911:; In the COVID-19 pandemic, the US CDC recommended that if masks run short, each health care worker should be issued with five masks, one to be used per day, such that each mask spends at least five days stored in a paper bag between each use. If there are not enough masks to do this, they recommend sterilizing the masks between uses. Some hospitals have been stockpiling used masks as a precaution. The US CDC issued guidelines on stretching N95 supplies, recommending extended use over re-use. They highlighted the risk of infection from touching the contaminated outer surface of the mask, which even professionals frequently unintentionally do, and recommended washing hands every time before touching the mask. To reduce mask surface contamination, they recommended face shields, and asking patients to wear masks too ("source masking").
95:
83:
414:
31:
847:
605:
130:
697:
158:
230:
3398:
3422:
839:
597:
3410:
585:, an APR with a P100 classification would be at least 99.97% efficient at removing particles of this size. Particles with a size both less than and greater than 0.3 μm may be filtered at an efficiency greater than 99.97%. However, this may not always be the case, as the most penetrating particle size for N95s was measured to be below 0.1 μm, as opposed to the predicted size of between 0.1 and 0.3 μm.
417:
416:
421:
420:
415:
422:
419:
423:
440:
Under the current revision of Part 84 established in 1995, NIOSH established nine classifications of approved particulate filtering respirators based on a combination of the respirator series and efficiency level. The first part of the filter's classification indicates the series using the letters N,
225:
Considering only particulates carried on an air stream and a fiber mesh filter, diffusion predominates below the 0.1 μm diameter particle size. Impaction and interception predominate above 0.4 μm. In between, near the most penetrating particle size of 0.3 μm, diffusion and interception
955:
It has been shown that masks can also be sterilized by ionizing radiation. Gamma radiation and high energy electrons penetrate deeply into the material and can be used to sterilize large batches of masks within a short time period. The masks can be sterilized up to two times but have to be recharged
2695:
Cheung, Yuk Ha; Ma, Kaikai; van
Leeuwen, Hans C.; Wasson, Megan C.; Wang, Xingjie; Idrees, Karam B.; Gong, Wei; Cao, Ran; Mahle, John J.; Islamoglu, Timur; Peterson, Gregory W.; de Koning, Martijn C.; Xin, John H.; Farha, Omar K. (October 13, 2021). "Immobilized Regenerable Active Chlorine within a
628:
A mask conforming to the standard must have its class written on it, along with the name of the standard and its year of publication, as well as any applicable option codes, e.g. “EN 149:2001 FFP1 NR D”. Some manufacturers use in addition the colour of the elastic band to identify the mask class,
279:
Filtering facepiece respirators consist mainly of the mechanical filtration medium itself, and are discarded when they become unusable due to damage, dirt, or excessive breathing resistance. Filtering facepieces are typically simple, light, single-piece, half-face masks and employ the first three
817:
aerosols after storing the filters at 70 °C (158 °F) and −30 °C (−22 °F) for 24 h each. The standards include testing mechanical strength, breathing resistance and clogging. EN 149 tests the inward leakage between the mask and face, where 10 human subjects perform 5 exercises
902:
Hard filtering facepiece respirator masks are generally designed to be disposable, for 8 hours of continuous or intermittent use. One laboratory found that there was a decrease in fit quality after five consecutive donnings. Once they are physically too clogged to breathe through, they must be
169:
or metal processing, when contaminated air is passed through the filter material. Wool is still used today as a filter, along with plastic, glass, cellulose, and combinations of two or more of these materials. Since the filters cannot be cleaned and reused and have a limited lifespan, cost and
940:(made under a vacuum with radio waves). The static electrical charge on the microfibers is destroyed by some cleaning methods. UVGI (ultraviolet light), boiling water vapour, and dry oven heating do not seem to reduce the filter efficiency, and these methods successfully decontaminate masks.
862:
Chinese KN95 (GB2626-2006): similar to US. Has category KN (non-oily particles) and KP (oily particles), 90/95/100 versions. EU-style leakage requirements. In China, KN95 respirators are made by companies such as
Guangzhou Harley, Guangzhou Powecom, Shanghai Dasheng and
858:, respirators made according to the following standards are equivalent to US N95 or European FFP2 respirators "for filtering non-oil-based particles such as those resulting from wildfires, PM 2.5 air pollution, volcanic eruptions, or bioaerosols (e.g. viruses)":
914:
Apart from time, other methods of disinfection have been tested. Physical damage to the masks has been observed when microwaving them, microwaving them in a steam bag, letting them sit in moist heat, and hitting them with excessively high doses of
441:
R, or P to indicate the filter's resistance to filtration efficiency degradation when exposed to oil-based or oil-like aerosols (e.g., lubricants, cutting fluids, glycerine, etc.). Definitions and intended use for each series is indicated below.
