922:; In the COVID-19 pandemic, the US CDC recommended that if masks run short, each health care worker should be issued with five masks, one to be used per day, such that each mask spends at least five days stored in a paper bag between each use. If there are not enough masks to do this, they recommend sterilizing the masks between uses. Some hospitals have been stockpiling used masks as a precaution. The US CDC issued guidelines on stretching N95 supplies, recommending extended use over re-use. They highlighted the risk of infection from touching the contaminated outer surface of the mask, which even professionals frequently unintentionally do, and recommended washing hands every time before touching the mask. To reduce mask surface contamination, they recommended face shields, and asking patients to wear masks too ("source masking").
106:
94:
425:
42:
858:
616:
141:
708:
169:
241:
3409:
3433:
850:
608:
3421:
596:, an APR with a P100 classification would be at least 99.97% efficient at removing particles of this size. Particles with a size both less than and greater than 0.3 μm may be filtered at an efficiency greater than 99.97%. However, this may not always be the case, as the most penetrating particle size for N95s was measured to be below 0.1 μm, as opposed to the predicted size of between 0.1 and 0.3 μm.
428:
427:
432:
431:
426:
433:
430:
434:
451:
Under the current revision of Part 84 established in 1995, NIOSH established nine classifications of approved particulate filtering respirators based on a combination of the respirator series and efficiency level. The first part of the filter's classification indicates the series using the letters N,
236:
Considering only particulates carried on an air stream and a fiber mesh filter, diffusion predominates below the 0.1 μm diameter particle size. Impaction and interception predominate above 0.4 μm. In between, near the most penetrating particle size of 0.3 μm, diffusion and interception
966:
It has been shown that masks can also be sterilized by ionizing radiation. Gamma radiation and high energy electrons penetrate deeply into the material and can be used to sterilize large batches of masks within a short time period. The masks can be sterilized up to two times but have to be recharged
2706:
Cheung, Yuk Ha; Ma, Kaikai; van
Leeuwen, Hans C.; Wasson, Megan C.; Wang, Xingjie; Idrees, Karam B.; Gong, Wei; Cao, Ran; Mahle, John J.; Islamoglu, Timur; Peterson, Gregory W.; de Koning, Martijn C.; Xin, John H.; Farha, Omar K. (October 13, 2021). "Immobilized Regenerable Active Chlorine within a
639:
A mask conforming to the standard must have its class written on it, along with the name of the standard and its year of publication, as well as any applicable option codes, e.g. “EN 149:2001 FFP1 NR D”. Some manufacturers use in addition the colour of the elastic band to identify the mask class,
290:
Filtering facepiece respirators consist mainly of the mechanical filtration medium itself, and are discarded when they become unusable due to damage, dirt, or excessive breathing resistance. Filtering facepieces are typically simple, light, single-piece, half-face masks and employ the first three
828:
aerosols after storing the filters at 70 °C (158 °F) and −30 °C (−22 °F) for 24 h each. The standards include testing mechanical strength, breathing resistance and clogging. EN 149 tests the inward leakage between the mask and face, where 10 human subjects perform 5 exercises
913:
Hard filtering facepiece respirator masks are generally designed to be disposable, for 8 hours of continuous or intermittent use. One laboratory found that there was a decrease in fit quality after five consecutive donnings. Once they are physically too clogged to breathe through, they must be
180:
or metal processing, when contaminated air is passed through the filter material. Wool is still used today as a filter, along with plastic, glass, cellulose, and combinations of two or more of these materials. Since the filters cannot be cleaned and reused and have a limited lifespan, cost and
951:(made under a vacuum with radio waves). The static electrical charge on the microfibers is destroyed by some cleaning methods. UVGI (ultraviolet light), boiling water vapour, and dry oven heating do not seem to reduce the filter efficiency, and these methods successfully decontaminate masks.
873:
Chinese KN95 (GB2626-2006): similar to US. Has category KN (non-oily particles) and KP (oily particles), 90/95/100 versions. EU-style leakage requirements. In China, KN95 respirators are made by companies such as
Guangzhou Harley, Guangzhou Powecom, Shanghai Dasheng and
869:, respirators made according to the following standards are equivalent to US N95 or European FFP2 respirators "for filtering non-oil-based particles such as those resulting from wildfires, PM 2.5 air pollution, volcanic eruptions, or bioaerosols (e.g. viruses)":
925:
Apart from time, other methods of disinfection have been tested. Physical damage to the masks has been observed when microwaving them, microwaving them in a steam bag, letting them sit in moist heat, and hitting them with excessively high doses of
452:
R, or P to indicate the filter's resistance to filtration efficiency degradation when exposed to oil-based or oil-like aerosols (e.g., lubricants, cutting fluids, glycerine, etc.). Definitions and intended use for each series is indicated below.
917:
Hard filtering facepiece respirator masks are sometimes reused, especially during pandemics, when there are shortages. Infectious particles could survive on the masks for up to 24 hours after the end of use, according to studies using models of
577:
type filters, an indefinite amount of DOP is used until filtration efficiency stabilizes. P100 filters, under 42 CFR part 84, are the only filters permitted to be magenta in color. HE (high-efficiency) labeled filters are only provided for
429:
2484:
942:
Some methods may not visibly damage the mask, but they ruin the mask's ability to filter. This has been seen in attempts to sterilize by soaking in soap and water, heating dry to 160 °C (320 °F), and treating with 70%
962:
are currently the most-favoured methods in use in hospitals, but none have been properly tested. Where enough masks are available, cycling them and reusing a mask only after letting it sit unused for five days is preferred.
345:
filters that remove gases, mechanical filters that retain particulate matter, or both. As particulate filters, they are comparable (or, due to the quality and error-tolerance of the elastomeric seal, possibly superior) to
2029:
486:
The second value indicates the minimum efficiency level of the filter. When tested according to the protocol established by NIOSH each filter classification must demonstrate the minimum efficiency level indicated below.
2024:
938:
when the mask becomes moist, and in one study, physical breakdown of the nosepads, causing increased leakage. Fit and comfort do not seem to be harmed by UVGI, moist heat incubation, and microwave-generated steam.
