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mode is flow-controlled ventilation (FCV). FCV is a fully dynamic mode without significant periods of 'no flow'. It is based on creating a stable gas flow into or out of the patient's lungs to generate an inspiration or expiration, respectively. This results in linear increases and decreases in intratracheal pressure. In contrast the conventional modes of ventilation, there are no abrupt drop intrathoracic pressure drops, because of the controlled expiration. Further, this mode allows to use thin endotracheal tubes (~2 – 10 mm inner diameter) to ventilate a patient as expiration is actively supported. In general, the selection of which mode of mechanical ventilation to use for a given patient is based on the familiarity of
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ambient air into the lungs. As the vacuum is released, the pressure inside the tank equalizes to that of the ambient pressure, and the elastic recoil of the chest and lungs leads to passive exhalation. However, when the vacuum is created, the abdomen also expands along with the lung, cutting off venous flow back to the heart, leading to pooling of venous blood in the lower extremities. The patients can talk and eat normally, and can see the world through a well-placed series of mirrors. Some could remain in these iron lungs for years at a time quite successfully.
501:. Alveolar ventilation is the amount of gas per unit of time that reaches the alveoli and becomes involved in gas exchange. PaCO2 is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide of arterial blood, which determines how well carbon dioxide is able to move out of the body. Alveolar volume is the volume of air entering and leaving the alveoli per minute. Mechanical dead space is another important parameter in ventilator design and function, and is defined as the volume of gas breathed again as the result of use in a mechanical device.
169:. Mechanical ventilation helps move air into and out of the lungs, with the main goal of helping the delivery of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide. Mechanical ventilation is used for many reasons, including to protect the airway due to mechanical or neurologic cause, to ensure adequate oxygenation, or to remove excess carbon dioxide from the lungs. Various healthcare providers are involved with the use of mechanical ventilation and people who require ventilators are typically monitored in an
1090:. In most cases, tubes with inflatable cuffs are used for protection against leakage and aspiration. Intubation with a cuffed tube is thought to provide the best protection against aspiration. Tracheal tubes inevitably cause pain and coughing. Therefore, unless a patient is unconscious or anaesthetized for other reasons, sedative drugs are usually given to provide tolerance of the tube. Other disadvantages of tracheal intubation include damage to the mucosal lining of the
1108:— a supraglottic airway (SGA) is any airway device that is seated above and outside the trachea, as an alternative to endotracheal intubation. Most devices work via masks or cuffs that inflate to isolate the trachea for oxygen delivery. Newer devices feature esophageal ports for suctioning or ports for tube exchange to allow intubation. Supraglottic airways differ primarily from tracheal intubation in that they do not prevent aspiration. After the introduction of the
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1776:"International consensus conferences in intensive care medicine: Ventilator-associated Lung Injury in ARDS. This official conference report was cosponsored by the American Thoracic Society, The European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, and The Societé de Réanimation de Langue Française, and was approved by the ATS Board of Directors, July 1999".
1148:. Tracheostomy tubes are well tolerated and often do not necessitate any use of sedative drugs. Tracheostomy tubes may be inserted early during treatment in patients with pre-existing severe respiratory disease, or in any patient expected to be difficult to wean from mechanical ventilation, i.e., patients with little muscular reserve.
473:) is one of the best studied and most commonly used weaning predictors, with no other predictor having been shown to be superior. It was described in a prospective cohort study of mechanically ventilated patients which found that a RSBI > 105 breaths/min/L was associated with weaning failure, while a RSBI < 105 breaths/min/L.
900:
One of the main reasons why a patient is admitted to an ICU is for delivery of mechanical ventilation. Monitoring a patient in mechanical ventilation has many clinical applications: Enhance understanding of pathophysiology, aid with diagnosis, guide patient management, avoid complications, and assess
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The most commonly used high frequency ventilator and only one approved in the United States is the 3100A from Vyaire
Medical. It works by using very small tidal volumes by setting amplitude and a high rate set in hertz. This type of ventilation is primarily used in neonates and pediatric patients who
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Positive-pressure ventilators work by increasing the patient's airway pressure through an endotracheal or tracheostomy tube. The positive pressure allows air to flow into the airway until the ventilator breath is terminated. Then, the airway pressure drops to zero, and the elastic recoil of the chest
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are sometimes used in adults and infants who require mechanical ventilation. For preterm or full term infants who require mechanical ventilation, there is no strong evidence to prescribe opioids or sedation routinely for these procedures, however, some select infants requiring mechanical ventilation
245:
To achieve negative pressure ventilation, there must be a sub-atmospheric pressure to draw air into the lungs. This was first achieved in the late 19th century when John
Dalziel and Alfred Jones independently developed tank ventilators, in which ventilation was achieved by placing a patient inside a
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Mechanical ventilation utilizes several separate systems for ventilation, referred to as the mode. Modes come in many different delivery concepts, but all conventional positive pressure ventilators modes fall into one of two categories:volume-cycled or pressure-cycled. A relatively new ventilation
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is inadequate to maintain life. It may be indicated in anticipation of imminent respiratory failure, acute respiratory failure, acute hypoxemia, or prophylactically. Because mechanical ventilation serves only to provide assistance for breathing and does not cure a disease, the patient's underlying
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in the lungs. The existence of a shunt refers to any process that hinders this gas exchange, leading to wasted oxygen inspired and the flow of un-oxygenated blood back to the left heart, which ultimately supplies the rest of the body with de-oxygenated blood. When using 100% oxygen, the degree of
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Spontaneous breathing trials are conducted to assess the likelihood of a patient being able to maintain stability and breath on their own without the ventilator. This is done by changing the mode to one where they have to trigger breaths and ventilatory support is only given to compensate for the
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The design of the modern positive-pressure ventilators were based mainly on technical developments by the military during World War II to supply oxygen to fighter pilots in high altitude. Such ventilators replaced the iron lungs as safe endotracheal tubes with high-volume/low-pressure cuffs were
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The cycle is what causes the breath to transition from the inspiratory phase to the exhalation phase. Breaths may be cycled by a mechanical ventilator when a set time has been reached, or when a preset flow or percentage of the maximum flow delivered during a breath is reached depending on the
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generates a flow of air. In the iron lung by means of a pump, the air is withdrawn mechanically to produce a vacuum inside the tank, thus creating negative pressure. This negative pressure leads to expansion of the chest, which causes a decrease in intrapulmonary pressure, and increases flow of
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Timing of withdrawal from mechanical ventilation—also known as weaning—is an important consideration. People who require mechanical ventilation should have their ventilation considered for withdrawal if they are able to support their own ventilation and oxygenation, and this should be assessed
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which presents as acute respiratory distress syndrome. Other complications include diaphragm atrophy, decreased cardiac output, and oxygen toxicity. One of the primary complications that presents in patients mechanically ventilated is acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome
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and maintain breaths with their hands. Mechanical ventilators are ventilators not requiring operator effort and are typically computer-controlled or pneumatic-controlled. Mechanical ventilators typically require power by a battery or a wall outlet (DC or AC) though some ventilators work on a
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Intensive-care ventilators—These ventilators are larger and usually run on AC power (though virtually all contain a battery to facilitate intra-facility transport and as a back-up in the event of a power failure). This style of ventilator often provides greater control of a wide variety of
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pneumatic system not requiring power. There are a variety of technologies available for ventilation, falling into two main (and then lesser categories), the two being the older technology of negative-pressure mechanisms, and the more common positive-pressure types.
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The trigger, either flow or pressure, is what causes a breath to be delivered by a mechanical ventilator. Breaths may be triggered by a patient taking their own breath, a ventilator operator pressing a manual breath button, or based on the set respiratory rate.
