40:
703:
1261:
1249:, including dosages, administration, timing or any drug interactions. Additionally, there is still research being conducted on whether intubation and suctioning of meconium in newborns with MAS is beneficial, harmful or is simply a redundant and outdated treatment. In general, there is still no generally accepted therapeutic protocol and effective treatment plan for MAS.
819:(ECMO) may be utilised in infants who fail to respond to ventilation therapy. While on ECMO, the body can have time to absorb the meconium and for all the associated disorders to resolve. There has been an excellent response to this treatment, as the survival rate of MAS while on ECMO is more than 94%.
262:
As MAS describes a spectrum of disorders of newborns born through MSAF, without any congenital respiratory disorders or other underlying pathology, there are numerous hypothesised mechanisms and causes for the onset of this syndrome. Long-term consequences may arise from these disorders, for example,
1206:
has been used when MSAF was present, which involves a transcervical infusion of fluid during labour. The idea was to dilute the thick meconium to reduce its potential pathophysiology and reduce cases of MAS, since MAS is more prevalent in cases of thick meconium. However, there are associated risks,
1228:
are not frequently associated with MSAF (only approximately 5% in total contain MSAF). The rate of MAS declines in populations where labour is induced in women that have pregnancies exceeding 41 weeks. There are many suspected pre-disposing factors that are thought to increase the risk of MAS. For
763:
Most infants born through MSAF do not require any treatments (other than routine postnatal care) as they show no signs of respiratory distress, as only approximately 5% of infants born through MSAF develop MAS. However, infants which do develop MAS need to be admitted to a neonatal unit where they
137:
throughout the third trimester of pregnancy and it is the first intestinal discharge released within the first 48 hours after birth. Notably, since meconium and the whole content of the gastrointestinal tract is located 'extracorporeally,' its constituents are hidden and normally not recognised by
82:
within their lungs. Therefore, MAS has a wide range of severity depending on what conditions and complications develop after parturition. Furthermore, the pathophysiology of MAS is multifactorial and extremely complex which is why it is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in term infants.
1190:
aspiration was utilised for 20 years. This treatment was believed to be effective as it was reported to significantly decrease the incidence of MAS compared to those newborns born through MSAF who were not treated. This claim was later disproved and future studies concluded that oropharyngeal and
822:
Ventilation of infants with MAS can be challenging and, as MAS can affect each individual differently, ventilation administration may need to be customised. Some newborns with MAS can have homogenous lung changes and others can have inconsistent and patchy changes to their lungs. It is common for
803:
In cases of MAS, there is a need for supplemental oxygen for at least 12 hours in order to maintain oxygen saturation of haemoglobin at 92% or more. The severity of respiratory distress can vary significantly between newborns with MAS, as some require minimal or no supplemental oxygen requirement
613:
The extent of surfactant inhibition depends on both the concentration of surfactant and meconium. If the surfactant concentration is low, even very highly diluted meconium can inhibit surfactant function whereas, in high surfactant concentrations, the effects of meconium are limited. Meconium may
347:
are found in samples of MSAF at a higher rate than in clear amniotic fluid, for example 46.9% of patients with MSAF also had endotoxins present. A microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (MIAC) is more common in patients with MSAF and this could ultimately lead to an intra-amniotic inflammatory
189:
with MSAF. It is believed that foetal distress develops into foetal hypoxia causing the foetus to defecate meconium resulting in MSAF and then perhaps MAS. Other stressors which causes foetal distress, and therefore meconium passage, includes when umbilical vein oxygen saturation is below 30%.
197:
and relaxing the anal sphincter, which results in the passage of meconium. Then, because of intrauterine gasping or from the first few breaths after delivery, MAS may develop. Furthermore, aspiration of thick meconium leads to obstruction of airways resulting in a more severe
237:
of the foetal intestines is present as early as 8 weeks gestation and the anal sphincter develops at about 20–22 weeks. The early control mechanisms of the anal sphincter are not well understood, however there is evidence that the foetus does defecate routinely into the
242:
even in the absence of distress. The presence of fetal intestinal enzymes have been found in the amniotic fluid of women who are as early as 14–22 weeks pregnant. Thus, suggesting there is free passage of the intestinal contents into the amniotic fluid.
710:
Respiratory distress in an infant born through the darkly coloured MSAF as well as meconium obstructing the airways is usually sufficient to diagnose MAS. Additionally, newborns with MAS can have other types of respiratory distress such as
1160:
and death. Early intervention and using it on newborns with mild MAS is more effective. However, there are risks as a large volume of fluid instillation to the lung of a newborn can be dangerous (particularly in cases of severe MAS with
684:
cleavage of lung airway epithelial cells, this is detected by the presence of fragmented DNA within the airways and in alveolar epithelial nuclei. Meconium induces an inflammatory reaction within the lungs as there is an increase of
2117:
Vain, NE; Szyld, EG; Prudent, LM; Wiswell, TE; Aguilar, AM; Vivas, NI (2004). "Oropharyngeal and
Nasopharyngeal Suctioning of Meconium-Stained Neonates Before Delivery of their Shoulders: Multicentre, Randomised Controlled Trial".
986:
formation and oxidative lung injury. However, glucocorticoids may increase the risk of infection and this risk increases with the dose and duration of glucocorticoid treatment. Other issues can arise, such as aggravation of
641:(PPHN) is the failure of the foetal circulation to adapt to extra-uterine conditions after birth. PPHN is associated with various respiratory diseases, including MAS (as 15-20% of infants with MAS develop PPHN), but also
693:
after exposure. After 8 hours of meconium exposure, in rabbit foetuses, the total amount of apoptotic cells is 54%. Therefore, the majority of meconium-induced lung damage may be due to the apoptosis of lung epithelium.
2635:
253:
also increases in later gestations. Therefore, the increased incidence of MAS in post-term pregnancies may reflect the maturation and development of the peristalsis within the gastrointestinal tract in the newborn.
