Medical tourism - Knowledge

694:. Israel's popularity as a destination for medical tourism stems from its status as a developed country with a high-quality level of medical care, while at the same time having lower medical costs than many other developed countries. Israel is particularly popular as a destination for bone marrow transplants among Cypriots, as the procedure is not available in Cyprus, and for orthopedic procedures among Americans, as the cost of orthopedic procedures in Israel is about half that of in the United States. Israel is a particularly popular destination for people seeking IVF treatments. Medical tourists in Israel use both public and private hospitals, and all major Israeli hospitals offer medical tourism packages which typically cost far less than comparable procedures than in facilities elsewhere with a similarly high standard of care. In 2014, it was estimated that roughly 50,000 medical tourists came to Israel annually. There are reports that these medical tourists obtain preferential treatment, to the detriment of local patients. In addition, some people come to Israel to visit health resorts at the 1371:. The vast majority of medical tourism in the UK is attracted to London where there are 25 private hospitals and clinics and 12 private patient units run by NHS hospital trusts. In 2017 there was a 3% decline in the £1.55 billion market because of fewer clients from the Middle East. Overseas patients coming to London are particularly likely to be seeking complex cancer, neurosciences, cardiovascular and paediatric services supported by strong clinical expertise reflected by the leading teaching hospitals based in the UK. Income for NHS providers rose by 9% in 2018–9, pushing the 952:'s 2016 Online Medical Tourism Report indicates that the number of travelers who enroll in the oversea medical tourism through its platform increased fivefold over the previous year, and more than 500,000 Chinese visitors are expected to go on medical tourism. The top ten medical tourism destinations are Japan, Korea, the US, Taiwan, Germany, Singapore, Malaysia, Sweden, Thailand, and India. Regular health checks made up the majority share of Chinese medical tourism in 2016, representing over 50% of all medical tourism trips for tourists originating in China. 316:. Abortion tourism can be found most commonly in Europe, where travel between countries is relatively simple. Poland, a European country with highly restrictive abortion laws, has one of the highest rates of circumvention tourism, as did Ireland before abortion was made legal in 2018. In Poland especially, it is estimated that each year nearly 7,000 women travel to the UK, where abortion services are free through the National Health Service. There are also efforts being made by independent organizations and doctors, such as with 749:

distinction of having the maximum number of JCI accredited hospitals (under various heads). UAE has inbound medical tourism as well as people going out for medical treatment. The inbound tourism usually is from African countries like Nigeria, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, etc. The outbound can be categorised into two segments - the local population (citizens of UAE) and the expats. The locals prefer to go to European destinations like the U.K., Germany etc. The expats prefer to go back to their home countries for treatment.

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American surgeon may alleviate concerns about going outside the country, and persuade self-insured American employers to offer this cost-effective option to their workers as a way to save money while still provide high-quality care. Companies that focus on medical value travel typically provide nurse case managers to assist patients with pre- and post-travel medical issues. They may also help provide resources for follow-up care upon the patient's return.

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and speed. Countries that operate public health-care systems often have long wait times for certain operations, for example, an estimated 782,936 Canadian patients spent an average waiting time of 9.4 weeks on medical waiting lists in 2005. Canada has also set waiting time benchmarks for non-urgent medical procedures, including a 26-week waiting period for a hip replacement and a 16-week wait for

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52,000 patients getting treatment in UK. Medical tourists treated as private patients by NHS trusts are more profitable than UK private patients, yielding close to a quarter of the revenue from only seven percent of volume of cases. UK dental patients largely go to Hungary and Poland. Fertility tourists mostly travel to Eastern Europe, Cyprus and Spain.

495:, is often criticized on grounds of fraud, blatant lack of scientific rationale and patient safety. However, when pioneering advanced technologies, such as providing "unproven" therapies to patients outside of regular clinical trials, it is often challenging to differentiate between acceptable medical innovation and unacceptable patient exploitation. 1143:(EMA), several countries have their own review organizations in order to evaluate whether the same therapy protocol would be "cost-effective", so that patients face differences in the therapy protocols, particularly in the access of these drugs, which might be partially explained by the financial strength of the particular Health System. 1383:

It is alleged that health tourists in the UK often target the NHS for its free-at-the-point-of-care treatment, allegedly costing the NHS up to £200 million. A study in 2013 concluded that the UK was a net exporter of medical tourists, with 63,000 UK residents travelling abroad for treatment and about

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As medical treatment costs in the developed world balloon—with the United States leading the way—more and more Westerners are finding the prospect of international travel for medical care increasingly appealing. An estimated 150,000 of these travel to India for low-priced healthcare procedures every

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The availability of advanced medical technology and sophisticated training of physicians are cited as driving motivators for growth in foreigners traveling to the US for medical care, whereas the low costs for hospital stays and major/complex procedures at Western-accredited medical facilities abroad

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United Arab Emirates, especially Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Ras Al Khaimah is a popular destination for medical tourism. The Dubai Health authority has been spearheading medical tourism into UAE, especially Dubai. However, hospitals providing medical tourism are spread all over the seven emirates. UAE has the

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The oldest international accrediting body is Accreditation Canada, formerly known as the Canadian Council on Health Services Accreditation, which accredited the Bermuda Hospital Board as soon as 1968. Since then, it has accredited hospitals and health service organizations in ten other countries. In

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Factors that have led to the increasing popularity of medical travel include the high cost of health care, long wait times for certain procedures, the ease and affordability of international travel, and improvements in both technology and standards of care in many countries. The avoidance of waiting

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is the practice of traveling abroad to obtain medical treatment. In the past, this usually referred to those who traveled from less-developed countries to major medical centers in highly developed countries for treatment unavailable at home. However, in recent years it may equally refer to those from

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The bills issued to patients thought to be ineligible far exceed the sums actually collected. Most trusts do not have dedicated staff for the task. Ineligible patients generally live overseas, many have no money, and some demonstrate that they were eligible for free treatment after invoices had been

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to train staff to identify "potentially chargeable patients". In October 2016 the trust announced that it planned to require photo identity papers or proof of their right to remain in the UK such as asylum status or a visa for pregnant women. Those not able to provide satisfactory documents would be

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Medical tourism may raise broader ethical issues for the countries in which it is promoted. For example, in India, some argue that a "policy of "medical tourism for the classes and health missions for the masses" will lead to a deepening of the inequities" already embedded in the health care system.

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Joint Commission International is a relative of the Joint Commission in the United States. Both are US-style independent private sector not-for-profit organizations that develop nationally and internationally recognized procedures and standards to help improve patient care and safety. They work with

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In accordance with the decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 7, 2018 No. 204 "on national goals and strategic objectives of the development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2024" the volume of exports of medical services by 2024 will have to be $ 1 billion per year.

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made it easier for foreigners to receive medical treatment without necessarily applying for a medical visa. These initiatives by Indian government are help Medical Tourism market to reach around $ 9 Billion in 2020. Furthermore, the major reason for foreign tourist to choose India is because it has

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A 2015 report from the United States International Trade Commission found that between 150,000 and 320,000 medical tourists from the United States were traveling worldwide for the purpose of receiving in-patient medical care. While some have estimated that 750,000 American medical tourists traveled

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is a popular destination for medical tourism. Many medical tourists to Israel come from Europe, particularly the former Soviet Union, as well as the United States, Australia, Cyprus, and South Africa. Medical tourists come to Israel for a variety of surgical procedures and therapies, including bone

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Patients sometimes travel to another country to obtain medical procedures that doctors in their home country refuse to perform because they believed that the risks of the procedure outweigh the benefits. Such patients may have difficulty getting insurance (whether public or private) to cover follow

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published in August 2008 projected that medical tourism originating in the US could jump by a factor of ten over the next decade. An estimated 750,000 Americans went abroad for health care in 2007, and the report estimated that 1.5 million would seek health care outside the US in 2008. The growth

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Many surgical procedures performed in medical tourism destinations cost a fraction of the price they do in other countries. For example, in the United States, a liver transplant that may cost US$ 300,000, would generally cost about US$ 91,000 in Taiwan. A large draw to medical travel is convenience

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is quite affordable compared to Western European countries. Therefore, thousands of people each year travel to Turkey for their medical treatments. Turkey is especially becoming a hub for hair transplant surgery. Almost 178,000 tourists visited for health purposes in the first six months of 2018.

