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nutrient pollution, and ecosystem loss in the agricultural sector. A failure to mitigate GHG emissions from the food system, especially animal-based agriculture, could prevent the world from meeting the climate objective of limiting global warming to 1.5°C, as set forth in the Paris
Climate Agreement, and complicate the path to limiting climate change to well below 2°C of warming (Clark et al. 2020).
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animal-based agriculture and feed crop production account for approximately 83 percent of agricultural land globally and are responsible for approximately 67 percent of deforestation (Poore and
Nemecek 2018). This makes livestock farming the single largest driver of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions,
1801:. The latter also highlights how the tax might be administered - including on the import of frozen carcasses. 'Slaughter tax' and 'carcass tax' are terms that are considered to make such a change in food taxation more popular with the general public.
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Some opponents to meat taxation consider it regressive and authoritarian, or doubt some of the health and economic claims, or do not feel it is properly inclusive of total costs over the long term.
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on human health, the contribution of meat industry to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change, and the stressful and inhumane conditions under which animals are reared and slaughtered in
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4143:
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Ripple, William J; Smith, Pete; Haberl, Helmut; Montzka, Stephen A; McAlpine, Clive; Boucher, Douglas H (2014). "Ruminants, climate change and climate policy".
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Franziska Funke; Linus
Mattauch; Inge van den Bijgaart; H. Charles J. Godfray; Cameron Hepburn; David Klenert; Marco Springmann; Nicolas Treich (19 July 2022).
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Adam Briggs from the
University of Oxford conducted a study that concluded that putting a carbon tax on "high emission" foods (i.e. foods which have a high
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and
Glasgow University, in a 2015 report titled "Changing Climate, Changing Diets: Pathways to Lower Meat Consumption" called for a tax on red meat.
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Boutron-Ruault, Marie-Christine; Mesrine, Sylvie; Pierre, Fabrice (2017). "Meat
Consumption and Health Outcomes". In Mariotti, François (ed.).
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Springmann, Marco; Mason-d'Croz, Daniel; Robinson, Sherman; Wiebe, Keith; Godfray, H. Charles J; Rayner, Mike; Scarborough, Peter (2016).
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2273:"Simulating the impact on health of internalising the cost of carbon in food prices combined with a tax on sugar-sweetened beverages"
2141:
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Marco
Springmann, from the Oxford University's Oxford Martin Programme on the Future of Food also proposed a tax on meat and dairy.
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Funke, F.; Mattauch, L.; van den
Bijgaart, I.; Godfray, C.; Hepburn, C.; Klenert, D.; Springmann, M.; Treich, N. (2022-01-10).
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Besides environmental concerns, health and humanitarian concerns have also acted as impetus for some proponents of meat tax.
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Swedish
Environmental Protection Agency mentions a meat tax as an instrument to achieve a reduction in meat consumption
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Scientists
William J Ripple et al. have suggested the pushing up of the price of meat through a tax or
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1993:"Greenhouse gas taxes on animal food products: rationale, tax scheme and climate mitigation effects"
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2093:"The importance of reduced meat and dairy consumption for meeting stringent climate change targets"
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2385:"Mitigation potential and global health impacts from emissions pricing of food commodities"
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that result from using animals for food. Livestock is known to significantly contribute to
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1824:) such as meat could be a positive for both the planet and the health of U.K. consumers.
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Briggs, Adam D. M; Kehlbacher, Ariane; Tiffin, Richard; Scarborough, Peter (2016).
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2556:"Danish Proposal Calls For Tax On Meat To Fight Climate Change - CleanTechnica"
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Hedenus, Fredrik; Wirsenius, Stefan; Johansson, Daniel J. A. (2014-05-01).
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2480:"Consumer Response to Negative Information on Meat Consumption in Germany"
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2246:"Changing Climate, Changing Diets: Pathways to Lower Meat Consumption"
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2195:"Reducing meat consumption critical to achieving global climate goal"
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Wirsenius, Stefan; Hedenus, Fredrik; Mohlin, Kristina (2011-09-01).
