1374:, there are six factors that contribute to media bias against minority religions: first, the knowledge and familiarity of journalists with the subject matter; second, the degree of cultural accommodation of the targeted religious group; third, limited economic resources available to journalists; fourth, time constraints; fifth, sources of information used by journalists; and finally, the front-end/back-end disproportionality of reporting. According to Yale Law professor Stephen Carter, "it has long been the American habit to be more suspicious of – and more repressive toward – religions that stand outside the mainline Protestant-Roman Catholic-Jewish troika that dominates America's spiritual life." As for front-end/back-end disproportionality, Wright says: "news stories on unpopular or marginal religions frequently are predicated on unsubstantiated allegations or government actions based on faulty or weak evidence occurring at the front-end of an event. As the charges weighed in against material evidence, these cases often disintegrate. Yet rarely is there equal space and attention in the mass media given to the resolution or outcome of the incident. If the accused are innocent, often the public is not made aware."
1474:", an adversarial format in which representatives of opposing views comment on an issue. This approach theoretically allows diverse views to appear in the media. However, the person organizing the report still has the responsibility to choose reporters or journalists that represent a diverse or balanced set of opinions, to ask them non-prejudicial questions, and to edit or arbitrate their comments fairly. When done carelessly, a point/counterpoint can be as unfair as a simple biased report, by suggesting that the "losing" side lost on its merits. Besides these challenges, exposing news consumers to differing viewpoints seems to be beneficial for a balanced understanding and more critical assessment of current events and latent topics. Using this format can also lead to accusations that the reporter has created a misleading appearance that viewpoints have equal validity (sometimes called "
1301:
whereas liberal accounts are exposed to moderate content, shifting those users' experiences toward the political center. The study determined: "Both in terms of information to which they are exposed and content they produce, drifters initialized with Right-leaning sources stay on the conservative side of the political spectrum. Those initialized with Left-leaning sources, on the other hand, tend to drift toward the political center: they are exposed to more conservative content and even start spreading it." These findings held true for both hashtags and links. The study also found that conservative accounts are exposed to substantially more low-credibility content than other accounts.
80:
1353:. Scholar Sarah Hughes, in a study published in 2016, argued that the panic "both reflected and shaped a cultural climate dominated by the overlapping worldviews of politically active conservatives" whose ideology "was incorporated into the panic and reinforced through" tabloid media, sensationalist television and magazine reporting, and local news. Although the panic dissipated in the 1990s after it was discredited by journalists and the courts, Hughes argues that the panic has had an enduring influence in American culture and politics even decades later.
1421:
trusted that news organizations would deal fairly with all sides when dealing with political and social issues dropped from 34% in 1985 to 16% in 2011. By 2011 almost two-thirds of respondents considered news organizations to be “politically biased in their reporting”, up from 45% in 1985. Similar decreases in trust have been reported by Gallup, with an all-time low around the 2016 American presidential election. In 2022, half of
Americans responded that they believed that news organizations would deliberately attempt to mislead them.
36:
7150:
630:
4357:, "This leads us to the two most likely sources of the public's increasing antipathy toward the media: tabloid coverage and elite opinion leadership.", p. 126, "... Democratic elite criticism and Republican elite criticism (of the media) can reduce media confidence across a broad spectrum of the public.", p. 127, "... the evidence also indicates that little of the decline (in media trust) can be explained by direct reaction to news bias." p. 125, Princeton University Press, 2012,
4163:...much popular media criticism has posited that journalists' personal attitudes produce a liberal tilt in their coverage. Most scholarly studies have failed to support this conclusion, however, and the increasing public perception of liberal media bias has been linked to audience biases and strategic efforts by conservative elites. However, recent studies have rekindled this debate, while attributing biased coverage to economic incentives rather than journalists' mindsets.
7138:
1275:(2018), argues that on social media networks, the most emotionally charged and polarizing topics usually predominate, and that "If you wanted to build a machine that would distribute propaganda to millions of people, distract them from important issues, energize hatred and bigotry, erode social trust, undermine journalism, foster doubts about science, and engage in massive surveillance all at once, you would make something a lot like Facebook."
906:
framing bias, epistemological bias, bias by semantic properties, and connotation bias), text-level context bias (featuring statement bias, phrasing bias, and spin bias), reporting-level context bias (highlighting selection bias, coverage bias, and proximity bias), cognitive biases (such as selective exposure and partisan bias), and related concepts like
1224:. Social media has a place in disseminating news in modern society, where viewers are exposed to other people's comments while reading news articles. In their 2020 study, Gearhart and her team showed that viewers' perceptions of bias increased and perceptions of credibility decreased after seeing comments with which they held different opinions.
1425:
unrelated to whether that medium is actually biased or not. The only other factor with as strong an influence on belief that media is biased, he found, was extensive coverage of celebrities. A majority of people see such media as biased, while at the same time preferring media with extensive coverage of celebrities.
1286:
found that
Republicans' frequent argument that social media companies like Facebook and Twitter have an "anti-conservative" bias is false and lacks any reliable evidence supporting it; the report found that right-wing voices are in fact dominant on social media and that the claim that these platforms
1190:
Dong, Ren, and
Nickerson investigated Chinese stock-related news and weibos in 20132014 from Sina Weibo and Sina Finance (4.27 million pieces of news and 43.17 million weibos) and found that news that aligns with Weibo users' beliefs are more likely to attract readers. Also, the information in biased
1186:
In demand-driven bias, preferences and attitudes of readers can be monitored on social media, and mass media write news that caters to readers based on them. Mass media skew news driven by viewership and profits, leading to the media bias. And readers are also easily attracted to lurid news, although
775:
In the 2017 Oxford
Handbook of Political Communication, S. Robert Lichter described how in academic circles, media bias is more of a hypothesis to explain various patterns in news coverage than any fully-elaborated theory, and that a variety of potentially overlapping types of bias have been proposed
2648:
Neely, for one, believes
Lincoln probably understood what had happened: The state's Republicans had used their newfound war powers not just to shut down newspapers and arrest those they considered disloyal but to intimidate and disenfranchise the Democrats, many of whom supported slavery and some of
1300:
examined political bias on social media by assessing the degree to which
Twitter users were exposed to content on the left and right – specifically, exposure on the home timeline (the "news feed"). The study found that conservative Twitter accounts are exposed to content on the right,
1263:
Yu-Ru and Wen-Ting's research looks into how liberals and conservatives conduct themselves on
Twitter after three mass shooting events. Although they would both show negative emotions towards the incidents they differed in the narratives they were pushing. Both sides would often contrast in what the
767:). Other focuses beyond political bias include international differences in reporting, as well as bias in reporting of particular issues such as economic class or environmental interests. Academic findings around bias can also differ significantly from public discourse and understanding of the term.
1216:
suggest that the political economy of social media platforms has led to a commodification of information on social media. Messages are prioritized and rewarded based on their virality and shareability rather than their truth, promoting radical, shocking click-bait content. Social media influences
1202:
Demand-driven models evaluate to what extent media bias stems from companies providing consumers what they want. Stromberg posits that because wealthier viewers result in more advertising revenue, the media as a result ends up targeted to whiter and more conservative consumers while wealthier urban
1424:
Jonathan M. Ladd (2012), who has conducted intensive studies of media trust and media bias, concluded that the primary cause of belief in media bias is telling people that particular media are biased. People who are told that a medium is biased tend to believe that it is biased, and this belief is
1211:
Perceptions of media bias may also be related to the rise of social media. The rise of social media has undermined the economic model of traditional media. The number of people who rely upon social media has increased and the number who rely on print news has decreased. Studies of social media and
1194:
In
Raymond and Taylor's test of weather forecast bias, they investigated weather reports of the New York Times during the games of the baseball team the Giants from 1890 to 1899. Their findings suggest that the New York Times produce biased weather forecast results depending on the region in which
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Much of the literature criticizes such biases for favoring the existing power structure, hindering civic participation or democratic outcomes, and failing to provide audiences with the information they need to make rational decisions about public affairs. Television has been the leading target of
1315:
Media bias is also reflected in search systems in social media. Kulshrestha and her team found through research in 2018 that the top-ranked results returned by these search engines can influence users' perceptions when they conduct searches for events or people, which is particularly reflected in
1366:
has often been misinterpreted in the media as another word for atheism, stating that: "Secularism must be the most misunderstood and mangled ism in the
American political lexicon. Commentators on the right and the left routinely equate it with Stalinism, Nazism and Socialism, among other dreaded
905:
An ongoing and unpublished research project named "The Media Bias
Taxonomy" is attempting to assess the various definitions and meanings of media bias. While still ongoing, it attempts to summarize the domain as the distinct subcategories linguistic bias (encompassing linguistic intergroup bias,
1420:
Perceptions of media bias and trust in the media have changed significantly from 1985-2011 in the US. Pew studies reported that the percentage of Americans who trusted that news media “get their facts straight” dropped from 55% in 1985, to 25% in 2011. Similarly, the percentage of Americans who
1462:(on which country an article reports). As a result, each cell contains articles that have been published in one country and that report on another country. Particularly in international news topics, such an approach helps to reveal differences in media coverage between the involved countries.
1442:
Polis (or Pol.is) is a social media website that allows people to share their opinions and ideas while elevating ideas that have more consensus. By September 2020, it had helped to form the core of dozens of pieces of legislation passed in Taiwan. Proponents had sought out a way to inform the
1092:
While most accusations of bias tend to revolve around ideological disagreements, other forms of bias are cast as structural in nature. There is little agreement on how they operate or originate but some involve economics, government policies, norms, and the individual creating the news. Some
1399:
Experiments have shown that media bias affects behavior and more specifically influences the readership's political ideology. A study found higher politicization rates with increased exposure to the Fox News channel, while a 2009 study found a weakly-linked decrease in support for the Bush
960:
by national governments. Although a process of media deregulation has placed the majority of the western broadcast media in private hands, there still exists a strong government presence, or even monopoly, in the broadcast media of many countries across the globe. At the same time, the
1134:
David Baron suggests a game-theoretic model of mass media behaviour in which, given that the pool of journalists systematically leans towards the left or the right, mass media outlets maximise their profits by providing content that is biased in the same direction as their employees.