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Neonatal ventilators (bubble CPAP, HFJV, HFOV)—Designed with the preterm neonate in mind, these are a specialized subset of ICU ventilators that are designed to deliver smaller volumes and pressures to these patients. These may be conventional or high frequency
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developed. The popularity of positive-pressure ventilators rose during the polio epidemic in the 1950s in
Scandinavia and the United States and was the beginning of modern ventilation therapy. Positive pressure through manual supply of 50% oxygen through a
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779:, also known as the Drinker and Shaw tank, which was developed in 1928 by J.H Emerson Company and was one of the first negative-pressure machines used for long-term ventilation. It was refined and used in the 20th century largely as a result of the
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tube led to a reduced mortality rate among patients with polio and respiratory paralysis. However, because of the sheer amount of man-power required for such manual intervention, mechanical positive-pressure ventilators became increasingly popular.
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to be used, and easy to estimate the shunt fraction. The estimated shunt fraction refers to the amount of oxygen not being absorbed into the circulation. In normal physiology, gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs at the level of the
440:
Mechanical ventilation is often associated with many painful procedures and the ventilation itself can be uncomfortable. For infants who require opioids for pain, the potential side effects of opioids include problems with feeding, gastric and
1053:— In resuscitation and for minor procedures under anaesthesia, a face mask is often sufficient to achieve a seal against air leakage. Airway patency of the unconscious patient is maintained either by manipulation of the jaw or by the use of
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Mechanical ventilation is typically used as a short-term measure. It may, however, be used at home or in a nursing or rehabilitation institution for patients that have chronic illnesses that require long-term ventilatory assistance.
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Schmidt J, Wenzel C, Mahn M, et al. Improved lung recruitment and oxygenation during mandatory ventilation with a new expiratory ventilation assistance device: A controlled interventional trial in healthy pigs. Eur J Anaesthesiol.
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Hospital staff examine a patient in an Iron lung tank respirator during the polio epidemic. The machine creates a negative pressure around the thoracic cavity, thereby causing air to rush into the lungs to equalize intrapulmonary
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Mechanical ventilation is often a life-saving intervention, but carries potential complications. A common complication of positive pressure ventilation stemming directly from the ventilator settings include volutrauma and
883:
The first type of high frequency ventilator made for neonates and the only jet type is made by
Bunnell Incorporated. It works in conjunction with a separate CMV ventilator to add pulses of air to the control breaths and
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where sufficient invasive ventilation capacity is not available (or in some milder cases), but pressurized protection suits for caregivers are recommended due to the risks of poorly fitting masks emitting contaminating
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may have been the first to describe mechanical ventilation: "If you take a dead animal and blow air through its larynx , you will fill its bronchi and watch its lungs attain the greatest distention." In the 1600s,
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A cuff leak test is done to detect if there is airway edema to show the chances of post-extubation stridor. This is done by deflating to the cuff to check if air begins leaking around the endotracheal tube.
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Modern ventilators have advanced monitoring tools. There are also monitors that work independently of the ventilator which allow for measuring patients after the ventilator has been removed, such as a
748:, a shell-like unit used to create negative pressure only to the chest using a combination of a fitting shell and a soft bladder. In recent years this device has been manufactured using various-sized
2483:"Effects of short-term pressure-controlled ventilation on gas exchange, airway pressures, and gas distribution in patients with acute lung injury/ARDS: comparison with volume-controlled ventilation"
2556:
Esteban A, Anzueto A, AlĂa I, Gordo F, ApezteguĂa C, Pálizas F, et al. (May 2000). "How is mechanical ventilation employed in the intensive care unit? An international utilization review".
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is often performed for mechanical ventilation of hours to weeks duration. A tube is inserted through the nose (nasotracheal intubation) or mouth (orotracheal intubation) and advanced into the
1965:
Teboul JL, Pinsky MR, Mercat A, Anguel N, Bernardin G, Achard JM, et al. (November 2000). "Estimating cardiac filling pressure in mechanically ventilated patients with hyperinflation".
1144:— When patients require mechanical ventilation for several weeks, a tracheostomy may provide the most suitable access to the trachea. A tracheostomy is a surgically created passage into the
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Some of the problems with the full body design were such as being unable to control the inspiratory to expiratory ratio and the flow rate. This design also caused blood pooling in the legs.
1846:
Jaber S, Petrof BJ, Jung B, Chanques G, Berthet JP, Rabuel C, et al. (February 2011). "Rapidly progressive diaphragmatic weakness and injury during mechanical ventilation in humans".
756:. Its main use has been in patients with neuromuscular disorders that have some residual muscular function. The latter, larger formats are in use, notably with the polio wing hospitals in
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Enk D: Verfahren und
Vorrichtung zur Beatmung eines Patienten (method and device for ventilating a patient). Patent application (DE 10 2016 109 528 A1). German Patent Office, 24.05.2016
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Goligher EC, Dres M, Fan E, Rubenfeld GD, Scales DC, Herridge MS, et al. (January 2018). "Mechanical
Ventilation-induced Diaphragm Atrophy Strongly Impacts Clinical Outcomes".
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Exhalation in mechanical ventilation is almost always completely passive. The ventilator's expiratory valve is opened, and expiratory flow is allowed until the baseline pressure (
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during positive-pressure ventilation in order to allow unimpeded passage of air into the trachea and avoid air passing into the esophagus and stomach. The common method is by
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Fan, Eddy; Zakhary, Bishoy; Amaral, Andre; McCannon, Jessica; Girard, Timothy D.; Morris, Peter E.; Truwit, Jonathon D.; Wilson, Kevin C.; Thomson, Carey C. (1 March 2017).
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Loops can be used to see what is occurring in the patient's lungs. These include flow-volume and pressure-volume loops. They can show changes in compliance and resistance.
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invented in 1950 one of the first intermittent positive pressure ventilator, which delivers air straight into the lungs using an endotracheal tube placed into the windpipe.
1741:
Craven DE, Chroneou A, Zias N, Hjalmarson KI (February 2009). "Ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis: the impact of targeted antibiotic therapy on patient outcomes".
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1126:— Patients requiring emergency airway management, in whom tracheal intubation has been unsuccessful, may require an airway inserted through a surgical opening in the
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1154:— Less common interface, does not provide protection against aspiration. There are lipseal mouthpieces with flanges to help hold them in place if patient is unable.
625:. For each difference of 100 mmHg, the shunt is 5%. A shunt of more than 25% should prompt a search for the cause of this hypoxemia, such as mainstem intubation or
458:
continuously. There are several objective parameters to look for when considering withdrawal, but there are no specific criteria that generalizes to all patients.
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Barnes T, Enk D. Ventilation for low dissipated energy achieved using flow control during both inspiration and expiration. Trends
Anaesth Crit Care. 2019;24:5–12.
1112:(LMA) in 1998, supraglottic airway devices have become mainstream in both elective and emergency anesthesia. There are many types of SGAs available including the
465:(RSBI, the ratio of respiratory frequency to tidal volume (f/VT), previously referred to as the "Yang Tobin Index" or "Tobin Index" after Dr. Karl Yang and Prof.
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The total PEEP in the patient can be determined by doing an expiratory hold on the ventilator. If this is higher than the set PEEP, this indicates air trapping.
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was introduced as well as synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation. These styles of ventilation had control breaths that patients could breathe between.
257:
Early ventilators were control style with no support breaths integrated into them and were limited to an inspiration to expiration ration of 1:1. In the 1970s,
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Negative pressure mechanical ventilators are produced in small, field-type and larger formats. The prominent design of the smaller devices is known as the
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through the nose or mouth, respectively. Poorly fitted masks often cause nasal bridge ulcers, a problem for some patients. Face masks are also used for
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is a limited resource. For this reason, decisions to commence and remove ventilation may raise ethical debate and often involve legal orders such as
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1464:"Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome"
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ventilation parameters (such as inspiratory rise time). Many ICU ventilators also incorporate graphics to provide visual feedback of each breath.