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2048:"Toward Optimal Meat Pricing: Is It Time to Tax Meat Consumption?"
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2447:
Vegetarian and Plant-Based Diets in Health and Disease Prevention
2426:"Tax meat and dairy to cut emissions and save lives, study urges"
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2584:"CLIMATE TAX ON MEAT BECOMING 'INCREASINGLY PROBABLE' - FAIRR"
3968:
Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
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reported that meat tax was becoming "increasingly probable".
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and/or other animal products to help cover the health and
4144:
Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change
2090:
1692:
27:
2347:
2220:"It's Time to Put Meat on the Climate Negotiating Table"
1990:
1865:
Farm Animal Investment & Return (FAIRR) Initiative
3985:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
2487:
International Food and Agribusiness Management Review
2478:
Cordts, Anette; Nitzko, Sina; Spiller, Achim (2014).
992:
European Union Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base
2477:
2324:"Tax meat to cut methane emissions, say scientists"
2142:"Is Meat Too Cheap? Towards Optimal Meat Taxation"
2423:
4285:
4185:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
1841:has been calling for a tax on meat citing the
2920:History of climate change policy and politics
2715:
1668:
2052:Review of Environmental Economics and Policy
3037:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
1757:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
4266:
4254:
3711:
2722:
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1675:
1661:
4006:
3812:Adaptation strategies on the German coast
2945:United Nations Climate Change conferences
2679:"A meat tax is a rotten, regressive idea"
2298:
2288:
2116:
2063:
1856:has called for a tax on meat in Denmark.
1777:Learn how and when to remove this message
1184:Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy
3516:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation
2655:"Against A Highly Regressive "Meat Tax""
3872:National Adaptation Programme of Action
3661:Land use, land-use change, and forestry
2321:
4286:
3521:Economics of climate change mitigation
3484:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)
2997:
2825:Scientific consensus on climate change
2652:
2638:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2424:Damian Carrington (November 7, 2016).
2163:
2161:
4180:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
4005:
3710:
3446:
2996:
2908:
2789:
2741:
2703:
2167:
4202:Representative Concentration Pathway
3143:Tipping points in the climate system
2819:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
1920:
1877:
1843:negative effects of meat consumption
1755:adding citations to reliable sources
1722:
3973:Nationally determined contributions
3683:Individual action on climate change
2888:World energy supply and consumption
2158:
13:
4112:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis
2729:
2455:10.1016/B978-0-12-803968-7.00012-5
2322:Vaughan, Adam (20 December 2013).
1707:, and to negatively impact global
14:
4325:
4039:Satellite temperature measurement
3644:forestry for carbon sequestration
2925:History of climate change science
1916:
1793:can be used interchangeably with
999:Global minimum corporate tax rate
4265:
4253:
4242:
4241:
4229:
3890:Climate Change Performance Index
3269:Destruction of cultural heritage
1924:
1881:
1727:
1642:
1630:
464:Base erosion and profit shifting
34:
4029:Instrumental temperature record
3980:Sustainable Development Goal 13
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2601:
2576:
2548:
2523:
2497:
2471:
2438:
2376:
2341:
2315:
1718:
242:Optimal capital income taxation
4097:Climate variability and change
3447:
3128:Retreat of glaciers since 1850
2531:"The Danish Council on Ethics"
2264:
2238:
2212:
2187:
2133:
2084:
2039:
1984:
1322:List of countries by tax rates
1:
4207:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
3742:Climate emergency declaration
1977:
1873:
747:Natural resources consumption
4190:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
3416:Middle East and North Africa
2742:
597:United States as a tax haven
7:
3264:Depopulation of settlements
2909:
2653:Bourne, Ryan (2018-11-12).