1219:
1 in every 7 pregnancies have MSAF and, of these cases, approximately 5% of these infants develop MAS. MSAF is observed 23-52% in pregnancies at 42 weeks therefore, the frequency of MAS increases as the length of
2520:
2505:
2490:
1177:
Originally, it was believed that MAS developed as a result of the meconium being a physical blockage of the airways. Thus, to prevent newborns, who were born through MSAF, from developing MAS, suctioning of the
851:
as it causes vasodilation within ventilated areas of the lung thus, decreasing the ventilation-perfusion mismatch and thereby, improves oxygenation. Treatment utilising iNO decreases the need for
948:
etc.) and other biologically active substances. The anti-inflammatory effect of glucocorticoids is also demonstrated by enhancing the activity of lipocortines which inhibit the activity of PLA
2628:
622:), and by changing the viscosity and structure of surfactant. Several morphological changes occur after meconium exposure, the most notable being the detachment of airway epithelium from
406:
recognises as a foreign and dangerous substance. The immune system, which is present at birth, responds within minutes with a low specificity and no memory in order to try to eliminate
1191:
nasopharyngeal suctioning, before delivery of the shoulders in infants born through MSAF, does not prevent MAS or its complications. In fact, it can cause more issues and damage (e.g.
1237:
Research is being focused on developing both a successful method for preventing MAS as well as an effective treatment. For example, investigations are being made in the efficiency of
680:
is an important mechanism in the clearance of injured cells and in tissue repair, however too much apoptosis may cause harm, such as acute lung injury. Meconium induces apoptosis and
2621:
291:. After 60 minutes of exposure, the meconium travels further down into the smaller airways. Once within the terminal bronchioles and alveoli, the meconium triggers inflammation,
394:
Meconium has a complex chemical composition, so it is difficult to identify a single agent responsible for the several diseases that arise. As meconium is stored inside the
215:
of infants with MSAF are vigorous at birth and do not have any distress or hypoxia. Additionally, foetal distress occurs frequently without the passage of meconium as well.
970:
need to be administered as quickly as possible as the effect of these drugs can diminish even just an hour after meconium aspiration. For example, early administration of
855:
and mortality in newborns with hypoxic respiratory failure and PPHN as a result of MAS. However, approximately 30-50% of infants with PPHN do not respond to iNO therapy.
1211:
and prolongation of labour. The UK National
Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) Guidelines recommend against the use of amnioinfusion in women with MSAF.
1195:
damage), thus it is not a recommended preventative treatment. Suctioning may not significantly reduce the incidence of MAS as meconium passage and aspiration may occur
319:, because of obstruction and/or destruction, will become hypoxic and an inflammatory response may consequently occur. Partial obstruction will lead to air trapping and
1030:
contractile activity. Therefore, non-selective and selective inhibitors of PDE could potentially be used in MAS therapy. However, the use of PDE inhibitors can cause
379:
and matrix-degrading enzymes. Therefore, these aforementioned mediators within the amniotic fluid during MIAC and intra-amniotic infection could, when aspirated
606:. Surfactant also contributes to lung protection and defence as it is also an anti-inflammatory agent. Surfactant enhances the removal of inhaled particles and
177:. However, the exact mechanism for meconium passage into the amniotic fluid is not completely understood and it may be a combination of several factors.
614:
impact surfactant mechanisms by preventing surfactant from spreading over the alveolar surface, decreasing the concentration of surfactant proteins (
249:
is found in higher concentrations in post-term than pre-term foetal gastrointestinal tracts. Similarly, intestinal parasympathetic innervation and
74:
is a medical condition affecting newborn infants. It describes the spectrum of disorders and pathophysiology of newborns born in meconium-stained
2304:
Bassler, D; Choong, K; McNamara, P; Kirpalani, H (2006). "Neonatal
Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension Treated with Milrinone: Four Case Report".
1152:
has potential benefits depending on how early it is given in newborns with MAS. This treatment shows promise as it has an effect on air leaks,
731:
In general, the incidence of MAS has been significantly reduced over the past two decades as the number of post-term deliveries has minimized.
2388:
Carson, BS; Losey, RW; Bowes Jr, WA; Simmons, MA (1976). "Combined
Obstetric and Pediatric Approach to Prevent Meconium Aspiration Syndrome".
1229:
example, the risk of MSAF is higher in
African American, African and Pacific Islander mothers, compared to mothers from other ethnic groups.
3009:
2261:
Czock, D; Keller, F; Rasche, FM; Haussler, U (2005). "Pharmacokinetics and
Pharmacodynamics of Systemically Administered Glucocorticoids".
630:
into the airway. These indicate a direct detrimental effect on lung alveolar cells because of the introduction of meconium into the lungs.
1925:
Zagariya, A; Bhat, R; Chari, G; Uhal, B; Navale, S; Vidyasagar, D (2005). "Apoptosis of Airway
Epithelial Cells in Response to Meconium".
3024:
3014:
1313:
Van
Ierland, Y; De Beaufort, AJ (2009). "Why Does Meconium Cause Meconium Aspiration Syndrome? Current Concepts of MAS Pathophysiology".
1137:
Meconium is typically sterile however, it can contain various cultures of bacteria so appropriate antibiotics may need to be prescribed.
271:
In the first 15 minutes of meconium aspiration, there is obstruction of larger airways which causes increased lung resistance, decreased
706:
Release of meconium into the amniotic cavity and then intrauterine gasping of post-term neonates may cause meconium aspiration syndrome.
1960:
Marco, P; Nadya, Y; Roselyne, B; Paolo, M; Mostafa, M; De Luca, D (2014). "Lung
Ultrasound Findings in Meconium Aspiration Syndrome".
890:. Thus, there is a reduction in the action of mediators released from these cells and therefore, a reduced inflammatory response.
739:
Prevention during pregnancy may include amnioinfusion and antibiotics but the effectiveness of these treatments are questionable.
1365:
Vain, NE; Batton, DG (2017). "Meconium "Aspiration" (or
Respiratory Distress Associated with Meconium-Stained Amniotic Fluid?)".