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counterpart, are governed by the 1991 Broadcasting Act, which states programming should be "varied and comprehensive, providing balance of information...provide a reasonable opportunity for the public to be exposed to the expression of differing views on matters of public concern."
1198:
Sendhil Mullainathan and Andrei Shleifer of Harvard University constructed a behavioural model in 2005, which is built around the assumption that readers and viewers hold beliefs that they would like to see confirmed by news providers, which they argue the market then provides.
1100:
literature on mass media bias, both on the theoretical and the empirical side. On the theoretical side the focus is on understanding to what extent the political positioning of mass media outlets is mainly driven by demand or supply factors. This literature was surveyed by
1311:
using a long-running massive-scale randomized experiment, found that the political right enjoys higher algorithmic amplification than the political left in six out of seven countries studied. In the US, algorithmic amplification favored right-leaning news sources.
1251:
poll in 2019 showed that 28% of US adults "often" find their news through social media, and 55% of US adults get their news from social media either "often" or "sometimes". Additionally, more people are reported as going to social media for their news as the
1231:
reported that 64% of Americans believed that social media had a toxic effect on U.S. society and culture in July 2020. Only 10% of Americans believed that it had a positive effect on society. Some of the main concerns with social media lie with the spread of
2623:
The Virginia report of 1799 to 1800, touching the Alien and sedition laws; together with the Virginia resolutions of, the debate and proceedings thereon in the House of delegates of Virginia, and several other documents illustrative of the report and
1382:
Academic studies tend not to confirm a popular media narrative of liberal journalists producing a left-leaning media bias in the U.S., though some studies suggest economic incentives may have that effect. Instead, the studies reviewed by
1093:
examples, according to Cline (2009) include commercial bias, temporal bias, visual bias, bad news bias, narrative bias, status quo bias, fairness bias, expediency bias, class bias and glory bias (or the tendency to glorify the reporter).
910:
effects, hate speech, sentiment analysis, and group biases (encompassing gender bias, racial bias, and religion bias). The authors emphasize the complex nature of detecting and mitigating bias across different media content and contexts.
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isms. In the United States, of late, another false equation has emerged. That would be the groundless association of secularism with atheism. The religious right has profitably promulgated this misconception at least since the 1970s."
1195:
the Giants play. When they played at home in Manhattan, reports of sunny days predicting increased. From this study, Raymond and Taylor found that bias pattern in New York Times weather forecasts was consistent with demand-driven bias.
855:(or bad news bias), a tendency to show negative events and portray politics as less of a debate on policy and more of a zero-sum struggle for power. Excessive criticism or negativity can lead to cynicism and disengagement from politics.
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Spinde, Timo; Hinterreiter, Smilla; Haak, Fabian; Ruas, Terry; Giese, Helge; Meuschke, Norman; Gipp, Bela (January 1, 2023). "The Media Bias Taxonomy: A Systematic Literature Review on the Forms and Automated Detection of Media Bias".
1324:
Tanya Pamplone warns that since much of international journalism takes place in English, there can be instances where stories and journalists from countries where English is not taught have difficulty entering the global conversation.
1450:
to analyze the bias of text. For example, person-oriented framing analysis attempts to identify frames, i.e., "perspectives", in news coverage on a topic by determining how each person mentioned in the topic's coverage is portrayed.
1395:
Critics of media bias tend to point out how a particular bias benefits existing power structures, undermines democratic outcomes and fails to inform people with the information they need to make decisions around public policy.
728:. Politics and media bias may interact with each other; the media has the ability to influence politicians, and politicians may have the power to influence the media. This can change the distribution of power in society.
1433:
NPR's ombudsman wrote a 2011 article about how to note the political leanings of think tanks or other groups that the average listener might not know much about before citing a study or statistic from an organization.
1328:
Language may also introduce a more subtle form of bias. The selection of metaphors and analogies, or the inclusion of personal information in one situation but not another can introduce bias, such as a gender bias.
1084:, which is funded by businesses, accuses the media of being biased in favor of science and against business interests, and of credulously reporting science that shows that greenhouse gasses cause global warming.
980:, which prohibited newspapers from publishing "false, scandalous, or malicious writing" against the government, including any public opposition to any law or presidential act. This act was in effect until 1801.
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Gundersen, Torbjørn; Alinejad, Donya; Branch, T.Y.; Duffy, Bobby; Hewlett, Kirstie; Holst, Cathrine; Owens, Susan; Panizza, Folco; Tellmann, Silje Maria; van Dijck, José; Baghramian, Maria (October 17, 2022).
1306:
1130:
An example of supply-driven bias is Zinman and Zitzewitz's study of snowfall reporting. Ski attractions tend to be biased in snowfall reporting, and they have higher snowfall than official forecasts report.
1182:
Demand-side incentives are often not related to distortion. Competition can still affect the welfare and treatment of consumers, but it is not very effective in changing bias compared to the supply side.
5849:
875:
Speculative content, when stories focus not on what has occurred, but primarily on what might occur, using words like "could", "might", or "what if", without labeling the article as analysis or opinion.
1443:
government with the opinions of citizens between elections while also providing an online outlet for citizens that was less divisive and more informative than social media and other large websites.
819:
Episodic framing of television, for example, can lead people to ascribe blame to individuals instead of society, in contrast to thematic framing that leads people to look more at societal causes.
3704:
3479:
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allow users to be steeped within their own ideology. Because social media is tailored to your interests and your selected friends, it is an easy outlet for political echo chambers. Another
1864:
In academic circles, media bias is referenced more often as a hypothesis to explain patterns of news coverage than as a component of any fully elaborated theory of political communication.
3742:
3064:
864:, bias in favor of the exceptional over the ordinary, giving the impression that rare events, such as airplane crashes, are more common than common events, such as automobile crashes. "
1217:
people in part because of psychological tendencies to accept incoming information, to take feelings as evidence of truth, and to not check assertions against facts and memories.
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813:
Demographic bias, where factors such as gender, race, and social and economic status influence reporting and can be a factor in different coverage of various demographic groups.
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930:
829:
occur when an issue is presented as having equally-compelling reasons on both sides, despite disproportionate amounts of evidence favoring one (also known as undue weight).
6998:
6993:
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van Dalen, A. (June 10, 2011). "Structural Bias in Cross-National Perspective: How Political Systems and Journalism Cultures Influence Government Dominance in the News".
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Demand from media consumer for a particular type of bias is known as demand-driven bias. Consumers tend to favor a biased media based on their preferences, an example of
4638:
807:
Decision-making bias, means that the motivation, frame of mind, or beliefs of the journalists will have an impact on their writing. It is generally pejorative.
3560:
846:). It is sometimes also referred to as agenda bias, when the focus is on political actors and whether they are covered based on their preferred policy issues.
1988:
Eberl, J.-M.; Boomgaarden, H. G.; Wagner, M. (November 19, 2015). "One Bias Fits All? Three Types of Media Bias and Their Effects on Party Preferences".
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root cause was along with who is deemed the victims, heroes, and villain/s. There was also a decrease in any conversation that was considered proactive.
1123:
Competition leads to decreased bias and hinders the impact of persuasive incentives. And it tends to make the results more responsive to consumer demand.
1149:) cite supply-driven bias including around the use of official sources, funding from advertising, efforts to discredit independent media ("flak"), and "
1002:
Antisemitic politicians who favored the United States entering World War II on the Nazi side asserted that the international media were controlled by
693:, rather than the perspective of an individual journalist or article. The direction and degree of media bias in various countries is widely disputed.
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3926:
Kulshrestha, Juhi; Eslami, Motahhare; Messias, Johnnatan; Zafar, Muhammad Bilal; Ghosh, Saptarshi; Gummadi, Krishna P.; Karahalios, Karrie (2019).
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include the inability of journalists to report all available stories and facts, and the requirement that selected facts be linked into a coherent
5844:
5298:
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Statement bias (also known as tonality bias or presentation bias), when media coverage is slanted towards or against particular actors or issues.
4329:
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Hofstetter, C. Richard; Buss, Terry F. (September 1, 1978). "Bias in television news coverage of political events: A methodological analysis".
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Supply-side incentives are able to control and affect consumers. Strong persuasive incentives can even be more powerful than profit motivation.
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and episode of national hysteria that emerged in the U.S. in the 1980s (and thereafter to Canada, Britain, and Australia), was reinforced by
1236:
and the spread of hate and extremism. Social scientist experts explain the growth of misinformation and hate as a result of the increase in
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exists around one of the viewpoints, or when one of the representatives habitually makes claims that are easily shown to be inaccurate.
2374:
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Haselmayer, Martin; Meyer, Thomas M.; Wagner, Markus (2019). "Fighting for attention: Media coverage of negative campaign messages".
798:
Content bias, differential treatment of the parties in political conflicts, where biased news presents only one side of the conflict.
795:
bias, a tendency to report views that can be summarized succinctly, crowding out more unconventional views that take time to explain.
2138:
van der Pas, Daphne J. (November 10, 2022). "Do European media ignore female politicians? A comparative analysis of MP visibility".
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in private hands, and frequently amongst a comparatively small number of individuals, has also led to accusations of media bias.
945:. This coincided with the rise of journalism as a powerful social force. Even today, though, the most conscientiously objective
4478:. The 29th ACM International Conference on Information & Knowledge Management. Virtual Event, Ireland. pp. 3007–3014.
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Brandenburg, Heinz (July 1, 2006). "Party Strategy and Media Bias: A Quantitative Analysis of the 2005 UK Election Campaign".
842:(also known as selectivity or selection bias), when stories are selected or deselected, sometimes on ideological grounds (see
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Burke, Cindy; Mazzarella, Sharon R (2008). "A Slightly New Shade of Lipstick": Gendered Mediation in Internet News Stories".