1955:
10:
4330:
4024:Global surface temperature
3915:Popular culture depictions
3827:Ecosystem-based adaptation
3557:Carbon capture and storage
3479:Carbon offsets and credits
2790:
1809:
1804:
511:Offshore financial centres
401:Repatriation tax avoidance
4236:Climate change portal
4223:
4162:
4129:Extreme event attribution
4047:
4016:
4012:
4001:
3945:
3880:
3802:
3752:School Strike for Climate
3724:
3720:
3706:
3675:
3631:Climate-smart agriculture
3592:
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3219:
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3005:
2992:
2915:
2904:
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2798:
2785:
2768:Climate change adaptation
2763:Climate change mitigation
2758:Effects of climate change
2748:
2737:
2290:10.1186/s12889-016-2723-8
2118:10.1007/s10584-014-1104-5
2017:10.1007/s10584-010-9971-x
976:Financial transaction tax
66:Property tax equalization
4139:Global warming potential
3946:International agreements
3593:Preserving and enhancing
3027:Arctic methane emissions
2949:Years in climate change
2856:Greenhouse gas emissions
2753:Causes of climate change
1854:Danish Council on Ethics
1829:emissions trading scheme
1327:Tax revenue to GDP ratio
986:Currency transaction tax
567:Liechtenstein tax affair
4170:Climate change scenario
3822:Disaster risk reduction
3474:Carbon emission trading
3284:U.S. insurance industry
3254:Civilizational collapse
3101:sea surface temperature
2170:"A Carbon Tax on Meat?"
1034:Permanent establishment
1029:Exchange of Information
532:Financial Secrecy Index
183:Medical savings account
4163:Research and modelling
3847:Nature-based solutions
3667:Nature-based solutions
3609:Carbon dioxide removal
3526:Fossil fuel divestment
3511:Climate risk insurance
3421:Small island countries
3032:Arctic sea ice decline
2174:Scientificamerican.com
1933:This section is empty.
929:Vehicle miles traveled
548:Ireland as a tax haven
362:Private tax collection
16:Tax on animal products
4124:Earth's energy budget
4007:Background and theory
3895:Climate crisis (term)
3567:Fossil fuel phase-out
3461:Economics and finance
3426:by individual country
3368:By country and region
3343:Security and conflict
3338:Psychological impacts
3017:Abrupt climate change
2940:Charles David Keeling
2773:By country and region
2389:Nature Climate Change
2350:Nature Climate Change
602:Panama as a tax haven
554:Ireland v. Commission
522:Conduit and sink OFCs
517:Offshore magic circle
438:Unreported employment
3953:Glasgow Climate Pact
3614:Carbon sequestration
3179:Mass mortality event
2449:. pp. 197–214.
2409:10.1038/nclimate3155
2370:10.1038/nclimate2081
1751:improve this section
1598:United Arab Emirates
1340:Individual Countries
1049:Foreign revenue rule
841:Inheritance (estate)
560:Leprechaun economics
4092:Climate sensitivity
3867:The Adaptation Fund
3323:Infectious diseases
3220:Social and economic
2683:Washington Examiner
2401:2017NatCC...7...69S
2362:2014NatCC...4....2R
2109:2014ClCh..124...79H
2009:2011ClCh..108..159W
1701:environmental costs
1637:Business portal
1332:Tax rates in Europe
1202:Tax Justice Network
1148:Dhammika Dharmapala
651:Airport improvement
459:Transfer mispricing
250:Distribution of Tax
22:Part of a series on
4309:Low-carbon economy
3663:(LULUCF and AFOLU)
3635:Forest management
3619:Direct air capture
3584:Sustainable energy
3541:Net zero emissions
3536:Low-carbon economy
3531:Green Climate Fund
3318:Indigenous peoples
3211:Plant biodiversity
2999:Effects and issues
2252:. 24 November 2015
2226:. 24 November 2015
2168:Heikkinen, Niina.
1893:. You can help by
1238:Eight per thousand
1153:James R. Hines Jr.