723:. Additionally, X-rays and lung ultrasounds can be quick, easy and cheap imaging techniques to diagnose lung diseases like MAS.
469:
are released from neutrophilic granules and these may damage the lung membrane and surfactant proteins. Additionally, activated
3004:
1757:
Mokra, D; Mokry, J; Tonhajzerova, I (2013). "Anti-Inflammatory Treatment of Meconium Aspiration Syndrome: Benefits and Risks".
1199:
Thereby making the suctioning redundant and useless as the meconium may already be deep within the lungs at the time of birth.
1117:, (either through selective or non-selective drugs) inflammation and oedema can be reduced. However, COX inhibitors may induce
719:. Sometimes it is hard to diagnose MAS as it can be confused with other diseases that also cause respiratory distress, such as
47:
X-ray showing the extent of lung epithelial damage in response to meconium seen in neonates with meconium aspiration syndrome.
157:
The main theories of meconium passage into amniotic fluid are caused by fetal maturity or from foetal stress as a result of
2907:
1802:"Bacteria and Endotoxin in Meconium-Stained Amniotic Fluid at Term: Could Intra-amniotic Infection Cause Meconium Passage?"
1157:
852:
816:
886:
cells, and other cells. They reduce the migration of neutrophils into the lungs ergo, decreasing their adherence to the
2912:
1800:
Romero, R; Yoon, BH; Chaemsaithong, P; Cortez, J; Park, CW; Behnke, RGE; Hassan, SS; Chaiworapongsa, T; Yeo, L (2014).
365:
39:
909:. Ultimately, effecting whether various proteins get produced or not. Inhibiting the transcription of nuclear factor (
2690:
930:
848:
638:
328:
804:
and, in severe cases, mechanical ventilation may be needed. The desired oxygen saturation is between 90 and 95% and
3233:
3208:
2999:
1655:"Neurodevelopmental Outcome of Infants with Meconium Aspiration Syndrome: Report of a Study and Literature Review"
3300:
3250:
2818:
2613:
2004:
Chettri, S; Bhat, BV; Adhisivam, B (2016). "Current Concepts in the Management of Meconium Aspiration Syndrome".
205:
The association between foetal distress and meconium passage is not a definite cause-effect relationship as over
1898:
Brooke-Vincent, F (2015). "Meconium Aspiration Syndrome and Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn".
1019:
1015:
2992:
263:
infants that develop MAS have higher rates of developing neurodevelopmental defects due to poor respiration.
555:. Injury to the alveolocapillary membrane results in leakage of liquid, plasma proteins, and cells into the
3228:
3151:
2969:
755:
suctioning is not an ideal preventative treatment for both vigorous and depressed (not breathing) infants.
2728:
2601:
3218:
3123:
3060:
1697:
Mokra, D; Calkovska, A (2013). "How to Overcome Surfactant Dysfunction in Meconium Aspiration Syndrome".
3065:
3055:
2946:
2941:
544:
3095:
2804:
2800:
2760:
1477:"Meconium Aspiration Syndrome: Possible Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Future Potential Therapies"
914:
474:
3161:
3082:
2539:
2349:"Surfactant Lavage Therapy for Meconium Aspiration Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
777:
316:
800:
suctioning can be used however, the efficacy of this method is in question and it can cause harm.
327:
may follow. Chronic hypoxia will lead to an increase in pulmonary vascular smooth muscle tone and
3257:
3223:
2828:
2748:
2738:
2685:
1208:
1026:
of a newborn with MAS, various isoforms of PDE may be involved due to their pro-inflammatory and
902:
894:
478:
427:
193:
Foetal hypoxic stress during parturition can stimulate colonic activity, by enhancing intestinal
1245:
therapy. More research needs to be conducted on the pharmacological properties of, for example,
3138:
2956:
2865:
2848:
1162:
840:
812:
438:
340:
224:
134:
2579:
513:, key mediators in inflammation, and may thus contribute to the inflammatory response in MAS.
3072:
2780:
2499:
1618:
Poggi, SH; Ghidini, A (2009). "Pathophysiology of Meconium Passage into the Amniotic Fluid".
874:
have a strong anti-inflammatory activity and works to reduce the migration and activation of
863:
As inflammation is such a huge issue in MAS, treatment has consisted of anti-inflammatories.
764:
will be closely observed and provided any treatments needed. Observations include monitoring
145:
during the period when the fluid-filled lungs transition into an air-filled organ capable of
3321:
3110:
3100:
2902:
2858:
1274:
1118:
1027:
918:
781:
619:
615:
498:
446:
411:
403:
288:
1129:. Additionally, COX inhibitors have not shown any great response in the treatment of MAS.
823:
sedation and muscle relaxants to be used to optimise ventilation and minimise the risk of
465:
and epithelial cells that may injure the lung tissue directly or indirectly. For example,
141:
For the meconium within the amniotic fluid to successfully cause MAS, it has to enter the
8:
3295:
3278:
3128:
2984:
2894:
2524:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1055:
540:
494:
466:
300:
811:
may be as high as 90mmHg. In cases where there is thick meconium deep within the lungs,
3326:
3213:
3169:
3146:
3036:
2813:
2533:
2529:
2329:
2286:
2235:
2210:
2143:
2029:
1880:
1826:
1801:
1782:
1722:
1551:
1524:
1023:
1000:
595:
560:
506:
142:
2131:
1973:
1224:
increases, such that the prevalence is greatest in post-term pregnancies. Conversely,
527:), a potent proinflammatory enzyme, which may directly (or through the stimulation of
105:
Meconium is a sticky dark-green substance which contains gastrointestinal secretions,
3046:
2964:
2934:
2875:
2853:
2670:
2550:
2446:
2405:
2401:
2370:
2321:
2278:
2274:
2240:
2184:
2135:
2099:
2095:
2021:
1977:
1942:
1872:
1867:
1850:
1831:
1774:
1714:
1676:
1635:
1631:
1600:
1556:
1498:
1382:
1330:
1326:
1238:
1166:
1082:(a selective PDE3 inhibitor) improved oxygenation and survival of neonates with MAS.