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Increasingly, some hospitals are looking towards dual international accreditation, perhaps having both JCI to cover potential US clientele, and Accreditation Canada or QHA Trent. As a result of competition between clinics for American medical tourists, there have been initiatives to rank hospitals

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The majority of the foreign patients seeking medical treatments in Malaysia are from Indonesia, with smaller numbers of foreign patients coming from India, Singapore, Japan, Australia, Europe, the US and the Middle East. In 2008, Indonesians comprised 75% of all foreign patients receiving care in

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Some countries, such as South Africa, or Thailand have very different infectious disease-related epidemiology to Europe and North America. Exposure to diseases without having built up natural immunity can be a hazard for weakened individuals, specifically with respect to gastrointestinal diseases

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Circumvention tourism is also an area of medical tourism that has grown. Circumvention tourism is travel in order to access medical services that are legal in the destination country but illegal in the home country. This can include travel for fertility treatments that are not yet approved in the

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have developed as intermediaries which unite potential medical tourists with surgeons, provider hospitals and other organizations. In some cases, surgeons from the United States have signed up with medical tourism providers to travel to Mexico to treat American patients. The hope is that using an

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Several major medical centers and teaching hospitals offer international patient centers that cater to patients from foreign countries who seek medical treatment in the US. Many of these organizations offer service coordinators to assist international patients with arrangements for medical care,

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Issues can also arise for patients who seek out services that are illegal in their home country. In this case, some countries have the jurisdiction to prosecute their citizen once they have returned home, or in extreme cases extraterritorially arrest and prosecute. In Ireland, especially, in the

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has a dozen hospitals and health centers with JCI accreditation. In 2013 medical expenditure generated from medical tourists, mostly from more complex medical procedures, such as heart surgery, was S$ 832 million, a decline of 25 percent from 2012's S$ 1.11 billion, as the hospitals faced more

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accredited (JCI) hospitals. Both are in San Jose, Costa Rica. When the World Health Organization (WHO) ranked the world's health systems in the year 2000, Costa Rica was ranked as no. 26, which was higher than the US, and together with Dominica it dominated the list amongst the Central American

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The quality of post-operative care can also vary dramatically, depending on the hospital and country, and may be different from US or European standards. Also, traveling long distances soon after surgery can increase the risk of complications. Long flights and decreased mobility associated with

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is said to be the most high-profile clinic in the European private cancer industry, centred in Germany, which attracts patients from the US, the UK, Australia and the Middle East, offering a variety of different treatments, some of which do not appear to be evidence based; the clinic has been

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In 2017 there were said to be around 250,000 foreign patients who brought more than 1.2 billion euros income to German hospitals. Some were visitors who fell ill unexpectedly, but it is estimated that more than 40 percent came for planned treatment, the majority from Poland, the Netherlands or

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and its accredited hospitals a popular destination for medical tourism, attracting an estimated 2.81 million patients in 2015, up 10.2 percent. In 2013, medical tourists spent as much as US$ 4.7 billion, according to government statistics. As of 2019, with 64 accredited hospitals, Thailand is

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An online survey of EU migrants, mostly from Poland, Hungary and Romania, in the UK by the Centre for Population Change in 2019 showed that 46% of them preferred the health system in their country of origin. Only 36% preferred NHS medical treatment, and fewer among those from Western Europe.

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to receive medical treatment. In 2015, it is estimated that between 150,000 and 200,000 health tourists came to Iran, and this figure is expected to rise to 500,000 a year. Iran medical services are low cost in the fields of cosmetic and plastic surgeries, infertility treatment and dentistry

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from the United States to other countries in 2007 (up from 500,000 in 2006), according to the McKinsey report, 45% of North American medical tourists travel to Asia, 26% go to Latin America, 2% go to the Middle East, and 27% travel to another country in North America. None travel to Europe.

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The field of the medical tourism (referring to volunteers who travel overseas to deliver medical care) has recently attracted negative criticism when compared to the alternative notion of sustainable capacities, i.e., work done in the context of long-term, locally-run, and foreign-supported

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Patients traveling to countries with less stringent surgical standards may be at higher risk for complications. If there are complications, the patient may need to stay in the foreign country for longer than planned or if they have returned home, will not have easy access to follow up care.

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Manish Chandra, Co founder of Vaidam Health stated that " Medical tourism is a rapidly expanding sector within India's healthcare industry, offering immense potential. Over the years, a significant number of people have traveled across continents seeking medical care due to factors such as

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However, perceptions of medical tourism are not always positive. In places like the US, which has high standards of quality, medical tourism is viewed as risky. In some parts of the world, wider political issues can influence where medical tourists will choose to seek out health care.

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services. According to a report in 2016 by Big Market Research, the global medical tourism market is expected to reach $ 143 billion by 2022. It was reported in May that the number of tourists traveling to Iran for advanced medical services has grown by 40% over past five years.

141:, and advanced treatment options that may not be available in their home countries. Industry reports indicate that India's healthcare industry is projected to reach $ 280 billion by 2020, which will likely enhance the quality and scope of medical treatment offered by hospitals". 1291:

Greece starts playing a major role in the field of medical tourism worldwide; while it has always been a notable tourist destination, improvements in healthcare services and medical professionals' training account expanding Greece as a destination for international patients.

713:, through their Private Hospitals Association, attracted 250,000 international patients accompanied by more than 500,000 companions in 2012, with total revenues exceeding 1B US$ . Jordan won the Medical Destination of the year award in 2014 in the IMTJ Medical Travel Awards. 49:

Health tourism is a wider term for travel that focuses on medical treatments and the use of healthcare services. It covers a wide field of health-oriented tourism ranging from preventive and health-conductive treatment to rehabilitational and curative forms of travel.

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lawsuits. Hospitals and/or doctors in some countries may be unable to pay the financial damages awarded by a court to a patient who has sued them, owing to the hospital and/or the doctor not possessing appropriate insurance cover and/or medical indemnity.

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In 2006, it was ruled that under the conditions of the E112 European health scheme, UK health authorities had to pay the bill if one of their patients could establish urgent medical reasons for seeking quicker treatment in another European union country.

320:, to help women circumvent laws in order to access medical services. With Women on Waves, the organization uses a mobile clinic aboard a ship to provide medical abortions in international waters, where the law of the country whose flag is flown applies. 1404:, 11 in London, for two months in 2017 asked 8,894 people for two forms of ID prior to non-emergency care. Only 50 were not eligible for free NHS treatment. Campaigners claimed this was "part of the Government's hostile environment policy", and that in 482:

There can be major ethical issues around medical tourism. For example, the illegal purchase of organs and tissues for transplantation had been methodically documented and studied in countries such as China, Pakistan, Colombia and the Philippines. The

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1980s-90s there were cases of young rape victims who were banned from traveling to Europe to get legal abortions. Ultimately, Ireland's Supreme Court overturned the ban; they and many other countries have since created "right to travel" amendments.

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certify a wide range of healthcare programs such as hospitals, primary care centers, medical transport, and ambulatory care services. There are a number of accreditation schemes available based in a number of different countries around the world.

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noticed an increase in enquiries about hip replacements, in addition to the existing interest in cosmetic surgery and dentistry from Britons. A hip replacement costs £3,340, about a third of the price of a commercial procedure in the UK.

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The different international healthcare accreditation schemes vary in quality, size, cost, intent and the skill and intensity of their marketing. They also vary in terms of cost to hospitals and healthcare institutions making use of them.

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67% used private hospital, 24% public hospitals and 9% university hospitals. The Regulation on International Health Tourism and Tourist Health came into force on 13 July 2017. It only applies to those coming specifically for treatment.

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Additionally, some patients in some First World countries are finding that insurance either does not cover orthopedic surgery (such as knee or hip replacement) or limits the choice of the facility, surgeon, or prosthetics to be used.