889:
has also published a guideline for using non-NIOSH masks instead of the N95 in the COVID-19 response. The OSHA has a similar document. The following respirator standards are considered similar to N95 in the US:
1479:
199:, when larger particles unable to follow the curving contours of the airstream are forced to embed in one of the fibers directly; this increases with diminishing fiber separation and higher air flow velocity
206:, where gas molecules collide with the smallest particles, especially those below 100 nm in diameter, which are thereby impeded and delayed in their path through the filter; this effect is similar to
2465:"NORMA Oficial Mexicana NOM-116-STPS-2009, Seguridad-Equipo de protección personal-Respiradores purificadores de aire de presión negativa contra partículas nocivas-Especificaciones y métodos de prueba"
894:
Japanese DS2/RS2 (JMHLW-Notification 214, 2018): EU-like grades with two-letter prefix – first letter D/R stands for disposable or replaceable; second letter S/L stands for dry (NaCl) or oily (
2649:
Pirker, Luka; Krajnc, Anja Pogačnik; Malec, Jan; Radulović, Vladimir; Gradišek, Anton; Jelen, Andreja; Remškar, Maja; Mekjavić, Igor B.; Kovač, Janez; Mozetič, Miran; Snoj, Luka (2020-10-01).
1699:
304:
2520:
Godoy, Laura R. Garcia; Jones, Amy E.; Anderson, Taylor N.; Fisher, Cameron L.; Seeley, Kylie M. L.; Beeson, Erynn A.; Zane, Hannah K.; Peterson, Jaime W.; Sullivan, Peter D. (1 May 2020).
1608:. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. September 1999.
2337:"Enforcement Guidance for Use of Respiratory Protection Equipment Certified under Standards of Other Countries or Jurisdictions During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic"
1736:
291:
mechanical filter mechanisms in the list above to remove particulates from the air stream. The most common of these is the white, disposable standard N95 variety; another type is the
295:
mask. It is discarded after single use or some extended period depending on the contaminant. NIOSH recommends not reusing filtering facepieces in biosafety level 2 or 3 laboratories.
1246:
1226:"Critical Component of Protective Masks in Short Supply - The epidemic has driven up demand for material in N95 filters; 'everyone thinks there is this magic factory somewhere'"
948:
1892:"Filtering Efficiency of N95- and R95-Type Facepiece Respirators, Dust-Mist Facepiece Respirators, and Surgical Masks Operating in Unipolarly Ionized Indoor Air Environments"
877:
Korean 1st Class (KMOEL - 2017–64), also referred to as "KF94": EU grades, KF 80/94/99 for second/first/special. In Korea, KF94 respirators are made by companies such as
1371:
1467:
1328:
1513:
1284:
402:, actively removes (filters) a sufficient proportion of these hazards, and then delivers the clean air to the user's face or mouth and nose. They have a higher
636:
half masks: FFP1, FFP2 and FFP3. The protection provided by an FFP2 (or FFP3) mask includes the protection provided by a mask of the lower-numbered classes.
1617:
2948:
1806:
1982:
1950:
886:
718:
EN 143 defines the 'P' classes of particle filters that can be attached to a face mask. These filters are typically used on reusable respirators, like
2041:
1270:
1649:
1580:
898:) particles. Japanese DS2 respirators are made by companies such as Hogy Medical, Koken, Shigematsu, Toyo Safety, Trusco, Vilene and Yamamoto Safety.
2183:"Comparison of Filtration Efficiency and Pressure Drop in Anti-Yellow Sand Masks, Quarantine Masks, Medical Masks, General Masks, and Handkerchiefs"
2085:"China Mandatory Standard GB 2626-2019 Respiratory Protection—Non-Powered Air-Purifying Particle Respirator Effective Date Postponed to July 1 2021"
210:
and increases the probability that particles will be stopped by either of the two mechanisms above; it becomes dominant at lower air flow velocities
2336:
1201:
1085:"Guidance for Filtration and Air-Cleaning Systems to Protect Building Environments from Airborne Chemical, Biological, or Radiological Attacks"
341:
Elastomeric respirators consist of a reusable mask that seals to the face, with exchangeable filters. Elastomeric respirators can be used with
2768:
1728:
1828:"NIOSH Guide to the Selection and Use of Particulate Respirators Appendix E: Commonly Asked Questions and Answers About Part 84 Respirators"
2852:
70:
17:
252:
operations. Even "clean" industrial processes often generate large amounts of harmful particulate matter and require breathing protection.
3437:
2631:
2084:
1835:
1546:
1509:
1475:
640:
however, the EN 149 standard does not specify any such colour coding and different manufacturers have used different colour schemes.
2580:
307:
A half-face elastomeric air-purifying respirator. This kind of respirator is reusable, with the filters being replaced periodically.
1869:
1839:
1225:
2059:"China Releases an Updated Mandatory Standard GB 2626-2019 Respiratory Protection - Non-Powered Air-Purifying Particle Respirator"
161:
1550:
2599:
403:
1914:
1379:
987:
3425:
2003:
482:. Used when oil particulates are present and the filter is re-used for more than one shift. Tested with DOP oil particles.
3281:
3004:
1677:
1313:
1084:
1034:
2878:
2813:
2614:"Recommended Guidance for Extended Use and Limited Reuse of N95 Filtering Facepiece Respirators in Healthcare Settings"
927:
229:
by using certain coatings on the fibers that kill or deactivate infectious particles colliding with them (such as salt)
1501:
1417:
1292:
3171:
2883:
2790:
2761:
625:
3331:
3316:
2905:
2214:
579:
444:
379:
372:
1602:
1179:
771:
Not fluid-resistant, 98% droplet filtration, intended for use by healthcare workers in droplet-free environments
232:
by using gravity and allowing particles to settle into the filter material (this effect is typically negligible)
3140:
3067:
347:
2613:
1798:
1064:
Submicron and
Nanoparticulate Matter Removal by HEPA-Rated Media Filters and Packed Beds of Granular Materials
865:
Respirator standards around the world loosely fall into the two camps of US- and EU-like grades. According to
2955:
1700:"DHHS Pub 96-101 NIOSH Guide to the Selection & Use of Particulate Respirators Certified Under 42 CFR 84"
2319:"NPPTL Respirator Assessments to Support the COVID-19 Response, International Respirator Assessment Request"
1062:
192:
when particles following a line of flow in the airstream come within one radius of a fiber and adhere to it;
3413:
2801:
2754:
2181:
Jung, Hyejung; Kim, Jongbo; Lee, Seungju; Lee, Jinho; Kim, Jooyoun; Tsai, Perngjy; Yoon, Chungsik (2014).