1063:
1011:
988:
967:
893:
Glucocorticoids also possess a genomic mechanism of action in which, once bound to a
773:
702:
666:
650:
623:
552:
510:
419:
369:
199:
186:
158:
52:
2333:
2290:
2147:
1884:
1786:
1726:
3288:
3115:
2775:
2716:
2680:
2436:
2397:
2360:
2313:
2270:
2230:
2222:
2174:
2127:
2091:
2061:
2033:
2013:
1969:
1934:
1907:
1862:
1821:
1813:
1766:
1706:
1666:
1627:
1590:
1546:
1536:
1488:
1450:
1420:
1374:
1322:
1090:
953:
941:
934:
769:
654:
528:
517:
490:
486:
373:
296:
2643:
2590:
3245:
3031:
2923:
2843:
2544:
1817:
1266:
1192:
1035:
665:
mismatch can trigger PPHN, depending on the concentration of meconium within the
587:
292:
272:
239:
547:(PAF) and other vasoactive substances that may lead to destruction of capillary
2870:
2065:
1770:
1710:
1454:
1424:
1378:
1246:
1183:
1094:
1039:
1031:
961:
871:
752:
575:
320:
130:
106:
75:
2555:
2514:
2226:
2017:
1938:
1911:
3315:
2809:
2649:
2052:
Stenson, BJ; Smith, CL (2012). "Management of Meconium Aspiration Syndrome".
1225:
1203:
1179:
1126:
1102:
1059:
1047:
971:
926:
922:
906:
748:
454:
450:
423:
407:
399:
361:
353:
166:
2467:
2082:
Aguilar, AM; Vain, NE (2011). "The Suctioning in the Delivery Room Debate".
505:. Recently, it has been hypothesised that meconium is a potent activator of
2929:
2770:
2450:
2374:
2325:
2282:
2244:
2211:"Glucocorticoids in the Treatment of Neonatal Meconium Aspiration Syndrome"
2188:
2139:
2103:
2025:
1981:
1946:
1876:
1835:
1778:
1718:
1680:
1639:
1604:
1560:
1502:
1386:
1334:
1153:
1122:
1110:
1098:
1043:
992:
975:
957:
945:
898:
844:
836:
824:
785:
579:
556:
482:
324:
146:
2441:
2424:
2163:"Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Use in Meconium Aspiration Syndrome"
1541:
3273:
3175:
3041:
2743:
2574:
2409:
1242:
1145:
1106:
1046:. Additionally, methylxanthines decreases the concentrations of calcium,
887:
716:
583:
548:
442:
284:
280:
250:
234:
194:
122:
2482:
2179:
2162:
1671:
1654:
1595:
1578:
1441:
Argyridis, S; Arulkumaran, S (2016). "Meconium Stained Amniotic Fluid".
3283:
3240:
3181:
3019:
2347:
Choi, HJ; Hahn, S; Lee, J; Park, BJ; Lee, SM; Kin, HS; Bae, CW (2012).
1149:
1051:
979:
879:
875:
765:
627:
607:
591:
571:
470:
462:
458:
395:
344:
304:
2365:
2348:
2317:
1493:
1476:
531:) lead to surfactant dysfunction, lung epithelium destruction, tissue
3186:
2645:
2585:
1851:"Surfactant therapy for meconium aspiration syndrome: current status"
1221:
1079:
1054:, this controls the release of various mediators of inflammation and
720:
712:
690:
686:
677:
662:
658:
642:
599:
536:
502:
357:
276:
228:
110:
99:
2425:"Risk of Meconium-Stained Amniotic Fluid in Different Ethnic Groups"
414:
as it is a potent activator of inflammatory mediators which include
2979:
2596:
1038:, increase concentrations of cAMP and cGMP in the cells leading to
883:
532:
434:
415:
349:
79:
2422:
910:
218:
185:
There may be an important association between foetal distress and
180:
2702:
1187:
996:
797:
246:
174:
170:
161:
or infection. Other factors that promote the passage of meconium
2706:
2509:
2494:
2423:
Sehaghatian, MR; Othman, I; Hossain, MM; Vidyasagar, D (2000).
1411:
Rahman, S; Unsworth, J; Vause, S (2013). "Meconium in Labour".
646:
126:
2303:
788:). In general, treatment of MAS is more supportive in nature.
98:
as the sedative effects it had on the foetus were observed by
3090:
2837:
1799:
1474:
1114:
983:
603:
315:
The lung areas which do not or only partially participate in
118:
1525:"Advances in the Management of Meconium Aspiration Syndrome"
917:) attenuates the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (
805:
114:
2387:
1522:
2260:
978:, reduced ventilatory pressures, decreased the number of
681:
669:. PPHN in newborns is the leading cause of death in MAS.
348:
response. MIAC is associated with high concentrations of
227:
early in development, MSAF rarely occurs before 34 weeks
165:
include placental insufficiency, maternal hypertension,
133:
and cellular debris. Meconium accumulates in the foetal
2116:
1959:
2468:
eMedicine's article about meconium aspiration syndrome
1756:
1475:
Lindenskov, PHH; Castellheim, A; Saugstad, OD (2015).
1312:
1924:
2472:
2003:
1440:
1256:
1034:
side effects. Non-selective PDE inhibitors, such as
633:
1806:
The Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine
1410:
1579:"Meconium Aspiration Syndrome: Historical Aspects"
1186:area before delivery of the shoulders followed by
1113:effects. By inhibiting COX, and more specifically
1006:
791:
1523:Swarnam, K; Soraisham, AS; Sivanandan, S (2012).
1443:Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine
1413:Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Reproductive Medicine
1062:. Selective PDE inhibitors target one subtype of
602:(to prevent alveolar collapse) and prevents lung
3313:
742:
2346:
1848:
1085:
219:Meconium passage as a result of foetal maturity
181:Meconium passage as a result of foetal distress
1897:
1696:
734:
386:, induce lung inflammation within the foetus.