906:
Hard filtering facepiece respirator masks are sometimes reused, especially during pandemics, when there are shortages. Infectious particles could survive on the masks for up to 24 hours after the end of use, according to studies using models of
566:
type filters, an indefinite amount of DOP is used until filtration efficiency stabilizes. P100 filters, under 42 CFR part 84, are the only filters permitted to be magenta in color. HE (high-efficiency) labeled filters are only provided for
418:
2473:
931:
Some methods may not visibly damage the mask, but they ruin the mask's ability to filter. This has been seen in attempts to sterilize by soaking in soap and water, heating dry to 160 °C (320 °F), and treating with 70%
951:
are currently the most-favoured methods in use in hospitals, but none have been properly tested. Where enough masks are available, cycling them and reusing a mask only after letting it sit unused for five days is preferred.
334:
filters that remove gases, mechanical filters that retain particulate matter, or both. As particulate filters, they are comparable (or, due to the quality and error-tolerance of the elastomeric seal, possibly superior) to
2018:
475:
The second value indicates the minimum efficiency level of the filter. When tested according to the protocol established by NIOSH each filter classification must demonstrate the minimum efficiency level indicated below.
2013:
927:
when the mask becomes moist, and in one study, physical breakdown of the nosepads, causing increased leakage. Fit and comfort do not seem to be harmed by UVGI, moist heat incubation, and microwave-generated steam.
878:
has also published a guideline for using non-NIOSH masks instead of the N95 in the COVID-19 response. The OSHA has a similar document. The following respirator standards are considered similar to N95 in the US:
1468:
188:, when larger particles unable to follow the curving contours of the airstream are forced to embed in one of the fibers directly; this increases with diminishing fiber separation and higher air flow velocity
195:, where gas molecules collide with the smallest particles, especially those below 100 nm in diameter, which are thereby impeded and delayed in their path through the filter; this effect is similar to
2454:"NORMA Oficial Mexicana NOM-116-STPS-2009, Seguridad-Equipo de protección personal-Respiradores purificadores de aire de presión negativa contra partículas nocivas-Especificaciones y métodos de prueba"
883:
Japanese DS2/RS2 (JMHLW-Notification 214, 2018): EU-like grades with two-letter prefix – first letter D/R stands for disposable or replaceable; second letter S/L stands for dry (NaCl) or oily (
2638:
Pirker, Luka; Krajnc, Anja Pogačnik; Malec, Jan; Radulović, Vladimir; Gradišek, Anton; Jelen, Andreja; Remškar, Maja; Mekjavić, Igor B.; Kovač, Janez; Mozetič, Miran; Snoj, Luka (2020-10-01).
1688:
293:
2509:
Godoy, Laura R. Garcia; Jones, Amy E.; Anderson, Taylor N.; Fisher, Cameron L.; Seeley, Kylie M. L.; Beeson, Erynn A.; Zane, Hannah K.; Peterson, Jaime W.; Sullivan, Peter D. (1 May 2020).
1597:. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. September 1999.
2326:"Enforcement Guidance for Use of Respiratory Protection Equipment Certified under Standards of Other Countries or Jurisdictions During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic"
1725:
280:
mechanical filter mechanisms in the list above to remove particulates from the air stream. The most common of these is the white, disposable standard N95 variety; another type is the
284:
mask. It is discarded after single use or some extended period depending on the contaminant. NIOSH recommends not reusing filtering facepieces in biosafety level 2 or 3 laboratories.
1235:
1215:"Critical Component of Protective Masks in Short Supply - The epidemic has driven up demand for material in N95 filters; 'everyone thinks there is this magic factory somewhere'"
937:
1881:"Filtering Efficiency of N95- and R95-Type Facepiece Respirators, Dust-Mist Facepiece Respirators, and Surgical Masks Operating in Unipolarly Ionized Indoor Air Environments"
866:
Korean 1st Class (KMOEL - 2017–64), also referred to as "KF94": EU grades, KF 80/94/99 for second/first/special. In Korea, KF94 respirators are made by companies such as
1360:
1456:
1317:
1502:
1273:
391:, actively removes (filters) a sufficient proportion of these hazards, and then delivers the clean air to the user's face or mouth and nose. They have a higher
625:
half masks: FFP1, FFP2 and FFP3. The protection provided by an FFP2 (or FFP3) mask includes the protection provided by a mask of the lower-numbered classes.
1606:
2937:
1795:
1971:
1939:
875:
707:
EN 143 defines the 'P' classes of particle filters that can be attached to a face mask. These filters are typically used on reusable respirators, like
2030:
1259:
1638:
1569:
887:) particles. Japanese DS2 respirators are made by companies such as Hogy Medical, Koken, Shigematsu, Toyo Safety, Trusco, Vilene and Yamamoto Safety.