1642:
1572:
3464:
3326:
3311:
2983:
2943:
1354:"PPE Image Gallery: Respiratory Protective Equipment - Civilian - Radiation Emergency Medical Management"
959:
245:
2042:"Technical Bulletin: Comparison of FFP2, KN95, and N95 and Other Filtering Facepiece Respirator Classes"
3296:
3222:
1266:
2485:"NORMA BRASILEIRA E quip amento de proteção respiratória — Peça semifacial fi ltrante para partículas"
3358:
3053:
2260:
2010:
970:
A recent development is a composite fabric that can deactivate both biological and chemical threats.
471:. Used when oil particulates are present and the filter is disposed of after one shift. Tested using
105:
2318:
2167:
1399:
3062:
3036:
1006:
164:
and are more likely to get through the filter; the hardest size to filter is 0.3 microns diameter.
3373:
3341:
3286:
3193:
3109:
2873:
2806:
2638:. Disinfection & Sterilization Guidelines, Guidelines Library, Infection Control. 2019-04-04.
1230:
1972:"Fiche pratique de sécurité ED 105. Appareils de protection respiratoire et métiers de la santé"
1940:"Fiche pratique de sécurité ED 105. Appareils de protection respiratoire et métiers de la santé"
2925:
719:
320:
313:
274:
98:
2464:
2004:"COVID-19 Technical Specifications for Personal Protective Equipment and Related IPC supplies"
1713:
Herring Jr., Ronald N. (1997). "42 CFR Part 84: It's time to change respirators... but how?".
181:
disposability are key factors. Single-use, disposable and replaceable-cartridge models exist.
93:
3203:
3181:
3166:
573:
type filters, a 200 mg of DOP is used, with a defined service time of "one work shift". For
217:
filter material (usually, electrospun plastic fibers) to attract or repel particles with an
3459:
3291:
3186:
1122:
218:
2451:"使い捨て式マスク,使い捨て式防じんマスク(Ds2) | Yamamoto 公式オンラインショップ | Yamamoto Safety Online Shop"
8:
3378:
3321:
3089:
3072:
3048:
2994:
2777:
2651:"Sterilization of polypropylene membranes of facepiece respirators by ionizing radiation"
1451:
Reusable
Elastomeric Respirators in Health Care: Considerations for Routine and Surge Use
1035:"Mechanisms of Filtration for High Efficiency Fibrous Filters - Application Note ITI-041"
1861:
1827:
1400:"Understanding respiratory protection options in Healthcare: The Overlooked Elastomeric"
1126:
3336:
3176:
3151:
2912:
2732:
2683:
2650:
2554:
2521:
1775:
1758:
1729:"Considerations for Optimizing the Supply of Powered Air-Purifying Respirators (PAPRs)"
1153:
1110:
1109:
Quan, Fu-Shi; Rubino, Ilaria; Lee, Su-Hwa; Koch, Brendan; Choi, Hyo-Jick (2017-01-04).
342:
140:
857:
615:
41:
3390:
3385:
3368:
3161:
3082:
2866:
2736:
2724:
2707:
Zirconium-Based MOF Textile
Composite to Eliminate Biological and Chemical Threats".
2688:
2670:
2559:
2541:
2400:
2246:
2058:
1780:
1538:
1372:"Elastomeric Respirators: Strategies During Conventional and Surge Demand Situations"
1247:"COVID-19 Has Caused A Shortage Of Face Masks. But They're Surprisingly Hard To Make"
1158:
1140:
988:"Elastomeric Respirators: Strategies During Conventional and Surge Demand Situations"
944:
895:
715:
472:
410:. PAPRs are sometimes called positive-pressure masks, blower units, or just blowers.
262:
2450:
1971:
1939:
176:
Mechanical filter respirators retain particulate matter such as dust created during
3114:
2716:
2678:
2662:
2549:
2533:
2194:
1906:
1891:
1770:
1609:
1603:"TB Respiratory Protection Program In Health Care Facilities Administrator's Guide"
1573:"OSHA Technical Manual Section 8VII: Chapter 2 Respiratory Protection Appendix 2-4"
1320:
1206:
1148:
1130:
1091:
707:
332:
1314:"Filtering out Confusion: Frequently Asked Questions about Respiratory Protection"
2666:
931:
821:
461:
207:
145:
132:
from reaching the wearer's nose and mouth. They come in multiple physical forms.
1446:
833:
of average leakage from 8 individuals must not exceed the aforementioned values.
3236:
3043:
3014:
2895:
1353:
955:
843:
830:
354:
328:
168:
2537:
2199:
2182:
1910:
1673:
1643:"DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service 42 CFR Part 84"
3453:
3276:
3246:
3156:
3077:
2674:
2545:
2522:"Facial protection for healthcare workers during pandemics: a scoping review"
2065:. 20 April 2020. Classification and Marking: 2. Filter element categorization
1502:"Respirator Trusted-Source Information Section 1: NIOSH-Approved Respirators"
1324:
1144:
1111:"Universal and reusable virus deactivation system for respiratory protection"
1095:
2386:
3346:
3198:
3119:
3009:
2728:
2692:
2563:
1784:
1613:
1162:
554:
512:
387:
303:
292:
266:
249:
129:
2432:
820:
Both
European standard EN 143 and EN 149 test filter penetration with dry
632:
The EN 149 standard defines performance requirements for three classes of
240:
83:
3363:
3306:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3019:
2999:
2720:
2354:
825:
967:
after every sterilization as the surface charge is lost upon radiation.