2629:
331:causing respiratory and circulatory failure.
2051:
1617:
1109:, which exhibit potent pro-inflammatory and
1078:and PDE-7 may become enhanced. For example,
2081:
1652:
1241:agents, surfactant replacement therapy and
16:Medical condition affecting newborn infants
2636:
2622:
2208:
1364:
952:and therefore, decrease the production of
827:associated with dyssynchronous breathing.
566:
303:, collapse of airways and inactivation of
38:
2440:
2364:
2234:
2178:
1866:
1825:
1670:
1594:
1550:
1540:
1492:
433:Meconium is a source of pro-inflammatory
389:
1576:
1367:Seminars in Foetal and Neonatal Medicine
701:
610:cells away from the alveolar structure.
1759:Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology
1699:Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology
1140:
897:, the activated complex moves into the
830:
3314:
2256:
2254:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1692:
1690:
1172:
2617:
2160:
2077:
2075:
2047:
2045:
2043:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
982:in the bronchoalveolar area, reduced
858:
266:
2908:Infant respiratory distress syndrome
1572:
1570:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1436:
1434:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
847:. This is ideal in the treatment of
590:(to allow for lung expansion during
223:Although meconium is present in the
2251:
2195:
1988:
1687:
1529:International Journal of Pediatrics
817:extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
815:may be required. In extreme cases,
13:
2913:Transient tachypnea of the newborn
2072:
2040:
1849:Dargaville, PA; Mills, JF (2005).
1733:
1232:
1101:, to various substances including
866:
796:To clear the airways of meconium,
516:Meconium contains high amounts of
366:monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
257:
14:
3338:
2691:Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
2461:
1567:
1509:
1461:
1431:
1393:
1341:
1287:
639:Persistent pulmonary hypertension
634:Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension
539:. Meconium can also activate the
398:, and is partly unexposed to the
329:persistent pulmonary hypertension
310:
3209:Vertically transmitted infection
2275:10.2165/00003088-200544010-00003
2096:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2011.01.003
1868:10.2165/00003495-200565180-00003
1632:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2009.09.011
1327:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2009.09.009
1259:
402:, when it becomes aspirated the
3301:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
3251:Group B streptococcal infection
2819:Intrauterine growth restriction
2416:
2381:
2340:
2297:
2154:
2110:
1953:
1918:
1891:
1842:
1793:
1007:Inhibitors of phosphodiesterase
792:Assisted ventilation techniques
90:is derived from the Greek word
72:neonatal aspiration of meconium
33:Neonatal aspiration of meconium
2644:Conditions originating in the
1646:
1611:
1132:
339:Microorganisms, most commonly
1:
2993:Vitamin K deficiency bleeding
2132:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16852-9
1974:10.1016/S0378-3782(14)50011-4
1280:
1214:
1066:and in MAS the activities of
743:Prevention during parturition
726:
457:), and mediators produced by
3152:Periventricular leukomalacia
2970:Persistent fetal circulation
2918:Meconium aspiration syndrome
2402:10.1016/0002-9378(76)90525-1
2054:Paediatrics and Child Health
1818:10.3109/14767058.2013.844124
1653:Beligere, N; Rao, R (2008).
1086:Inhibitors of cyclooxygenase
843:causing selective pulmonary
758:
697:
672:
578:and is made of a complex of
410:. Meconium perhaps leads to
334:
64:Meconium aspiration syndrome
25:Meconium aspiration syndrome
7:
3061:Intraventricular hemorrhage
2209:Mokra, D; Mokry, J (2011).
1900:Journal of Neonatal Nursing
1252:
735:Prevention during pregnancy
10:
3343:
3066:Germinal matrix hemorrhage
3056:Velamentous cord insertion
2947:Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
2066:10.1016/j.paed.2012.08.015
1771:10.1016/j.resp.2013.02.025
1711:10.1016/j.resp.2013.02.030
1455:10.1016/j.ogrm.2016.05.001
1425:10.1016/j.ogrm.2013.05.007
1379:10.1016/j.siny.2017.04.002
545:platelet-activating factor
323:of certain lung areas and
138:the foetal immune system.
96:juice from the opium poppy
3266:
3201:
3160:
3137:
3109:
3096:Necrotizing enterocolitis
3081:
2978:
2955:
2893:
2886:
2827:
2805:Large for gestational age
2801:Small for gestational age
2793:
2757:
2725:
2699:
2667:
2656:
2565:
2476:
2263:Clinical Pharmacokinetics
2227:10.1007/s00431-011-1453-2
2018:10.1007/s12098-016-2128-9
1939:10.1016/j.lfs.2004.10.033
1912:10.1016/j.jnn.2015.05.002
913:) and protein activator (
747:As previously mentioned,
501:and accelerated cellular
169:and maternal drug use of
152:
125:, pancreatic secretions,
51:
46:
37:
29:
24:
586:. It functions to lower
3258:Neonatal conjunctivitis
2749:Single umbilical artery
2739:Umbilical cord prolapse
2686:Placental insufficiency
2659:complicating pregnancy,
2167:Journal of Perinatology
2084:Early Human Development
1962:Early Human Development
1659:Journal of Perinatology
1620:Early Human Development
1583:Journal of Perinatology
1315:Early Human Development
1209:umbilical cord prolapse
1169:and lead to mortality.
1165:) as it can exacerbate
974:significantly enhanced
895:glucocorticoid receptor
567:Surfactant inactivation
473:and cytokines generate
428:reactive oxygen species
3234:ureaplasma urealyticum
2942:Wilson–Mikity syndrome
2866:Brachial plexus injury
2306:Biology of the Neonate
1163:pulmonary hypertension
841:vascular smooth muscle
813:mechanical ventilation
784:or the development of
707:
576:type II alveolar cells
439:tumour necrosis factor
390:Pulmonary inflammation
225:gastrointestinal tract
135:gastrointestinal tract
3182:Congenital hypertonia
3073:Anemia of prematurity
2781:Shoulder presentation
2442:10.1038/sj.jp.7200367
1577:Fanaroff, AA (2008).
