then UK Prime Minister,
153:in 1984–1985 to investigate the conduct of the
1137:on Navy and Defence Administration (1917–1919)
215:in 1957 was submitted to the Royal Commission.
1120:on Federal Capital Administration (1916–1917)
1031:on stripper harvesters and drills (1908–1909)
1022:on secret drugs, cures, and foods (1906–1907)
923:
432:Maralinga: Australia’s Nuclear Waste Cover-up
1323:on the Edie Creek (New Guinea) leases (1927)
493:"The Hon. Justice Peter McClellan AM, Chair"
325:The McClelland Royal Commission found that:
1985:Commonwealth of Australia royal commissions
1922:
1890:into National Natural Disaster Arrangements
1819:into the building and construction industry
1327:on the Moving Picture Industry in Australia
860:
749:. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
1860:into trade union governance and corruption
1062:on the pearl-shelling industry (1912–1916)
930:
916:
358:Controversy over findings and alleged bias
1699:into Australian meat industry (1981–1982)
996:on customs and excise tariffs (1904–1907)
1600:on intelligence and security (1974–1977)
1579:of Inquiry into land tenures (1973–1976)
1034:on Tasmanian customs leakage (1910–1911)
206:
1719:into British nuclear tests in Australia
1967:
1702:of Inquiry into the activities of the
1233:on the matter of uniform railway gauge
841:
792:
739:
733:
713:
509:
1911:
1794:
1661:
1512:
1435:
1238:on pillaging of ships' cargoes (1921)
1207:
1172:on late German New Guinea (1919–1920)
949:
911:
822:
695:
671:
635:
378:
771:
683:
659:
647:
313:readings of the fallout levels near
240:were dumped off the West Australian
1990:History of Australia (1945–present)
1002:on the tobacco monopoly (1905–1906)
825:Atomic Thunder: The Maralinga Story
282:should not have been fired and the
13:
1995:Australia–United Kingdom relations
1597:on human relationships (1974–1978)
1241:on Cockatoo Island Dockyard (1921)
986:on the Navigation Bill (1904–1906)
983:on the butter industry (1904–1905)
777:
417:British nuclear tests at Maralinga
187:British nuclear tests at Maralinga
183:Nuclear weapons tests in Australia
14:
2011:
1878:into aged care quality and safety
1749:into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody
1623:of Inquiry into drugs (1977–1980)
1571:Aboriginal Land Rights Commission
1268:on the Navigation Act (1923–1925)
1166:on the sugar industry (1919–1920)
1065:on the fruit industry (1912–1914)
1059:on the sugar industry (1911–1912)
898:
510:Hyland, Anne (23 December 2022).
1930:into Defence and Veteran Suicide
1912:
1854:into the Home Insulation Program
1687:of Inquiry into Drug Trafficking
1377:on performing rights (1932–1933)
1303:on Norfolk Island affairs (1926)
1085:on powellised timber (1913–1914)
1016:on ocean shipping service (1906)
497:childabuseroyalcommission.gov.au
469:
321:Inquiry findings and conclusions
1833:Equine Influenza Inquiry (2008)
1332:on the Constitution (Australia)
999:on old-age pensions (1905–1906)
786:
707:
46:16 July 1984 – 20 November 1985
1694:Builders Labourers' Federation
1025:on postal services (1908–1910)
613:
597:
571:
558:National Archives of Australia
546:
528:
503:
485:
191:Menzies government (1949–1966)
1:
1795:
1662:
1609:on Norfolk Island (1975–1976)
1513:
1436:
1208:
1152:on the basic wage (1919–1920)
950:
457:
176:
7:
1346:on the coal industry (1929)
1091:on meat export trade (1914)
554:"Nuclear test at Maralinga"
400:
231:
139:McClelland Royal Commission
63:McClelland Royal Commission
10:
2016:
2000:Controversies in Australia
1956:Royal Commissions Act 1902
890:(Note: Updated version of
452:Emu Field, South Australia
248:had sent a message to the
180:
55:1 year, 4 months
1953:
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823:Tynan, Elizabeth (2016).
517:The Sydney Morning Herald
267:nuclear tests to measure
263:laid over Australia from
119:
111:
101:
77:
67:
59:
51:
41:
1936:into the Robodebt Scheme
1582:on petroleum (1973–1976)
1028:on insurance (1908–1910)
1740:Chamberlain convictions
1380:on taxation (1932–1934)
1374:on Jacob Johnson (1931)
1181:on taxation (1920–1923)
17:
864:; Smith, Mark (2006).
842:Walker, Frank (2016).
793:Walker, Frank (2016).
714:Walker, Frank (2016).
317:were "off-the-scale".