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Albania become a health target for Italian and few other European countries mostly in aesthetic surgery. Albania has invested in attracting not only international patients but also staff with mostly Italian doctors. As recognised by

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Malaysia; Europeans, 3%; Japanese, 3%; Singaporeans, 1% and citizens from Middle Eastern countries, 1%. By 2011, Indonesians comprised 57% of all foreign patients in Malaysia as the number of patients of other nationalities grew.

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It narrowly defined medical travelers as only those whose primary and explicit purpose in traveling was to obtain in-patient medical treatment in a foreign country, putting the total number of travelers at 60,000 to 85,000 per

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has a variety of clinics catering to medical tourists in areas of cosmetic surgery, dental care, fertility treatment and weight loss procedures. The country is also a major international hub for gender reassignment surgery.

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In the early 1990s, Americans illegally using counterfeit, borrowed, or fraudulently obtained Canadian health insurance cards to obtain free healthcare in Canada became a serious issue due to the high costs it imposed.

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In his address to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation dated March 1, 2018, Russian President Vladimir Putin stressed the need to develop health care and export services in the field of medicine and tourism.

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and private hospitals attracts medical tourism. Many private hospitals and clinics in the United Kingdom are medical tourism destinations. UK private hospitals have mandatory registration with the UK's watchdog, the

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representing workers, with one union stating that it deplored the "shocking new approach" of offering employees overseas treatment in return for a share of the company's savings. The unions also raise the issues of

899:, has become a major destination for Americans and Canadians seeking dental services. Roughly 600 dentists practice in the community, catering mainly to tourists, leading the community to be nicknamed "Molar City". 601:

has listed various levels of different destinations or countries that are ranked from 1 to 3, with 1 and 2 considered safe to travel. A destination ranked level-3 is considered a warning not to travel to that area.

266:. According to the "Sociedad Boliviana de Cirugia Plastica y Reconstructiva", more than 70% of middle and upper-class women in the country have had some form of plastic surgery. Other destination countries include 1131:

currently among the top 10 medical tourism destinations in the world. In 2017, Thailand registered 3.3 million visits by foreigners seeking specialised medical treatment. In 2018, this number grew to 3.5 million.

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began the United States' first cross-border health plan. Patients in California could travel to one of the three certified hospitals in Mexico for treatment under California Blue Shield. In 2007, a subsidiary of

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A British scheme, QHA Trent Accreditation, is an active independent holistic accreditation scheme, as well as GCR.org which monitors the success metrics and standards of almost 500,000 medical clinics worldwide.

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infrastructures. A preponderance of this criticism appears largely in scientific and peer-reviewed literature. Recently, media outlets with more general readerships have published such criticisms as well.

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In Thailand, in 2008 it was stated that, "Doctors in Thailand have become so busy with foreigners that Thai patients are having trouble getting care". Medical tourism centered on new technologies, such as

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in various countries is a reason for accessibility of care overseas. While some countries currently presenting themselves as attractive medical tourism destinations provide some form of legal remedies for

331:. The same porcelain veneer made in a lab in Sweden can be as much as 2500 AUD in Australia, but only 1200 AUD in India. The price difference here is not explainable by reference to the material cost. 922:

between 2007 and 2013 used to offer additional incentives for foreign travel to the US, although cost differences between the US and many locations in Asia are larger than any currency fluctuations.

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times is the leading factor for medical tourism from the UK, whereas in the US, the main reason is cheaper prices abroad. Furthermore, death rates even in the developed countries differ extremely.

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RAMT in order to implement the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 7 May 2018 No. 204, the Federal non-profit organization Russian Association of Medical Tourism was established.

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KEIT Day Hospital was built in 2011 with international patient in mind. Albania is also known for dental tourism, where over 200 dental clinics are providing services to international patients.

465:, these legal avenues may be unappealing to the medical tourist. Should problems arise, patients might not be covered by adequate personal insurance or might be unable to seek compensation via 3583: 3639: 2409:"New DVT Guidelines: No Evidence to Support "Economy Class Syndrome"; Oral Contraceptives, Sitting in a Window Seat, Advanced Age, and Pregnancy Increase DVT Risk in Long-distance Travelers" 31:(EMA), etc., which decide whether a drug is approved in their country or region, or not, the motivation may be also for medical services unavailable or non-licensed in the home country. 1400:

and the Home Office." It was estimated that £4.6 million a year was spent on care for ineligible patients. A pilot scheme to check whether patients were entitled to free NHS care in 18

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On December 9, 2013, the City of Helsinki decided that all minors under the age of 18 and all pregnant mothers living in Helsinki without a valid visa or residence permit are

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to reduce waiting lists for hip, knee and cataract surgery since 2002. France is a popular tourist destination but also ranked the world's leading health care system by the

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Also, health facilities treating medical tourists may lack an adequate complaints policy to deal appropriately and fairly with complaints made by dissatisfied patients.

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in the form of a global healthcare crisis, falling global economy, restricted international travel, the medical tourism industry is undergoing a substantial decline.

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The Government has also started various initiative that can be of great push to help international patients get the right kind of treatment at affordable prices.

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Health Tourism Lithuania, a booking agent, was established in 2018, focusing on the Scandinavian market, but in 2019 in response to longer waiting lists in the

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The growth of Global Medical Tourism in the last decade has influenced overall growth of health care sector. Due to the multidimensional impact of the Pandemic

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in São Paulo was the first JCI-accredited facility outside of the US, and more than a dozen Brazilian medical facilities have since been similarly accredited.

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Health insurance companies in Singapore have recently permitted their policyholders to be treated in Malaysia where services are cheaper than in Singapore.

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marrow transplants, heart surgery, and catheterization, oncological and neurological treatments, orthopedic procedures, car accident rehabilitation, and

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The Deloitte Center for Health Solutions in 2008 reported a cost savings average of between 30 and 70 percent of US prices. In 2019 a knee operation in

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International healthcare accreditation is the process of certifying a level of quality for healthcare providers and programs across multiple countries.

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In developed countries such as the United States, medical tourism has large growth prospects and potentially destabilizing implications. A forecast by

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developed countries who travel to developing countries for lower-priced medical treatments. With differences between the medical agencies, such as the

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as a vaccine holiday hub for the wealthy, who could pay large sums of money to get inoculated before they became eligible in their home countries.

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had about 350 dental clinics, more per capita than anywhere else on Earth. Prices for dental procedures are one third to one half of the price in

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In 2008, it was estimated that on average New Zealand's surgical costs are around 15 to 20% the cost of the same surgical procedure in the USA.

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India's medical tourism sector was expected to experience an annual growth rate of 30% from 2012, making it a $ 2 billion industry by 2015.

860:. During 2009–2022, 93 U.S. citizens died after cosmetic surgery in the Dominican Republic, and 90% of autopsy-confirmed deaths were due to 1789: 1677:"Changes in Hospitalizations and In-Hospital Deaths in the Initial Period of the COVID-19 Pandemic (April–December 2020), 38 States and DC" 2514:"Rapidly growing Mycobacterium infections after cosmetic surgery in medical tourists: the Bronx experience and a review of the literature" 2460: 4354: 2979: 576:, Companion Global Healthcare, teamed up with hospitals in Thailand, Singapore, Turkey, Ireland, Costa Rica and India. A 2008 article in 92:

were early forms of medical tourism. In 18th-century Europe patients visited spas because they were places with supposedly health-giving

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The Medical Tourism Travel Guide: Your Complete Reference to Top-Quality, Low-Cost Dental, Cosmetic, Medical Care & Surgery Overseas

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All twelve of Hong Kong's private hospitals have been surveyed and accredited by the UK's Trent Accreditation Scheme since early 2001.

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Volunteer doctors of Global Clinic have tried to help these people, for whom only acute care has been available. This means that the

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Cusumano, Lucas R.; Tran, Vivy; Tlamsa, Aileen; Chung, Philip; Grossberg, Robert; Weston, Gregory; Sarwar, Uzma N. (October 2017).

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France. There have long been medical tourists from the Middle East. University hospitals and the large municipal clinics, such as

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discusses the globalization of healthcare and describes how various players in the US healthcare market have begun to explore it.

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hospitals to help them meet Joint Commission standards for patient care and then accredit those hospitals meeting the standards.

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Medical tourism carries some risks that locally provided medical care either does not carry or carries to a much lesser degree.