780:(to detect worsening
705:
3187:Congenital hypotonia
3101:Meconium peritonitis
2903:Intrauterine hypoxia
2859:Subgaleal hemorrhage
1275:Aspiration pneumonia
1141:Surfactant treatment
1093:is metabolised, via
831:Inhaled nitric oxide
782:respiratory acidosis
689:cells and levels of
626:and the shedding of
499:platelet aggregation
412:chemical pneumonitis
404:innate immune system
289:respiratory acidosis
3296:Neonatal withdrawal
3279:Perinatal mortality
3129:Sclerema neonatorum
2985:hematologic disease
2390:Am J Obstet Gynecol
2180:10.1038/jp.2008.152
1672:10.1038/jp.2008.154
1596:10.1038/jp.2008.162
1542:10.1155/2012/359571
1173:Previous treatments
1056:bronchoconstriction
968:Anti-inflammatories
649:. A combination of
541:coagulation cascade
535:and an increase in
495:bronchoconstriction
467:proteolytic enzymes
301:bronchoconstriction
3229:mycoplasma hominis
3214:Neonatal infection
3170:Gray baby syndrome
3147:Perinatal asphyxia
3037:Hyperbilirubinemia
2814:Postterm pregnancy
2661:labour or delivery
2566:External resources
2161:Short, BL (2008).
1024:respiratory system
1012:Phosphodiesterases
1001:growth retardation
859:Antiinflammatories
708:
574:is synthesised by
553:basement membranes
507:toll-like receptor
267:Airway obstruction
143:respiratory system
3309:
3308:
3197:
3196:
3047:Neonatal jaundice
2965:Pneumopericardium
2935:Pneumomediastinum
2876:Klumpke paralysis
2854:Caput succedaneum
2789:
2788:
2657:Maternal factors
2611:
2610:
2366:10.1159/000329822
2318:10.1159/000088192
2221:(12): 1495–1505.
2126:(9434): 597–602.
2012:(10): 1125–1130.
2006:Indian J Paediatr
1933:(16): 1849–1858.
1861:(18): 2569–2591.
1494:10.1159/000369373
1239:anti-inflammatory
1064:phosphodiesterase
989:diabetes mellitus
956:and mediators of
774:oxygen saturation
667:respiratory tract
475:reactive nitrogen
61:
60:
19:Medical condition
3334:
3289:Infant mortality
3124:Erythema toxicum
3116:thermoregulation
3083:Gastrointestinal
2891:
2890:
2887:Affected systems
2764:
2732:
2717:Chorioamnionitis
2710:
2681:Placenta praevia
2674:
2665:
2664:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2615:
2614:
2474:
2473:
2455:
2454:
2444:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2396:(126): 172–175.
2385:
2379:
2378:
2368:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2258:
2249:
2248:
2238:
2206:
2193:
2192:
2182:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2079:
2070:
2069:
2049:
2038:
2037:
2001:
1986:
1985:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1870:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1829:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1754:
1731:
1730:
1694:
1685:
1684:
1674:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1598:
1574:
1565:
1564:
1554:
1544:
1520:
1507:
1506:
1496:
1472:
1459:
1458:
1438:
1429:
1428:
1408:
1391:
1390:
1362:
1339:
1338:
1310:
1269:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1091:Arachidonic acid
1022:and, within the
954:arachidonic acid
933:etc.), enzymes (
770:respiratory rate
655:vasoconstriction
628:epithelial cells
543:, production of
529:arachidonic acid
491:vasoconstriction
487:Oxidative stress
297:vasoconstriction
214:
213:
209:
78:(MSAF) and have
70:) also known as
42:
22:
21:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3262:
3246:Neonatal sepsis
3193:
3162:Musculoskeletal
3156:
3133:
3114:
3105:
3077:
3032:Hydrops fetalis
2983:
2974:
2951:
2924:Pleural disease
2882:
2844:Cephalohematoma
2823:
2785:
2758:
2753:
2726:
2721:
2700:
2695:
2668:
2660:
2658:
2652:
2642:
2612:
2607:
2606:
2561:
2560:
2485:
2464:
2459:
2458:
2421:
2417:
2386:
2382:
2345:
2341:
2302:
2298:
2259:
2252:
2207:
2196:
2159:
2155:
2115:
2111:
2080:
2073:
2060:(12): 532–535.
2050:
2041:
2002:
1989:
1958:
1954:
1923:
1919:
1896:
1892:
1847:
1843:
1798:
1794:
1755:
1734:
1695:
1688:
1651:
1647:
1626:(10): 607–610.
1616:
1612:
1575:
1568:
1521:
1510:
1473:
1462:
1439:
1432:
1409:
1394:
1363:
1342:
1321:(10): 617–620.
1311:
1288:
1283:
1267:Medicine portal
1265:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1247:glucocorticoids
1235:
1233:Future research
1217:
1175:
1156:, the need for
1143:
1135:
1088:
1040:bronchodilation
1036:methylxanthines
1014:(PDE) degrades
1009:
951:
938:
872:Glucocorticoids
869:
867:Glucocorticoids
861:
833:
809:
794:
761:
745:
737:
729:
700:
675:
636:
588:surface tension
582:, proteins and
569:
526:
521:
518:phospholipase A
392:
377:
374:phospholipase A
337:
313:
293:pulmonary edema
273:lung compliance
269:
260:
258:Pathophysiology
240:amniotic cavity
221:
211:
207:
206:
183:
155:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3340:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3276:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3243:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3224:herpes simplex
3221:
3211:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3172:
3166:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3143:
3141:
3139:Nervous system
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3120:
3118:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3087:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3034:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
2996:
2995:
2989:
2987:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2961:
2959:
2957:Cardiovascular
2953:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2899:
2897:
2888:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2833:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2807:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2767:
2765:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2735:
2733:
2729:umbilical cord
2723:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2713:
2711:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2677:
2675:
2662:
2654:
2653:
2641:
2640:
2633:
2626:
2618:
2609:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2593:
2582:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2547:
2536:
2517:
2502:
2486:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:Classification
2471:
2470:
2463:
2462:External links
2460:
2457:
2456:
2435:(4): 257–261.