2172:"Comparison of Filtration Efficiency and Pressure Drop in Anti-Yellow Sand Masks, Quarantine Masks, Medical Masks, General Masks, and Handkerchiefs"
2074:"China Mandatory Standard GB 2626-2019 Respiratory Protection—Non-Powered Air-Purifying Particle Respirator Effective Date Postponed to July 1 2021"
199:
and increases the probability that particles will be stopped by either of the two mechanisms above; it becomes dominant at lower air flow velocities
2325:
1190:
1074:"Guidance for Filtration and Air-Cleaning Systems to Protect Building Environments from Airborne Chemical, Biological, or Radiological Attacks"
330:
Elastomeric respirators consist of a reusable mask that seals to the face, with exchangeable filters. Elastomeric respirators can be used with
2757:
1717:
1817:"NIOSH Guide to the Selection and Use of Particulate Respirators Appendix E: Commonly Asked Questions and Answers About Part 84 Respirators"
2841:
59:
241:
operations. Even "clean" industrial processes often generate large amounts of harmful particulate matter and require breathing protection.
3426:
2620:
2073:
1824:
1535:
1498:
1464:
629:
however, the EN 149 standard does not specify any such colour coding and different manufacturers have used different colour schemes.
2569:
296:
A half-face elastomeric air-purifying respirator. This kind of respirator is reusable, with the filters being replaced periodically.
1858:
1828:
1214:
2048:"China Releases an Updated Mandatory Standard GB 2626-2019 Respiratory Protection - Non-Powered Air-Purifying Particle Respirator"
150:
1539:
2588:
392:
1903:
1368:
976:
3414:
1992:
471:. Used when oil particulates are present and the filter is re-used for more than one shift. Tested with DOP oil particles.
3270:
2993:
1666:
1302:
1073:
1023:
2867:
2802:
2603:"Recommended Guidance for Extended Use and Limited Reuse of N95 Filtering Facepiece Respirators in Healthcare Settings"
916:
218:
by using certain coatings on the fibers that kill or deactivate infectious particles colliding with them (such as salt)
1490:
1406:
1281:
3160:
2872:
2779:
2750:
614:
3320:
3305:
2894:
2203:
568:
433:
368:
361:
1591:
1168:
760:
Not fluid-resistant, 98% droplet filtration, intended for use by healthcare workers in droplet-free environments
221:
by using gravity and allowing particles to settle into the filter material (this effect is typically negligible)
3129:
3056:
336:
2602:
1787:
1053:
Submicron and
Nanoparticulate Matter Removal by HEPA-Rated Media Filters and Packed Beds of Granular Materials
854:
Respirator standards around the world loosely fall into the two camps of US- and EU-like grades. According to
2944:
1689:"DHHS Pub 96-101 NIOSH Guide to the Selection & Use of Particulate Respirators Certified Under 42 CFR 84"
2308:"NPPTL Respirator Assessments to Support the COVID-19 Response, International Respirator Assessment Request"
1051:
181:
when particles following a line of flow in the airstream come within one radius of a fiber and adhere to it;
3402:
2790:
2743:
2170:
Jung, Hyejung; Kim, Jongbo; Lee, Seungju; Lee, Jinho; Kim, Jooyoun; Tsai, Perngjy; Yoon, Chungsik (2014).
1631:
1561:
3453:
3315:
3300:
2972:
2932:
1343:"PPE Image Gallery: Respiratory Protective Equipment - Civilian - Radiation Emergency Medical Management"
948:
234:
2031:"Technical Bulletin: Comparison of FFP2, KN95, and N95 and Other Filtering Facepiece Respirator Classes"
3285:
3211:
1255:
2474:"NORMA BRASILEIRA E quip amento de proteção respiratória — Peça semifacial fi ltrante para partículas"
3347:
3042:
2249:
1999:
959:
A recent development is a composite fabric that can deactivate both biological and chemical threats.
460:. Used when oil particulates are present and the filter is disposed of after one shift. Tested using
94:
2307:
2156:
1388:
3051:
3025:
995:
153:
and are more likely to get through the filter; the hardest size to filter is 0.3 microns diameter.
3362:
3330:
3275:
3182:
3098:
2862:
2795:
2627:. Disinfection & Sterilization Guidelines, Guidelines Library, Infection Control. 2019-04-04.
1219:
1961:"Fiche pratique de sécurité ED 105. Appareils de protection respiratoire et métiers de la santé"
1929:"Fiche pratique de sécurité ED 105. Appareils de protection respiratoire et métiers de la santé"
2914:
708:
309:
302:
263:
87:
2453:
1993:"COVID-19 Technical Specifications for Personal Protective Equipment and Related IPC supplies"
1702:
Herring Jr., Ronald N. (1997). "42 CFR Part 84: It's time to change respirators... but how?".
170:
disposability are key factors. Single-use, disposable and replaceable-cartridge models exist.