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Jones, CA; Keith, LG (2006). "Medical tourism and reproductive outsourcing: the dawning of a new paradigm for healthcare".

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and seven hospitals which are JCI-accredited. Mexico is most reputed for advanced care in dentistry and cosmetic surgery.

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India is increasingly becoming popular with Africans seeking medical treatment overseas. Treatments are approved by the

5842: 3216: 2647: 2190: 1618: 5289: 4053:[Chinese cosmetic surgery tourism to Korea has plateaued: Why people are avoiding plastic surgery in Korea]. 2324: 2239: 1875: 1252: 2059: 1312:, 60 km (37 mi) away, and one quarter that of Switzerland or Denmark. An Austrian can be treated during a 736:

On the African scale, Tunisia ranks second in the field of health tourism. It is also named the world's second best

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The European directive on the application of patients' rights to cross-border healthcare was agreed in 2011.

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Receiving medical care abroad may subject medical tourists to unfamiliar legal issues. The limited nature of

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stated that "medical tourism is promoted much more heavily in the United Kingdom than in the United States".

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The first recorded instance of people travelling for medical treatment dates back thousands of years to when

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in Baku was built in 2018 to attract international patients, and has staff from various European countries.

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in medical tourism has the potential to cost US health care providers billions of dollars in lost revenue.

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in Berlin, are the most popular destinations. Some require payment in full before they start treatment.

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Foreigners seeking treatment for everything from open-heart surgery to fertility treatments have made

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has been a popular destination for US medical tourists, because it is fairly close. Since 2003, the

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should something go wrong, and potential job losses in the US health care industry if treatment is

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distinguishes between ethically problematic "transplant tourism" and "travel for transplantation".

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sent to the trust's overseas patient team "for specialist document screening, in liaison with the

6336: 6306: 4191: 3542: 2846: 2758: 1931: 1860: 1856:"Americans look abroad to save on health care: Medical tourism could jump tenfold in next decade" 1368: 1363: 1104: 578: 484: 145: 1797: 1258:

The number of patients is growing, and in 2016, France scored # 7 in the Medical Tourism Index.

6341: 6173: 6113: 5882: 5381: 2467: 919: 691: 399: 290: 38:(cosmetic or otherwise) or similar treatments, though people also travel for dental tourism or 4724: 3248:

Vandevelde, Mark; Noonan, Laura; Kerr, Simeon; Borrelli, Silvia Sciorilli (26 February 2021).

6311: 6209: 5506: 5282: 4817: 3524: 3194: 1240: 1228: 1221: 1163: 610:

In the later half of February 2021, it was reported that wealthy and influential people from

533: 3336:"Canadian snowbirds chartering private jets to fly south for faster COVID-19 vaccine access" 3057:"Think looking after turtles in Costa Rica for three weeks is good for your CV? Think again" 2344: 1765:"Summary Hospital-level Mortality Indicator (SHMI) - Deaths associated with hospitalisation" 1316:, or also have a vacation in the area for the price of one or two nights in a Vienna hotel. 6432: 6331: 6219: 6185: 5837: 5684: 5667: 5339: 5116: 2567: 1836: 1512: 1350: 1305: 1279: 779: 763: 686: 615: 423: 4790:[The huge business of medical tourism in Germany] (in German). DW. 11 January 2018 2596: 2146: 436:

Differences in healthcare provider standards around the world have been recognised by the

8: 6214: 6133: 5912: 5632: 5620: 5459: 5413: 5329: 5089: 4324: 4291: 4251: 3509: 2164: 1121: 993: 975: 944: 857: 462: 294: 129: 5120: 4916:"Lithuania to offer Britons cheap surgery as millions stuck on longest NHS waiting list" 3836: 3364: 778:

In comparison to US health costs, patients can save 30 to 60 percent on health costs in

512:

Some US employers have begun exploring medical travel programs as a way to cut employee

6260: 6065: 5957: 5902: 5501: 5314: 5139: 5104: 5000: 3721: 3085: 2896: 2797: 2772: 2727: 2710:

Lee Mendoza Roger (2010). "Colombia's organ trade: Evidence from Bogotá and Medellín".

1971: 1946: 1741: 1657: 1489: 1472: 1304:

era, Germans and Austrian tourists in Hungary also began visiting dentists. As of 2015

1117: 837: 668: 427: 3811: 1208:

Croatia has some claims to be the oldest health tourism destination in Europe, as the

6234: 6090: 6052: 6017: 5942: 5774: 5702: 5692: 5568: 5563: 5548: 5479: 5430: 5396: 5144: 4030: 3841: 3812:"Deaths of U.S. Citizens Undergoing Cosmetic Surgery — Dominican Republic, 2009–2022" 3037: 3033: 2996: 2955: 2888: 2824: 2802: 2643: 2543: 2535: 2320: 2099: 2025: 1976: 1746: 1728: 1684: 1649: 1494: 1301: 1196:

Azerbaijan is a target of health tourists from Iran, Turkey, Georgia and Russia. The

630: 492: 391: 39: 5103:

Hannefeld, Johanna; Horsfall, Daniel; Lunt, Neil; Smith, Richard (24 October 2013).

4937: 4048: 3101: 2900: 2731: 1661: 1542: 6381: 6002: 5947: 5927: 5657: 5652: 5543: 5489: 5484: 5442: 5425: 5391: 5376: 5364: 5359: 5319: 5275: 5134: 5124: 4634:"KEIT Day Hospital: Elevating Albania as a Premier Destination for Medical Tourism" 3892:"Welcome to Molar City, Mexico, The Dental Mecca America's Health Care Costs Built" 3831: 3823: 3473:"Health Ministry to probe Israel medical tourism industry following Haaretz exposé" 3029: 2988: 2947: 2880: 2792: 2784: 2719: 2525: 2387: 1966: 1958: 1818: 1736: 1720: 1641: 1484: 1447: 1397: 1185: 998: 845: 646: 619: 553: 549: 313: 122: 51: 2871:

Lindvall, O; Hyun, I (2011-10-03). "Medical innovation versus stem cell tourism".

6316: 6007: 5997: 5992: 5962: 5887: 5712: 5600: 5595: 5523: 5469: 5464: 5401: 5349: 5129: 4513: 1708: 1645: 1613: 1571: 1429: 1408:"you will see huge signs saying you may not be eligible for free NHS treatment". 1309: 892: 737: 545: 522: 4745: 4706: 2918: 2211: 544:, began paying the entire medical bill for employees to travel to Singapore for 6348: 6265: 6042: 6032: 6027: 5952: 5799: 5779: 5697: 5627: 5578: 5518: 5474: 5334: 4659:"Azerbaijan Improves Medical Infrastructure To Lure Health-Conscious Travelers" 3788: 2530: 2513: 2169: 1085: 853: 317: 3081:"Union Disrupts Plan to Send Ailing Workers to India for Cheaper Medical Care" 2723: 1962: 1927: 1724: 6416: 6153: 6012: 5987: 5937: 5847: 5794: 5757: 5637: 5615: 5610: 5590: 5573: 5452: 5408: 5354: 5047: 4839: 2992: 2663: 2539: 1732: 1372: 1093: 927: 896: 888: 699: 212: 93: 67: 3015: 2974: 2933: 2884: 2043:

Jones, C (2007). "Ethical and legal conundrums of post-modern procreation".

1471:

Horowitz, Michael D.; Rosensweig, Jeffrey A.; Jones, Christopher A. (2007).