102:
105:
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Jubran A, Tobin MJ (June 1990). "Reliability of pulse oximetry in titrating supplemental oxygen therapy in ventilator-dependent patients".
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Younes M, Kun J, Webster K, Roberts D (July 2002). "Response of ventilator-dependent patients to delayed opening of exhalation valve".
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The plateau pressure can be found by doing an inspiratory hold. This shows the actual pressure the patient's lungs are experiencing.
27:
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Transport ventilators—These ventilators are small and more rugged, and can be powered pneumatically or via AC or DC power sources.
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breath type and the settings. Breaths can also be cycled when an alarm condition such as a high pressure limit has been reached.
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Ventilators come in many different styles and method of giving a breath to sustain life. There are manual ventilators such as
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Bach JR, Alba AS (March 1991). "Intermittent abdominal pressure ventilator in a regimen of noninvasive ventilatory support".
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In ventilated patients, pulse oximetry is commonly used when titrating FIO2. A reliable target of Spo2 is greater than 95%.
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1305:"Investigating the effect of materials and structures for negative pressure ventilators suitable for pandemic situation"
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3169:(detailed, illustrated slideshow presentation), by Amirali Nader, MD FCCP, Critical Care Medicine, Suburban Hospital,
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There are various procedures and mechanical devices that provide protection against airway collapse, air leakage, and
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box that enclosed the body in a box with sub-atmospheric pressures. This machine came to be known colloquially as the
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Mechanical ventilation is termed invasive if it involves an instrument to create an airway that is placed inside the
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2298:"Liberation from Mechanical Ventilation in Critically Ill Adults. An Official ATS/ACCP Clinical Practice Guideline"
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629:, and should be treated accordingly. If such complications are not present, other causes must be sought after, and
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Hill, Nicholas S.; Redline, Susan; Carskadon, Mary A.; Curran, Francis J.; Millman, Richard P. (1 December 1992).
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dogs and seemingly bringing them back to life. These experiments all demonstrate positive pressure ventilation.
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in people who are conscious, face or nasal masks are used. The two main types of mechanical ventilation include
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2762:"Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Patients with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Using Negative Pressure Ventilators"
2661:"Sleep-disordered breathing in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy using negative pressure ventilators"
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Slutsky AS (May 2015). "History of
Mechanical Ventilation. From Vesalius to Ventilator-induced Lung Injury".
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353:
189:
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Konrad F, Schreiber T, Brecht-Kraus D, Georgieff M (January 1994). "Mucociliary transport in ICU patients".
2012:, Altaweel L, Nyquist PA, Stevens RD (February 2012). "Acute lung injury in critical neurological illness".
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1702:"Approaches to conventional mechanical ventilation of the patient with acute respiratory distress syndrome"
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250:, which went through many iterations of development. The use of the iron lung became widespread during the
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Image of endotracheal tube placement required to connect a patient's physiologic airway to the ventilator.
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The function of the lungs is to provide gas exchange via oxygenation and ventilation. This phenomenon of
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2254:"A prospective study of indexes predicting the outcome of trials of weaning from mechanical ventilation"
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200:, and their nomenclature has been revised over the decades as the technology has continually developed.
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2713:"Effect of assist negative pressure ventilation by microprocessor based iron lung on breathing effort"
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and the circumstances for which ventilation is needed, additional measures are required to secure the
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of animals. These experiments predate the discovery of oxygen and its role in respiration. In 1908,
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Limit is how the breath is controlled. Breaths may be limited to a set maximum pressure or volume.
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Parker JC, Hernandez LA, Peevy KJ (January 1993). "Mechanisms of ventilator-induced lung injury".
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in conscious patients. A full-face mask does not, however, provide protection against aspiration.
1028:) is reached. Expiratory flow is determined by patient factors such as compliance and resistance.
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633:(PEEP) should be used to treat this intrapulmonary shunt. Other such causes of a shunt include:
426:(ARDS). ALI/ARDS are recognized as significant contributors to patient morbidity and mortality.
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This article is about medical ventilation. For the use in architecture and climate control, see
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that applies pressure externally via an inflated bladder, forcing exhalation, sometimes termed
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497:. Other relevant concepts include alveolar ventilation, arterial PaCO2, alveolar volume, and
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2960:"Non-invasive ventilation versus mechanical ventilation in hypoxemic patients with COVID-19"
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Levine S, Nguyen T, Taylor N, Friscia ME, Budak MT, Rothenberg P, et al. (March 2008).
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Hill, N. S.; Redline, S.; Carskadon, M. A.; Curran, F. J.; Millman, R. P. (December 1992).
2344:"Comparison of Published Pressure Gradient Symbols and Equations in Mechanics of Breathing"
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so that the patient's face (and airway) are exposed to the room air. While the exchange of
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condition should be identified and treated in order to liberate them from the ventilator.
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2593:"Treatment of severe cases of respiratory paralysis by the Engström universal respirator"
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involves the physiologic concepts of air flow, tidal volume, compliance, resistance, and
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282:. RTs participate in the optimization of ventilation management, adjustment, and weaning.
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976:. This includes ventilators for use at home for treatment of chronic conditions such as
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Forrest IS, Jaladanki SK, Paranjpe I, Glicksberg BS, Nadkarni GN, Do R (October 2021).
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and anesthesia bags that require the users to hold the ventilator to the face or to an
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shells with multiple seals, and a high-pressure oscillation pump in order to carry out
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Chiumello, D.; Pelosi, P.; Calvi, E.; Bigatello, L. M.; Gattinoni, L. (October 2002).
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26:"Intermittent positive-pressure ventilation" redirects here. Not to be confused with
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2187:"Different modes of assisted ventilation in patients with acute respiratory failure"
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Brower RG, Matthay MA, Morris A, Schoenfeld D, Thompson BT, Wheeler A (May 2000).
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inserted through an artificial opening in the neck. In other circumstances simple
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Breath of Life: The Role of the
Ventilator in Managing Life-Threatening Illnesses
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BellĂą R, Romantsik O, Nava C, de Waal KA, Zanini R, Bruschettini M (March 2021).
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that struck the world in the 1940s. The machine is, in effect, a large elongated
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3083:"Rapid sequence induction in the emergency department: a strategy for failure"
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2321:
2222:
1554:"BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings"
1530:
1440:
923:
790:, which encases the patient up to the neck. The neck is sealed with a rubber
749:
533:
3144:
2936:
2728:
2068:
1926:"Rapid disuse atrophy of diaphragm fibers in mechanically ventilated humans"
1521:
1504:
131:
4704:
4546:
4449:
4379:
4374:
4235:
4136:
4003:
3995:
3941:
3843:
3833:
3737:
3694:
3689:
3455:
3116:
3034:
3025:
3008:
2993:
2820:
2746:
2626:
2608:
2577:
2514:
2482:
2329:
2230:
2166:
2117:
2108:
2091:
2033:
1986:
1951:
1902:
1867:
1832:
1797:
1762:
1727:
1718:
1701:
1589:
1580:
1489:
1338:
1284:
1141:
1131:
843:
823:
811:
727:
718:
626:
537:
406:
239:
223:
3551:
2944:
2828:
2793:
2692:
2660:
2279:
2076:
1754:
1678:
1448:
1396:
4684:
4564:
4551:
4541:
4509:
4433:
4384:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4276:
4218:
4141:
3722:
3176:
3098:
1942:
1925:
1824:
1091:
977:
814:
process. In spontaneous breathing, a negative pressure is created in the
638:
532:. Intubation, which provides a clear route for the air can be either an
1505:"Surveillance strategies for COVID-19 human infection. Interim guidance"
294:
Common specific medical indications for mechanical ventilation include:
269:
140:
4674:
4556:
4457:
4358:
4332:
4327:
4304:
4225:
4208:
4120:
4036:
3980:
3786:
3355:
2213:
1095:
1050:
1031:
934:
807:
711:
680:
with modes and the equipment availability at a particular institution.