216:
30:considered for merging
1300:on health (1925–1926)
1272:on national insurance
210:
151:Australian government
115:Seven recommendations
846:. Sydney: Hachette.
827:. Sydney: NewSouth.
797:. Sydney: Hachette.
718:. Sydney: Hachette.
169:. It was chaired by
159:Australian territory
690:The West Australian
678:The West Australian
666:The West Australian
654:The West Australian
626:The West Australian
604:The West Australian
585:The West Australian
540:parlinfo.aph.gov.au
204:the United States.
201:Monte Bello Islands
38:
1813:into HIH Insurance
1320:on wireless (1927)
437:Montebello Islands
379:In popular culture
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1975:1984 in Australia
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989:on the affray at
853:978-0-7336-3593-9
834:978-1-742-23428-1
804:978-0-7336-3593-9
725:978-0-7336-3593-9
447:Operation Grapple
442:Operation Buffalo
389:(1987), starring
298:still litter the
276:Aboriginal people
238:radioactive waste
135:
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102:Counsel assisting
2007:
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1704:Nugan Hand Group
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1535:on loss of HMAS
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542:. November 1985.
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91:William Jonas
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79:Commissioners
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62:
60:Also known as
58:
54:
50:
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40:
31:
27:
26:
25:Infobox event
22:
16:
1923:2021–present
1913:2021–present
1718:
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817:Bibliography
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561:. Retrieved
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391:Colin Friels
384:
382:
364:Lorna Arnold
361:
324:
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273:
269:soil erosion
235:
218:
194:
165:for testing
142:
138:
136:
23:
15:
1938:(2022–2023)
1932:(2021–2024)
1880:(2018–2021)
1874:(2017–2019)
1868:(2016–2017)
1862:(2014–2015)
1856:(2013–2014)
1850:(2013–2017)
1830:(2005–2006)
1821:(2001–2003)
1815:(2001–2003)
1751:(1987–1991)
1742:(1986–1987)
1721:(1984–1985)
1706:(1983–1985)
1696:(1981–1982)
1689:(1981–1983)
1638:(1980–1984)
1573:(1973–1974)
1546:(1967–1968)
1531:(1962–1963)
1493:(1954–1955)
1329:(1927–1928)
1274:(1923–1927)
730:pp.303-306
680:, 26/4/1985
656:, 13/2/1985
644:, 13/2/1985
422:Downwinders
386:Ground Zero
265:atmospheric
261:caesium-137
19:‹ The
1969:Categories
704:, 6/8/1985
692:, 6/8/1985
668:, 8/4/1985
621:Daily News
563:17 January
458:References
315:Marble Bar
181:See also:
177:Background
94:Jill Fitch
1841:2011–2020
1806:2001–2010
1796:2001–2020
1763:1991–2000
1732:1986–1990
1680:1981–1985
1673:1981–1990
1663:1981–2000
1617:1975–1980
1564:1971–1975
1557:1971–1980
1524:1961–1970
1514:1961–1980
1491:espionage
1477:1951–1960
1447:1941–1950
1437:1941–1960
1400:1936–1940
1368:1931–1935
1361:1931–1940
1340:1929–1930
1314:1927–1928
1294:1925–1926
1253:1923–1924
1226:1921–1922
1219:1921–1930
1209:1921–1940
1160:1919–1920
1128:1917–1918
1102:1915–1916
1073:1913–1914
1053:1911–1912
1046:1911–1920
1010:1906–1910
968:1901–1905
961:1901–1910
951:1901–1920
427:Maralinga
368:Bob Hawke
300:Maralinga
296:plutonium
257:scientist
213:Maralinga
28:is being
1463:" (1943)
886:70673342
765:15501029
743:(1987).
624:5/2/85,
401:See also
232:Hearings
163:soldiers
52:Duration
32:. ›
21:template
1537:Voyager
702:The Age
642:The Age
630:The Age
608:The Age
588:5/1/85
579:The Age
284:fallout
250:British
155:British
149:by the
147:inquiry
145:was an
112:Outcome
1892:(2020)
1540:(1964)
1412:(1939)
1245:(1921)
1235:(1921)
884:
874:
850:
831:
809:pp.53
801:
763:
753:
722:
632:6/2/85
594:6/1/85
189:, and
130:Vol. 3
126:Vol. 2
122:Vol. 1
463:Notes
372:Labor
307:miner
254:CSIRO
242:coast
223:into
882:OCLC
872:ISBN
848:ISBN
829:ISBN
799:ISBN
761:OCLC
751:ISBN
720:ISBN
565:2021
393:and
219:The
161:and
137:The
68:Type
42:Date
1489:on
141:or
1971::
880:.
759:.
628:,
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305:A
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931:e
924:t
917:v
894:)
888:.
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807:.
767:.
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567:.
499:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