1044:European Union FTT
61:Government revenue
4314:Hypothetical laws
4299:Environmental law
4294:Environmental tax
4281:
4280:
4219:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4154:Radiative forcing
3997:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3817:Adaptive capacity
3702:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3562:Energy transition
3438:
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3434:
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3148:Tropical cyclones
3074:Urban heat island
2988:
2987:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2861:Carbon accounting
2815:Greenhouse effect
2781:
2780:
2561:Cleantechnica.com
2464:978-0-12-803968-7
2277:BMC Public Health
1953:
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1208:Tax Policy Center
951:Negative (income)
727:Environmental tax
609:
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527:Financial centres
347:Tax investigation
285:
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153:Tax harmonization
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4245:
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4197:Paleoclimatology
4014:
4013:
4003:
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3764:Ecological grief
3747:Climate movement
3722:
3721:
3708:
3707:
3688:Plant-based diet
3579:Renewable energy
3457:
3456:
3444:
3443:
3279:Economic impacts
3201:Invasive species
3057:Coastal flooding
3007:
3006:
2994:
2993:
2930:Svante Arrhenius
2906:
2905:
2876:from agriculture
2866:Carbon footprint
2851:Greenhouse gases
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2620:
2614:. Archived from
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2250:Chathamhouse.org
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2224:Chathamhouse.org
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2199:Chathamhouse.org
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1988:
1972:Sugary drink tax
1948:
1945:
1935:You can help by
1928:
1921:
1906:
1903:
1885:
1878:
1822:carbon footprint
1782:
1775:
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1649:Money portal
1647:
1646:
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1311:
1310:
1132:
1131:
1039:Transfer pricing
1019:Tax equalization
993:
936:Corporate profit
572:Luxembourg Leaks
506:Corporate havens
385:
384:
201:
200:
38:
19:
18:
4329:
4328:
4324:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4318:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4230:
4228:
4211:
4158:
4149:Orbital forcing
4043:
4008:
3989:
3963:Paris Agreement
3941:
3937:Warming stripes
3876:
3842:Managed retreat
3837:Loss and damage
3798:
3732:Business action
3716:
3694:
3671:
3594:
3588:
3545:
3506:Climate finance
3451:
3430:
3362:
3215:
3191:Extinction risk
3167:Flora and fauna
3162:
3123:Permafrost thaw
3118:Ozone depletion
3047:Extreme weather
3001:
2984:
2911:
2892:
2829:
2794:
2777:
2744:
2733:
2728:
2698:
2697:
2688:
2686:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2663:
2661:
2651:
2647:
2631:
2630:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2611:
2609:"Archived copy"
2607:
2606:
2602:
2592:
2590:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2567:
2565:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2539:
2537:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2514:
2512:
2511:. 16 April 2009
2503:
2502:
2498:
2482:
2476:
2472:
2465:
2443:
2439:
2381:
2377:
2346:
2342:
2332:
2330:
2328:Theguardian.com
2320:
2316:
2269:
2265:
2255:
2253:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2229:
2227:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2203:
2201:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2178:
2176:
2166:
2159:
2150:
2148:
2138:
2134:
2097:Climatic Change
2089:
2085:
2044:
2040:
1997:Climatic Change
1989:
1985:
1980:
1958:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1919:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1891:needs expansion
1876:
1812:
1807:
1783:
1772:
1766:
1763:
1748:
1732:
1721:
1709:nitrogen cycles
1681:
1643:
1641:
1629:
1622:
1621:
1308:
1298:
1297:
1253:Fiscus Judaicus
1228:
1218:
1217:
1176:Advocacy groups
1129:
1121:
1120:
1111:Trade agreement
1106:Free-trade zone
1064:
1054:
1053:
991:
971:
961:
960:
621:
611:
610:
582:Paradise Papers
423:Debtors' prison
382:
372:
371:
342:Tax preparation
302:Revenue service
297:
287:
286:
198:
188:
187:
168:Double taxation
163:Tax withholding
158:Tax competition
76:Non-tax revenue
56:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4327:
4317:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4304:Carbon finance
4301:
4296:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4275:
4263:
4251:
4239:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4166:
4164:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4104:
4102:Cloud feedback
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4057:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4020:
4018:
4010:
4009:
3999:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3960:
3958:Kyoto Protocol
3955:
3949:
3947:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3912:
3910:Media coverage
3907:
3902:
3900:Climate spiral
3897:
3892:
3886:
3884:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3808:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3791:
3789:Public opinion
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3744:
3739:
3737:Climate action
3734:
3728:
3726:
3718:
3717:
3704:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3649:REDD and REDD+
3646:
3641:
3633:
3628:
3626:Carbon farming
3623:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3606:
3600:
3598:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3559:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3476:
3471:
3465:
3463:
3453:
3452:
3440:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3372:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3358:Water security
3355:
3353:Water scarcity
3350:
3348:Urban flooding
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3196:Forest dieback
3193:
3188:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3133:Sea level rise
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3106:stratification
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3013:
3011:
3003:
3002:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2902:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2871:Carbon leakage
2868:
2863:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2812:
2810:Climate system
2806:
2804:
2796:
2795:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2735:
2734:
2731:Climate change
2727:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2704:
2696:
2695:
2670:
2659:Cato Institute
2645:
2600:
2575:
2547:
2522:
2496:
2470:
2463:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2375:
2340:
2314:
2263:
2237:
2211:
2186:
2157:
2132:
2083:
2065:10.1086/721078
2058:(2): 219–240.