82:
3192:
3170:
3155:
562:
type filters, a 200 mg of DOP is used, with a defined service time of "one work shift". For
206:
filter material (usually, electrospun plastic fibers) to attract or repel particles with an
3448:
3280:
3175:
1111:
207:
2440:"使い捨て式マスク,使い捨て式防じんマスク(Ds2) | Yamamoto 公式オンラインショップ | Yamamoto Safety Online Shop"
8:
3367:
3310:
3078:
3061:
3037:
2983:
2766:
2640:"Sterilization of polypropylene membranes of facepiece respirators by ionizing radiation"
1440:
Reusable
Elastomeric Respirators in Health Care: Considerations for Routine and Surge Use
1024:"Mechanisms of Filtration for High Efficiency Fibrous Filters - Application Note ITI-041"
1850:
1816:
1389:"Understanding respiratory protection options in Healthcare: The Overlooked Elastomeric"
1115:
3325:
3165:
3140:
2901:
2721:
2672:
2639:
2543:
2510:
1764:
1747:
1718:"Considerations for Optimizing the Supply of Powered Air-Purifying Respirators (PAPRs)"
1142:
1099:
1098:
Quan, Fu-Shi; Rubino, Ilaria; Lee, Su-Hwa; Koch, Brendan; Choi, Hyo-Jick (2017-01-04).
331:
129:
846:
604:
30:
3379:
3374:
3357:
3150:
3071:
2855:
2725:
2713:
2696:
Zirconium-Based MOF Textile
Composite to Eliminate Biological and Chemical Threats".
2677:
2659:
2548:
2530:
2389:
2235:
2047:
1769:
1527:
1361:"Elastomeric Respirators: Strategies During Conventional and Surge Demand Situations"
1236:"COVID-19 Has Caused A Shortage Of Face Masks. But They're Surprisingly Hard To Make"
1147:
1129:
977:"Elastomeric Respirators: Strategies During Conventional and Surge Demand Situations"
933:
884:
704:
461:
399:. PAPRs are sometimes called positive-pressure masks, blower units, or just blowers.
251:
2439:
1960:
1928:
165:
Mechanical filter respirators retain particulate matter such as dust created during
3103:
2705:
2667:
2651:
2538:
2522:
2183:
1895:
1880:
1759:
1598:
1592:"TB Respiratory Protection Program In Health Care Facilities Administrator's Guide"
1562:"OSHA Technical Manual Section 8VII: Chapter 2 Respiratory Protection Appendix 2-4"
1309:
1195:
1137:
1119:
1080:
696:
321:
1303:"Filtering out Confusion: Frequently Asked Questions about Respiratory Protection"
2655:
920:
810:
450:
196:
134:
121:
from reaching the wearer's nose and mouth. They come in multiple physical forms.
1435:
822:
of average leakage from 8 individuals must not exceed the aforementioned values.
3225:
3032:
3003:
2884:
1342:
944:
832:
819:
343:
317:
157:
2526:
2188:
2171:
1899:
1662:
1632:"DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service 42 CFR Part 84"
3442:
3265:
3235:
3145:
3066:
2663:
2534:
2511:"Facial protection for healthcare workers during pandemics: a scoping review"
2054:. 20 April 2020. Classification and Marking: 2. Filter element categorization
1491:"Respirator Trusted-Source Information Section 1: NIOSH-Approved Respirators"
1313:
1133:
1100:"Universal and reusable virus deactivation system for respiratory protection"
1084:
2375:
3335:
3187:
3108:
2998:
2717:
2681:
2552:
1773:
1602:
1151:
543:
501:
376:
292:
281:
255:
238:
118:
2421:
809:
Both
European standard EN 143 and EN 149 test filter penetration with dry
621:
The EN 149 standard defines performance requirements for three classes of
229:
72:
3352:
3295:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3008:
2988:
2709:
2343:
814:
956:
after every sterilization as the surface charge is lost upon radiation.
312:, also called reusable air-purifying respirators, seal to the face with
3342:
3015:
2909:
2832:
908:
622:
582:
572:
372:
325:
173:
Mechanical filters remove contaminants from air in the following ways:
114:
110:
2735:
2589:"Researchers looking at innovative ways to sterilize single-use masks"
1124:
3290:
3230:
3020:
2889:
2006:
384:
379:
air. PAPRs consist of a headgear-and-fan assembly that takes ambient
313:
44:
35:
Face mask (filtering facepiece respirator) FFP3 with exhalation valve
1985:
2850:
1953:
1584:
924:
547:
511:
396:
388:
347:
259:
203:
166:
1921:
1353:
324:. They are generally reusable. Full-face versions of elastomeric
1821:
The
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
1624:
1532:
The
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
1528:"NIOSH Guide to the Selection and Use of Particulate Respirators"
1522:
1520:
1451:
1449:
1434:
Liverman CT, Yost OC, Rogers BM, et al., eds. (2018-12-06).
1382:
1380:
1378:
890:
Mexican N95 (and others) (NOM-116-2009): same grades as in NIOSH.
596:
210:, so that they are more likely to collide with the filter surface
1695:
1191:"World Depends on China for Face Masks But Can Country Deliver?"
2357:
1879:
Lee, Byung Uk; Yermakov, Mikhail; Grinshpun, Sergey A. (2005).