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There are many examples of accusations of bias being used as a political tool, sometimes resulting in government censorship.
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Competition can improve consumer treatment, but it may affect the total surplus due to the ideological payoff of the owners.
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media were accused of bias in favor of mixing of the races, and many television programs with racially mixed casts, such as
5408:
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has restricted politicians to online campaigns and social media live streams. GCF Global encourages online users to avoid
920:
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show bias in how they report and cover news. The term "media bias" implies a pervasive or widespread bias contravening of
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4262:"Does the Media Matter? A Field Experiment Measuring the Effect of Newspapers on Voting Behavior and Political Opinions"
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992:
836:, implying that an event is a new event, and thus deriving notability, without addressing past events of the same kind.
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Wright, Stuart A. (December 1997). "Media Coverage of Unconventional Religion: Any "Good News" for Minority Faiths?".
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3431:"Hostile media bias on social media: Testing the effect of user comments on perceptions of news bias and credibility"
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Mainstream bias, a tendency to report what everyone else is reporting, and to avoid stories that will offend anyone.
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Sucháček, Jan; Sed’a, Petr; Friedrich, Václav; Wachowiak-SmolĂková, Renata; Wachowiak, Mark P. (November 8, 2016).
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Ventriloquism, when experts or witnesses are quoted in a way that intentionally voices the author's own opinion.
4330:"Trust in media is so low that half of Americans now believe that news organizations deliberately mislead them"
4261:
3480:"64% of Americans say social media have a mostly negative effect on the way things are going in the U.S. today"
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by interacting with different people and perspectives along with avoiding the temptation of confirmation bias.
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Reputation, consumers will make choices based on their prior beliefs and the reputation of the media companies.
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In the 19th century, journalists began to recognize the concept of unbiased reporting as an integral part of
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Psychological utility, "consumers get direct utility from news whose bias matches their own prior beliefs."
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Book Review: Anti-Social Media: How Facebook Disconnects Us and Undermines Democracy by Siva Vaidhyanathan
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Global Warming and Other Eco-myths: How the Environmental Movement Uses False Science to Scare Us to Death
1027:, newspapers supporting liberal social reform were accused by conservative newspapers of communist bias.
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Huszár, Ferenc; Ktena, Sofia Ira; O’Brien, Conor; Belli, Luca; Schlaikjer, Andrew; Hardt, Moritz (2022).
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suggests how people overestimate the risk from dangers that are disproportionately discussed in media.
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Eberl, Jakob-Moritz; Wagner, Markus; Boomgaarden, Hajo G. (2018). "Party Advertising in Newspapers".
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When an organization prefers consumers to take particular actions, this would be supply-driven bias.
907:
717:
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Are Social Media Companies Biased Against Conservatives? There's No Solid Evidence, Report Concludes
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D'Alessio, D; Allen, M (December 1, 2000). "Media bias in presidential elections: a meta-analysis".
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forces may also cause bias. Examples include bias introduced by the ownership of media, including a
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4554:"Automated identification of media bias in news articles: An interdisciplinary literature review"
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2299:"Media Bias by the Numbers: Challenges and Opportunities in the Empirical Study of Partisan News"
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Structural bias, when an actor or issue receives more or less favorable coverage as a result of
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Like newspapers, the broadcast media (radio and television) have been used as a mechanism for
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Proceedings of the Twelfth International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (ICWSM 2018)
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Another approach, matrix-based news aggregation, spans a matrix over two dimensions, such as
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3065:"The Herman-Chomsky Propaganda Model: A Critical Approach to Analysing Mass Media Behaviour"
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Hughes, Sarah (2017). "American Monsters: Tabloid Media and the Satanic Panic, 1970–2000."
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8:
7205:
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6951:
6881:
6429:
6115:
6029:
5737:
5455:
5394:
5243:
5160:
5060:
4995:
4935:
4925:
4920:
4784:
3729:
2543:
1408:
1358:
1279:
1248:
1228:
942:
801:
Corporate bias, when stories are selected or slanted to please corporate owners of media.
721:
713:
639:
534:
441:
331:
281:
271:
245:
175:
129:
6241:
3928:"Search bias quantifcation: investigating political bias in social media and web search"
3876:
3793:
3390:
3373:
1612:
1203:
markets may be more liberal and produce an opposite effect in newspapers in particular.
804:
Coverage bias when media choose to report only negative news about one party or ideology
49:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
7026:
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4612:
4514:
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A multidimensional dataset based on crowdsourcing for analyzing and detecting news bias
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2005:
1965:
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1800:
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1596:
1544:
1268:
1016:
984:
865:
843:
729:
421:
396:
336:
301:
215:
200:
195:
114:
4502:
Hamborg, Felix; Heinser, Kim; Zhukova, Anastasia; Donnay, Karsten; Gipp, Bela (2021).
3722:
False Accusation: The Unfounded Claim that Social Media Companies Censor Conservatives
3134:
2373:
Lichter, S. Robert (September 2, 2014). Kenski, Kate; Jamieson, Kathleen Hall (eds.).
1006:, and that reports of German mistreatment of Jews were biased and without foundation.
956:
from their earliest days, a tendency made more pronounced by the initial ownership of
7154:
6946:
6906:
6859:
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6665:
6553:
6388:
6206:
6181:
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5015:
4811:
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4415:
4358:
4240:
4209:
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4154:
4144:
4019:
3908:
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3835:
3823:
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3673:
3661:
3545:
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3415:
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3395:
3354:
3320:
3308:
3224:
3200:
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3017:
3013:
2954:
2906:
2875:
2865:
2840:
2830:
2786:
2741:
2716:
2691:
2666:
2620:
Virginia. General Assembly. House Of Delegates; James Madison; J. W Randolph (1850),
2600:
2575:
2513:
2478:
2439:
2388:
2359:
2347:
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2237:
2211:
2169:
2103:
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1961:
1919:
1897:
1855:
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1792:
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1755:
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1669:
1644:
1626:
1571:
1535:
1384:
1253:
1162:
957:
826:
634:
560:
545:
512:
436:
426:
416:
316:
240:
230:
220:
149:
4616:
4296:
3954:
2920:
2118:"Media Bias Monitor: Quantifying Biases of Social Media News Outlets at Large-Scale"
2117:
1969:
1804:
6968:
6864:
6854:
6626:
6543:
6434:
6403:
6356:
6299:
6264:
6236:
6211:
6155:
6089:
5935:
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5796:
5467:
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4752:
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4604:
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4276:
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4094:
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4011:
4007:
3942:
3898:
3880:
3813:
3797:
3766:
Chen, Wen; Pacheco, Diogo; Yang, Kai-Cheng; Menczer, Filippo (September 22, 2021).
3651:
3521:
3517:
3442:
3385:
3298:
3290:
3188:
3146:
3089:
3045:
3001:
2968:
2946:
2898:
2822:
2501:
2466:
2429:
2421:
2380:
2339:
2310:
2266:
2236:. American Politics and Political Economy Series. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.
2199:
2155:
2147:
2083:
2037:
2009:
1997:
1957:
1885:
1837:
1784:
1771:
1735:
1634:
1616:
1447:
1371:
1138:
895:
789:
Anti-science bias, when stories promote superstition or other non-scientific ideas.
760:
550:
507:
502:
431:
401:
351:
306:
205:
6049:
3049:
2688:
The Death of Reconstruction: Race, Labor, and Politics in the Post-Civil War North
2425:
2151:
1889:
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6713:
6444:
6309:
6279:
6231:
6008:
5727:
5674:
5649:
5639:
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5547:
5443:
5431:
5288:
5278:
5055:
5035:
4950:
4853:
4828:
4823:
4796:
4774:
4686:
4528:
3640:"The dynamics of Twitter users' gun narratives across major mass shooting events"
2902:
1621:
1560:
1494:
1011:
988:
852:
816:
Distortion bias, when the fact or reality is distorted or fabricated in the news.
611:
406:
326:
180:
170:
4504:"Newsalyze: Effective Communication of Person-Targeting Biases in News Articles"
4474:
Färber, Michael; Burkard, Victoria; Jatowt, Adam; Lim, Sora (October 10, 2020).
858:
Partisan bias, a tendency to report to serve particular political party leaning.
6916:
6831:
6821:
6809:
6725:
6698:
6643:
6589:
6269:
6251:
6216:
6171:
6150:
6034:
5330:
5325:
5315:
5238:
5155:
5115:
5065:
5010:
5000:
4985:
4980:
4945:
4900:
4865:
4769:
4718:
3801:
3656:
3639:
3506:"A Problem of Amplification: Folklore and Fake News in the Age of Social Media"
3343:"Detecting Clickbait: Here's How to Do It / Comment détecter les pièges à clic"
2410:"Partisan Bias in Message Selection: Media Gatekeeping of Party Press Releases"
2087:
1150:
1067:
996:
861:
755:, which is studied at schools of journalism, university departments (including
752:
606:
386:
139:
4608:
4573:
4046:
3946:
2893:
Prat, Andrea; Strömberg, David (2013). "The Political Economy of Mass Media".
2343:
2270:
1058:
accused newspapers of anti-American bias, and in a famous speech delivered in
7164:
7016:
6963:
6891:
6737:
6548:
6340:
6319:
5915:
5891:
5811:
5482:
5268:
5248:
5211:
5185:
5170:
5150:
5130:
5093:
5005:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4833:
4737:
4453:
4419:
4213:
4158:
3894:
3809:
3665:
3529:
3456:
3399:
3358:
3312:
3150:
2879:
2844:
2505:
2470:
2351:
2278:
2095:
2049:
2001:
1859:
1796:
1747:
1630:
1475:
1346:
1338:
1051:
973:
822:
764:
756:
686:
601:
491:
462:
411:
346:
4642:
4484:
3885:
3228:
1105:
of Columbia University and David Stromberg of Stockholm University in 2013.