2038:
2003:(1): 159–184.
1982:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1931:
1929:
1918:
1917:Implementation
1915:
1909:
1908:
1888:
1886:
1875:
1872:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1785:
1784:
1735:
1733:
1726:
1720:
1717:
1705:global warming
1683:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1672:
1665:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1639:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1603:United Kingdom
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1316:
1315:
1309:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1229:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1196:Tax Foundation
1193:
1187:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1168:Gabriel Zucman
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1143:Mihir A. Desai
1137:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1076:
1071:
1065:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1004:Robin Hood tax
1001:
996:
988:
983:
978:
972:
967:
966:
963:
962:
959:
958:
953:
948:
943:
941:Excess profits
938:
933:
932:
931:
926:
921:
912:
907:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
826:Gross receipts
823:
818:
813:
808:
807:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
766:
765:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
724:
719:
718:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
677:
676:
675:
665:
664:
663:
658:
653:
643:
638:
633:
628:
622:
617:
616:
613:
612:
607:
606:
605:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
577:Offshore Leaks
574:
569:
564:
563:
562:
557:
542:
541:
540:Major examples
537:
536:
535:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
508:
503:
495:
494:
490:
489:
488:
487:
482:
477:
475:Dutch Sandwich
472:
467:
461:
456:
448:
447:
443:
442:
441:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
413:Tax resistance
410:
405:
404:
403:
390:
389:
383:
378:
377:
374:
373:
370:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
317:Taxable income
314:
312:Tax assessment
309:
304:
298:
293:
292:
289:
288:
283:
282:
281:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
252:
251:
247:
246:
245:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
206:
205:
204:General Theory
199:
194:
193:
190:
189:
186:
185:
180:
175:
173:Representation
170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
94:
93:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
57:
52:
51:
48:
47:
40:
39:
31:
30:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4326:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4274:
4273:
4264:
4262:
4261:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4226:
4225:
4222:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4175:Climate model
4173:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4107:Cloud forcing
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4046:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4004:
4000:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3938:
3935:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3882:Communication
3879:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3862:Vulnerability
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3832:Flood control
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3801:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3709:
3705:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3655:
3654:reforestation
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3639:afforestation
3637:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3591:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3574:Nuclear power
3572:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3469:Carbon budget
3467:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3445:
3441:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3307:
3306:Mental health
3304:
3303:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3238:
3237:United States
3235:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3091:deoxygenation
3089:
3087:
3086:acidification
3084:
3083:
3082:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2995:
2991:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2914:
2907:
2903:
2889:
2886:
2882:
2881:from wetlands
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
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2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2841:Deforestation
2839:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2807:
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2684:
2680:
2674:
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2649:
2641:
2635:
2621:on 2019-09-18
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2215:
2200:
2196:
2190:
2175:
2171:
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2147:
2143:
2136:
2128:
2124:
2119:
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2110:
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2102:
2098:
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2071:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1983:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1947:
1944:February 2022
1938:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1914:
1905:
1896:
1892:
1889:This section
1887:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1861:meat industry