1851:"CDC - NIOSH Publications and Products - Appendices for 96-101"
746:
Less than 98% droplet filtration, intended for use by patients
90:
with pink replaceable pancake filters and grey exhalation valve
52:
48:
2609:. NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic. CDC. 27 March 2020.
2289:
2138:
1710:
1517:
1495:
The
National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory (NPPTL)
1446:
1375:
1335:
838:
1457:"42 CFR Part 84 - Approval of Respiratory Protective Devices"
1429:
1427:
480:
NIOSH particulate respirator class minimum efficiency levels
354:
2403:
2250:"DR. PURI KF94 MASK | DR PURI KF94 FACE MASK MADE IN KOREA"
555:
449:. Used when oil particulates are not present. Tested using
2637:
2257:
2120:
1792:
U.S. National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
1424:
1411:
U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
1278:
U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
2694:
2102:
1399:
1240:
870:, Soomlab, Airqueen, Kleannara, Dr. Puri, Bluna and BOTN.
380:
258:. The fibers are charged as they are blown to produce an
2508:
2217:
1407:"Respirator Trusted-Source Information: What are they?"
1274:"Respirator Trusted-Source Information: What are they?"
867:
855:
591:
2949:
2271:
145:), or have too much inertia to turn, and hit a fiber (
2778:
1050:
perry, J.L.; Agui, J.H.; Vijayakumar, R. (May 2016),
893:
Brazilian PFF2 (ABNT/NBR 13698:2011): EU-like grades.
571:. HE-marked filters are 99.97% efficient against 0.3
2820:
1878:
1049:
826:
1788:"Understanding Respiratory Protection Against SARS"
3128:
1433:
768:Fluid-resistant, 98% droplet filtration, surgical
408:
274:
1097:
250:Mechanical filters can be made of a fine mesh of
3440:
1213:Evan, Melanie; Hufford, Austen (March 7, 2020).
831:"KN95" redirects here. For the US standard, see
726:Filter penetration limit (at 95 L/min air flow)
638:Filter penetration limit (at 95 L/min air flow)
2971:
1722:U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1365:U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
981:U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3210:
2595:
804:Filters at least 99.95% of airborne particles
558:is used, with and undefined service time. For
98:Full-face elastomeric respirators seal better.
2751:
2330:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
2169:
395:than filtering facepiece respirators such as
2040:
2036:. 3M Personal Safety Division. January 2020.
1184:
1182:
1021:
427:A video describing N95 certification testing
16:Air-filtering face masks or mask attachments
2564:
2562:
2376:"使い捨て式防じんマスク | 製品情報 | 株式会社 重松製作所"
1701:
1212:
796:Filters at least 94% of airborne particles
782:Filters at least 80% of airborne particles
680:Filters at least 99% of airborne particles
666:Filters at least 94% of airborne particles
652:Filters at least 80% of airborne particles
3421:
2758:
2744:
2574:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2504:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2492:
1825:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1536:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1499:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1465:United States Government Publishing Office
923:, may cause residual smell, offgassing of
287:
2671:
2542:
2187:
2157:"FLTR95 Sealing Face Masks 100PK - White"
2016:. www.boutique.afnor.org. September 2009.
1763:
1179:
1141:
1123:
969:
897:
355:Powered air-purifying respirators (PAPRs)
124:
2698:Journal of the American Chemical Society
2559:
1637:. US Federal Register. pp. 26850-26893.
1068:
1066:
1045:
1043:
996:"What is PM0.3 and Why Is It Important?"
919:(UVGI). Chlorine-based methods, such as
845:
837:
695:
603:
595:
412:
291:
228:
156:
128:
93:
81:
2765:
2489:
2139:"Dasheng Health Products Manufacturing"
1752:Canadian Journal of Respiratory Therapy
1745:
608:Face mask FFP2 without exhalation valve
542:All respirator types are permitted for
434:NIOSH air filtration rating § 42 CFR 84
403:
3441:
1572:from the original on 28 September 2019
1208:
1206:
615:European respirator standards § EN 149
581:most penetrating particle size of 0.3
383:contaminated with one or more type of
3254:
3209:
3127:
2970:
2819:
2777:
2739:
2586:
2570:"Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)"
2066:
1471:from the original on 23 February 2020
1063:
1040:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
577:Since filters are tested against the
141:). Large particles get strained out (
3409:
2591:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.
1909:from the original on 20 January 2022
1798:from the original on 6 December 2020
1612:from the original on 10 October 2022
1386:
1233:
1163:
1161:
592:European standards (FFP2 and others)
3271:Breathing performance of regulators
2994:Continuous positive airway pressure
1728:from the original on 6 January 2023
1542:from the original on 11 August 2019
1203:
1188:
993:
987:
254:fibers. The fibers are produced by
13:
2868:Self-contained breathing apparatus
2803:Mountaineering breathing apparatus
2390:"国家検定合格品 - メガネ - 製品情報 ｜ トーヨーセフティー"
1367:. 11 February 2020. Archived from
1006:
917:ultraviolet germicidal irradiation
700:3M 2091 filter with P3-BR approval
375:used to safeguard workers against
328:seal better and protect the eyes.