2415:
2380:
2359:(3): 183–191.
2339:
2296:
2250:
2194:
2153:
2109:
2071:
2039:
1987:
1952:
1917:
1906:(4): 161–167.
1890:
1841:
1812:(8): 775–788.
1792:
1732:
1686:
1645:
1610:
1566:
1508:
1487:(3): 225–230.
1460:
1449:(8): 227–230.
1430:
1419:(8): 247–252.
1392:
1373:(4): 214–219.
1340:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1254:
1251:
1234:
1231:
1226:preterm births
1216:
1213:
1202:Historically,
1184:nasopharyngeal
1174:
1171:
1142:
1139:
1134:
1131:
1103:prostaglandins
1095:cyclooxygenase
1087:
1084:
1060:prostaglandins
1032:cardiovascular
1008:
1005:
962:cyclooxygenase
949:
936:
868:
865:
860:
857:
839:(iNO) acts on
832:
829:
807:
793:
790:
760:
757:
753:nasopharyngeal
744:
741:
736:
733:
728:
725:
699:
696:
687:autophagocytic
674:
671:
635:
632:
598:at the end of
568:
565:
524:
519:
479:oxygen species
424:prostaglandins
391:
388:
375:
336:
333:
321:hyperinflation
312:
311:Foetal hypoxia
309:
268:
265:
259:
256:
220:
217:
182:
179:
154:
151:
131:vernix caseosa
107:amniotic fluid
76:amniotic fluid
59:
58:
55:
49:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
31:
27:
26:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3339:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3259:
3256:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2810:Preterm birth
2808:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2655:
2651:
2650:fetal disease
2647:
2639:
2634:
2632:
2627:
2625:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2419:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2384:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2343:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2300:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2257:
2255:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2215:Eur J Pediatr
2212:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2113:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2078:
2076:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1927:Life Sciences
1921:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1691:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1614:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1571:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1435:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1286:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1257:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1212:
1210:
1205:
1204:amnioinfusion
1200:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1180:oropharyngeal
1170:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1148:with diluted
1147:
1138:
1130:
1128:
1127:hypernatremia
1124:
1120:
1119:peptic ulcers
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1048:acetylcholine
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1028:smooth muscle
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1004:
1003:in children.
1002:
998:
994:
990:
985:
981:
977:
973:
972:dexamethasone
969:
965:
963:
959:
955:
947:
943:
939:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
903:transcription
901:and inhibits
900:
896:
891:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
864:
856:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
828:
826:
820:
818:
814:
810:
801:
799:
789:
787:
783:
779:
778:blood glucose
775:
771:
767:
756:
754:
750:
749:oropharyngeal
740:
732:
724:
722:
718:
714:
704:
695:
692:
688:
683:
679:
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
631:
629:
625:
621:
617:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
594:), stabilise
593:
589:
585:
581:
580:phospholipids
577:
573:
564:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
522:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
400:immune system
397:
387:
385:
382:
378:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
346:
342:
341:Gram-negative
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
264:
255:
252:
248:
244:
241:
236:
232:
230:
226:
216:
203:
201:
196:
191:
188:
178:
176:
172:
168:
167:pre-eclampsia
164:
160:
150:
148:
144:
139:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
84:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
56:
54:
50:
45:
41:
36:
32:
28:
23:
3174:
2930:Pneumothorax
2922:
2917:
2836:
2829:Birth trauma
2771:Breech birth
2761:presentation
2759:
2727:
2701:
2669:
2595:
2584:
2573:
2549:
2538:
2519:
2504:
2489:
2432:
2428:
2418:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2356:
2352:
2342:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2269:(1): 61–98.
2266:
2262:
2218:
2214:
2170:
2166:
2156:
2123:
2119:
2112:
2087:
2083:
2057:
2053:
2009:
2005:
1968:(2): 41–43.
1965:
1961:
1955:
1930:
1926:
1920:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1858:
1854:
1844:
1809:
1805:
1795:
1765:(1): 52–57.
1762:
1758:
1705:(1): 58–63.
1702:
1698:
1665:: S93–S101.
1662:
1658:
1648:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1586:
1582:
1532:
1528:
1484:
1480:
1446:
1442:
1416:
1412:
1370:
1366:
1318:
1314:
1236:
1218:
1201:
1196:
1176:
1154:pneumothorax
1144:
1136:
1123:hyperkalemia
1107:leukotrienes
1099:lipoxygenase
1089:
1058:, including
1044:vasodilation
1010:
993:osteoporosis
976:gas exchange
966:
958:lipoxygenase
892:
870:
862:
845:vasodilation
837:nitric oxide
834:
825:pneumothorax
821:
802:
795:
786:hypoglycemia
762:
746:
738:
730:
709:
676:
653:, pulmonary
637:
612:
570:
557:interstitium
515:
443:interleukins
437:, including
432:
393:
383:
380:
338:
325:pneumothorax
314:
270:
261:
245:
233:
222:
204:
192:
184:
162:
156:
147:gas exchange
140:
104:
95:
91:
87:
85:
71:
67:
63:
62:
3322:Neonatology
3274:Miscarriage
3176:muscle tone
3042:Kernicterus
2895:Respiratory
2871:Erb's palsy
2776:Asynclitism
2744:Nuchal cord
2575:MedlinePlus
2429:J Perinatol
2353:Neonatology
2173:: S79–S83.
2090:: S13–S15.