5967: 5892: 5857: 5832: 5789: 5717: 5674: 5642: 5605: 5538: 5528: 5420: 5386: 5148: 3845: 3827: 3175: 3041: 3000: 2959: 2892: 2806: 2547: 2103: 2029: 1980: 1750: 1688: 1653: 1498: 1452: 1388: 918:

are cited as major motivators for American travelers. Also, the decline in

865: 407: 328: 279: 71: 6280: 6270: 6022: 5809: 5727: 5722: 5707: 5558: 5435: 5324: 4108:"Many Congratulations to Hong Kong Hospitals, and thanks to all involved" 2773:"The Declaration of Istanbul on Organ Trafficking and Transplant Tourism" 2667: 1089: 1077: 849: 642: 532:

Employers may offer incentives such as paying for air travel and waiving

526: 517: 466: 395: 387: 196: 138: 4611: 3605:"Tourisme médical : La Tunisie est classée au 2ème rang en Afrique" 2788: 2491: 1139:

Even within Europe, although therapy protocols might be approved by the

978:. India is becoming the 2nd medical tourism destination after Thailand. 895:, a settlement of fewer than 6,000 people located on the US border near 6229: 6195: 6080: 6060: 5932: 5922: 5867: 5816: 5804: 5583: 5496: 5447: 5369: 5344: 4347:"Medical Tourism in Thailand: When Treatment Costs and Starbucks Clash" 3385: 2671: 2411:. American College of Chest Physicians. 7 February 2012. Archived from 2362: 1401: 457: 239: 164: 105: 89: 43: 3454:"معاون وزیر خارجه: ایران سال گذشته میزبان ۱.۲ میلیون گردشگر سلامت بود" 3251:"Head of Canada's largest pension fund quits after Covid vaccine trip" 2747:"Price deflation and the underground organ economy in the Philippines" 2617: 1901: 5977: 5907: 5877: 5862: 5852: 3744:"South Korea wants to expand medical tourism beyond cosmetic surgery" 3102:"Health Matters: The next wave of medical tourists might include you" 403: 324: 223: 192: 79: 75: 46:, alternative medicine, convalescent care, and even burial services. 4144:"Medical tourism companies turn to telemedicine in wake of Covid-19" 3127:"Mini-Meds: Limited benefit plans provide cost-effective compromise" 2934:"Medical Tourism as Medical Harm to the Third World: Why? For Whom?" 137:

cost-effectiveness, faster and more efficient services, specialized

6138: 6037: 5917: 5897: 5737: 5732: 5063:"Cancer care becomes biggest earner for London's private hospitals" 4488:"NHS Not Much Cop Say Those Who've Tried Other Health Care Systems" 3896: 2593:"Medical Tourism: Ethical Pitfalls of Seeking Health Care Overseas" 2186:

Joint Commission International Accreditation & Certificationweb

2120:"Polish women encouraged to come to UK for "free abortions" on NHS" 1683:, Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US), 1313: 1272: 1127: 1073: 1065: 861: 695: 591: 516:. Such proposals have raised stormy debates between employers and 275: 259: 235: 204: 184: 85: 5207:"8,900 checks on NHS "health tourists" find just 50 liable to pay" 4898:"Shop frontiers: the rise of cross-border buying around the world" 4537:"Turkey's Thriving Business in Hair, Beard, and Mustache Implants" 1168: 5872: 5298: 5163:"Immigration officers at London trust for patient charging pilot" 4884:"Medical Tourism Market in Greece: Current Trends and the Future" 3559: 3476: 1681:

Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Statistical Briefs

983: 979: 638: 634: 415: 267: 263: 247: 227: 219: 168: 35: 806:

which would have cost around $ 44,000 in the USA cost $ 12,200.

5982: 5972: 5784: 5747: 5662: 5229:"Trusts missing out on tens of millions from overseas patients" 4725:"World Health Organization Assesses the World's Health Systems" 4404:"Uganda: What Uganda Can Learn From Thailand's Medical Tourism" 4378:"Medical Tourists Flock to Thailand Spurring Post-Coup Economy" 3926: 3314:"Meet the super-rich skipping the queue for a vaccine vacation" 1108:

competition from neighbouring countries for less complex work.

725: 710: 611: 448:

up medical costs should the feared complications indeed arise.

271: 255: 251: 231: 208: 200: 188: 180: 176: 156: 63: 4942:[Message from the President to the Federal Assembly]. 4183: 3386:"500,000 health tourists coming to Iran for medical treatment" 3361:"Ahmadinejad Stresses Iran's Growing Medical Tourism Industry" 2060:"To Save Money, American Patients And Surgeons Meet In Cancun" 1473:"Medical Tourism: Globalization of the Healthcare Marketplace" 6224: 6163: 5769: 5752: 5263:

A Cut Below: Americans Look Abroad for Health Care (ABC News)

4460:. Health Consumer Powerhouse. 26 January 2016. Archived from 4430:"NHS Waiting lists: targets and England&Wales comparison" 4313:

Joint Commission International (JCI) Accredited Organizations

3217:"Why Medical Tourism Is Drawing Patients, Even in a Pandemic" 2915:"ISSCR Guidelines for the Clinical Translation of Stem Cells" 2686:"Debt drives kidney harvesting in Pakistan's citrus orchards" 1231:

is open for all people coming outside of the European Union.

949: 623: 541: 172: 101: 4862:"The deadly false hope of German alternative cancer clinics" 4788:"Das Riesengeschäft mit dem Medizintourismus in Deutschland" 4001:

Ehrbeck, Tilman; Guevara, Ceani; Mango, Paul D. (May 2008).

3981:"A revolution in healthcare: Medicine meets the marketplace" 3247: 2642:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 150. 2952:

10.1580/1080-6032(2000)011[0077:mtamht]2.3.co;2

1876:"Vaidam Fostering Medical Tourism in India - Elets eHealth" 1707:

Ruiz, Milagros; Bottle, Alex; Aylin, Paul P. (2015-08-01).

1081: 507: 243: 160: 97: 5267: 5253:

Businesses May Move Health Care Overseas (Washington Post)

5102: 536:

for care outside of the US. For example, in January 2008,

5764: 3440:"More than 600,000 health tourists visit Iran every year" 2274:. Medical Tourism Association. p. 12. Archived from 1325: 841: 411: 334: 5258:

CBC News on "Medical tourism: Need surgery, will travel"

4169:"Indian Medical Tourism To Touch Rs 9,500 Crore By 2015" 2662: 2313:

Lunt, Neil; Horsfall, Daniel; Hanefeld, Johanna (2015).

2085: 2083: 2081: 1833:"Wait times shorter for some medical procedures: report" 585: 398:) which could weaken progress and expose the patient to 4746:"BBC NEWS - Health - NHS told to fund treatment abroad" 2511: 2386:. American Lung Association of Illinois. Archived from 2233:"A Journal Through the History of The Joint Commission" 1470: 1076:. Mostly people travel for treatments in Pakistan from 155:

Popular medical travel worldwide destinations include:

5090:"Health tourists: How much do they cost and who pays?" 4584:"Why Invest in Turkish Medical Technologies Industry?" 3582:. Mediaclubsouthafrica.com. 2009-08-06. Archived from 2441:. American Academy of Family Physicians. December 2010 2343:. International Medical Travel Journal. Archived from 1790:"Is Taiwan Asia's Next One-Stop Plastic-Surgery Shop?" 926:

accommodations, finances and transportation including

78:. This territory was the sanctuary of the healing god 5539:

MICE (Meetings, Incentives, Conferences, Exhibitions)

5048:"UK: New London agency could promote medical tourism" 4278: 3525:"Doing Fertility Treatments in Israel: Pros and Cons" 3235:"Impact Of Coronavirus (COVID-19) On Medical Tourism" 2265:"Accreditation of Overseas Hospitals ~ JCI or Isqua?" 2165:"More Fun Than Root Canals? It's the Dental Vacation" 2078: 1600: 1393:

St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust

4284: 3789:"I had my misgivings about going abroad for surgery" 3505:"Israel ranks high as a medical tourism destination" 2312: 1513:"Medical tourism--health care in the global economy" 1419: 1387:

In the summer of 2015 immigration officers from the

1239:

British NHS patients have been offered treatment in

982:

is India's largest Medical Tourism hub, followed by

880:

Mexico has 98 hospitals accredited by the country's

347:

International healthcare accreditation organizations

4000: 3866:"This tiny Mexican town has more than 350 dentists" 1224:and at the same price as all citizens of the city. 1175:to promote and regulate medical tourism in Turkey. 422:window seats can predispose one towards developing 218:Popular destinations for cosmetic surgery include: 16:

People traveling abroad to obtain medical treatment

6164:World Federation of Travel Journalists and Writers 6109:American Hotel & Lodging Educational Institute 5061: 3289: 3282:"How global high flyers get vaccinated in the UAE" 3249: 2118: 498: 4840:"Cancer crowdfunding 'couldn't save my daughter'" 4432:. Thompsons.law.co.uk. 2006-05-16. Archived from 3919: 2744: 2709: 6414: 5187:. Richmond and Twickenham Times. 11 October 2016 5105:"Medical Tourism: A Cost or Benefit to the NHS?" 4683:. Total Croatia. 24 October 2011. Archived from 4008:(Report). The McKinsey Quarterly. Archived from 3770:. Deloitte Development LLC. 2008. Archived from 3666:. Joint Commission International. Archived from 2316:Handbook on Medical Tourism and Patient Mobility 2189:, Joint Commission International, archived from 1853: 3717:"Americans Filching Free Health Care in Canada" 2461:"Compliments, Comments, Concerns or Complaints" 1706: 933: 4534: 3765:"Medical Tourism Consumers in Search of Value" 3554: 3552: 3363:. Fars News Agency. 2012-01-17. Archived from 2847:"Medical Tourism Creates Thai Doctor Shortage" 2090:Cohen, Glenn (2012). "Circumvention Tourism". 1536: 5283: 4996:"Serbia Becomes a Hub for Sex-Change Surgery" 3953:"Trends in U.S. Health Travel Services Trade" 3169: 2563:"Globe-trotting to cut down on medical costs" 2466:. The Pennine Acute Hospitals. Archived from 1904:. Harvard Business School Working Knowledge. 657: 633:travelled to the United States (specifically 4993: 4767:"Medical Tourism Index: Destination Ranking" 4395: 3192: 2870: 2554: 2518:International Journal of Infectious Diseases 2293:"Facts about Joint Commission International" 1995:"Medical tourism: Need surgery, will travel" 1585: 728:to emerge as a medical tourism destination. 297:, or freezing embryos for retro-production. 5022:"The forgotten medical tourism destination" 4707:"NHS patients recover after surgery abroad" 4325:"The rise of 5-star hospitals in Singapore" 4287:"One Company With an Eye on U.S. Customers" 3978: 3974: 3972: 3915: 3913: 3816:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 3549: 3411:"Providing Health Tourism Services in Iran" 3013: 2980:Journal of the American Medical Association 1812:"The Private Cost of Public Queues in 2005" 1674: 605: 354:the United States, the accreditation group 6256:Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism 5290: 5276: 5231:. Health Service Journal. 19 November 2019 5165:. Local Government Chronicle. 20 July 2015 4510:"THTC - Turkish Healthcare Travel Council" 3714: 3491:"An overview of medical tourism in Israel" 3467: 3465: 3463: 2618:"Medical Protection Society | MPS UK" 2015: 1632:Tompkins, Olga (2010). "Medical Tourism". 852:in combination with gluteal fat transfer, 6359:UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists 6159:Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 5138: 5128: 4939:Послание Президента Федеральному Собранию 4864:. sciencebasedmedicine.org. 26 March 2018 4073: 4071: 3835: 3141:"Blue Shield of California Press Release" 2975:"A piece of my mind. Duffle Bag Medicine" 2931: 2796: 2529: 1970: 1740: 1591: 1488: 1222:granted the right to the same health care 827:Health care in Cuba § Health tourism 4562:"International Health Tourism in Turkey" 4485: 4257: 4192:"The medical capital's place in history" 3969: 3950: 3910: 3099: 3054: 2435:"Caring for Your Incision After Surgery" 2361:. World Hospital Monitor. Archived from 2123:. Telegraph Media Group. The Telegraph. 2057: 2042: 1631: 508:Employer-sponsored health care in the US 4966:"Why choose Serbia for medical tourism" 3460: 2972: 2656: 1606: 974:Medical tourism is a growing sector in 743: 6415: 6104:American Hotel and Lodging Association 4375: 4230: 4068: 3809: 3237:. Jet Medical Tourism. March 17, 2020. 3100:McGinley, Laurie (February 16, 2008). 2637: 2587: 2585: 2262: 2238:. The Joint Commission. Archived from 1944: 1899: 1675:Roemer, Marc; Welch, Jennifer (2006), 574:BlueCross BlueShield of South Carolina 377: 341:International healthcare accreditation 335:International healthcare accreditation 6149:South-East Asian Tourism Organisation 5271: 4401: 4285:Eleanor Black Watkin (July 8, 2008). 4189: 4003:Mapping the market for medical travel 3889: 2939:Wilderness and Environmental Medicine 2560: 2089: 1438:Consumer import of prescription drugs 831: 586:Impact of COVID-19 on medical tourism 323:Dental tourism is travel for cheaper 6387: 5066:. Financial Times. 8 February 2019. 4376:Mellor, William (19 November 2014). 4175:. The Economic Times. Archived from 3689:"Evolving medical tourism in Canada" 3014:Pinto, A.D.; Upshur, R.E.G. (2009). 1900:Lagace, Martha (December 17, 2007). 1787: 6397: 4402:Otage, Stephen (12 February 2019). 4079:"2016 China Medical Tourism Report" 3803: 3715:Farnsworth, Clyde H. (1993-12-20). 3656: 3055:Thompson, Jamie (4 November 2016). 3016:"Global Health Ethics for Students" 2640:Abortion and Divorce Law in Ireland 2582: 2492:"World Alliance for Patient Safety" 2116: 1928:"Quick Facts about Medical Tourism" 1854:Linda A. Johnson (August 3, 2008). 1609:"For big surgery, Delhi is dealing" 614:and European countries flew to the 556:, including limited benefit plans, 374:based on patient-reported metrics. 66:pilgrims traveled from the eastern 13: 5843:Destination marketing organization 4266:. pp. Health & Well being 4231:Palash, Ghosh (26 November 2019). 3920:Allison Van Dusen (May 29, 2008). 2821:"Indian Journal of Medical Ethics" 1607:Goering, Laurie (March 28, 2008). 1378: 1255:has to pay back British patients. 997:40 hospitals accredited by the US 844:has reported adverse events after 34:Medical tourism most often is for 14: 6449: 6327:Convention and exhibition centers 5246: 4220:. Joint Commission International. 3628:. Joint Commission International. 3560:"IMTJ MEDICAL TRAVEL AWARDS 2014" 1357: 1253:National Health Service (England) 1162:The cost of medical recourses in 809: 477: 6396: 6386: 6377: 6376: 6322:Cities by international visitors 6181:World Travel and Tourism Council 5221: 5199: 5177: 5155: 5096: 5082: 5054: 5040: 5014: 4987: 4958: 4930: 4908: 4890: 4876: 4854: 4832: 4810:"Information on Treatment Costs" 4802: 4780: 4759: 4738: 4717: 4699: 4673: 4651: 4626: 4600: 4576: 4554: 4528: 4502: 4479: 4447: 4422: 4369: 4339: 4317: 4306: 4233:"India's Medical Tourism Market" 4210: 4190:Hamid, Zubeda (20 August 2012). 4161: 4136: 4100: 4050:中国人の韓国美容整形ツーリズム頭打ち韓国で整形手術を避けるワケ 4027:"International Medical Services" 3951:Chambers, Arthur (August 2015). 3725:. Ontario, Canada; United States 3664:"(JCI) Accredited Organizations" 3316:. Evening Standard. 2 March 2021 3170:Bruce Einhorn (March 13, 2008). 3034:10.1111/j.1471-8847.2007.00209.x 2263:Watson, Edward (February 2008). 1997:. CBC News Online. June 18, 2004 1422: 1375:nearer the 50% statutory limit. 909:Health care in the United States 902: 870:pulmonary venous thromboembolism 558:preferred provider organizations 6364:World Heritage Sites by country 6144:Pacific Asia Travel Association 5209:. Evening Standard. 29 May 2018 5070:from the original on 2022-12-11 4486:Worstall, Tim (22 March 2019). 4258:Pavithra, Rao (26 March 2017). 4041: 4031:Stanford Hospital & Clinics 4019: 3994: 3944: 3922:"U.S. Hospitals Worth The Trip" 3883: 3858: 3781: 3757: 3736: 3708: 3681: 3632: 3618: 3597: 3572: 3543:"Medical tourism – why Israel?" 