235:
162:
1183: – Severe inflammatory response in mechanical ventilator patients
818:
by the muscles of respiration, and the resulting gradient between the
580:
for preterm and full term infants who require mechanical ventilation.
4832:
4470:
4389:
4213:
4095:
4031:
3340:
3141:, article on mechanical ventilation along with technical information.
3138:
1180:
1113:
806:
and requires no external work, air must be moved into and out of the
803:
677:
644:
595:) is used initially for an adult, it is easy to calculate the next Fi
573:
521:
325:
311:
247:
86:
2643:, Engström, Carl Gunnar, "Respirator", issued 1951-06-25
2481:
Prella, Maura; Feihl, François; Domenighetti, Guido (October 2002).
2054:
972:
ventilators (PAP) — These ventilators are specifically designed for
504:
208:
4441:
4115:
4066:
4046:
3904:
3823:
3598:
3154:, Resource of information for users of home mechanical ventilation.
3081:
Carley SD, Gwinnutt C, Butler J, Sammy I, Driscoll P (March 2002).
2092:"Prolonged mechanical ventilation: are you a lumper or a splitter?"
1076:
866:
783:
577:
385:
337:
306:
227:
158:
2957:
4651:
4286:
4230:
4110:
3402:
1064:
757:
745:
643:
alveolar collection of material other than gas, such as pus from
513:
286:
Mechanical ventilation is indicated when a patient's spontaneous
177:
126:
1302:
4827:
4524:
4504:
4366:
3684:
1303:
Abughanam N, Gaben SS, Chowdhury ME, Khandakar A (April 2021).
795:
791:
769:
568:
536:, inserted through the natural openings of mouth or nose, or a
517:
287:
230:
too describes ventilation by inserting a reed or cane into the
2133:"Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation"
572:
may require pain medicine such as opioids. It is not clear if
16:
Method to mechanically assist or replace spontaneous breathing
3518:
2184:
1630:"Overview of Mechanical Ventilation - Critical Care Medicine"
1461:
833:
780:
429:
In many healthcare systems, prolonged ventilation as part of
319:
218:
1740:
1551:
887:
802:
between the bloodstream and the pulmonary airspace works by
196:
where air is pulled into the lungs. There are many specific
192:
where air is pushed into the lungs through the airways, and
4105:
3791:
3394:
1025:
981:
787:
498:
226:
conducted experiments on dogs to demonstrate this concept.
4183:
European
Society of Paediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care
2759:
2658:
2558:
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
1883:
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
1848:
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
1813:
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
1778:
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
1265:
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
3080:
2130:
1923:
1502:
1120:(LT), and the obsolete esophageal obturator airway (EOA).
954:
Common positive-pressure mechanical ventilators include:
452:
2295:
1964:
1880:
1063:. These are designed to provide a passage of air to the
2555:
2480:
2007:
1845:
1810:
278:(RT) examining a mechanically ventilated patient in an
2369:"21.5A: Pressure Changes During Pulmonary Ventilation"
1552:
O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, Mak V (June 2017).
850:. The name of one such device, the Pneumobelt made by
3814:
Critical illness–related corticosteroid insufficiency
3006:
1656:
1191:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1162:
1032:
Artificial airways as a connection to the ventilator
1217:"Chapter 31 - Armamentarium, Drugs, and Techniques"
2460:"Mechanical ventilation modification of settings"
1410:
1408:
1406:
1375:Tobin MJ (April 1994). "Mechanical ventilation".
919:can be determined when using the GE Carestation.
878:
4869:
3009:"Care for Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19"
3007:Murthy S, Gomersall CD, Fowler RA (April 2020).
613:shunting is estimated as 700 mmHg - measured Pa
3050:"Supraglottic airway devices: recent advances"
1652:
1650:
1403:
4758:
4262:
3567:
3192:
3145:International Ventilator Users Network (IVUN)
988:
730:— the breath-out through passive exhalation.
2549:
2089:
2083:
1917:
1693:
3581:
2922:
2137:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2048:
1647:
1215:Malamed, Stanley F., ed. (1 January 2018),
477:added resistance of the endotracheal tube.
4269:
4255:
3574:
3560:
3206:
3199:
3185:
2840:
2838:
1612:"Diagnosis and Treatment | Botulism | CDC"
840:intermittent abdominal pressure ventilator
834:Intermittent abdominal pressure ventilator
775:The larger units have their origin in the
421:. Another well-documented complication is
395:
238:demonstrated his mechanical respirator by
85:
48:needs attention from an expert in Medicine
3106:
3065:
3047:
3024:
2983:
2736:
2616:
2269:
2251:
2212:
2202:
2156:
2107:
1941:
1717:
1579:
1569:
1520:
1503:World Health Organization (20 May 2020).
1479:
1356:
1328:
2806:
2639:
2590:
938:SMART BAG MO Bag-Valve-Mask Resuscitator
933:
886:
865:
693:
503:
268:
207:
28:Intermittent positive pressure breathing
2910:Neonatal and Pediatric Respiratory Care
2844:
2835:
2302:Annals of the American Thoracic Society
1262:
1214:
929:
689:
4870:
3232:Nomenclature of mechanical ventilation
2710:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2442:
1734:
875:are failing conventional ventilation.
453:Withdrawal from mechanical ventilation
373:neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
58:may be able to help recruit an expert.
4250:
3555:
3227:Mechanical ventilation in emergencies
3180:
2907:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2291:
2289:
2180:
2178:
2176:
1414:
1374:
576:is safe or effective to be used as a
4062:Recombinant activated protein C
1699:
1370:
1368:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1019:
733:
705:
530:insertion of a tube into the trachea
366:transient neonatal myasthenia gravis
32:
4619:High-resolution computed tomography
4277:Tests and procedures involving the
3775:Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
3760:Acute respiratory distress syndrome
3700:Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
2439:
2413:
2361:
2258:The New England Journal of Medicine
1930:The New England Journal of Medicine
1604:
1468:The New England Journal of Medicine
1377:The New England Journal of Medicine
1075:can be considered for epidemics of
846:. The first such apparatus was the
649:acute respiratory distress syndrome
303:acute respiratory distress syndrome
13:
2896:
2699:
2286:
2173:
2124:
1634:Merck Manuals Professional Edition
1415:Tobin, Martin J. (14 April 1994).
1229:10.1016/B978-0-323-40053-4.00031-7
1193:, inventor of the pulmoventilateur
259:intermittent mandatory ventilation
14:
4914:
4173:Society of Critical Care Medicine
3870:Ventilator-associated lung injury
3371:Ventilator-associated lung injury
3126:
3048:Cook T, Howes B (December 2011).
2395:"Arterial Blood Gases (ABG) Test"
1365:
1345:
1291:
1251:
1138:is reserved for emergency access.
423:ventilator-associated lung injury
2851:. Scarecrow Press. p. 187.
2191:The European Respiratory Journal
1979:10.1097/00003246-200011000-00014
1671:10.1097/00003246-199301000-00024
1165:
631:positive end-expiratory pressure
512:Due to the anatomy of the human
471:Loyola University Medical Center
37:
3875:Ventilator-associated pneumonia
3808:Critical illness polyneuropathy
3361:Ventilator-associated pneumonia
3222:Modes of mechanical ventilation
3074:
3041:
3000:
2951:
2916:
2872:
2800:
2753:
2652:
2633:
2584:
2540:
2530:
2521:
2474:
2387:
2336:
2314:10.1513/AnnalsATS.201612-993CME
2245:
2001:
1958:
1874:
1839:
1804:
1784:(6): 2118–2124. December 1999.