14:
3465:
3161:Surface-supplied diving equipment
2873:Self-contained self-rescue device
2780:High altitude breathing apparatus
1861:from the original on 20 June 2019
1831:from the original on 20 June 2019
1669:from the original on 20 June 2024
1505:from the original on 16 June 2019
1323:from the original on 9 April 2023
1158:
1091:
827:Other standards (KN95 and others)
569:powered air-purifying respirators
214:More obscure mechanisms include:
191:by an enhancing mechanism called
3420:
3408:
3397:
3396:
3321:Respiratory protective equipment
3306:Open circuit breathing apparatus
2895:Powered air-purifying respirator
2821:Occupational breathing apparatus
2176:Aerosol and Air Quality Research
1888:Aerosol and Air Quality Research
842:Chinese standard for respirators
613:This section is an excerpt from
432:This section is an excerpt from
369:powered air-purifying respirator
362:Powered air-purifying respirator
360:This section is an excerpt from
301:This section is an excerpt from
29:
2688:
2631:
2613:
2580:
2466:
2446:
2432:
2414:
2396:
2382:
2368:
2350:
2336:
2318:
2300:
2282:
2264:
2242:
2228:
2210:
2204:"[Global] Soomlab Mask"
2196:
2163:
2149:
2131:
2113:
2095:
2023:
1872:
1843:
1809:
1780:
1739:
1681:
1663:"NIOSH Pocket Guide - Asbestos"
1655:
1644:from the original on 8 May 2024
1554:
1483:
1295:
1266:
1248:
1227:
554:type filters, a 200 mg load of
409:U.S. standards (N95 and others)
337:filtering facepiece respirators
275:Filtering facepiece respirators
3130:Underwater breathing apparatus
3057:Respiratory gas humidification
2831:
2621:"Hydrogen Peroxide Gas Plasma"
1746:Vanessa, Roberts (Fall 2014).
943:UVGI (an ultraviolet method),
575:particles and are oil-proof.
546:. Class-100 filters can block
133:Small particles zigzag due to
86:Filtering half mask, reusable
23:Mechanical filter (respirator)
1:
2728:– via ACS Publications.
1387:Bach, Michael (6 July 2017).
962:
262:, and then layered to form a
149:). Mid-size particles follow
2791:Aviation breathing apparatus
2656:10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118756
2587:Mills, Stu (10 April 2020).
1280:. 2018-01-29. Archived from
994:Wei, Neo Kang (6 May 2019).
938:hydrogen peroxide gas plasma
245:
7:
3316:Positive pressure breathing
3301:Negative pressure breathing
3255:
2973:Medical breathing apparatus
2644:Journal of Membrane Science
2358:"クリーン、ヘルス、セーフティで社会に 興研株式会社"
1442:. National Academies Press.
949:vaporized hydrogen peroxide
137:, and are easily captured (
10:
3470:
3286:Escape breathing apparatus
3212:User respiratory interface
2950:GB2626 (China), and others
2422:"製品情報：メディカル資材 医療用マスク＆キャップ"
1568:(TED 01-00-015 ed.).
1234:Feng, Emily (2020-03-16).
830:
612:
431:
393:assigned protection factor
359:
300:
3392:
3348:Closed circuit rebreather
3261:
3250:
3218:
3205:
3136:
3123:
3043:Built-in breathing system
2979:
2966:
2945:EN 149/14683/143 (Europe)
2933:42 CFR 84 (United States)
2925:
2839:
2830:
2826:
2815:
2786:
2773:
2527:10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002553
2189:10.4209/aaqr.2013.06.0201
2000:World Health Organization
1900:10.4209/aaqr.2005.06.0003
1748:"To PAPR or Not to PAPR?"
1436:"Elastomeric Respirators"
1079:. CDC NIOSH. April 2003.
787:
784:
778:
772:
751:
748:
742:
736:
519:
507:
316:material, which may be a
69:
58:
40:
28:
21:
3052:Positive airway pressure
3026:Non-invasive ventilation
1314:10.26616/NIOSHPUB2018128
1189:Xie, John (2020-03-19).
1169:"Standard for Dust Mask"
1085:10.26616/NIOSHPUB2003136
117:that mechanically stops
3363:Carbon dioxide scrubber
3331:Constant flow regulator
3183:Atmospheric diving suit
3099:Partial rebreather mask
2863:Supplied-air respirator
2796:Emergency oxygen system
2272:"블루나(BLUNA) 프리미엄 아기물티슈"
1220:The Wall Street Journal
947:, dry oven heating and
709:elastomeric respirators
310:Elastomeric respirators
288:Elastomeric respirators
269:
107:particulate respirators
2915:Elastomeric respirator
2880:Particulate respirator
1603:10.26616/NIOSHPUB99143
898:Disinfection and reuse
851:
843:
701:
609:
601:
508:NaCl (N) or DOP (R,P)
428:
303:Elastomeric respirator
297:
264:nonwoven polypropylene
242:
162:
154:
125:Mechanism of operation
99:
91:
88:elastomeric respirator
3193:Helium reclaim system
3171:Helicopter escape set
3156:Full-face diving mask
2276:블루나(BLUNA) 프리미엄 아기물티슈
2121:"Powecom - home page"
849:
841:
732:Typical elastic band
699:
644:Typical elastic band
607:
599:
533:N100, R100, P100, HE
426:
295:
232:
160:
132:
97:
85:
3281:Emergency gas supply
3176:Submarine escape set
2710:10.1021/jacs.1c08576
1501:. January 29, 2018.