3535: 3517: 3497: 3483: 3446: 3432: 3403: 3378: 3353: 3328: 3306: 3274: 3262:from the original on 2022-12-11 3241: 3227: 3209: 3186: 3163: 3133: 3119: 3093: 3073: 3048: 3007: 2966: 2925: 2907: 2864: 2839: 2813: 2765: 2751:Oxford Journal of Public Health 2738: 2703: 2678: 2631: 2610: 2505: 2484: 2453: 2427: 2401: 2376: 2351: 2333: 2306: 2285: 2256: 2225: 2204: 2177: 2157: 2139: 2127:from the original on 2022-01-12 2117:Day, Matthew (March 15, 2010). 2110: 2051: 2036: 2009: 1987: 1938: 1920: 1908:from the original on 2021-04-27 1893: 1868: 1847: 1825: 1804: 1781: 1757: 1283:accused of selling false hope. 1198:Bona Dea International Hospital 1014:US Food and Drug Administration 716: 667:In 2012, 30,000 people came to 652: 540:, a supermarket chain based in 499:Medical volunteerism as tourism 451: 6119:Caribbean Tourism Organization 5743:Hospitality management studies 5648:Visiting friends and relatives 5092:. Full Fact. 6 September 2015. 4681:"History of Tourism from 1868" 4535:Sarah A. Topol (10 May 2013). 4218:"JCI-Accredited Organizations" 3626:"JCI-Accredited Organizations" 3288:. 9 March 2021. Archived from 2561:Rough, Ginger (June 7, 2009). 2295:. Joint Commission. 2008-12-11 2212:"Accreditation Canada History" 1700: 1668: 1625: 1556: 1530: 1505: 1464: 1072:(JCI) accredited hospitals in 1070:Joint Commission International 1040: 796:Joint Commission International 618:to secure early access to the 356:Joint Commission International 111: 1: 6205:Akwaaba African Travel Market 6129:Historical Archive on Tourism 4661:. Caspian News. 16 April 2018 4327:. Today on line. 8 March 2016 3890:Young, Jeffrey (2019-11-14). 2341:"INDIA: Accreditation a must" 2058:Galewitz, Phil (2019-08-12). 1902:"The Rise of Medical Tourism" 1788:Tung, Sarah (July 16, 2010). 1537:Paul McFedries (2006-05-17). 1191: 794:In Costa Rica, there are two 789: 400:mosquito-transmitted diseases 6276:Tourism improvement district 5130:10.1371/journal.pone.0070406 4972:. 2013-10-08. Archived from 4353:. 2015-10-13. Archived from 4237:International business times 4085:. 2017-01-29. Archived from 3979:Fred Hansen (January 2008). 2757:(1): 101–107. Archived from 2595:. Ahcpub.com. Archived from 1646:10.3928/08910162-20091223-04 1564:"History of Medical Tourism" 1443:Immigration health surcharge 1319: 1269:University Hospital Freiburg 1210:Hygienic Association of Hvar 1099: 955: 934:Asia and the Pacific Islands 740:destination, behind France. 562:high deductible health plans 312:home country, abortion, and 25:Food and Drug Administration 7: 5297: 4994:Dan Bilefsky (2012-07-23). 4117:. p. 2. Archived from 3988:Institute of Public Affairs 3129:. Houston Business Journal. 1415: 1171:was established in 2019 by 1111: 1061:Medical tourism in Pakistan 1054: 1029:Medical tourism in Malaysia 1022: 752: 10: 6454: 6169:World Tourism Organization 6124:European Travel Commission 4564:. Lexology. 8 January 2018 3172:"Outsourcing the Patients" 3021:Developing World Bioethics 2745:Roger Lee Mendoza (2010). 2531:10.1016/j.ijid.2017.07.022 2066:. Kaiser Family Foundation 1568:Discovermedicaltourism.com 1541:. Word Spy. Archived from 1295: 1261: 1229:Finnish health care system 1215: 1203: 1178: 1173:Turkish Ministry of Health 1115: 1058: 1047:Health care in New Zealand 1044: 1026: 967: 942: 906: 824: 816:Health City Cayman Islands 813: 731: 679: 658:Africa and the Middle East 645:for quicker access to the 629:In January 2021, Canadian 338: 57: 6372: 6289: 6243: 6194: 6089: 6051: 5825: 5683: 5305: 4260:"India's medical tourism" 4057:(in Japanese). 2020-12-13 3193:Greg Lindsay (May 2008). 2724:10.1007/s10389-010-0320-3 2638:Spreng, Jennifer (2004). 1963:10.12927/hcpol.2013.22886 1725:10.1136/bmjqs-2014-003467 1345: 1332: 1286: 1249:European Court of Justice 1245:World Health Organization 1234: 1157: 1141:European Medicines Agency 1134: 1010:World Health Organization 875: 773: 757: 705: 682:Medical tourism in Israel 675: 569:Blue Shield of California 438:World Health Organization 305:Medical tourism providers 96:, treating diseases from 29:European Medicines Agency 6251:Heritage commodification 6099:American Bus Association 4946:(in Russian). March 2018 4938: 4351:Medical Tourism Magazine 4049: 3810:Hudson, Matthew (2024). 2993:10.1001/jama.295.13.1491 2712:Journal of Public Health 2272:Medical Tourism Magazine 1713:BMJ Quality & Safety 1458: 1362:Both the publicly owned 970:Medical tourism in India 963: 938: 768:Albert Einstein Hospital 724:is the first country in 606:COVID-19 vaccine tourism 4610:. USHAŞ. Archived from 4490:. Continental Telegraph 4455:"Outcomes in EHCI 2015" 3580:"Medical tourism in SA" 2885:10.1126/science.1171749 2620:. Medicalprotection.org 2384:"TB Often Misdiagnosed" 2018:Int J Fertil Womens Med 1932:Patients Beyond Borders 1861:San Francisco Chronicle 1369:Care Quality Commission 1364:National Health Service 882:Federal Health Ministry 820: 662: 485:Declaration of Istanbul 314:doctor-assisted suicide 285:Some people travel for 146:Harvard Business School 70:to a small area in the 6174:World Tourism rankings 6114:BEST Education Network 4918:. Express. 27 May 2019 4814:Heildelberg University 3828:10.15585/mmwr.mm7303a3 3746:. Imtj.com. 2009-05-08 2932:Bezruchka, S. (2000). 2917:. 2008. Archived from 1596:. Sunrise River Press. 1592:Gahlinger, PM (2008). 920:value of the US dollar 848:, particularly due to 692:in-vitro fertilization 534:out-of-pocket expenses 291:in-vitro fertilization 6210:Arabian Travel Market 3493:. IMTJ. 27 June 2013. 2494:. Who.int. 2010-05-05 2045:Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1212:was founded in 1868. 6220:Festival del Viaggio 6186:World Travel Monitor 5838:Convention (meeting) 5685:Hospitality industry 3791:. BBC. 28 March 2019 3479:. November 18, 2010. 3145:www.blueshieldca.com 2973:Roberts, M. (2006). 2777:Kidney International 2568:The Arizona Republic 1837:Canwest News Service 1280:Hallwang Clinic GmbH 992:In August 2019, the 744:United Arab Emirates 616:United Arab Emirates 493:stem cell treatments 424:deep vein thrombosis 144:An authority at the 54:is a related field. 6297:Adjectival tourisms 6215:Cruise of the Kings 6134:Life Beyond Tourism 5913:Roadside attraction 5121:2013PLoSO...870406H 4970:Treatmentabroad.com 4842:. BBC. 6 March 2019 4713:. January 19, 2002. 4614:on 15 December 2021 4292:The Washington Post 4239:. pp. Business 4173:IndianHealthCare.in 4124:on 27 February 2008 3510:The Times of Israel 3223:. January 19, 2021. 3151:on 29 December 2010 3106:Wall Street Journal 2789:10.1038/ki.2008.388 2783:(7): 854–59. 2008. 2670:(31 January 2007). 1945:Turner, L. (2012). 1769:NHS England Digital 1539:"fertility tourism" 1122:Tourism in Thailand 945:Healthcare in China 858:breast augmentation 622:. The UAE promoted 463:medical malpractice 378:Risks and criticism 130:Deloitte Consulting 6438:Medical treatments 6354:Passenger airlines 6261:Impacts of tourism 6091:Trade associations 6066:Outdoor literature 5958:Tourist attraction 5903:Perpetual traveler 5028:on 26 January 2013 5001:The New York Times 3722:The New York Times 3442:. 18 January 2020. 3182:on March 19, 2008. 3086:The New York Times 2415:on 9 February 2012 2092:Cornell Law Review 2064:Kaiser Health News 1391:were stationed in 1118:Health in Thailand 868:and in 35% due to 838:Dominican Republic 832:Dominican Republic 428:pulmonary embolism 426:and potentially a 287:assisted pregnancy 6410: 6409: 6235:World Tourism Day 6053:Travel literature 6018:Travel technology 5943:Tourism geography 5703:Convention center 5693:Bed and breakfast 5554:Recreational drug 2098:(1309): 1309–98. 