1769:
1622:
1421:New England Journal of Medicine
1189: – French medical inventor
671:Modes of mechanical ventilation
371:Newborn premature infants with
342:Acid/base derangements such as
198:modes of mechanical ventilation
4397:Laryngotracheal reconstruction
2591:Engstrom CG (September 1954).
2252:Yang KL, Tobin MJ (May 1991).
2149:10.1002/14651858.CD013732.pub2
1545:
1496:
1455:
1208:
879:High Frequency Jet Ventilation
348:Neurological diseases such as
165:to fully or partially provide
1:
4898:Respiratory system procedures
4788:Positive pressure ventilation
3654:Geriatric intensive-care unit
3637:Pediatric intensive care unit
3054:Contin Educ Anaesth Crit Care
2912:. Elsevier. pp. 302–334.
2090:O'Connor HH (November 2011).
1790:10.1164/ajrccm.160.6.ats16060
1571:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2016-209729
1509:Pediatria I Medycyna Rodzinna
1359:Respiratory Therapy Equipment
1202:
1114:esophageal-tracheal combitube
895:
861:
637:alveolar collapse from major
558:negative-pressure ventilation
484:
463:Rapid Shallow Breathing Index
354:amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
301:Acute lung injury, including
194:negative pressure ventilation
190:positive pressure ventilation
4783:Negative pressure ventilator
4057:Neuromuscular-blocking drugs
4000:Nutritional supplementation
3631:Neonatal intensive care unit
2570:10.1164/ajrccm.161.5.9902018
2204:10.1183/09031936.02.01552001
2026:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182329617
917:Functional Residual Capacity
822:and the pressure inside the
810:to make it available to the
754:biphasic cuirass ventilation
740:Negative pressure ventilator
659:
445:problems, the potential for
7:
4157:Water-electrolyte imbalance
3991:Early goal-directed therapy
2271:10.1056/NEJM199105233242101
2008:Hoesch RE, Lin E, Young M,
1481:10.1056/NEJM200005043421801
1433:10.1056/NEJM199404143301507
1389:10.1056/NEJM199404143301507
1223:, Mosby, pp. 416–433,
1158:
50:. The specific problem is:
10:
4919:
4893:Emergency medical services
4773:Surgical airway management
4629:Ventilation/perfusion scan
4429:Tracheoesophageal puncture
4009:Total parenteral nutrition
3942:Life-supporting treatments
3649:Critical illness insurance
3087:Emergency Medicine Journal
2976:10.1007/s15010-021-01633-6
2881:Mosby's Medical Dictionary
2711:Gorini, M (1 March 2002).
1895:10.1164/rccm.201703-0536OC
1860:10.1164/rccm.201004-0670OC
1357:McPherson, Steven (1990).
1321:10.1007/s42247-021-00181-x
1277:10.1164/rccm.201503-0421PP
1035:
993:
989:Breath delivery mechanisms
737:
709:
682:
668:
655:, or blood from hemorrhage
203:
184:or nasotracheal tube. For
180:. This is done through an
25:
21:Ventilation (architecture)
18:
4798:
4751:
4731:
4703:
4660:
4637:
4599:
4592:
4499:
4405:
4294:
4285:
4191:
4178:Surviving Sepsis Campaign
4165:
4129:
4086:
4024:
3974:Ventricular assist device
3969:Intra-aortic balloon pump
3940:
3920:Pulmonary artery catheter
3892:
3842:
3800:
3669:
3662:
3617:
3589:
3483:
3446:
3379:
3323:
3315:List of modes by category
3240:
3214:
854:has to a degree become a
647:, water and protein from
583:When 100% oxygen (1.00 Fi
137:
125:
111:
96:
84:
79:
4853:Pulmonary rehabilitation
4680:Bronchial challenge test
4647:Pneumonia severity index
4639:Clinical prediction rule
3067:10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkq058
2778:10.1378/chest.102.6.1656
2677:10.1378/chest.102.6.1656
2499:10.1378/chest.122.4.1382
1700:Hess DR (October 2011).
1417:"Mechanical Ventilation"
1221:Sedation (Sixth Edition)
1073:Non-invasive ventilation
1069:non-invasive ventilation
1011:
1002:
974:non-invasive ventilation
970:Positive airway pressure
726:wall and lungs push the
664:
653:congestive heart failure
554:non-invasive ventilation
449:, and opioid tolerance.
380:due to paralysis of the
186:non-invasive ventilation
4888:Intensive care medicine
4072:Stress ulcer prevention
4016:Therapeutic hypothermia
3915:Central venous catheter
3583:Intensive care medicine
3159:Mechanical Ventilation,
2937:10.1378/chest.97.6.1420
2729:10.1136/thorax.57.3.258
2597:British Medical Journal
2069:10.1378/chest.105.1.237
1522:10.15557/pimr.2020.0006
1130:. This is similar to a
984:and in the ICU setting.
891:Neonatal Jet ventilator
396:Risks and complications
358:Guillain–Barré syndrome
336:Obstruction, such as a
322:with respiratory arrest
264:
52:Organization of topics.
4878:Mechanical ventilation
4843:Hyperinflation therapy
4808:Artificial respiration
4778:Mechanical ventilation
4713:Bronchoalveolar lavage
4614:CT pulmonary angiogram
4147:Level of consciousness
3954:mechanical ventilation
3852:Methicillin-resistant
3208:Mechanical ventilation
3171:Johns Hopkins Medicine
3134:Mechanical Ventilation
3026:10.1001/jama.2020.3633
2821:10.1378/chest.99.3.630
2609:10.1136/bmj.2.4889.666
2421:"Alveolar Ventilation"
2109:10.4187/respcare.01600
2014:Critical Care Medicine
1967:Critical Care Medicine
1719:10.4187/respcare.01387
1659:Critical Care Medicine
939:
892:
871:
702:
567:Pain medicine such as
509:
411:subcutaneous emphysema
283:
214:
167:artificial ventilation
151:Mechanical ventilation
80:Mechanical ventilation
4823:Decompression chamber
4491:Heart–lung transplant
3854:Staphylococcus aureus
2908:Walsh, Brain (2019).
1755:10.1378/chest.08-1617
1564:(Suppl 1): ii1–ii90.
1128:cricothyroid membrane
1110:laryngeal mask airway
937:
890:
869:
697:
683:Further information:
550:laryngeal mask airway
507:
275:Respiratory therapist
272:
211:
4695:Impulse oscillometry
4670:Body plethysmography
3829:Stress hyperglycemia
3670:Organ system failure
3604:Medical specialities
3351:Pulmonary volutrauma
3346:Pulmonary barotrauma
3099:10.1136/emj.19.2.109
1943:10.1056/NEJMoa070447
1825:10.1164/rccm.2107143
1197:Mean airway pressure
1060:oropharyngeal airway
930:Types of ventilators
838:Another type is the
820:atmospheric pressure
699:Carl Gunnar Engström
690:Types of Ventilation
552:may be employed. If
546:oropharyngeal airway
344:respiratory acidosis
333:requiring intubation
316:Pulmonary hemorrhage
217:The Greek physician
155:assisted ventilation
56:WikiProject Medicine
4903:Respiratory therapy
4818:Hyperbaric medicine
4800:Respiratory therapy
4718:Nasopharyngeal swab
4343:Acoustic rhinometry
4192:Related specialties
4152:Acid–base imbalance
4088:ICU scoring systems
3959:Tracheal intubation
3770:Respiratory failure
3765:Acute liver failure
3755:Acute renal failure
3625:Intensive care unit
3609:Respiratory therapy
2845:Gilgoff IS (2001).
2537:2018;35(10):736–44.