7110:
7098:
6799:
6579:
6449:
6439:
6221:
6130:
6120:
5986:
5960:
5689:
5644:
5542:
5537:
5228:
4990:
4975:
3912:
3827:
3407:
2859:
2443:
1648:
1490:
1350:
1142:
1071:
596:
477:
467:
6465:
3232:
2937:
Gentzkow, Matthew; Shapiro, Jesse M.; Stone, Daniel F. (January 1, 2015).
1739:
6874:
6804:
6638:
6516:
6314:
6135:
6072:
6044:
5965:
5754:
5679:
5629:
5599:
5592:
5552:
5145:
4915:
4905:
4895:
4791:
2408:
Haselmayer, Martin; Wagner, Markus; Meyer, Thomas M. (February 6, 2017).
1594:
1342:
1102:
1076:
1062:
in 1970, called anti-war protesters "the nattering nabobs of negativism."
1055:
925:
882:
783:
555:
124:
4288:
3005:
7088:
7078:
6836:
6621:
6599:
6500:
6226:
6077:
5950:
5930:
5711:
5654:
5417:
5258:
5233:
4408:"How Taiwan's 'civic hackers' helped find a new way to run the country"
4280:
4106:
3970:"Watch Your Language: How English is Skewing the Global News Narrative"
3303:
3158:
1511: – Term used to explain attention distribution across social media
1363:
1273:
Anti-Social Media: How Facebook Disconnects Us and Undermines Democracy
1032:
953:
946:
833:
741:
737:
709:
705:
682:
576:
521:
296:
250:
134:
94:
71:
3342:
1538: – influence of the United States media on an international level
6774:
6708:
6675:
6373:
6082:
5955:
5940:
5609:
5587:
5351:
4838:
3447:
3430:
2621:
1597:"From Regional to National Clouds: TV Coverage in the Czech Republic"
1097:
1059:
886:
885:
and media routines, not as the result of ideological decisions (e.g.
792:
701:
581:
530:
457:
4442:"Taiwan is making democracy work again. It's time we paid attention"
4098:
3429:
Gearhart, Sherice; Moe, Alexander; Zhang, Bingbing (March 5, 2020).
2203:
1153:" ideology, resulting in news in favor of U.S. corporate interests.
7103:
6730:
6648:
6289:
5310:
5195:
4519:
3867:
3784:
3192:
2941:. In Anderson, Simon P.; Waldfogel, Joel; Strömberg, David (eds.).
2534:
1400:
administration when given a free subscription to the right-leaning
1168:
There are three major factors that make this choice for consumers:
745:
540:
1689:
Newton, K. (1989). "Media bias". In Goodin, R.; Reeve, A. (eds.).
1387:
generally found the media to be a conservative force in politics.
934:, published in 1644, was one of the first publications advocating
7063:
6869:
6703:
6398:
6304:
6259:
5806:
5614:
4237:
Information and Public Choice: From Media Markets to Policymaking
4219:
such criticism, but it frequently extends to other media as well.
3588:"Online Echo Chambers are Deepening America's Ideological Divide"
2072:""Tell all the truth, but tell it slant": Documenting media bias"
786:
bias, when stories are selected or slanted to please advertisers.
591:
98:
5860:
3116:"Be Careful What You Read: Evidence of demand-driven media bias"
3565:
2379:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. pp. 403, 410–412.
1470:
A technique used to avoid bias is the "point/counterpoint" or "
616:
4590:"Bias-aware news analysis using matrix-based news aggregation"
2858:
Cline, Andrew (2009). "53: Bias". In Eadie, William F. (ed.).
5659:
5386:
3925:
3120:
Proceedings of the Americas Conference on Information Systems
2234:
Is anyone responsible? how television frames political issues
1479:
931:
Areopagitica, a Speech for the Liberty of Unlicensed Printing
3275:
2640:"Revoking Civil Liberties: Lincoln's Constitutional Dilemma"
1191:
reports also influences the decision-making of the readers.
4709:
4639:
Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission
4501:
3372:
Brashier, Nadia M.; Marsh, Elizabeth J. (January 4, 2020).
1563: – Act of censoring or classifying one's own discourse
1028:
586:
286:
89:
4511:
2021 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL)
2526:
1066:
Not all accusations of bias are political. Science writer
4678:
3995:
3561:"More Americans Are Getting Their News From Social Media"
3279:"A New Dark Age? Truth, Trust, and Environmental Science"
2713:
I Am a Man!: Race, Manhood, and the Civil Rights Movement
1003:
779:
Various proposed hypotheses of media bias have included:
4661:"We can probably measure media bias. But do we want to?"
2183:
Shor, Eran; van de Rijt, Arnout; Fotouhi, Babak (2019).
4377:"What to Think about Think Tanks? : NPR Ombudsman"
3848:
1576:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
4473:
4260:
Gerber, Alan S.; Karlan, Dean; Bergan, Daniel (2009).
3765:
2597:
Journalistic Ethics: Moral Responsibility in the Media
2182:
1987:
1875:
1087:
7126:
4588:
Hamborg, Felix; Meuschke, Norman; Gipp, Bela (2018).
2456:
2407:
1172:
Delegation, which takes a filtering approach to bias.
4552:
Hamborg, Felix; Donnay, Karsten; Gipp, Bela (2019).
4058:
3132:
3114:
Dong, H.; Ren, J.; Nickerson, J. V. (January 2018).
2939:"Chapter 14 – Media Bias in the Marketplace: Theory"
2936:
2864:. 21st century reference series. Los Angeles: Sage.
1540:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1287:
have an anti-conservative lean "is itself a form of
4587:
4311:"Americans' Trust In Media Remains Near Record Low"
4231:DellaVigna, Stefano; Kaplan, Ethan (June 6, 2008).
4178:(2018). "Theories of Media Bias". In Kenski, Kate;
4123:(2018). "Theories of Media Bias". In Kenski, Kate;
3768:"Neutral bots probe political bias on social media"
3347:
Canadian Journal of Information and Library Science
2809:(2018). "Theories of Media Bias". In Kenski, Kate;
1824:(2018). "Theories of Media Bias". In Kenski, Kate;
4259:
4253:
3851:"Algorithmic amplification of politics on Twitter"
3614:"Digital Media Literacy: What is an Echo Chamber?"
2770:. March 27, 2008. Discusses quote around 1:24:00.
2027:
1946:"Framing Bias: Media in the Distribution of Power"
1772:"Framing Bias: Media in the Distribution of Power"
1770:
1074:bias. He claimed that television programs such as
1023:In the US during the labor union movement and the
712:, biases the media in some countries, for example
4551:
3036:Baron, David P. (2006). "Persistent Media Bias".
1552: – Measures to avoid offense or disadvantage
7162:
4230:
3428:
3133:Mullainathan, Sendhil; Shleifer, Andrei (2005).
3113:
2945:. Vol. 1. North-Holland. pp. 623–645.
2861:21st century communication: a reference handbook
2332:Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties
2185:"A Large-Scale Test of Gender Bias in the Media"
2070:Raymond, Collin; Taylor, Sarah (April 1, 2021).
1220:Media bias in social media is also reflected in
921:Media bias in the United States § History
4497:
4495:
4355:Why Americans Hate the Media and How It Matters
3935:Information Retrieval Journal (2019) 22:188–227
3855:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3171:
2076:Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization
4184:The Oxford Handbook of Political Communication
4129:The Oxford Handbook of Political Communication
3638:Lin, Yu-Ru; Chung, Wen-Ting (August 3, 2020).
2815:The Oxford Handbook of Political Communication
2256:
1830:The Oxford Handbook of Political Communication
1662:Mackey, Thomas P.; Jacobson, Trudi E. (2019).
1661:
1010:was accused of Jewish bias, and films such as
6481:
5876:
5402:
4694:
4186:. Oxford Handbooks Online. Oxford; New York:
4131:. Oxford Handbooks Online. Oxford; New York:
3644:Humanities and Social Sciences Communications
3371:
3172:Gentzkow, Matthew; Shapiro, Jesse M. (2006).
2892:
2817:. Oxford Handbooks Online. Oxford; New York:
2715:. Chapel Hill: Univ of North Carolina Press.
2690:. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
2069:
1832:. Oxford Handbooks Online. Oxford; New York:
1362:, columnist Jacques Berlinerblau argued that
1050:During the war between the United States and
659:
4581:
4492:
4269:American Economic Journal: Applied Economics
3259:"How to combat fake news and disinformation"
3062:
2161:11245.1/f63f3114-d170-40c3-aeae-c6e14259999c
1665:Metilerate Learning for the Post-Truth World
1465:
1458:(in which articles have been published) and
6979:Political polarization in the United States
6495:
3340:
2494:The International Journal of Press/Politics
2329:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2137:
6488:
6474:
5883:
5869:
5409:
5395:
5357:Heuristics in judgment and decision-making
4701:
4687:
4597:International Journal on Digital Libraries
4561:International Journal on Digital Libraries
3726:Stern Center for Business and Human Rights
3341:Brogly, Chris; Rubin, Victoria L. (2018).
3283:Annual Review of Environment and Resources
2738:Beyond Uhura: Star Trek and Other Memories
2685:
1428:
1284:Stern Center for Business and Human Rights
999:cause, and ordered many newspapers closed.
666:
652:
7032:Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal
4572:
4518:
4483:
4033:
4031:
4029:
3967:
3902:
3884:
3866:
3817:
3783:
3655:
3446:
3389:
3302:
3269:
3213:
3083:
2660:
2649:whom were sympathetic to the Confederacy.
2599:. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
2594:
2533:
2491:
2433:
2314:
2159:
1638:
1620:
1532: – Media favoring certain ideologies
751:Assessing possible bias is one aspect of
3637:
3435:Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies
3365:
3063:Mullen, Andrew; Klaehn, Jeffery (2010).
2296:
2285:
1724:"Election Monitoring Vs. Disinformation"
1446:Attempts have also been made to utilize
1187:they may be biased and not true enough.
4545:
4374:
4174:
4119:
3975:Global Investigative Journalism Network
3968:Pampalone, Tanya (September 27, 2019).