323:, also called reusable air-purifying respirators, seal to the face with
3353:
3026:
2920:
2843:
919:
633:
593:
583:
383:
336:
184:
Mechanical filters remove contaminants from air in the following ways:
125:
121:
2746:
2600:"Researchers looking at innovative ways to sterilize single-use masks"
1135:
3301:
3241:
3031:
2900:
2017:
395:
390:
air. PAPRs consist of a headgear-and-fan assembly that takes ambient
324:
55:
46:
Face mask (filtering facepiece respirator) FFP3 with exhalation valve
1996:
2861:
1964:
1595:
935:
558:
522:
407:
399:
358:
270:
214:
177:
1932:
1364:
335:. They are generally reusable. Full-face versions of elastomeric
1832:
The
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
1635:
1543:
The
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
1539:"NIOSH Guide to the Selection and Use of Particulate Respirators"
1533:
1531:
1462:
1460:
1445:
Liverman CT, Yost OC, Rogers BM, et al., eds. (2018-12-06).
1393:
1391:
1389:
901:
Mexican N95 (and others) (NOM-116-2009): same grades as in NIOSH.
607:
221:, so that they are more likely to collide with the filter surface
1706:
1202:"World Depends on China for Face Masks But Can Country Deliver?"
2368:
1890:
Lee, Byung Uk; Yermakov, Mikhail; Grinshpun, Sergey A. (2005).
1862:"CDC - NIOSH Publications and Products - Appendices for 96-101"
757:
Less than 98% droplet filtration, intended for use by patients
101:
with pink replaceable pancake filters and grey exhalation valve
63:
59:
2620:. NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic. CDC. 27 March 2020.
2300:
2149:
1721:
1528:
1506:
The
National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory (NPPTL)
1457:
1386:
1346:
849:
1468:"42 CFR Part 84 - Approval of Respiratory Protective Devices"
1440:
1438:
491:
NIOSH particulate respirator class minimum efficiency levels
365:
2414:
2261:"DR. PURI KF94 MASK | DR PURI KF94 FACE MASK MADE IN KOREA"
566:
460:. Used when oil particulates are not present. Tested using
2648:
2268:
2131:
1803:
U.S. National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
1435:
1422:
U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
1289:
U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
2705:
2113:
1410:
1251:
881:, Soomlab, Airqueen, Kleannara, Dr. Puri, Bluna and BOTN.
391:
269:. The fibers are charged as they are blown to produce an
2519:
2228:
1418:"Respirator Trusted-Source Information: What are they?"
1285:"Respirator Trusted-Source Information: What are they?"
878:
866:
602:
2960:
2282:
156:), or have too much inertia to turn, and hit a fiber (
2789:
1061:
perry, J.L.; Agui, J.H.; Vijayakumar, R. (May 2016),
904:
Brazilian PFF2 (ABNT/NBR 13698:2011): EU-like grades.
582:. HE-marked filters are 99.97% efficient against 0.3
2831:
1889:
1060:
837:
1799:"Understanding Respiratory Protection Against SARS"
3139:
1444:
779:Fluid-resistant, 98% droplet filtration, surgical
419:
285:
1108:
261:Mechanical filters can be made of a fine mesh of
3451:
1224:Evan, Melanie; Hufford, Austen (March 7, 2020).
842:"KN95" redirects here. For the US standard, see
737:Filter penetration limit (at 95 L/min air flow)
649:Filter penetration limit (at 95 L/min air flow)
2982:
1733:U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1376:U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
992:U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3221:
2606:
815:Filters at least 99.95% of airborne particles
569:is used, with and undefined service time. For
109:Full-face elastomeric respirators seal better.
2762:
2341:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
2180:
406:than filtering facepiece respirators such as
2051:
2047:. 3M Personal Safety Division. January 2020.
1195:
1193:
1032:
438:A video describing N95 certification testing
27:Air-filtering face masks or mask attachments
2575:
2573:
2387:"使い捨て式防じんマスク | 製品情報 | 株式会社 重松製作所"
1712:
1223:
807:Filters at least 94% of airborne particles
793:Filters at least 80% of airborne particles
691:Filters at least 99% of airborne particles
677:Filters at least 94% of airborne particles
663:Filters at least 80% of airborne particles
3432:
2769:
2755:
2585:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2515:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2503:
1836:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1547:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1510:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1476:United States Government Publishing Office
934:, may cause residual smell, offgassing of
298:
2682:
2553:
2198:
2168:"FLTR95 Sealing Face Masks 100PK - White"
2027:. www.boutique.afnor.org. September 2009.
1774:
1190:
1152:
1134:
980:
908:
366:Powered air-purifying respirators (PAPRs)
135:
2709:Journal of the American Chemical Society
2570:
1648:. US Federal Register. pp. 26850-26893.
1079:
1077:
1056:
1054:
1007:"What is PM0.3 and Why Is It Important?"
930:(UVGI). Chlorine-based methods, such as
856:
848:
706:
614:
606:
423:
302:
239:
167:
139:
104:
92:
2776:
2500:
2150:"Dasheng Health Products Manufacturing"
1763:Canadian Journal of Respiratory Therapy
1756:
619:Face mask FFP2 without exhalation valve
553:All respirator types are permitted for
445:NIOSH air filtration rating § 42 CFR 84
414:
14:
3452:
1583:from the original on 28 September 2019
1219:
1217:
626:European respirator standards § EN 149
592:most penetrating particle size of 0.3
394:contaminated with one or more type of
3265:
3220:
3138:
2981:
2830:
2788:
2750:
2597:
2581:"Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)"
2077:
1482:from the original on 23 February 2020
1074:
1051:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
588:Since filters are tested against the
152:). Large particles get strained out (
3420:
2602:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.
1920:from the original on 20 January 2022
1809:from the original on 6 December 2020
1623:from the original on 10 October 2022
1397:
1244:
1174:
1172:
603:European standards (FFP2 and others)
3282:Breathing performance of regulators
3005:Continuous positive airway pressure
1739:from the original on 6 January 2023
1553:from the original on 11 August 2019
1214:
1199:
1004:
998:
265:fibers. The fibers are produced by
24:
2879:Self-contained breathing apparatus
2814:Mountaineering breathing apparatus
2401:"国家検定合格品 - メガネ - 製品情報 ｜ トーヨーセフティー"
1378:. 11 February 2020. Archived from
1017:
928:ultraviolet germicidal irradiation
711:3M 2091 filter with P3-BR approval
386:used to safeguard workers against
339:seal better and protect the eyes.