1106:Supraglottic airway
1100:subglottic stenosis
1084:Tracheal intubation
848:Bragg-Paul Pulsator
762:St Thomas' Hospital
443:intestinal mobility
382:respiratory muscles
378:Respiratory failure
331:Acute severe asthma
305:(ARDS), trauma, or
298:Surgical procedures
280:intensive care unit
171:intensive care unit
4883:Emergency medicine
4690:Diffusion capacity
4662:Lung function test
4279:respiratory system
4101:Glasgow Coma Scale
4052:Intravenous fluids
3932:Screening cultures
3900:Arterial blood gas
3865:Refeeding syndrome
3782:Neonatal infection
3743:Vasodilatory shock
3718:Distributive shock
3643:Coronary care unit
3165:2020-07-27 at the
3150:2018-10-05 at the
2884:(8 ed.). 2009
1309:Emergent Materials
940:
924:Tracheal tube test
893:
872:
764:in London and the
703:
510:
435:do-not-resuscitate
350:muscular dystrophy
284:
215:
163:ventilator machine
91:Servo-u Ventilator
4865:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4848:Pulmonary hygiene
4838:Postural drainage
4747:
4746:
4588:
4587:
4244:
4243:
4204:Internal medicine
3950:Airway management
3888:
3887:
3728:Obstructive shock
3713:Cardiogenic shock
3549:
3548:
3019:(15): 1499–1500.
2603:(4889): 666–669.
2401:. 26 October 2020
2399:Michigan Medicine
2264:(21): 1445–1450.
2102:(11): 1859–1860.
1973:(11): 3631–3636.
1936:(13): 1327–1335.
1712:(10): 1555–1572.
1474:(18): 1301–1308.
1427:(15): 1056–1061.
1383:(15): 1056–1061.
1271:(10): 1106–1115.
1238:978-0-323-40053-4
1038:Artificial airway
1020:Breath exhalation
948:artificial airway
734:Negative pressure
706:Positive pressure
685:Prone ventilation
560:is used, then an
534:endotracheal tube
447:opioid dependence
415:pneumomediastinum
405:. Others include
362:myasthenia gravis
182:endotracheal tube
161:term for using a
148:
147:
127:OPS-301 code
73:
72:
4910:
4756:
4755:
4752:Other procedures
4597:
4596:
4292:
4291:
4271:
4264:
4257:
4248:
4247:
3965:Cardiac devices
3819:Decubitus ulcers
3733:Neurogenic shock
3667:
3666:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3553:
3552:
3541:Mechanical power
3201:
3194:
3187:
3178:
3177:
3121:
3120:
3110:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3028:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2987:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2931:(6): 1420–1425.
2920:
2914:
2913:
2905:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2842:
2833:
2832:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2772:(6): 1656–1662.
2757:
2751:
2750:
2740:
2708:
2697:
2696:
2671:(6): 1656–1662.
2656:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2620:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2564:(5): 1450–1458.
2553:
2547:
2544:
2538:
2534:
2528:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2493:(4): 1382–1388.
2478:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2456:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2348:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2293:
2284:
2283:
2273:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2216:
2206:
2182:
2171:
2170:
2160:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2111:
2096:Respiratory Care
2087:
2081:
2080:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1945:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1721:
1706:Respiratory Care
1697:
1691:
1690:
1654:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1583:
1573:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1524:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1483:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1412:
1401:
1400:
1372:
1363:
1362:
1354:
1343:
1342:
1332:
1300:
1289:
1288:
1260:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1212:
1192:
1175:
1170:
1169:
1168:
870:3100A Oscillator
624:
623:
622:
606:
605:
604:
594:
593:
592:
542:airway maneuvers
419:pneumoperitoneum
141:edit on Wikidata
121:
89:
77:
76:
68:
65:
59:
41:
40:
33:
4918:
4917:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4908:
4907:
4868:
4867:
4866:
4857:
4794:
4743:
4727:
4699:
4656:
4633:
4601:Medical imaging
4584:
4573:Mediastinoscopy
4513:
4508:
4495:
4481:Transplantation
4476:Wedge resection
4401:
4281:
4275:
4245:
4240:
4187:
4161:
4125:
4082:
4042:Antithrombotics
4020:
4004:Enteral feeding
3986:Kidney dialysis
3936:
3884:
3860:Oxygen toxicity
3838:
3796:
3658:
3613:
3585:
3580:
3550:
3545:
3526:
3522:
3514:
3510:
3502:
3494:
3479:
3475:
3467:
3459:
3442:
3438:
3430:
3422:
3414:
3406:
3398:
3390:
3375:
3366:Oxygen toxicity
3324:Related illness
3319:
3236:
3210:
3205:
3167:Wayback Machine
3152:Wayback Machine
3129:
3124:
3079:
3075:
3046:
3042:
3005:
3001:
2956:
2952:
2921:
2917:
2906:
2897:
2887:
2885:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2843:
2836:
2805:
2801:
2758:
2754:
2709:
2700:
2657:
2653:
2646:
2638:
2634:
2589:
2585:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2541:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2522:
2479:
2475:
2465:
2463:
2462:. 13 April 2018
2458:
2457:
2440:
2430:
2428:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2404:
2402:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2378:
2376:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2294:
2287:
2250:
2246:
2183:
2174:
2143:(3): CD013732.
2129:
2125:
2088:
2084:
2053:
2049:
2006:
2002:
1963:
1959:
1922:
1918:
1879:
1875:
1844:
1840:
1809:
1805:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1739:
1735:
1698:
1694:
1655:
1648:
1638:
1636:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1550:
1546:
1501:
1497:
1460:
1456:
1413:
1404:
1373:
1366:
1355:
1346:
1301:
1292:
1261:
1252:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1190:
1187:Charles Hederer
1173:Medicine portal
1171:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1040:
1034:
1022:
1014:
1005:
996:
991:
944:bag valve masks
932:
898:
881:
864:
852:Puritan Bennett
836:
742:
736:
714:
708:
692:
687:
673:
667:
662:
621:
618:
617:
616:
614:
603:
600:
599:
598:
596:
591:
588:
587:
586:
584:
564:is not needed.
487:
467:Martin J. Tobin
455:
398:
267:
206:
144:
117:
92:
69:
63:
60:
54:
42:
38:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4916:
4906:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4863:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4804:
4802:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4785:
4775:
4770:
4764:
4762:
4760:Oxygen therapy
4753:
4749:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4739:Blood gas test
4735:
4733:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4725:
4723:Sputum culture
4720:
4715:
4709:
4707:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4666:
4664:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4654:
4649:
4643:
4641:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4605:
4603:
4594:
4590:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4582:
4580:Nuss procedure
4576:
4575:
4570:
4568:
4560:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4532:
4529:pleural cavity
4520:
4518:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4461:
4453:
4452:
4447:
4445:
4437:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4424:Cricothyrotomy
4421:
4419:
4411:
4409:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4394:
4393:
4392:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4370:
4362:
4361:
4356:
4354:
4346:
4345:
4340:
4338:Rhinomanometry
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4308:
4300:
4298:
4289:
4283:
4282:
4274:
4273:
4266:
4259:
4251:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4201:
4199:Anesthesiology
4195:
4193:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4169:
4167:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4133:
4131:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4096:APACHE II
4092:
4090:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4075:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4028:
4026:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4013:
4012:
4011:
4006:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3977:
3976:
3971:
3963:
3962:
3961:
3946:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3927:Blood cultures
3924:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3902:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3848:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3804:
3802:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3676:Shock sequence
3673:
3671:
3664:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3640:
3634:
3628:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3594:Health science
3590:
3587:
3586:
3579:
3578:
3571:
3564:
3556:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3452:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3336:Atelectotrauma
3333:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3246:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3211:
3204:
3203:
3196:
3189:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3155:
3142:
3128:
3127:External links
3125:
3123:
3122:
3093:(2): 109–113.