3761:
3759:
3757:
3755:
2805:
2735:
2665:. New York: Columbia University Press.
2372:
2231:
1913:
1820:
1525:Mass media impact on spatial perception
1080:promote superstition. In contrast, the
1070:has accused the entertainment media of
14:
7163:
4658:
4439:
4405:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4327:
4321:
4084:
4059:Jacques Berlinerblau (July 28, 2012).
4026:
3477:
3334:
3257:West, Darrell M. (December 18, 2017).
2895:Advances in Economics and Econometrics
2780:
2569:
1943:
1768:
1721:
1688:
1316:political bias and polarizing topics.
1047:, were not aired on Southern stations.
708:influence, including overt and covert
7074:Psychological effects of Internet use
6469:
5864:
5390:
4682:
4375:Shepard, Alicia C. (April 12, 2011).
4196:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.44
4141:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.44
3558:
3295:10.1146/annurev-environ-120920-015909
3035:
2988:
2932:
2930:
2857:
2827:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.44
2763:William Safire Oral History Interview
2710:
2637:
2385:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.44
2316:10.1146/annurev-polisci-040811-115123
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2023:
2021:
2019:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1842:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.44
1693:. London: Routledge. pp. 130–55.
1278:In a 2021 report, researchers at the
1156:
1108:
4233:"The Political Impact of Media Bias"
3752:
3503:
3256:
3250:
2176:
1909:
1907:
1816:
1814:
1243:Fueled by confirmation bias, online
1116:Implications of supply-driven bias:
29:
7049:Digital media use and mental health
4406:Miller, Carl (September 27, 2020).
4394:
4328:Bauder, David (February 15, 2023).
4168:
4113:
3720:Paul M. Barrett & Grant Simms,
3478:Auxier, Brooke (October 15, 2020).
3391:10.1146/annurev-psych-010419-050807
2799:
2638:Ewers, Justin (February 10, 2009).
1769:Entman, Robert M. (March 1, 2007).
1088:Structural (Non-ideological) biases
24:
4652:
4440:Miller, Carl (November 26, 2019).
3214:Strömberg, David (November 1999).
2951:10.1016/b978-0-444-63685-0.00014-0
2927:
2785:. New York, NY: Prima Lifestyles.
2572:Areopagitica And Other Prose Works
2303:Annual Review of Political Science
2056:
2042:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02866.x
2016:
1976:
1932:
1762:
1390:
949:cannot avoid accusations of bias.
872:" are examples of this phenomenon.
25:
7217:
7054:Effects of violence in mass media
6758:Smartphones and pedestrian safety
5890:
4659:Wilner, Tamar (January 9, 2018).
3559:Suciu, Peter (October 11, 2019).
1914:Gardner, Martin (July 15, 1997).
1904:
1811:
1415:
7148:
7136:
7027:2021 Facebook company files leak
6753:Mobile phones and driving safety
6379:Concentration of media ownership
3999:Women's Studies in Communication
3510:The Journal of American Folklore
3094:10.1111/j.1751-9020.2010.00275.x
2686:Richardson, Heather Cox (2001).
1962:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00336.x
1789:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00336.x
1709:Committee to Protect Journalists
1082:Competitive Enterprise Institute
963:concentration of media ownership
734:concentration of media ownership
628:
78:
34:
6999:2020 U.S. presidential election
6994:2016 U.S. presidential election
4623:
4467:
4433:
4368:
4347:
4303:
4224:
4078:
4052:
3989:
3961:
3919:
3842:
3735:
3714:
3697:
3680:
3631:
3606:
3580:
3552:
3497:
3471:
3422:
3217:The Politics of Public Spending
3207:
3165:
3126:
3107:
3056:
2982:
2886:
2851:
2774:
2754:
2729:
2704:
2679:
2654:
2631:
2613:
2588:
2563:
2520:
2485:
2450:
2401:
2366:
2323:
2250:
2225:
2131:
2110:
1574: – Principle in journalism
1530:Media bias in the United States
1206:
976:, in 1798, Congress passed the
5416:
4012:10.1080/07491409.2008.10162548
3538:10.5406/jamerfolk.133.529.0329
3522:10.5406/jamerfolk.133.529.0329
2297:Groeling, Tim (May 10, 2013).
1869:
1715:
1697:
1682:
1655:
1588:
1234:deliberately false information
1020:were offered as alleged proof.
736:, the subjective selection of
13:
1:
6570:Betteridge's law of headlines
3223:(PhD). Princeton University.
3050:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2004.10.006
2426:10.1080/10584609.2016.1265619
2152:10.1080/01402382.2021.1988387
1890:10.1080/1461670X.2016.1234356
1582:
1437:
617:Pundit / commentator
7084:Social aspects of television
6984:Social media use in politics
6634:Missing white woman syndrome
4529:10.1109/JCDL52503.2021.00025
4087:Review of Religious Research
3181:Journal of Political Economy
2903:10.1017/CBO9781139060028.004
1705:"10 Most Censored Countries"
1622:10.1371/journal.pone.0165527
1520:Journalistic interventionism
1515:Freedom of speech by country
870:missing white woman syndrome
776:that remain widely debated.
155:Index of journalism articles
7:
6595:Least objectionable program
5223:DĂ©formation professionnelle
4239:. World Bank Publications.
4235:. In Islam, Roumeen (ed.).
4061:"Secularism Is Not Atheism"
4039:Journal of American Studies
3688:Anti-Social Media: A Review
3378:Annual Review of Psychology
3174:"Media Bias and Reputation"
3038:Journal of Public Economics
2943:Handbook of Media Economics
1501:
1478:"). This may happen when a
1377:
1332:
1319:
691:the standards of journalism
10:
7222:
6930:Algorithmic radicalization
5217:Basking in reflected glory
4708:
4665:Columbia Journalism Review
4513:. IEEE. pp. 130–139.
3802:10.1038/s41467-021-25738-6
3657:10.1057/s41599-020-00533-8
2736:Nichols, Nichelle (1995).
2644:US News & World Report
2627:, Richmond: J. W. Randolph
2088:10.1016/j.jebo.2020.09.021
1944:Entman, Robert M. (2007).
1227:Within the United States,
991:accused newspapers in the
918:
914:
27:Bias within the mass media
7044:Cultural impact of TikTok
7009:
6915:
6830:
6674:
6562:
6507:
6422:
6366:
6328:
6250:
6199:
6164:
6108:
6065:
6058:
6022:
5974:
5898:
5820:
5720:
5530:
5424:
5365:
5347:Cognitive bias mitigation
5339:
5204:
5079:
4716:
4609:10.1007/s00799-018-0239-9
4574:10.1007/s00799-018-0261-y
4047:10.1017/S0021875816001298
3947:10.1007/s10791-018-9341-2
2661:Pizzitola, Louis (2002).
2344:10.1080/13689880600716027
2271:10.1080/08838157809363907
1466:Giving time to both sides
696:Practical limitations to
640:Category: Journalism
43:This article needs to be
7116:Violence and video games
7094:Social impact of YouTube
6974:Knowledge gap hypothesis
6897:Social-desirability bias
6795:Information–action ratio
6455:Society of the Spectacle
5578:Content-control software
4931:Illusion of transparency
4631:"Broadcasting Act, 1991"
3151:10.1257/0002828054825619
3139:American Economic Review
2989:Baron, David P. (2004).
2595:Jacquette, Dale (2007).
2506:10.1177/1940161211411087
2471:10.1177/1354068817724174
2232:Iyengar, Shanto (1994).
2030:Journal of Communication
2002:10.1177/0093650215614364
1950:Journal of Communication
1777:Journal of Communication
1722:Merloe, Patrick (2015).
1096:There is also a growing
995:of bias in favor of the
770:
7196:Criticism of journalism
7181:Influence of mass media
7069:Mass shooting contagion
6522:Evolutionary psychology
6336:Influence of mass media
6141:Narcotizing dysfunction
5833:Chinese issues overseas
4485:10.1145/3340531.3412876
4188:Oxford University Press
4180:Jamieson, Kathleen Hall
4133:Oxford University Press
4125:Jamieson, Kathleen Hall
3886:10.1073/pnas.2025334119
2991:"Persistent Media Bias"
2819:Oxford University Press
2811:Jamieson, Kathleen Hall
2781:Bailey, Ronald (2002).
2414:Political Communication
2259:Journal of Broadcasting
1834:Oxford University Press
1826:Jamieson, Kathleen Hall
1429:Efforts to correct bias
978:Alien and Sedition Acts
577:Journalists (reporters)
7176:Books about media bias
7059:Fascination with death
6922:Political polarization
6850:Availability heuristic
6815:Television consumption
5997:Freedom of information
5807:Suppression of dissent
2376:Theories of Media Bias
2140:West European Politics
1990:Communication Research
1556:Racism in horror films
145:Editorial independence
7022:Criticism of Facebook
6902:Social influence bias
6790:Information pollution
6780:Information explosion
6763:Texting while driving
6719:Low information voter
6617:Pink-slime journalism
6384:Exploitation of women
5573:Conspiracy of silence
5563:Collateral censorship
5488:Speech and expression
5299:Arab–Israeli conflict
5026:Social influence bias
4971:Out-group homogeneity
3772:Nature Communications
3504:Peck, Andrew (2020).
3135:"The Market for News"
2711:Estes, Steve (2005).
2663:Hearst Over Hollywood
2570:Milton, John (2004).
1740:10.1353/jod.2015.0053
1668:. ALA Neal-Schulman.
1550:Political correctness
1297:Nature Communications
1025:civil rights movement
635:Journalism portal
498:Pink-slime journalism
483:Horse race journalism
7039:Criticism of Netflix
6845:Availability cascade
6785:Information overload
6694:Attention management
6689:Attention inequality
6585:Human-interest story
6527:Behavioral modernity
6512:Cognitive psychology
5850:Muhammad controversy
5787:Naturalistic fallacy
5695:computer and network
4941:Mere-exposure effect
4871:Extrinsic incentives
4817:Selective perception
3594:. September 23, 2020
3031:on October 19, 2017.