25:
3476:
3172:Surface-supplied diving equipment
2884:Self-contained self-rescue device
2791:High altitude breathing apparatus
1872:from the original on 20 June 2019
1842:from the original on 20 June 2019
1680:from the original on 20 June 2024
1516:from the original on 16 June 2019
1334:from the original on 9 April 2023
1169:
1102:
838:Other standards (KN95 and others)
580:powered air-purifying respirators
225:More obscure mechanisms include:
202:by an enhancing mechanism called
3431:
3419:
3408:
3407:
3332:Respiratory protective equipment
3317:Open circuit breathing apparatus
2906:Powered air-purifying respirator
2832:Occupational breathing apparatus
2187:Aerosol and Air Quality Research
1899:Aerosol and Air Quality Research
853:Chinese standard for respirators
624:This section is an excerpt from
443:This section is an excerpt from
380:powered air-purifying respirator
373:Powered air-purifying respirator
371:This section is an excerpt from
312:This section is an excerpt from
40:
2699:
2642:
2624:
2591:
2477:
2457:
2443:
2425:
2407:
2393:
2379:
2361:
2347:
2329:
2311:
2293:
2275:
2253:
2239:
2221:
2215:"[Global] Soomlab Mask"
2207:
2174:
2160:
2142:
2124:
2106:
2034:
1883:
1854:
1820:
1791:
1750:
1692:
1674:"NIOSH Pocket Guide - Asbestos"
1666:
1655:from the original on 8 May 2024
1565:
1494:
1306:
1277:
1259:
1238:
565:type filters, a 200 mg load of
420:U.S. standards (N95 and others)
348:filtering facepiece respirators
286:Filtering facepiece respirators
3141:Underwater breathing apparatus
3068:Respiratory gas humidification
2842:
2632:"Hydrogen Peroxide Gas Plasma"
1757:Vanessa, Roberts (Fall 2014).
954:UVGI (an ultraviolet method),
586:particles and are oil-proof.
557:. Class-100 filters can block
144:Small particles zigzag due to
97:Filtering half mask, reusable
34:Mechanical filter (respirator)
13:
1:
2739:– via ACS Publications.
1398:Bach, Michael (6 July 2017).
973:
273:, and then layered to form a
160:). Mid-size particles follow
2802:Aviation breathing apparatus
2667:10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118756
2598:Mills, Stu (10 April 2020).
1291:. 2018-01-29. Archived from
1005:Wei, Neo Kang (6 May 2019).
949:hydrogen peroxide gas plasma
256:
18:Mechanical filter respirator
7:
3327:Positive pressure breathing
3312:Negative pressure breathing
3266:
2984:Medical breathing apparatus
2655:Journal of Membrane Science
2369:"クリーン、ヘルス、セーフティで社会に 興研株式会社"
1453:. National Academies Press.
960:vaporized hydrogen peroxide
148:, and are easily captured (
10:
3481:
3297:Escape breathing apparatus
3223:User respiratory interface
2961:GB2626 (China), and others
2433:"製品情報：メディカル資材 医療用マスク＆キャップ"
1579:(TED 01-00-015 ed.).
1245:Feng, Emily (2020-03-16).
841:
623:
442:
404:assigned protection factor
370:
311:
3403:
3359:Closed circuit rebreather
3272:
3261:
3229:
3216:
3147:
3134:
3054:Built-in breathing system
2990:
2977:
2956:EN 149/14683/143 (Europe)
2944:42 CFR 84 (United States)
2936:
2850:
2841:
2837:
2826:
2797:
2784:
2538:10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002553
2200:10.4209/aaqr.2013.06.0201
2011:World Health Organization
1911:10.4209/aaqr.2005.06.0003
1759:"To PAPR or Not to PAPR?"
1447:"Elastomeric Respirators"
1090:. CDC NIOSH. April 2003.
798:
795:
789:
783:
762:
759:
753:
747:
530:
518:
327:material, which may be a
80:
69:
51:
39:
32:
3063:Positive airway pressure
3037:Non-invasive ventilation
1325:10.26616/NIOSHPUB2018128
1200:Xie, John (2020-03-19).
1180:"Standard for Dust Mask"
1096:10.26616/NIOSHPUB2003136
128:that mechanically stops
3374:Carbon dioxide scrubber
3342:Constant flow regulator
3194:Atmospheric diving suit
3110:Partial rebreather mask
2874:Supplied-air respirator
2807:Emergency oxygen system
2283:"블루나(BLUNA) 프리미엄 아기물티슈"
1231:The Wall Street Journal
958:, dry oven heating and
720:elastomeric respirators
321:Elastomeric respirators
299:Elastomeric respirators
280:
118:particulate respirators
2926:Elastomeric respirator
2891:Particulate respirator
1614:10.26616/NIOSHPUB99143
909:Disinfection and reuse
862:
854:
712:
620:
612:
519:NaCl (N) or DOP (R,P)
439:
314:Elastomeric respirator
308:
275:nonwoven polypropylene
253:
173:
165:
136:Mechanism of operation
110:
102:
99:elastomeric respirator
3204:Helium reclaim system
3182:Helicopter escape set
3167:Full-face diving mask
2287:블루나(BLUNA) 프리미엄 아기물티슈
2132:"Powecom - home page"
860:
852:
743:Typical elastic band
710:
655:Typical elastic band
618:
610:
544:N100, R100, P100, HE
437:
306:
243:
171:
143:
108:
96:
3292:Emergency gas supply
3187:Submarine escape set
2721:10.1021/jacs.1c08576
1512:. January 29, 2018.
1478:. February 6, 2020.
475:(DOP) oil particles.
458:not resistant to oil
415:Filtration standards
382:(PAPR) is a type of
248:P95 filters used in
219:electrostatic charge
3379:Semi-closed circuit
3322:Oxygen concentrator
3090:Non-rebreather mask
3073:Supplemental oxygen
3049:Hyperbaric medicine
2995:Anaesthetic machine
2778:Breathing apparatus
2715:(40): 16777–16785.
2587:. 11 February 2020.
2415:"TRUSCO トラスコ中山株式会社"
2373:www.koken-ltd.co.jp
2323:NPPTL | NIOSH | CDC
2233:AirQUEEN™ Nano Mask
2154:www.dashengmask.com
1127:2017NatSR...739956Q
994:. 11 February 2020.