3073:
3040:
2999:
2970:(5): 989–997.
2950:
2915:
2895:
2871:
2857:
2834:
2815:(3): 630–636.
2799:
2752:
2723:(3): 258–262.
2698:
2651:
2632:
2583:
2548:
2539:
2529:
2520:
2473:
2438:
2427:. 15 July 2013
2412:
2386:
2360:
2335:
2308:(3): 441–443.
2285:
2244:
2197:(4): 925–933.
2172:
2123:
2082:
2063:(1): 237–241.
2047:
2020:(2): 587–593.
2000:
1957:
1916:
1889:(2): 204–213.
1873:
1854:(3): 364–371.
1838:
1803:
1768:
1749:(2): 521–528.
1733:
1692:
1665:(1): 131–143.
1646:
1621:
1618:. 7 June 2021.
1603:
1544:
1495:
1454:
1402:
1364:
1344:
1315:(1): 313–327.
1290:
1250:
1237:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1184:
1177:
1176:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1149:
1139:
1136:cricothyrotomy
1124:Cricothyrotomy
1121:
1118:laryngeal tube
1103:
1081:
1055:nasopharyngeal
1036:Main article:
1033:
1030:
1021:
1018:
1013:
1010:
1004:
1001:
995:
992:
990:
987:
986:
985:
967:
963:
959:
931:
928:
897:
894:
880:
877:
863:
860:
858:for the type.
835:
832:
816:pleural cavity
800:carbon dioxide
766:John Radcliffe
738:Main article:
735:
732:
710:Main article:
707:
704:
691:
688:
669:Main article:
666:
663:
661:
658:
657:
656:
641:
619:
601:
589:
562:airway adjunct
486:
483:
454:
451:
431:intensive care
397:
394:
389:
388:
375:
369:
346:
340:
334:
328:
323:
317:
314:
309:
299:
266:
263:
254:of the 1900s.
252:polio epidemic
205:
202:
146:
145:
138:
135:
134:
129:
123:
122:
115:
109:
108:
100:
94:
93:
90:
82:
81:
71:
70:
45:
43:
36:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4915:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4801:
4797:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4754:
4750:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4730:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4706:
4702:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4663:
4659:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4609:Bronchography
4607:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4598:
4595:
4591:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4566:
4562:
4561:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4537:Thoracentesis
4535:
4533:
4531:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4517:
4511:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4486:Decortication
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4466:Pneumonectomy
4464:
4462:
4460:
4459:
4455:
4454:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4439:
4438:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4404:
4398:
4395:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4364:
4363:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4347:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4272:
4267:
4265:
4260:
4258:
4253:
4252:
4249:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4190:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4166:Organisations
4164:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4116:SAPS III
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4085:
4079:
4076:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4023:
4017:
4014:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3910:Arterial line
3908:
3907:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3891:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3801:Complications
3799:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3750:Organ failure
3748:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3705:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3690:Severe sepsis
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3665:
3661:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3641:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3618:General terms
3616:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3588:
3584:
3577:
3572:
3570:
3565:
3563:
3558:
3557:
3554:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3517:
3515:
3505:
3503:
3497:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3476:
3470:
3468:
3462:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3439:
3433:
3431:
3425:
3423:
3417:
3415:
3409:
3407:
3401:
3399:
3393:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3202:
3197:
3195:
3190:
3188:
3183:
3182:
3179:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3130:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3100:
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2375:. 26 May 2020
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49:
46:This article
44:
35:
34:
29:
22:
4777:
4563:
4547:Thoracoscopy
4523:
4456:
4450:Bronchoscopy
4440:
4414:
4380:Laryngectomy
4375:Laryngoscopy
4365:
4349:
4303:
4236:Traumatology
4137:Hemodynamics
4111:SAPS II
4078:Vasopressors
3996:Induced coma
3953:
3853:
3844:Iatrogenesis
3834:Stress ulcer
3738:Spinal shock
3695:Septic shock
3536:A-a gradient
3215:Fundamentals
3207:
3158:
3132:
3090:
3086:
3076:
3060:(2): 56–61.
3057:
3053:
3043:
3016:
3012:
3002:
2967:
2963:
2953:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2909:
2886:. Retrieved
2880:
2874:
2862:. Retrieved
2847:
2812:
2808:
2802:
2769:
2765:
2755:
2720:
2716:
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2600:
2596:
2586:
2561:
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2551:
2542:
2532:
2523:
2490:
2486:
2476:
2464:. Retrieved
2429:. Retrieved
2424:
2415:
2403:. Retrieved
2398:
2389:
2377:. Retrieved
2372:
2363:
2351:. Retrieved
2338:
2305:
2301:
2261:
2257:
2247:
2194:
2190:
2140:
2136:
2126:
2099:
2095:
2085:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2017:
2013:
2010:Gottesman RF
2003:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1933:
1929:
1919:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1819:(1): 21–30.
1816:
1812:
1806:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1709:
1705:
1695:
1662:
1658:
1637:. Retrieved
1633:
1624:
1615:
1606:
1561:
1557:
1547:
1515:(1): 40–44.
1512:
1508:
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1471:
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1380:
1376:
1358:
1312:
1308:
1268:
1264:
1242:, retrieved
1220:
1210:
1151:
1142:Tracheostomy
1132:tracheostomy
1058:
1054:
1041:
1023:
1015:
1006:
997:
953:
941:
921:
915:
912:
909:
906:
903:
899:
882:
873:
856:generic name
844:exsufflation
839:
837:
829:
812:gas exchange
774:
743:
728:tidal volume
724:
719:tracheostomy
715:
674:
627:pneumothorax
582:
566:
538:tracheostomy
511:
488:
479:
475:
460:
456:
439:
428:
407:pneumothorax
399:
390:
293:
285:
273:
256:
244:
240:asphyxiating
224:Robert Hooke
216:
175:
154:
150:
149:
74:
61:
51:
47:
4685:Capnography
4565:mediastinum
4552:Thoracotomy
4542:Pleurodesis
4510:mediastinum
4434:Tracheotomy
4385:Laryngotomy
4323:Somnoplasty
4318:Septoplasty
4313:Rhinoplasty
4219:Pulmonology
4142:Hypotension
4037:Antibiotics
3880:Dialytrauma
3723:Anaphylaxis
2214:2434/177087
1616:www.cdc.gov
1092:nasopharynx
978:sleep apnea
639:atelectasis
491:respiration
4872:Categories
4768:Intubation
4675:Spirometry
4557:Chest tube
4501:Chest wall
4359:Sinusotomy
4333:Rhinectomy
4328:Alarplasty
4226:Pediatrics
4209:Cardiology
4130:Physiology
4032:Analgesics
3981:Chest tube
3810:/ myopathy
3787:Polytrauma
3663:Conditions
3356:Rheotrauma
2888:11 October
2864:11 October
2373:LibreTexts
1203:References
1152:Mouthpiece
1096:oropharynx
1044:aspiration
896:Monitoring
862:Oscillator
712:Ventilator
678:clinicians
495:dead space
485:Physiology
403:barotrauma
384:caused by
364:including
236:George Poe
64:April 2022
4833:Nebulizer
4624:Spiral CT
4516:diaphragm
4471:Lobectomy
4390:Thyrotomy
4214:Neurology
4067:Sedatives
4047:Inotropes
3893:Diagnosis
3341:Biotrauma
3139:eMedicine
2964:Infection
2786:0012-3692
2685:0012-3692
2507:0012-3692
2322:2329-6933
2223:0903-1936
1539:242479451
1531:1734-1531
1441:0028-4793
1181:Biotrauma
1080:aerosols.
1051:Face mask
804:diffusion
777:iron lung
660:Technique
645:pneumonia
574:clonidine
522:esophagus
326:Hypoxemia
312:Pneumonia
288:breathing
248:Iron lung
213:pressure.