2897:. pp. 135–187.
2192:Sociological Science
1728:Journal of Democracy
1567:Structural pluralism
1509:Attention inequality
1403:The Washington Times
1222:hostile media effect
936:freedom of the press
473:Freedom of the press
6952:Post-truth politics
6882:Mean world syndrome
6430:Advanced capitalism
6116:Cult of personality
6030:Advanced capitalism
5845:Internet censorship
5166:Social desirability
5061:von Restorff effect
4936:Mean world syndrome
4911:Hostile attribution
4317:. October 18, 2022.
3877:2022PNAS..11925334H
3794:2021NatCo..12.5580C
3749:(February 1, 2021).
3730:New York University
3709:LSE Review of Books
3484:Pew Research Center
3033:Later published as:
3006:10.2139/ssrn.516006
1613:2016PLoSO..1165527S
1460:mentioned countries
1456:publisher countries
1409:The Washington Post
1280:New York University
1229:Pew Research Center
943:journalistic ethics
810:Demand-driven bias.
740:, or the perceived
535:Newspaper of record
6770:Influence-for-hire
6748:Media multitasking
6743:Human multitasking
6661:Tabloid television
6612:Media manipulation
6351:Semiotic democracy
6275:Civil disobedience
6187:Media manipulation
6177:Crowd manipulation
6100:Tabloid journalism
6014:Media transparency
5992:Media independence
5906:24-hour news cycle
5782:Moralistic fallacy
5520:banned video games
5503:banned televisions
5081:Statistical biases
4859:Curse of knowledge
4645:on April 17, 2006.
4353:Jonathan M. Ladd,
4281:10.1257/app.1.2.35
4176:Lichter, S. Robert
4121:Lichter, S. Robert
4041:, 51(3), 691–719.
3711:(October 4, 2018).
2807:Lichter, S. Robert
2551:Unknown parameter
1916:The Night Is Large
1878:Journalism Studies
1822:Lichter, S. Robert
1691:Liberal Neutrality
1545:Media transparency
1269:Siva Vaidhyanathan
1157:Demand-driven bias
1109:Supply-driven bias
1017:The Great Dictator
985:American Civil War
958:broadcast spectrum
892:Supply-driven bias
866:Hierarchy of death
7186:Mass media issues
7124:
7123:
6947:Fake news website
6907:Spiral of silence
6860:Confirmation bias
6684:Attention economy
6666:Yellow journalism
6554:Social psychology
6463:
6462:
6389:Freedom of speech
6207:Theodor W. Adorno
6195:
6194:
6182:Managing the news
6002:Freedom of speech
5982:Media development
5946:News broadcasting
5926:Independent media
5911:Alternative media
5858:
5857:
5840:Freedom of speech
5685:Strategic lawsuit
5635:National intranet
5583:Damnatio memoriae
5384:
5383:
5021:Social comparison
4802:Choice-supportive
4538:978-1-6654-1770-9
4363:978-0-691-14786-4
4246:978-0-8213-7516-7
3238:on April 15, 2010
3103:on June 17, 2012.
3072:Sociology Compass
2960:978-0-444-63691-1
2871:978-1-4129-5030-5
2792:978-0-7615-3660-4
2747:978-1-57297-011-3
2722:978-0-8078-2929-5
2697:978-0-674-00637-9
2606:978-0-13-182539-0
2581:978-1-4179-1211-7
2394:978-0-19-979347-1
2243:978-0-226-38855-7
1925:978-0-312-16949-7
1675:978-0-8389-1776-3
1572:View from nowhere
1536:Media imperialism
1385:S. Robert Lichter
1254:COVID-19 pandemic
1163:confirmation bias
1054:, Vice President
827:false equivalence
676:
675:
561:Alternative media
513:Yellow journalism
150:Journalism school
64:
63:
16:(Redirected from
7213:
7191:Social influence
7153:
7152:
7151:
7141:
7140:
7139:
7132:
6969:Knowledge divide
6865:Crowd psychology
6855:Bandwagon effect
6627:Public relations
6544:Media psychology
6490:
6483:
6476:
6467:
6466:
6435:Culture industry
6404:Social influence
6357:The Lonely Crowd
6300:Political satire
6265:Call-out culture
6242:Jacques Rancière
6237:Marshall McLuhan
6212:Jean Baudrillard
6156:Viral phenomenon
6090:Public relations
6063:
6062:
5936:Mainstream media
5921:Electronic media
5885:
5878:
5871:
5862:
5861:
5797:Propaganda model
5425:Media regulation
5411:
5404:
5397:
5388:
5387:
5181:Systematic error
5136:Omitted-variable
5051:Trait ascription
4891:Frog pond effect
4719:Cognitive biases
4703:
4696:
4689:
4680:
4679:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4647:
4646:
4641:. Archived from
4627:
4621:
4620:
4594:
4585:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4558:
4549:
4543:
4542:
4522:
4508:
4499:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4471:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4460:
4437:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4403:
4392:
4391:
4389:
4387:
4372:
4366:
4351:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4325:
4319:
4318:
4307:
4301:
4300:
4266:
4257:
4251:
4250:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4172:
4166:
4165:
4117:
4111:
4110:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4056:
4050:
4035:
4024:
4023:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3965:
3959:
3958:
3941:(1–2): 188–227.
3932:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3906:
3888:
3870:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3821:
3787:
3763:
3750:
3739:
3733:
3732:(February 2021).
3718:
3712:
3701:
3695:
3686:Barbara Fister,
3684:
3678:
3677:
3659:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3610:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3516:(529): 329–351.
3501:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3450:
3448:10.1002/hbe2.185
3426:
3420:
3419:
3393:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3306:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3237:
3231:. Archived from
3222:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3178:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3145:(4): 1031–1053.
3130:
3124:
3123:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3096:. Archived from
3087:
3069:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3032:
3030:
3024:. Archived from
2995:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2934:
2925:
2924:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2554:
2549:
2547:
2539:
2537:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2437:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2294:
2283:
2282:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2189:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2163:
2146:(7): 1481–1492.
2135:
2129:
2128:
2122:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2067:
2054:
2053:
2025:
2014:
2013:
1996:(8): 1125–1148.
1985:
1974:
1973:
1941:
1930:
1929:
1911:
1902:
1901:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1818:
1809:
1808:
1774:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1642:
1624:
1607:(11): e0165527.
1592:
1577:
1541:
1448:machine-learning
1406:or left-leaning
1372:Stuart A. Wright
1304:A 2022 study in
1294:A 2021 study in
887:incumbency bonus
840:Gatekeeping bias
761:cultural studies
698:media neutrality
668:
661:
654:
633:
632:
631:
508:Propaganda model
503:Public relations
82:
68:
67:
59:
56:
50:
38:
37:
30:
21:
7221:
7220:
7216:
7215:
7214:
7212:
7211:
7210:
7161:
7160:
7159:
7149:
7147:
7137:
7135:
7127:
7125:
7120:
7005:
6920:
6911:
6887:Negativity bias
6835:
6826:
6714:Cognitive miser
6670:
6563:Media practices
6558:
6503:
6494:
6464:
6459:
6445:Media franchise
6418:
6362:
6324:
6280:Culture jamming
6246:
6232:Walter Lippmann
6191:
6160:
6104:
6054:
6018:
6009:Media pluralism
5970:
5894:
5889:
5859:
5854:
5816:
5716:
5675:Self-censorship
5650:Prior restraint
5640:Newspaper theft
5625:Internet police
5558:Chilling effect
5548:Broadcast delay
5526:
5420:
5415:
5385:
5380:
5361:
5335:
5200:
5075:
5056:Turkey illusion
4824:Compassion fade
4721:
4712:
4707:
4669:
4667:
4655:
4653:Further reading
4650:
4629:
4628:
4624:
4592:
4586:
4582:
4556:
4550:
4546:
4539:
4506:
4500:
4493:
4472:
4468:
4458:
4456:
4438:
4434:
4424:
4422:
4404:
4395:
4385:
4383:
4373:
4369:
4352:
4348:
4338:
4336:
4326:
4322:
4309:
4308:
4304:
4264:
4258:
4254:
4247:
4229:
4225:
4206:
4190:. p. 405.
4173:
4169:
4151:
4135:. p. 412.
4118:
4114:
4099:10.2307/3512176
4083:
4079:
4069:
4067:
4065:Huffington Post
4057:
4053:
4036:
4027:
3994:
3990:
3980:
3978:
3966:
3962:
3930:
3924:
3920:
3847:
3843:
3764:
3753:
3741:Alison Durkee,
3740:
3736:
3719:
3715:
3702:
3698:
3694:(June 6, 2018).
3685:
3681:
3636:
3632:
3622:
3620:
3612:
3611:
3607:
3597:
3595:
3586:
3585:
3581:
3571:
3569:
3557:
3553:
3502:
3498:
3488:
3486:
3476:
3472:
3427:
3423:
3374:"Judging Truth"
3370:
3366:
3339:
3335:
3325:
3323:
3274:
3270:
3255:
3251:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3220:
3212:
3208:
3176:
3170:
3166:
3131:
3127:
3112:
3108:
3100:
3085:10.1.1.458.4091
3067:
3061:
3057:
3034:
3028:
2993:
2987:
2983:
2973:
2971:
2961:
2935:
2928:
2913:
2891:
2887:
2872:
2856:
2852:
2837:
2821:. p. 405.
2804:
2800:
2793:
2779:
2775:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2748:
2734:
2730:
2723:
2709:
2705:
2698:
2684:
2680:
2673:
2659:
2655:
2636:
2632:
2618:
2614:
2607:
2593:
2589:
2582:
2568:
2564:
2552:
2550:
2541:
2540:
2525:
2521:
2490:
2486:
2455:
2451:
2406:
2402:
2395:
2371:
2367:
2328:
2324:
2295:
2286:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2230:
2226:
2216:
2214:
2204:10.15195/v6.a20
2187:
2181:
2177:
2136:
2132:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2068:
2057:
2026:
2017:
1986:
1977:
1942:
1933:
1926:
1912:
1905:
1874:
1870:
1852:
1836:. p. 403.