492:
3465:1956 introductions
3337:Pressure regulator
3152:Open-circuit scuba
2913:Chemical cartridge
2030:alternative source
1404:NIOSH Science Blog
1115:Scientific Reports
1033:TSI Incorporated.
863:
855:
713:
634:particle-filtering
621:
613:
490:
440:
343:chemical cartridge
309:
254:
174:
166:
124:for air-purifying
114:Mechanical filters
111:
103:
3447:
3446:
3399:
3398:
3391:Escape respirator
3386:Work of breathing
3369:Oxygen rebreather
3257:
3256:
3212:
3211:
3162:Diving rebreather
3130:
3129:
3083:Reservoir cannula
2973:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2822:
2821:
2526:BMJ Global Health
2301:"TIA - BOTN KF94"
1717:. pp. 14–23.
1715:Engineer's Digest
1549:. June 6, 2014 .
1136:10.1038/srep39956
1011:Smart Air Filters
945:isopropyl alcohol
819:
818:
716:European standard
701:
700:
551:
550:
507:Efficiency Level
473:dioctyl phthalate
435:
263:synthetic polymer
244:Cross-section of
172:Filter mechanisms
120:, are a class of
91:
90:
16:(Redirected from
3472:
3435:
3434:
3423:
3422:
3411:
3410:
3263:
3262:
3218:
3217:
3136:
3135:
3115:Simple face mask
2979:
2978:
2839:
2838:
2828:
2827:
2786:
2785:
2771:
2764:
2757:
2748:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2686:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2577:
2568:
2567:
2557:
2517:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2419:www.trusco.co.jp
2411:
2405:
2404:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2325:. 24 April 2020.
2315:
2309:
2308:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2267:. Archived from
2257:
2251:
2250:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2089:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2038:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2008:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1976:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1944:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1919:
1896:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1838:. June 6, 2014.
1824:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1778:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1654:
1647:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1622:
1607:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1535:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1464:
1455:
1454:
1442:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1395:
1384:
1383:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1358:www.remm.nlm.gov
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1333:
1318:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1221:
1212:
1211:
1207:Voice of America
1197:
1188:
1187:
1176:
1167:
1166:
1156:
1138:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1089:
1081:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1058:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1039:
1030:
1015:
1014:
1002:
996:
995:
984:
725:
724:
643:
642:
493:
489:
469:resistant to oil
436:
333:synthetic rubber
84:edit on Wikidata
44:
35:
30:
29:
21:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3395:
3268:
3253:
3233:Breathing mask
3225:
3208:
3143:
3126:
2986:
2965:
2949:ANSI K13.1-1973
2932:
2846:
2833:
2818:
2793:
2780:
2775:
2745:
2744:
2704:
2700:
2647:
2643:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2596:
2592:
2579:
2578:
2571:
2518:
2501:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2437:www.vicre.co.jp
2431:
2430:
2426:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2247:"Main products"
2245:
2244:
2240:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2193:(3): 991–1002.
2179:
2175:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2136:www.powecom.com
2130:
2129:
2125:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2097:
2095:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2068:
2066:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1987:
1985:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1955:
1953:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1894:
1888:
1884:
1875:
1873:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1845:
1843:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1812:
1810:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1755:
1751:
1742:
1740:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1711:
1707:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1683:
1681:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1605:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1586:
1584:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1556:
1554:
1537:
1536:
1529:
1519:
1517:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1485:
1483:
1466:
1465:
1458:
1443:
1436:
1427:
1425:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1396:
1387:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1319:. NIOSH. 2018.
1316:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1298:
1296:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1243:
1239:
1222:
1215:
1198:
1191:
1178:
1177:
1170:
1107:
1103:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1075:
1067:
1059:
1052:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1031:
1018:
1003:
999:
986:
985:
981:
976:
932:chlorine bleach
911:
847:
840:
835:
834:
822:sodium chloride
740:Inward leakage
703:
702:
652:Inward leakage
629:
605:
598:
597:
462:sodium chloride
448:
424:
422:
417:
412:
411:
376:
368:
363:
362:
355:N95 respirators
317:
301:
288:
283:
259:
208:Brownian motion
146:Brownian motion
138:
87:
47:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3478:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3429:
3417:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3259:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3237:Full facepiece
3230:
3227:
3226:
3214:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3044:Oxygen therapy
3041:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3015:Bag valve mask
3007:
3002:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2915:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2896:N95 respirator
2888:
2887:
2886:
2876:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2858:
2856:
2848:
2847:
2835:
2834:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2782:
2781:
2774:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2751:
2743:
2742:
2698:
2641:
2623:
2605:
2590:
2569:
2532:(5): e002553.
2499:
2476:
2456:
2442:
2424:
2406:
2392:
2378:
2360:
2346:
2328:
2310:
2292:
2274:
2271:on 2020-11-01.
2265:drpurimask.com
2252:
2238:
2220:
2206:
2173:
2159:
2141:
2123:
2118:harleykn95.com
2105:
2094:. 24 June 2020
2092:Bureau Veritas
2076:
2063:HKTDC Research
2050:
2033:
2025:"NF EN 149+A1"
2016:
1995:
1963:
1931:
1882:
1868:. 2018-10-16.
1853:
1819:
1805:. 2020-04-09.
1790:
1749:
1735:. 2020-04-19.
1720:
1705:
1691:
1665:
1634:
1594:
1564:
1527:
1493:
1456:
1434:
1409:
1385:
1382:on 2023-02-11.