1467:. February 6, 2020.
464:(DOP) oil particles.
447:not resistant to oil
404:Filtration standards
371:(PAPR) is a type of
237:P95 filters used in
208:electrostatic charge
3368:Semi-closed circuit
3311:Oxygen concentrator
3079:Non-rebreather mask
3062:Supplemental oxygen
3038:Hyperbaric medicine
2984:Anaesthetic machine
2767:Breathing apparatus
2704:(40): 16777–16785.
2576:. 11 February 2020.
2404:"TRUSCO トラスコ中山株式会社"
2362:www.koken-ltd.co.jp
2312:NPPTL | NIOSH | CDC
2222:AirQUEEN™ Nano Mask
2143:www.dashengmask.com
1116:2017NatSR...739956Q
983:. 11 February 2020.
481:
3454:1956 introductions
3326:Pressure regulator
3141:Open-circuit scuba
2902:Chemical cartridge
2019:alternative source
1393:NIOSH Science Blog
1104:Scientific Reports
1022:TSI Incorporated.
852:
844:
702:
623:particle-filtering
610:
602:
479:
429:
332:chemical cartridge
298:
243:
163:
155:
113:for air-purifying
103:Mechanical filters
100:
92:
3436:
3435:
3388:
3387:
3380:Escape respirator
3375:Work of breathing
3358:Oxygen rebreather
3246:
3245:
3201:
3200:
3151:Diving rebreather
3119:
3118:
3072:Reservoir cannula
2962:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2811:
2810:
2515:BMJ Global Health
2290:"TIA - BOTN KF94"
1706:. pp. 14–23.
1704:Engineer's Digest
1538:. June 6, 2014 .
1125:10.1038/srep39956
1000:Smart Air Filters
934:isopropyl alcohol
808:
807:
705:European standard
690:
689:
540:
539:
496:Efficiency Level
462:dioctyl phthalate
424:
252:synthetic polymer
233:Cross-section of
161:Filter mechanisms
109:, are a class of
80:
79:
3461:
3424:
3423:
3412:
3411:
3400:
3399:
3252:
3251:
3207:
3206:
3125:
3124:
3104:Simple face mask
2968:
2967:
2828:
2827:
2817:
2816:
2775:
2774:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2737:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2675:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2566:
2557:
2556:
2546:
2506:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2408:www.trusco.co.jp
2400:
2394:
2393:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2314:. 24 April 2020.
2304:
2298:
2297:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2256:. Archived from
2246:
2240:
2239:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2078:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2027:
2021:
2017:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1997:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1965:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1933:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1908:
1885:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1827:. June 6, 2014.
1813:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1767:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1643:
1636:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1611:
1596:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1524:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1453:
1444:
1443:
1431:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1384:
1373:
1372:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1347:www.remm.nlm.gov
1339:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1322:
1307:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1210:
1201:
1200:
1196:Voice of America
1186:
1177:
1176:
1165:
1156:
1155:
1145:
1127:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1078:
1070:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1047:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1028:
1019:
1004:
1003:
991:
985:
984:
973:
714:
713:
632:
631:
482:
478:
458:resistant to oil
425:
322:synthetic rubber
73:edit on Wikidata
33:
24:
19:
18:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3384:
3257:
3242:
3222:Breathing mask
3214:
3197:
3132:
3115:
2975:
2954:
2938:ANSI K13.1-1973
2921:
2835:
2822:
2807:
2782:
2769:
2764:
2734:
2733:
2693:
2689:
2636:
2632:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2585:
2581:
2568:
2567:
2560:
2507:
2490:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2426:www.vicre.co.jp
2420:
2419:
2415:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2236:"Main products"
2234:
2233:
2229:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2182:(3): 991–1002.
2168:
2164:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2125:www.powecom.com
2119:
2118:
2114:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2086:
2084:
2076:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2057:
2055:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1976:
1974:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1944:
1942:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1883:
1877:
1873:
1864:
1862:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1834:
1832:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1801:
1799:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1744:
1740:
1731:
1729:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1700:
1696:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1672:
1670:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1575:
1573:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1545:
1543:
1526:
1525:
1518:
1508:
1506:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1474:
1472:
1455:
1454:
1447:
1432:
1425:
1416:
1414:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1385:
1376:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1308:. NIOSH. 2018.