1859:In 2017, the
1857:
1855:
1850:
1848:
1847:factory farms
1844:
1840:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1825:
1823:
1818:
1816:
1815:Chatham House
1802:
1800:
1796:
1795:slaughter tax
1792:
1781:
1778:
1770:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1736:This section
1734:
1730:
1725:
1724:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1678:
1673:
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1666:
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1658:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1640:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1608:United States
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
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1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
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1471:
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1343:
1339:
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1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1314:All Countries
1313:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1301:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1268:Tolerance tax
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
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1227:
1222:
1221:
1209:
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1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
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1180:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1169:
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1161:
1159:
1156:
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1151:
1149:
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1138:
1134:
1133:
1125:
1124:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1058:
1057:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
994:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
973:
970:
969:International
965:
964:
957:
954:
952:
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947:
944:
942:
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937:
934:
930:
927:
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922:
920:
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911:
908:
906:
903:
902:
901:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
871:Resource rent
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
771:
770:
767:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
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743:
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735:
733:
730:
729:
728:
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723:
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708:
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703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
682:
681:
678:
674:
671:
670:
669:
668:Capital gains
666:
662:
659:
657:
654:
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649:
648:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
623:
620:
615:
614:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
587:Panama Papers
585:
583:
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491:
486:
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481:
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468:
465:
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460:
457:
455:
454:Tax inversion
452:
451:
450:
449:
445:
444:
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436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
402:
399:
398:
397:
396:Tax avoidance
394:
393:
392:
391:
387:
386:
381:
380:Noncompliance
376:
375:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
357:Tax collector
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
337:Tax residence
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
307:Revenue stamp
305:
303:
300:
299:
296:
291:
290:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
255:
254:
253:
249:
248:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
222:Tax incidence
220:
218:
217:Excess burden
215:
213:
210:
209:
208:
207:
203:
202:
197:
192:
191:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
143:Tax incentive
141:
139:
138:Tax advantage
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
98:Tax threshold
96:
92:
89:
88:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
72:
69:
67:
64:
62:
59:
58:
55:
50:
49:
46:
45:fiscal policy
43:An aspect of
42:
41:
37:
33:
32:
29:
26:
25:
21:
20:
4270:
4258:
4246:
4227:
4060:Carbon cycle
4017:Measurements
3712:Society and
3596:carbon sinks
3501:Climate debt
3491:Carbon price
3313:Human rights
3138:Season creep
3096:heat content
3022:Anoxic event
2935:James Hansen
2687:. Retrieved
2685:. 2018-12-19
2682:
2673:
2662:. Retrieved
2658:
2648:
2623:. Retrieved
2616:the original
2603:
2591:. Retrieved
2587:
2578:
2566:. Retrieved
2564:. March 2017
2559:
2550:
2538:. Retrieved
2535:Etiskraad.dk
2534:
2525:
2513:. Retrieved
2508:
2499:
2493:(A): 83–106.
2490:
2486:
2473:
2446:
2440:
2430:The Guardian
2429:
2395:(1): 69–74.
2392:
2388:
2378:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2331:. Retrieved
2327:
2317:
2280:
2276:
2266:
2254:. Retrieved
2249:
2240:
2228:. Retrieved
2223:
2214:
2202:. Retrieved
2198:
2189:
2177:. Retrieved
2173:
2149:. Retrieved
2145:
2135:
2103:(1): 79–91.