1363:
1345:
1305:
1276:
1258:
1237:
1213:
1189:
1168:
1101:
1073:
1050:
1016:
997:
978:
977:
975:
972:
956:ethylene oxide
910:
907:
906:
905:
902:
899:
883:
882:
875:
861:Face mask KN95
844:N95 respirator
839:
836:
831:truncated mean
817:
816:
813:
809:
808:
805:
801:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
781:
780:
777:
773:
772:
769:
765:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
745:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
705:
704:
699:
698:
695:
692:
689:
685:
684:
683:Blue or White
681:
678:
675:
671:
670:
667:
664:
661:
657:
656:
653:
650:
647:
630:
622:
604:
601:
549:
548:
545:
541:
540:
537:
536:N99, R99, P99
533:
532:
529:
526:
520:
516:
515:
511:Permitted for
509:
503:
497:
484:
483:
476:
465:
449:
441:
421:
418:
416:
413:
377:
369:
367:
364:
318:
310:
300:
297:
287:
284:
282:
279:
258:
255:
246:NIOSH-approved
234:
233:
230:
223:
222:
211:
200:
193:
137:
134:
89:
88:
81:
78:
77:
74:
67:
66:
53:
49:
48:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3477:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3440:
3439:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3277:Breathing gas
3275:
3274:
3271:
3264:
3260:
3248:
3247:orinasal mask
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3224:
3219:
3215:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3157:Diving helmet
3155:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3146:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3078:Nasal cannula
3076:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2985:
2980:
2976:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2851:Regulated by
2849:
2845:
2840:
2836:
2829:
2825:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2772:
2767:
2765:
2760:
2758:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2702:
2694:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2645:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2601:
2594:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2574:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2486:
2480:
2466:
2460:
2452:
2446:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2402:
2396:
2388:
2382:
2374:
2370:
2364:
2356:
2355:"株式会社ホギメディカル"
2350:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2306:
2305:en.botn.co.kr
2302:
2296:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2256:
2248:
2242:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2216:
2210:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2169:
2163:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2093:
2086:
2080:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2026:
2020:
2012:
2005:
1999:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1967:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1935:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1753:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1716:
1709:
1701:
1695:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1651:
1644:
1638:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1598:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1534:
1532:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1461:
1452:
1448:
1441:
1439:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1315:
1309:
1295:on 2020-03-28
1294:
1290:
1286:
1280:
1268:
1262:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1241:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1220:
1218:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1196:
1194:
1185:
1181:
1175:
1173:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1105:
1097:
1093:
1086:
1080:
1078:
1066:
1065:
1057:
1055:
1036:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1012:
1008:
1001:
993:
989:
983:
979:
971:
968:
964:
961:
957:
952:
950:
946:
940:
937:
933:
929:
923:
921:
915:
903:
900:
897:
893:
892:
891:
888:
880:
876:
872:
871:
870:
868:
859:
851:
845:
832:
827:
823:
814:
811:
810:
806:
803:
802:
792:
786:
782:
778:
775:
774:
770:
767:
766:
756:
750:
746:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
726:
723:
721:
717:
709:
696:
693:
690:
687:
686:
682:
679:
676:
673:
672:
668:
665:
662:
659:
658:
654:
651:
648:
645:
644:
641:
637:
635:
627:
617:
609:
600:
595:
591:
590:by definition
587:
585:
581:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
546:
543:
542:
538:
535:
534:
527:
524:
521:
517:
514:
510:
508:
504:
502:
498:
495:
494:
488:
481:
477:
474:
470:
466:
463:
459:
455:
454:
453:
446:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
374:
360:
356:
353:
350:such as most
349:
344:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
315:
305:
296:
294:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
251:
247:
242:
238:
237:predominate.
231:
228:
227:
226:
220:
216:
212:
209:
205:
201:
198:
194:
191:
187:
186:
185:
182:
179:
170:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
142:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
107:
100:
95:
85:
79:
75:
72:
68:
65:
61:
57:
54:
50:
43:
38:
31:
19:
3436:
3424:
3412:
3347:Demand valve
3199:Gas extender
3120:Venturi mask
3010:Resuscitator
2890:
2712:
2708:
2701:
2658:
2654:
2644:
2635:
2626:
2617:
2608:
2593:
2584:
2529:
2525:
2491:. Retrieved
2479:
2468:. Retrieved
2459:
2445:
2436:
2427:
2418:
2409:
2395:
2381:
2372:
2363:
2349:
2340:
2331:
2322:
2313:
2304:
2295:
2286:
2277:
2269:the original
2264:
2255:
2241:
2232:
2223:
2209:
2190:
2186:
2176:
2162:
2153:
2144:
2135:
2126:
2117:
2108:
2096:. Retrieved
2091:
2079:
2067:. Retrieved
2062:
2053:
2036:
2019:
1998:
1986:. Retrieved
1978:
1966:
1954:. Retrieved
1946:
1934:
1922:. Retrieved
1905:(1): 25–38.
1902:
1898:
1885:
1874:. Retrieved
1865:
1856:
1844:. Retrieved
1831:
1822:
1811:. Retrieved
1802:
1793:
1769:(3): 87–90.
1766:
1762:
1752:
1741:. Retrieved
1732:
1723:
1714:
1708:
1694:
1682:. Retrieved
1668:
1657:. Retrieved
1637:
1625:. Retrieved
1597:
1585:. Retrieved
1576:
1567:
1555:. Retrieved
1542:
1518:. Retrieved
1505:
1496:
1484:. Retrieved
1471:
1450:
1426:. Retrieved
1424:. 2018-01-29
1421:
1412:
1403:
1380:the original
1375:
1366:
1357:
1348:
1336:. Retrieved
1308:
1297:. Retrieved
1293:the original
1288:
1279:
1261:
1250:
1240:
1229:
1205:
1183:
1121:(1): 39956.
1118:
1114:
1104:
1063:
1041:. Retrieved
1010:
1000:
991:
982:
969:
965:
953:
941:
924:
916:
912:
884:
864:
826:paraffin oil
734:Filter type
714:
638:
631:
599:
589:
574:
570:
562:
552:
506:
500:
496:Particulate
485:
479:
468:
457:
450:
388:contaminated
351:
319:
293:Surgical N95
289:
267:melt blowing
260:
250:metalworking
235:
224:
203:
196:
190:interception
189:
183:
175:
157:
154:interception
153:
149:
130:particulates
117:
116:, a part of
113:
112:
3460:Respirators
3364:Counterlung
3307:Hazmat suit
3105:Oxygen tent
3100:Oxygen mask
3095:Oxygen hood
3020:Pocket mask
3000:Bubble CPAP
2937:Regulations
2917:Facepieces
1866:www.cdc.gov
1846:February 9,
1587:February 9,
1557:February 9,
1520:February 9,
1486:February 9,
1267:US 4215682A
1184:JICOSH Home
790:Attachment
525:, R95, P95
499:Respirator
337:respirators
325:elastomeric
178:woodworking
126:respirators
3454:Categories
3354:Rebreather
3287:Dead space
3027:Ventilator
2921:Smoke hood
2855:and others
2844:Respirator
2661:: 118756.