1819:
1812:
1767:
1763:
1720:
1716:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1660:
1656:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1561:Self-censorship
1539:
1504:
1495:French language
1468:
1440:
1431:
1418:
1393:
1391:Impacts of bias
1380:
1359:Huffington Post
1335:
1322:
1209:
1159:
1111:
1090:
1012:Charlie Chaplin
989:Abraham Lincoln
923:
917:
853:Negativity bias
773:
744:of an intended
672:
629:
627:
407:Photojournalism
276:Interventionism
60:
54:
51:
48:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7219:
7209:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7158:
7157:
7145:
7143:Current events
7122:
7121:
7119:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7107:
7106:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7035:
7034:
7029:
7019:
7013:
7011:
7010:Related topics
7007:
7006:
7004:
7003:
7002:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6960:
6959:
6954:
6944:
6939:
6938:
6937:
6926:
6924:
6917:Digital divide
6913:
6912:
6910:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6878:
6877:
6872:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6841:
6839:
6832:Cognitive bias
6828:
6827:
6825:
6824:
6822:Sticky content
6819:
6818:
6817:
6812:
6810:Binge-watching
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6766:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6740:
6735:
6734:
6733:
6726:Digital zombie
6723:
6722:
6721:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6699:Attention span
6696:
6691:
6686:
6680:
6678:
6672:
6671:
6669:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6652:
6651:
6644:Sensationalism
6641:
6636:
6631:
6630:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6609:
6604:
6603:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6590:Junk food news
6587:
6577:
6572:
6566:
6564:
6560:
6559:
6557:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6540:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6519:
6514:
6508:
6505:
6504:
6493:
6492:
6485:
6478:
6470:
6461:
6460:
6458:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6426:
6424:
6420:
6419:
6417:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6370:
6368:
6364:
6363:
6361:
6360:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6332:
6330:
6326:
6325:
6323:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6270:Cancel culture
6267:
6262:
6256:
6254:
6252:Counterculture
6248:
6247:
6245:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6217:Edward Bernays
6214:
6209:
6203:
6201:
6197:
6196:
6193:
6192:
6190:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6172:Catch and kill
6168:
6166:
6162:
6161:
6159:
6158:
6153:
6151:Sensationalism
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6112:
6110:
6106:
6105:
6103:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6086:
6085:
6075:
6069:
6067:
6060:
6056:
6055:
6053:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6040:Bipartisanship
6037:
6035:American Dream
6032:
6026:
6024:
6020:
6019:
6017:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6005:
6004:
5999:
5989:
5984:
5978:
5976:
5972:
5971:
5969:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5902:
5900:
5896:
5895:
5888:
5887:
5880:
5873:
5865:
5856:
5855:
5853:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5836:
5835:
5824:
5822:
5818:
5817:
5815:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5763:
5762:
5752:
5751:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5730:
5724:
5722:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5714:
5712:Word filtering
5709:
5704:
5703:
5702:
5697:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5620:Heckler's veto
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5596:
5595:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5534:
5532:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5524:
5523:
5522:
5512:
5507:
5506:
5505:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5464:
5463:
5453:
5452:
5451:
5441:
5440:
5439:
5428:
5426:
5422:
5421:
5414:
5413:
5406:
5399:
5391:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5378:
5373:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5360:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5343:
5341:
5340:Bias reduction
5337:
5336:
5334:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5316:Political bias
5313:
5308:
5307:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5244:Infrastructure
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5219:
5214:
5208:
5206:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5161:Self-selection
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5112:
5111:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5085:
5083:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4996:Pro-innovation
4993:
4988:
4983:
4981:Overton window
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4862:
4861:
4851:
4849:Dunning–Kruger
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4820:
4819:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4788:
4787:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4766:
4765:
4763:Correspondence
4760:
4758:Actor–observer
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4724:
4722:
4717:
4714:
4713:
4706:
4705:
4698:
4691:
4683:
4677:
4676:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4648:
4622:
4603:(2): 129–147.
4580:
4567:(4): 391–415.
4544:
4537:
4491:
4466:
4432:
4393:
4367:
4346:
4320:
4302:
4252:
4245:
4223:
4204:
4167:
4149:
4112:
4093:(2): 101–115.
4077:
4051:
4025:
3988:
3960:
3918:
3841:
3751:
3734:
3713:
3696:
3692:InsideHigherEd
3679:
3630:
3605:
3579:
3551:
3496:
3470:
3441:(2): 140–148.
3421:
3384:(1): 499–515.
3364:
3353:(3): 154–175.
3333:
3268:
3249:
3206:
3193:10.1086/499414
3187:(2): 280–316.
3164:
3125:
3106:
3078:(4): 215–229.
3055:
2981:
2959:
2926:
2911:
2885:
2870:
2850:
2835:
2798:
2791:
2773:
2753:
2746:
2728:
2721:
2703:
2696:
2678:
2671:
2653:
2630:
2612:
2605:
2587:
2580:
2562:
2519:
2484:
2465:(3): 412–423.
2459:Party Politics
2449:
2420:(3): 367–384.
2400:
2393:
2365:
2338:(2): 157–178.
2322:
2309:(1): 129–151.
2284:
2265:(4): 517–530.
2249:
2242:
2224:
2175:
2130:
2109:
2055:
2036:(4): 133–156.
2015:
1975:
1956:(1): 163–173.
1931:
1924:
1903:
1884:(6): 782–802.
1868:
1850:
1810:
1783:(1): 163–173.
1761:
1714:
1711:. May 2, 2006.
1696:
1681:
1674:
1654:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1569:
1564:
1558:
1553:
1547:
1542:
1533:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1467:
1464:
1439:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1417:
1416:Trust in media
1414:
1392:
1389:
1379:
1376:
1334:
1331:
1321:
1318:
1289:disinformation
1271:, in his book
1267:Media scholar
1214:disinformation
1208:
1205:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1158:
1155:
1151:anti-communist
1128:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1110:
1107:
1089:
1086:
1068:Martin Gardner
1064:
1063:
1048:
1021:
1000:
981:
916:
913:
903:
902:
899:
893:
890:
883:newsworthiness
879:
876:
873:
862:Sensationalism
859:
856:
850:
847:
837:
830:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
790:
787:
772:
769:
753:media literacy
687:news producers
674:
673:
671:
670:
663:
656:
648:
645:
644:
643:
642:
637:
622:
621:
620:
619:
614:
609:
607:News presenter
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
571:
570:
566:
565:
564:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
525:
524:
518:
517:
516:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
452:
451:
447:
446:
445:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
387:New Journalism
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
357:Human-interest
354:
349:
344:
339:
337:Digital/Online
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
269:
261:
260:
256:
255:
254:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
165:
164:
160:
159:
158:
157:
152:
147:
142:
140:Sensationalism
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
109:code of ethics
102:
92:
84:
83:
75:
74:
62:
61:
42:
40:
33:
26:
18:Media coverage
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7218:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7168:
7166:
7156:
7146:
7144:
7134:
7133:
7130:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7105:
7102:
7101:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7024:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7017:Computer rage
7015:
7014:
7012:
7008:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6989:United States
6987:
6986:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6964:Filter bubble
6962:
6958:
6957:United States
6955:
6953:
6950:
6949:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6936:
6933:
6932:
6931:
6928:
6927:
6925:
6923:
6918:
6914:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6892:Peer pressure
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6867:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6842:
6840:
6838:
6833:
6829:
6823:
6820:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6807:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6745:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6738:Doomscrolling
6736:
6732:
6729:
6728:
6727:
6724:
6720:
6717:
6716:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6681:
6679:
6677:
6673:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6650:
6647:
6646:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6614:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6582:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6567:
6565:
6561:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6549:Media studies
6547:
6545:
6542:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6524:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6509:
6506:
6502:
6501:human factors
6498:
6491:
6486:
6484:
6479:
6477:
6472:
6471:
6468:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6427:
6425:
6421:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6371:
6369:
6365:
6359:
6358:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6346:Mediatization
6344:
6342:
6341:Media studies
6339:
6337:
6334:
6333:
6331:
6327:
6321:
6320:Strike action
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6285:Demonstration
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6257:
6255:
6253:
6249:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6204:
6202:
6198:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6169:
6167:
6163:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6113:
6111:
6107:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6084:
6081:
6080:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6070:
6068:
6064:
6061:
6057:
6051:
6050:Pensée unique
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6027:
6025:
6021:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5994:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5979:
5977:
5973:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5916:Digital media
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5892:Media culture
5886:
5881:
5879:
5874:
5872:
5867:
5866:
5863:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5834:
5831:
5830:
5829:
5826:
5825:
5823:
5819:
5813:
5812:Systemic bias
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5761:
5758:
5757:
5756:
5753:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5735:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5725:
5723:
5719:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5692:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5594:
5591:
5590:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5529:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5493:Student media
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5462:
5461:circumvention
5459:
5458:
5457:
5454:
5450:
5447:
5446:
5445:
5442:
5438:
5435:
5434:
5433:
5430:
5429:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5412:
5407:
5405:
5400:
5398:
5393:
5392:
5389:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5368:
5367:
5364:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5338:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5294:United States
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5269:False balance
5267:
5266:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5224:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5203:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5141:Participation
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5110:
5109:Psychological
5107:
5106:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5086:
5084:
5082:
5078:
5072:
5069:
5067:
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5059:
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5039:
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5034:
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5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
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5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
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4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
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4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
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4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4876:Fading affect
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
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4827:
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4803:
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4798:
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4759:
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4754:
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4731:
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4720:
4715:
4711:
4704:
4699:
4697:
4692:
4690:
4685:
4684:
4681:
4670:September 27,
4666:
4662:
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4640:
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4516:
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4505:
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4481:
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4470:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4436:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4402:
4400:
4398:
4386:September 18,
4382:
4378:
4371:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4350:
4335:
4331:
4324:
4316:
4312:
4306:
4298:
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4286:
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4278:
4274:
4270:
4263:
4256:
4248:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4227:
4220:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4205:9780199984350
4201:
4197:
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4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4171:
4164:
4160:
4156:
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4150:9780199984350
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4116:
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4096:
4092:
4088:
4081:
4066:
4062:
4055:
4048:
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4040:
4034:
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4030:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
4000:
3992:
3977:
3976:
3971:
3964:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3929:
3922:
3914:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3860:
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3825:
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3799:
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3762:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3748:
3744:
3738:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3717:
3710:
3706:
3703:Rose Deller,
3700:
3693:
3689:
3683:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3634:
3619:
3618:GCFGlobal.org
3615:
3609:
3593:
3589:
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3568:
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3555:
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3539:
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3507:
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3454:
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3413:
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3405:
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3383:
3379:
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3322:
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3296:
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3253:
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3226:
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3210:
3202:
3198:
3194:
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3186:
3182:
3175:
3168:
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3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3129:
3121:
3117:
3110:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3066:
3059:
3051:
3047:
3044:(1–2): 1–36.