2100:
2096:
2086:
2077:
2055:
2051:
2041:
2000:
1996:
1986:
1941:
1937:adding to it
1932:
1912:
1902:January 2024
1899:
1895:adding to it
1890:
1869:
1864:
1858:
1853:
1851:
1836:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1813:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1788:
1773:
1767:October 2022
1764:
1749:Please help
1737:
1719:Nomenclature
1713:biodiversity
1688:
1686:
1568:South Africa
1163:Joel Slemrod
831:Hypothecated
799:Sugary drink
788:
673:Expatriation
552:
470:Double Irish
433:Black market
278:Proportional
227:Laffer curve
212:Price effect
4087:Carbon sink
4065:atmospheric
3930:video games
3604:Blue carbon
3227:Agriculture
3206:Marine life
3153:Water cycle
3111:temperature
2846:Fossil fuel
2146:INET Oxford
1799:carcass tax
1583:Switzerland
1548:Philippines
1523:New Zealand
1518:Netherlands
1158:Ronen Palan
896:User charge
715:Value-added
680:Consumption
592:Swiss Leaks
480:Single Malt
418:Tax shelter
408:Tax evasion
367:Tax farming
352:Tax shelter
268:Progressive
232:Optimal tax
133:Tax amnesty
128:Tax holiday
86:Tax bracket
71:Tax revenue
4288:Categories
4119:Cryosphere
4080:permafrost
3852:Resilience
3804:Adaptation
3779:Litigation
3769:Governance
3714:adaptation
3496:Carbon tax
3449:Mitigation
3386:Antarctica
3274:Disability
2689:2019-02-12
2664:2019-02-12
2625:2019-03-06
2505:"Tax Meat"
2356:(1): 2–5.
2151:2022-01-26
1978:References
1962:Carbon tax
1874:Opposition
1695:levied on
1493:Kazakhstan
1378:Bangladesh
1373:Azerbaijan
1306:By country
1263:Temple tax
1233:Church tax
1116:ATA Carnet
1101:Free trade
1096:Tariff war
1024:Tax treaty
905:Congestion
846:Land value
737:Eco-tariff
705:Television
661:Solidarity
641:Ad valorem
501:Tax havens
332:Tax shield
327:Tax refund
295:Collection
273:Regressive
148:Tax reform
4134:Feedbacks
3905:Education
3406:Caribbean
3401:Australia
3328:Migration
3291:Fisheries
3232:Livestock
3158:Wildfires
3064:Heat wave
2593:5 January
2588:Fairr.org
2568:5 January
2540:5 January
2515:5 January
2333:5 January
2256:5 January
2230:5 January
2204:5 January
2179:5 January
2127:1573-1480
2074:250721559
2033:154360497
2025:1573-1480
1789:The term
1738:does not
1573:Sri Lanka
1538:Palestine
1498:Lithuania
1463:Indonesia
1448:Hong Kong
1368:Australia
1358:Argentina
1226:Religious
1014:Spahn tax
1009:Tobin tax
861:Pigouvian
779:Cigarette
752:Severance
685:Departure
493:Locations
446:Corporate
428:Smuggling
196:Economics
118:Tax shift
113:Deduction
103:Exemption
4260:Glossary
4248:Category
4070:biologic
3784:Politics
3676:Personal
3381:Americas
3244:Children
3010:Physical
2803:Overview
2743:Overview
2634:cite web
2509:Peta.org
2417:88921469
2309:26837190
1956:See also
1791:meat tax
1689:meat tax
1593:Tanzania
1558:Portugal
1533:Pakistan
1413:Colombia
1393:Bulgaria
1258:Leibzoll
1135:Academic
1128:Research
946:Windfall
886:Turnover
866:Property
816:Georgist
762:Stumpage
757:Steering
742:Landfill
722:Dividend
646:Aviation
636:Per unit
631:Indirect
322:Tax lien
258:Tax rate
237:Theories
91:Flat tax
54:Policies
28:Taxation
4075:oceanic
3925:fiction
3774:Justice
3725:Society
3333:Poverty
3042:Drought
2910:History
2834:Sources
2397:Bibcode
2358:Bibcode
2300:4738773
2283:: 107.