2493:2024-07-16
2470:2024-07-16
1876:2020-06-22
1813:2020-05-26
1743:2020-05-25
1659:2024-05-08
1428:2020-03-27
1299:2020-03-27
974:References
920:SARS-CoV-2
914:replaced.
829:each. The
611:FFP2 masks
464:particles.
384:respirator
352:disposable
52:Regulation
3302:Facepiece
3242:Half mask
3032:Iron lung
2901:Dust mask
2737:238229650
2675:0376-7388
2546:2059-7908
1145:2045-2322
776:Type IIR
748:EN 14683
728:Standard
480:oil-proof
408:N95 masks
396:pollutant
359:FFP masks
257:Materials
213:by using
204:diffusion
197:impaction
162:flowlines
158:impaction
150:diffusion
56:42 CFR 84
3438:Glossary
3414:Category
2867:Canister
2862:Gas mask
2729:34590851
2693:33024349
2564:32371574
1915:Archived
1870:Archived
1840:Archived
1807:Archived
1785:26078617
1737:Archived
1702:. NIOSH.
1678:Archived
1650:Archived
1618:Archived
1581:Archived
1551:Archived
1514:Archived
1480:Archived
1472:ecfr.gov
1329:Archived
1163:28051158
1043:29 April
936:chlorine
768:Type II
666:<22%
559:asbestos
505:Minimum
400:pathogen
277:fabric.
271:electret
215:electret
73:schedule
3426:Commons
3267:General
3177:Snorkel
2684:7528844
2636:cdc.gov
2618:cdc.gov
2555:7228486
2098:27 July
2069:27 July
1988:7 April
1979:inrs.fr
1956:7 April
1947:inrs.fr
1776:4456839
1684:20 June
1676:. CDC.
1627:14 June
1154:5209731
1123:Bibcode
896:DOP oil
784:EN 143
751:Type I
694:<2%
680:<8%
669:Yellow
547:99.97%
329:natural
2735:
2727:
2691:
2681:
2673:
2562:
2552:
2544:
2229:"HOME"
2114:"建站成功"
1924:4 July
1783:
1773:
1406:. CDC.
1338:29 May
1272:
1161:
1151:
1143:
1070:, NASA
947:, and
731:Class
646:Class
584:micron
561:. For
501:Class
478:P for
467:R for
456:N for
122:filter
76:TC-84A
64:EN 143
60:EN 149
2853:NIOSH
2733:S2CID
2488:(PDF)
2088:(PDF)
2045:(PDF)
2007:(PDF)
1975:(PDF)
1943:(PDF)
1918:(PDF)
1895:(PDF)
1653:(PDF)
1646:(PDF)
1621:(PDF)
1606:(PDF)
1332:(PDF)
1317:(PDF)
1088:(PDF)
1068:(PDF)
1038:(PDF)
887:NPPTL
874:FLTR.
754:Mask
688:FFP3
674:FFP2
660:FFP1
82:[
71:NIOSH
2725:PMID
2689:PMID
2671:ISSN
2560:PMID
2542:ISSN
2100:2020
2071:2020
1990:2020
1983:INRS
1958:2020
1951:INRS
1926:2024
1848:2020
1781:PMID
1686:2024
1629:2024
1589:2020
1577:OSHA
1559:2020
1522:2020
1488:2020
1340:2024
1159:PMID
1141:ISSN
1045:2020
885:The
824:and
799:N/A
796:N/A
763:N/A
760:N/A
697:Red
567:NaCl
539:99%
531:Yes
528:95%
357:and
281:Uses
2717:doi
2713:143
2679:PMC
2663:doi
2659:619
2550:PMC
2534:doi
2195:doi
1907:doi
1771:PMC
1610:doi
1321:doi
1252:NPR
1149:PMC
1131:doi
1092:doi
812:P3
804:P2
787:P1
523:N95
398:or
392:air
331:or
195:by
188:by
3456::
2731:.
2723:.
2711:.
2687:.
2677:.
2669:.
2657:.
2653:.
2634:.
2616:.
2583:.
2572:^
2558:.
2548:.
2540:.
2528:.
2524:.
2502:^
2435:.
2417:.
2371:.
2339:.
2321:.
2303:.
2285:.
2263:.
2231:.
2191:14
2189:.
2185:.
2152:.
2134:.
2116:.
2090:.
2061:.
2009:.
1981:.
1977:.
1949:.
1945:.
1913:.
1901:.
1897:.
1864:.
1834:.
1830:.
1801:.
1779:.
1767:50
1765:.
1761:.
1731:.
1616:.
1575:.
1545:.
1541:.
1530:^
1508:.
1504:.
1474:.
1470:.
1459:^
1449:.
1437:^
1420:.
1402:.
1388:^
1374:.
1356:.
1327:.
1287:.
1249:.
1228:.
1216:^
1204:.
1192:^
1182:.
1171:^
1157:.
1147:.
1139:.
1129:.
1117:.
1113:.
1076:^
1053:^
1019:^
1009:.
990:.
879:LG
867:3M
722:.
594:μm
555:TB
513:TB
378:A
62:,
58:,
2770:e
2763:t
2756:v
2719::
2695:.
2665::
2566:.
2536::
2530:5
2496:.
2473:.
2453:.
2439:.
2421:.
2403:.
2389:.
2375:.
2357:.
2343:.
2307:.
2289:.
2249:.
2235:.
2217:.
2203:.
2197::
2170:.
2156:.
2138:.
2120:.
2102:.
2073:.
2013:.
1992:.
1960:.
1928:.
1909::
1903:5
1879:.
1850:.
1816:.
1787:.
1746:.
1688:.
1662:.
1631:.
1612::
1591:.
1561:.
1524:.
1490:.
1431:.
1360:.
1342:.
1323::
1302:.
1255:.
1234:.
1210:.
1186:.
1165:.
1133::
1125::
1119:7
1098:.
1094::
1047:.
1013:.
846:.
628:.
575:P
571:R
563:N
447:.
375:.
361:.
316:.
86:]
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)
_(cropped).jpg)