1305:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1287:
1285:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1232:
1228:
1211:
1204:
1187:
1180:
1167:
1166:
1159:
1096:
1092:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1064:
1056:
1048:
1041:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1020:
1007:
992:
988:
975:
974:
970:
965:
921:chlorine bleach
900:
836:
829:
824:
823:
811:sodium chloride
729:Inward leakage
692:
691:
641:Inward leakage
618:
594:
587:
586:
451:sodium chloride
437:
413:
411:
406:
401:
400:
365:
357:
352:
351:
344:N95 respirators
306:
290:
277:
272:
248:
197:Brownian motion
135:Brownian motion
127:
76:
36:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3467:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3418:
3406:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3226:Full facepiece
3219:
3216:
3215:
3203:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3033:Oxygen therapy
3030:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3006:
3004:Bag valve mask
2996:
2991:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2904:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2885:N95 respirator
2877:
2876:
2875:
2865:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2847:
2845:
2837:
2836:
2824:
2823:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2771:
2770:
2763:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2740:
2732:
2731:
2687:
2630:
2612:
2594:
2579:
2558:
2521:(5): e002553.
2488:
2465:
2445:
2431:
2413:
2395:
2381:
2367:
2349:
2335:
2317:
2299:
2281:
2263:
2260:on 2020-11-01.
2254:drpurimask.com
2241:
2227:
2209:
2195:
2162:
2148:
2130:
2112:
2107:harleykn95.com
2094:
2083:. 24 June 2020
2081:Bureau Veritas
2065:
2052:HKTDC Research
2039:
2022:
2014:"NF EN 149+A1"
2005:
1984:
1952:
1920:
1871:
1857:. 2018-10-16.
1842:
1808:
1794:. 2020-04-09.
1779:
1738:
1724:. 2020-04-19.
1709:
1694:
1680:
1654:
1623:
1583:
1553:
1516:
1482:
1445:
1423:
1398:
1374:
1371:on 2023-02-11.
1352:
1334:
1294:
1265:
1247:
1226:
1202:
1178:
1157:
1090:
1062:
1039:
1005:
986:
967:
966:
964:
961:
945:ethylene oxide
899:
896:
895:
894:
891:
888:
872:
871:
864:
850:Face mask KN95
833:N95 respirator
828:
825:
820:truncated mean
806:
805:
802:
798:
797:
794:
790:
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
770:
769:
766:
762:
761:
758:
754:
753:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
734:
733:
730:
727:
724:
721:
718:
694:
693:
688:
687:
684:
681:
678:
674:
673:
672:Blue or White
670:
667:
664:
660:
659:
656:
653:
650:
646:
645:
642:
639:
636:
619:
611:
593:
590:
538:
537:
534:
530:
529:
526:
525:N99, R99, P99
522:
521:
518:
515:
509:
505:
504:
500:Permitted for
498:
492:
486:
473:
472:
465:
454:
438:
430:
410:
407:
405:
402:
366:
358:
356:
353:
307:
299:
289:
286:
276:
273:
271:
268:
247:
244:
235:NIOSH-approved
223:
222:
219:
212:
211:
200:
189:
182:
126:
123:
78:
77:
70:
67:
66:
63:
56:
55:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3466:
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3449:Respirators
3353:Counterlung
3296:Hazmat suit
3094:Oxygen tent
3089:Oxygen mask
3084:Oxygen hood
3009:Pocket mask
2989:Bubble CPAP
2926:Regulations
2906:Facepieces
1855:www.cdc.gov
1835:February 9,
1576:February 9,
1546:February 9,
1509:February 9,
1475:February 9,
1256:US 4215682A
1173:JICOSH Home
779:Attachment
514:, R95, P95
488:Respirator
326:respirators
314:elastomeric
167:woodworking
115:respirators
3443:Categories
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3276:Dead space
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2459:2024-07-16
1865:2020-06-22
1802:2020-05-26
1732:2020-05-25
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1288:2020-03-27
963:References
909:SARS-CoV-2
903:replaced.
818:each. The
600:FFP2 masks
453:particles.
373:respirator
341:disposable
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3291:Facepiece
3231:Half mask
3021:Iron lung
2890:Dust mask
2726:238229650
2664:0376-7388
2535:2059-7908
1134:2045-2322
765:Type IIR
737:EN 14683
717:Standard
469:oil-proof
397:N95 masks
385:pollutant
348:FFP masks
246:Materials
202:by using
193:diffusion
186:impaction
151:flowlines
147:impaction
139:diffusion
45:42 CFR 84
3427:Glossary
3403:Category
2856:Canister
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2718:34590851
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1667:Archived
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1607:Archived
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1469:Archived
1461:ecfr.gov
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1152:28051158
1032:29 April
925:chlorine
757:Type II
655:<22%
548:asbestos
494:Minimum
389:pathogen
266:fabric.
260:electret
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2058:27 July
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1327:29 May
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550:. For
490:Class
467:P for
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