1481:Neonatology
1146:Lung lavage
1133:Antibiotics
980:neutrophils
888:endothelium
884:mononuclear
880:eosinophils
876:neutrophils
717:hypercapnia
659:ventilation
592:inspiration
584:saccharides
549:endothelium
509:(TLRs) and
489:results in
481:which have
463:macrophages
459:neutrophils
317:ventilation
285:atelectasis
281:hypercapnia
251:myelination
235:Peristalsis
195:peristalsis
123:cholesterol
57:Neonatology
30:Other names
3316:Categories
3284:Stillbirth
3241:Omphalitis
3202:Infections
3111:Integument
2551:DiseasesDB
2312:(1): 1–5.
1535:: 359571.
1281:References
1243:antibiotic
1215:Prevalence
1150:surfactant
1121:and cause
1111:vasoactive
1097:(COX) and
1052:monoamines
964:pathways.
766:heart rate
727:Prevention
600:expiration
572:Surfactant
511:complement
471:leukocytes
441:(TNF) and
420:complement
396:intestines
370:complement
358:chemokines
345:endotoxins
343:rods, and
305:surfactant
111:bile acids
3327:Syndromes
3010:Anti-Kell
2648:period /
2646:perinatal
2586:eMedicine
1589:: S3–S7.
1222:gestation
1197:in-utero.
1080:Milrinone
759:Treatment
721:pneumonia
713:tachypnea
698:Diagnosis
691:caspase 3
678:Apoptosis
673:Apoptosis
663:perfusion
643:pneumonia
608:senescent
537:apoptosis
503:apoptosis
485:effects.
483:cytotoxic
435:cytokines
416:cytokines
360:(such as
352:(such as
350:cytokines
335:Infection
277:hypoxemia
229:gestation
117:, blood,
100:Aristotle
86:The word
53:Specialty
2980:Bleeding
2671:placenta
2597:Orphanet
2451:10879341
2375:22067375
2334:38587541
2326:16155380
2291:24458998
2283:15634032
2245:21465122
2189:19057615
2148:29268118
2140:15313360
2104:21277716
2026:27206687
1982:25220126
1947:15698862
1885:46969843
1877:16392874
1836:24028637
1787:41008280
1779:23466955
1727:20533996
1719:23473924
1681:19057618
1640:19836908
1605:19057607
1561:22164183
1503:25721501
1387:28411000
1335:19833459
1253:See also
1207:such as
1188:tracheal
835:Inhaled
798:tracheal
563:spaces.
561:alveolar
533:necrosis
408:microbes
275:, acute
163:in utero
94:meaning
92:mēkōnion
88:meconium
80:meconium
3219:rubella
2849:Chignon
2703:chorion
2591:ped/768
2545:D008471
2236:3221844
2034:4723566
1827:5881914
1552:3228378
1193:mucosal
1167:hypoxia
997:atrophy
995:, skin
899:nucleus
651:hypoxia
596:alveoli
247:Motilin
210:⁄
200:hypoxia
187:hypoxia
175:cocaine
171:tobacco
159:hypoxia
2794:Growth
2707:amnion
2580:001596
2534:770.12
2530:770.11
2500:KB26.0
2449:
2410:984149
2408:
2373:
2332:
2324:
2289:
2281:
2243:
2233:
2187:
2146:
2138:
2120:Lancet
2102:
2032:
2024:
1980:
1945:
1883:
1875:
1834:
1824:
1785:
1777:
1725:
1717:
1679:
1638:
1603:
1559:
1549:
1501:
1385:
1333:
984:oedema
647:sepsis
624:stroma
604:oedema
153:Causes
127:lanugo
3267:Other
3091:Ileus
2838:scalp
2602:70588
2515:P24.0
2330:S2CID
2287:S2CID
2144:S2CID
2030:S2CID
1881:S2CID
1855:Drugs
1783:S2CID
1723:S2CID
1115:COX-2
1076:PDE-5
1072:PDE-4
1068:PDE-3
942:COX-2
911:NF-ÎşB
384:utero
119:mucus
3025:Rh E
3020:Rh D
3015:Rh c
2556:7907
2540:MeSH
2525:9-CM
2447:PMID
2406:PMID
2371:PMID
2322:PMID
2279:PMID
2241:PMID
2185:PMID
2136:PMID
2100:PMID
2022:PMID
1978:PMID
1943:PMID
1873:PMID
1832:PMID
1775:PMID
1715:PMID
1677:PMID
1636:PMID
1601:PMID
1557:PMID
1533:2012
1499:PMID
1383:PMID
1331:PMID
1182:and
1158:ECMO
1125:and
1105:and
1050:and
1042:and
1020:cGMP
1018:and
1016:cAMP
999:and
960:and
946:iNOs
929:and
927:IL-8
923:IL-6
919:IL-1
915:AP-1
907:mRNA
853:ECMO
849:PPHN
776:and
751:and
715:and
657:and
645:and
620:SP-B
618:and
616:SP-A
559:and
551:and
523:(PLA
477:and
455:IL-8
451:IL-6
447:IL-1
426:and
364:and
362:IL-8
354:IL-6
287:and
173:and
115:bile
3113:and
3005:ABO
3000:HDN
2982:and
2521:ICD
2506:ICD
2491:ICD
2437:doi
2398:doi
2361:doi
2357:101
2314:doi
2271:doi
2231:PMC
2223:doi
2219:170
2175:doi
2128:doi
2124:364
2092:doi
2088:87S
2062:doi
2014:doi
1970:doi
1935:doi
1908:doi
1863:doi
1822:PMC
1814:doi
1767:doi
1763:187
1707:doi
1703:187
1667:doi
1628:doi
1591:doi
1547:PMC
1537:doi
1489:doi
1485:107
1451:doi
1421:doi
1375:doi
1323:doi
935:PLA
931:TNF
905:of
806:PaO
682:DNA
368:),
356:),
68:MAS
3318::
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2803:/
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2589::
2578::
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2020:.
2010:83
2008:.
1990:^
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1966:90
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1941:.
1931:76
1929:.
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