4705:Cytology
4442:bronchus
4407:Lower RT
4296:Upper RT
3905:Catheter
3824:Fungemia
3599:Medicine
3380:Pressure
3163:Archived
3148:Archived
3117:11904254
3035:32159735
2994:34089483
2747:11867832
2627:13190223
2578:10806138
2515:12377869
2466:16 April
2431:16 April
2405:16 April
2379:16 April
2353:16 April
2330:28029806
2239:17395437
2231:12412685
2167:33729556
2118:22035828
2034:21946655
1987:11098965
1952:18367735
1903:28930478
1868:20813887
1833:12091166
1798:10588637
1763:18812452
1728:22008397
1687:23200644
1639:29 April
1590:28507176
1490:10793162
1339:33821231
1285:25844759
1159:See also
1077:COVID-19
901:trends.
784:epidemic
760:such as
578:sedative
437:orders.
386:botulism
307:COVID-19
228:Vesalius
4652:CURB-65
4416:trachea
4287:Surgery
4231:Surgery
3448:Volumes
3108:1725832
2985:8179090
2945:2347228
2829:1899821
2794:1446467
2738:1746266
2693:1446467
2618:2079443
2280:2023603
2158:8121090
2077:8275739
2042:9038265
1995:9583325
1911:3716085
1679:8420720
1598:9755201
1449:8080509
1397:8080509
1330:8012748
1146:trachea
1116:(ETC),
1088:trachea
1065:pharynx
994:Trigger
758:England
746:cuirass
610:alveoli
569:opioids
514:pharynx
356:(ALS),
232:trachea
204:History
178:trachea
159:medical
157:is the
119:D012121
4828:Heliox
4525:pleura
4505:pleura
4367:larynx
3706:Other
3685:Sepsis
3639:(PICU)
3633:(NICU)
3501:static
3115:
3105:
3033:
2992:
2982:
2943:
2855:
2827:
2792:
2784:
2745:
2735:
2717:Thorax
2691:
2683:
2647:
2625:
2615:
2576:
2513:
2505:
2425:LSUHSC
2349:. 2006
2328:
2320:
2278:
2237:
2229:
2221:
2165:
2155:
2116:
2075:
2040:
2032:
1993:
1985:
1950:
1909:
1901:
1866:
1831:
1796:
1761:
1726:
1685:
1677:
1596:
1588:
1558:Thorax
1537:
1529:
1488:
1447:
1439:
1395:
1337:
1327:
1283:
1235:
1134:but a
966:types.
824:thorax
796:oxygen
792:gasket
770:Oxford
526:airway
520:, and
518:larynx
417:, and
368:, etc.
4732:Other
4593:Tests
4351:sinus
4074:drugs
4025:Drugs
3708:shock
3645:(CCU)
3627:(ICU)
3484:Other
3242:Modes
2925:Chest
2809:Chest
2766:Chest
2665:Chest
2487:Chest
2347:(PDF)
2235:S2CID
2057:Chest
2038:S2CID
1991:S2CID
1907:S2CID
1743:Chest
1683:S2CID
1594:S2CID
1535:S2CID
1244:2 May
1012:Limit
1003:Cycle
884:PEEP.
808:lungs
781:polio
665:Modes
544:, an
338:tumor
320:Apnea
219:Galen
139:[
103:93.90
98:ICD-9
4514:and
4458:lung
4305:nose
4121:SOFA
4106:PIM2
3952:and
3792:Coma
3680:SIRS
3437:plat
3331:ARDS
3290:APRV
3285:CPAP
3281:/NIV
3279:BPAP
3254:SIMV
3113:PMID
3031:PMID
3013:JAMA
2990:PMID
2941:PMID
2890:2016
2866:2016
2853:ISBN
2825:PMID
2790:PMID
2782:ISSN
2743:PMID
2689:PMID
2681:ISSN
2623:PMID
2574:PMID
2511:PMID
2503:ISSN
2468:2021
2433:2021
2407:2021
2381:2021
2355:2021
2326:PMID
2318:ISSN
2276:PMID
2227:PMID
2219:ISSN
2163:PMID
2141:2021
2114:PMID
2073:PMID
2030:PMID
1983:PMID
1948:PMID
1899:PMID
1864:PMID
1829:PMID
1794:PMID
1759:PMID
1724:PMID
1675:PMID
1641:2022
1586:PMID
1527:ISSN
1486:PMID
1445:PMID
1437:ISSN
1393:PMID
1335:PMID
1281:PMID
1246:2022
1233:ISBN
1098:and
1026:PEEP
982:COPD
798:and
788:tank
499:FiO2
461:The
265:Uses
132:8-71
113:MeSH
106:96.7
4813:CPR
3493:dyn
3395:FiO
3389:EEP
3310:HFV
3305:ASV
3300:PAV
3295:MMV
3274:PAP
3269:CSV
3264:ACV
3259:CMV
3250:IMV
3137:at
3103:PMC
3095:doi
3062:doi
3021:doi
3017:323
2980:PMC
2972:doi
2933:doi
2817:doi
2774:doi
2770:102
2733:PMC
2725:doi
2673:doi
2669:102
2613:PMC
2605:doi
2566:doi
2562:161
2495:doi
2491:122
2310:doi
2266:doi
2262:324
2209:hdl
2199:doi
2153:PMC
2145:doi
2104:doi
2065:doi
2061:105
2022:doi
1975:doi
1938:doi
1934:358
1891:doi
1887:197
1856:doi
1852:183
1821:doi
1817:166
1786:doi
1782:160
1751:doi
1747:135
1714:doi
1667:doi
1576:hdl
1566:doi
1517:doi
1476:doi
1472:342
1429:doi
1425:330
1385:doi
1381:330
1325:PMC
1317:doi
1273:doi
1269:191
1225:doi
1094:or
1057:or
980:or
768:in
556:or
548:or
469:of
153:or
4874::
4503:,
3531:OI
3523:/V
3429:AW
3413:IP
3111:.
3101:.
3091:19
3089:.
3085:.
3058:11
3056:.
3052:.
3029:.
3015:.
3011:.
2988:.
2978:.
2968:49
2966:.
2962:.
2939:.
2929:97
2927:.
2898:^
2837:^
2823:.
2813:99
2811:.
2788:.
2780:.
2768:.
2764:.
2741:.
2731:.
2721:57
2719:.
2715:.
2701:^
2687:.
2679:.
2667:.
2663:.
2621:.
2611:.
2599:.
2595:.
2572:.
2560:.
2509:.
2501:.
2489:.
2485:.
2441:^
2423:.
2397:.
2371:.
2324:.
2316:.
2306:14
2304:.
2300:.
2288:^
2274:.
2260:.
2256:.
2233:.
2225:.
2217:.
2207:.
2195:20
2193:.
2189:.
2175:^
2161:.
2151:.
2139:.
2135:.
2112:.
2100:56
2098:.
2094:.
2071:.
2059:.
2036:.
2028:.
2018:40
2016:.
1989:.
1981:.
1971:28
1969:.
1946:.
1932:.
1928:.
1905:.
1897:.
1885:.
1862:.
1850:.
1827:.
1815:.
1792:.
1780:.
1757:.
1745:.
1722:.
1710:56
1708:.
1704:.
1681:.
1673:.
1663:21
1661:.
1649:^
1632:.
1614:.
1592:.
1584:.
1574:.
1562:72
1560:.
1556:.
1533:.
1525:.
1513:16
1511:.
1507:.
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1470:.
1466:.
1443:.
1435:.
1423:.
1419:.
1405:^
1391:.
1379:.
1367:^
1347:^
1333:.
1323:.
1311:.
1307:.
1293:^
1279:.
1267:.
1253:^
1231:,
1219:,
1046::
926:.
772:.
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