3043:
3039:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2992:
2985:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2933:
2931:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2912:9781139060028
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2889:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2854:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2836:9780199984350
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2802:
2794:
2788:
2784:
2777:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2757:
2749:
2743:
2739:
2732:
2724:
2718:
2714:
2707:
2699:
2693:
2689:
2682:
2674:
2672:0-231-11646-2
2668:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2634:
2626:
2625:
2616:
2608:
2602:
2598:
2591:
2583:
2577:
2574:. Kessinger.
2573:
2566:
2558:
2545:
2536:
2531:
2523:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2488:
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2476:
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2468:
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2431:
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2415:
2411:
2404:
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2378:
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2369:
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2357:
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2341:
2337:
2333:
2326:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2253:
2245:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2134:
2126:
2119:
2113:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1927:
1921:
1918:. Macmillan.
1917:
1910:
1908:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1851:9780199984350
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1817:
1815:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1765:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1692:
1685:
1677:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1658:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1591:
1587:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1476:false balance
1473:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1449:
1444:
1435:
1426:
1422:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1404:
1397:
1388:
1386:
1375:
1373:
1370:According to
1368:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1347:tabloid media
1344:
1340:
1339:Satanic panic
1330:
1326:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1292:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1259:
1258:echo chambers
1255:
1250:
1246:
1245:echo chambers
1241:
1239:
1238:echo chambers
1235:
1230:
1225:
1223:
1218:
1215:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1106:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1052:North Vietnam
1049:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
998:
994:
993:border states
990:
986:
982:
979:
975:
974:United States
971:
970:
969:
966:
964:
959:
955:
950:
948:
944:
939:
937:
933:
932:
927:
922:
912:
909:
900:
897:
896:Tuchman's Law
894:
891:
888:
884:
880:
877:
874:
871:
867:
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
841:
838:
835:
831:
828:
824:
823:False balance
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
781:
780:
777:
768:
766:
765:peace studies
762:
758:
757:media studies
754:
749:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
694:
692:
688:
684:
680:
669:
664:
662:
657:
655:
650:
649:
647:
646:
641:
638:
636:
626:
625:
624:
623:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
602:Meteorologist
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
574:
573:
572:
568:
567:
562:
559:
557:
556:News agencies
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
536:
532:
529:
528:
527:
526:
523:
520:
519:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
493:
492:False balance
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
463:Fourth Estate
461:
459:
456:
455:
454:
453:
450:Social impact
449:
448:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
412:Press release
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
372:Investigative
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
347:Fact-checking
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
312:Collaborative
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
277:
273:
270:
268:
265:
264:
263:
262:
258:
257:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
186:Entertainment
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
168:
167:
166:
162:
161:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
110:
106:
103:
100:
96:
95:Writing style
93:
91:
88:
87:
86:
85:
81:
77:
76:
73:
70:
69:
66:
58:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
7111:Technophobia
7099:Technophilia
6942:Echo chamber
6800:Rage farming
6606:
6580:Infotainment
6450:Post-Fordism
6440:Mass society
6409:Transparency
6393:
6355:
6222:Noam Chomsky
6200:Philosophers
6146:Recuperation
6131:Media circus
6121:Dumbing down
5987:Media policy
5961:Social media
5776:
5707:Whitewashing
5690:Surveillance
5670:Sanitization
5645:Pixelization
5543:Book burning
5449:banned films
5437:books banned
5263:
5254:In education
5221:
5205:Other biases
5191:Verification
5176:Survivorship
5126:Non-response
5099:Healthy user
5041:Substitution
5016:Self-serving
4812:Confirmation
4780:Availability
4728:Acquiescence
4668:. Retrieved
4664:
4643:the original
4634:
4625:
4600:
4596:
4583:
4564:
4560:
4547:
4510:
4475:
4469:
4459:February 27,
4457:. Retrieved
4445:
4435:
4425:February 27,
4423:. Retrieved
4412:The Guardian
4411:
4384:. Retrieved
4380:
4370:
4354:
4349:
4337:. Retrieved
4333:
4323:
4314:
4305:
4275:(2): 35–52.
4272:
4268:
4255:
4236:
4226:
4217:
4183:
4170:
4162:
4128:
4115:
4090:
4086:
4080:
4068:. Retrieved
4064:
4054:
4038:
4003:
3997:
3991:
3981:February 22,
3979:. Retrieved
3973:
3963:
3938:
3934:
3921:
3858:
3854:
3844:
3775:
3771:
3746:
3737:
3716:
3708:
3699:
3691:
3682:
3647:
3643:
3633:
3621:. Retrieved
3617:
3608:
3596:. Retrieved
3591:
3582:
3570:. Retrieved
3564:
3554:
3513:
3509:
3499:
3487:. Retrieved
3483:
3473:
3438:
3434:
3424:
3381:
3377:
3367:
3350:
3346:
3336:
3324:. Retrieved
3286:
3282:
3271:
3262:
3252:
3240:. Retrieved
3233:the original
3216:
3209:
3184:
3180:
3167:
3142:
3138:
3128:
3119:
3109:
3098:the original
3075:
3071:
3058:
3041:
3037:
3026:the original
2997:
2984:
2972:. Retrieved
2942:
2894:
2888:
2860:
2853:
2814:
2801:
2782:
2776:
2767:
2762:
2756:
2737:
2731:
2712:
2706:
2687:
2681:
2662:
2656:
2647:
2643:
2633:
2622:
2615:
2596:
2590:
2571:
2565:
2522:
2500:(1): 32–55.
2497:
2493:
2487:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2417:
2413:
2403:
2375:
2368:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2306:
2302:
2262:
2258:
2252:
2233:
2227:
2215:. Retrieved
2195:
2191:
2178:
2143:
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1491:Radio Canada
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1351:infotainment
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681:occurs when
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546:TV and radio
487:
478:Infotainment
468:Fifth Estate
367:Interpretive
317:Comics-based
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6875:Moral panic
6805:Screen time
6639:News values
6575:Gatekeeping
6517:Externality
6329:In academia
6315:Review bomb
6136:Media event
6073:Advertising
6045:Consumerism
5966:State media
5772:LGBT issues
5767:Ideological
5755:Hate speech
5680:Speech code
5665:Revisionism
5630:Memory hole
5600:Expurgation
5593:Minced oath
5553:Censor bars
5515:Video games
5498:Televisions
5321:Publication
5274:Vietnam War
5121:Length time
5104:Information
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4896:Halo effect
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4753:Attribution
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4070:February 4,
3778:(1): 5580.
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3598:December 7,
3572:January 19,
3489:January 19,
3304:10852/99734
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3242:January 19,
2740:. Berkley.
2624:resolutions
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2082:: 670–691.
1472:round table
1343:moral panic
1103:Andrea Prat
1077:The X-Files
1056:Spiro Agnew
983:During the
947:journalists
926:John Milton
784:Advertising
742:preferences
718:North Korea
683:journalists
597:Copy editor
427:Underground
342:Explanatory
267:Adversarial
236:Video games
191:Environment
130:Attribution
125:News values
120:Objectivity
7206:Publishing
7201:Censorship
7171:Media bias
7165:Categories
7155:Journalism
7089:Social bot
7079:Sealioning
6837:Conformity
6622:Propaganda
6607:Media bias
6600:Soft media
6394:Media bias
6295:Occupation
6227:Guy Debord
6109:Techniques
6078:Propaganda
5975:Principles
5951:News media
5931:Mass media
5828:Censorship
5821:By country
5777:Media bias
5655:Propaganda
5418:Censorship
5284:South Asia
5259:Liking gap
5071:In animals
5036:Status quo
4951:Negativity
4854:Egocentric
4829:Congruence
4807:Commitment
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4775:Automation
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2768:C-SPAN.org
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1364:secularism
1033:television
954:propaganda
919:See also:
834:timeliness
710:censorship
706:Government
679:Media bias
531:Newspapers
522:News media
488:Media bias
392:Non-profit
377:Multimedia
297:Churnalism
226:Technology
135:Defamation
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6775:Infodemic
6709:Clickbait
6676:Attention
6532:Cognition
6374:Anonymity
6083:Fake news
6059:Deception
5956:Old media
5941:New media
5802:Religious
5733:Corporate
5610:Gag order
5588:Euphemism
5568:Concision
5352:Debiasing
5331:White hat
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5156:Selection
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4946:Narrative
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4886:Frequency
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4770:Authority
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1098:economics
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1044:Star Trek
1008:Hollywood
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332:Database
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282:Analytic
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211:Politics
201:Medicine
176:Business
7129:Portals
7064:Griefer
6870:Mobbing
6704:Chumbox
6656:Spiking
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6260:Boycott
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5304:Ukraine
5229:Funding
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4339:June 7,
4334:Fortune
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6367:Issues
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