2105:Bibcode
2005:Bibcode
1967:Fat tax
1810:Support
1805:Critics
1759:removed
1744:sources
1613:Uruguay
1513:Namibia
1508:Morocco
1473:Ireland
1453:Iceland
1438:Germany
1428:Finland
1423:Denmark
1418:Croatia
1363:Armenia
1353:Algeria
1348:Albania
995:(CCCTB)
856:Payroll
811:General
804:Tobacco
774:Alcohol
710:Tourist
656:Landing
388:General
123:Tax cut
81:Tax law
4055:Albedo
4048:Theory
3759:Denial
3550:Energy
3411:Europe
3391:Arctic
3376:Africa
3301:Health
3296:Gender
3249:Cities
3174:Biomes
3081:Oceans
3069:Marine
2792:Causes
2461:
2415:
2307:
2297:
2125:
2072:
2031:
2023:
1588:Taiwan
1578:Sweden
1563:Russia
1553:Poland
1528:Norway
1478:Israel
1443:Greece
1433:France
1403:Canada
1388:Brazil
1383:Bhutan
1278:Kharaj
1186:(ITEP)
1089:Export
1084:Import
1079:Tariff
1069:Custom
956:Wealth
881:Surtax
876:Single
851:Luxury
836:Income
769:Excise
732:Carbon
626:Direct
513:(OFCs)
466:(BEPS)
178:Unions
108:Credit
4272:Index
4034:Proxy
3794:Women
3259:Crime
3186:Birds
3052:Flood
2619:(PDF)
2612:(PDF)
2483:(PDF)
2413:S2CID
2070:S2CID
2029:S2CID
1691:is a
1503:Malta
1488:Japan
1483:Italy
1458:India
1408:China
1293:Zakat
1288:Nisab
1283:Khums
1273:Jizya
1248:Tithe
1243:Teind
1204:(TJN)
1190:Oxfam
1062:Trade
981:ATTAC
700:Stamp
695:Sales
690:Hotel
619:Types
3857:Risk
3396:Asia
2978:2024
2973:2023
2968:2022
2963:2021
2958:2020
2953:2019
2640:link
2595:2018
2570:2018
2542:2018
2517:2018
2459:ISBN
2335:2018
2305:PMID
2258:2018
2232:2018
2206:2018
2181:2018
2123:ISSN
2021:ISSN
1852:The
1839:PETA
1742:any
1740:cite
1711:and
1697:meat
1543:Peru
1468:Iran
1210:(US)
1198:(US)
1192:(UK)
1074:Duty
924:Toll
919:GNSS
915:Road
910:Fuel
821:Gift
789:Meat
485:CAIA
263:Flat
3920:art
2451:doi
2405:doi
2366:doi
2295:PMC
2285:doi
2113:doi
2101:124
2060:doi
2013:doi
2001:108
1939:.
1897:.
1863:'s
1797:or
1753:by
1693:tax
1398:BVI
900:fee
891:Use
794:Sin
784:Fat
4290::
2681:.
2657:.
2636:}}
2632:{{
2586:.
2558:.
2533:.
2507:.
2491:17
2489:.
2485:.
2457:.
2428:.
2411:.
2403:.
2391:.
2387:.
2364:.
2352:.
2326:.
2303:.
2293:.
2281:16
2279:.
2275:.
2248:.
2222:.
2197:.
2172:.
2160:^
2144:.
2121:.
2111:.
2099:.
2095:.
2076:.
2068:.
2056:16
2054:.
2050:.
2027:.
2019:.
2011:.
1999:.
1995:.
1849:.
1831:.
1715:.
1687:A
2821:)
2817:(
2723:e
2716:t
2709:v
2692:.
2667:.
2642:)
2628:.
2597:.
2572:.
2544:.
2519:.
2467:.
2453::
2432:.
2419:.
2407::
2399::
2393:7
2372:.
2368::
2360::
2354:4
2337:.
2311:.
2287::
2260:.
2234:.
2208:.
2183:.
2154:.
2129:.
2115::
2107::
2062::
2035:.
2015::
2007::
1946:)
1942:(
1904:)
1900:(
1780:)
1774:(
1769:)
1765:(
1761:.
1747:.
1676:e
1669:t
1662:v
917:/
898:/
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