1951:Healthcare Policy 1800:on July 18, 2010. 1621:on April 1, 2008. 1302:Goulash Communism 994:Indian government 887:In recent years, 550:knee replacements 514:health care costs 392:amoebic dysentery 40:fertility tourism 6445: 6428:Types of tourism 6400: 6399: 6390: 6389: 6380: 6379: 6076:Travel magazines 6071:Tourism journals 6003:Travel insurance 5948:Tourism minister 5928:Tour bus service 5292: 5285: 5278: 5269: 5268: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5225: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5203: 5197: 5196: 5194: 5192: 5181: 5175: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5159: 5153: 5152: 5142: 5132: 5100: 5094: 5093: 5086: 5080: 5079: 5077: 5075: 5065: 5058: 5052: 5051: 5050:. 20 April 2011. 5044: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5024:. 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tourism 17: 12: 11: 5: 6451: 6441: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6408: 6407: 6405: 6404: 6394: 6384: 6373: 6370: 6369: 6367: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6345: 6344: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6293: 6291: 6287: 6286: 6284: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6266:Leakage effect 6263: 6258: 6253: 6247: 6245: 6241: 6240: 6238: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6201: 6199: 6192: 6191: 6189: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6177: 6176: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6095: 6093: 6087: 6086: 6084: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6057: 6055: 6049: 6048: 6046: 6045: 6043:Visitor center 6040: 6035: 6033:Travel website 6030: 6028:Travel warning 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5953:Tourism region 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5829: 5827: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5819: 5814: 5813: 5812: 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4687:on 31 May 2019 4672: 4650: 4625: 4599: 4575: 4553: 4527: 4501: 4478: 4467:on 6 June 2017 4446: 4421: 4394: 4368: 4338: 4316: 4305: 4277: 4264:Africa Renewal 4250: 4223: 4209: 4182: 4179:on 2018-02-15. 4160: 4135: 4099: 4067: 4040: 4037:on 2010-06-12. 4018: 4015:on 2020-11-01. 3993: 3968: 3943: 3909: 3882: 3857: 3802: 3780: 3777:on 2013-01-30. 3756: 3735: 3707: 3680: 3655: 3631: 3617: 3596: 3571: 3548: 3534: 3516: 3496: 3482: 3459: 3445: 3431: 3415:Global Datikan 3402: 3377: 3352: 3327: 3305: 3273: 3240: 3226: 3221:New York Times 3208: 3197:. Fast Company 3185: 3162: 3132: 3118: 3092: 3072: 3047: 3006: 2965: 2924: 2906: 2863: 2838: 2812: 2764: 2761:on 2011-03-24. 2737: 2718:(4): 375–384. 2702: 2677: 2655: 2649:978-0786416752 2648: 2630: 2609: 2581: 2553: 2504: 2483: 2452: 2426: 2400: 2375: 2350: 2347:on 2008-06-30. 2332: 2325: 2305: 2284: 2281:on 2019-04-07. 2255: 2224: 2203: 2176: 2170:New York Times 2156: 2151:Women on Waves 2138: 2109: 2077: 2050: 2035: 2024:(6): 251–255. 2008: 1986: 1937: 1919: 1892: 1867: 1846: 1843:on 2009-04-27. 1824: 1803: 1780: 1756: 1719:(8): 492–504. 1699: 1667: 1624: 1599: 1584: 1555: 1529: 1504: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1456: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1434: 1433: 1417: 1414: 1380: 1377: 1359: 1358:United Kingdom 1356: 1347: 1344: 1334: 1331: 1321: 1318: 1297: 1294: 1288: 1285: 1263: 1260: 1236: 1233: 1217: 1214: 1205: 1202: 1193: 1190: 1180: 1177: 1159: 1156: 1136: 1133: 1113: 1110: 1101: 1098: 1086:United Kingdom 1059:Main article: 1056: 1053: 1045:Main article: 1042: 1039: 1027:Main article: 1024: 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PR Newswire 3641: 3635: 3627: 3621: 3606: 3600: 3586:on 2018-11-07 3585: 3581: 3575: 3561: 3555: 3553: 3545:. 2015-04-14. 3544: 3538: 3531:. 2015-03-09. 3530: 3526: 3520: 3512: 3511: 3506: 3500: 3492: 3486: 3478: 3474: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3455: 3449: 3441: 3435: 3421:on 2021-04-30 3420: 3416: 3412: 3406: 3391: 3387: 3381: 3367:on 2012-02-13 3366: 3362: 3356: 3341: 3337: 3331: 3315: 3309: 3294:on 2022-12-11 3292: 3287: 3283: 3277: 3261: 3257: 3252: 3244: 3236: 3230: 3222: 3218: 3212: 3196: 3189: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3166: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3136: 3128: 3122: 3107: 3103: 3096: 3089:. 2006-10-11. 3088: 3087: 3082: 3076: 3062: 3058: 3051: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3022: 3017: 3010: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2987:: 1491–1492. 2986: 2982: 2981: 2976: 2969: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2940: 2935: 2928: 2920: 2916: 2910: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2867: 2852: 2848: 2842: 2826: 2822: 2816: 2808: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2768: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2741: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2706: 2691: 2687: 2681: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2664:David Kilgour 2659: 2651: 2645: 2641: 2634: 2619: 2613: 2599:on 2011-07-07 2598: 2594: 2588: 2586: 2570: 2569: 2564: 2557: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2532: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2508: 2493: 2487: 2473:on 2015-01-01 2469: 2462: 2456: 2440: 2436: 2430: 2414: 2410: 2404: 2389: 2385: 2379: 2365:on 2019-04-07 2364: 2360: 2354: 2346: 2342: 2336: 2328: 2326:9781783471195 2322: 2318: 2317: 2309: 2294: 2288: 2277: 2273: 2266: 2259: 2245:on 2014-04-13 2241: 2234: 2228: 2213: 2207: 2192: 2188: 2187: 2180: 2173:. 2008-02-07. 2172: 2171: 2166: 2160: 2152: 2148: 2142: 2126: 2121: 2113: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2065: 2061: 2054: 2046: 2039: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2012: 1996: 1990: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1941: 1933: 1929: 1923: 1907: 1903: 1896: 1881: 1877: 1871: 1863: 1862: 1857: 1850: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1828: 1820: 1813: 1807: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1784: 1770: 1766: 1760: 1752: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1703: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1671: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1634:AAOHN Journal 1628: 1620: 1616: 1615: 1610: 1603: 1595: 1588: 1574:on 2021-04-30 1573: 1569: 1565: 1559: 1545:on 2006-06-01 1544: 1540: 1533: 1514: 1508: 1500: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1467: 1463: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1431: 1420: 1413: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1394: 1390: 1385: 1376: 1374: 1373:Royal Marsden 1370: 1365: 1355: 1352: 1343: 1339: 1330: 1327: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1293: 1284: 1281: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1232: 1230: 1225: 1223: 1213: 1211: 1201: 1199: 1189: 1187: 1176: 1174: 1170: 1165: 1155: 1151: 1148: 1144: 1142: 1132: 1129: 1123: 1119: 1109: 1106: 1097: 1095: 1094:United States 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1062: 1052: 1048: 1038: 1035: 1030: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1006: 1002: 1000: 995: 990: 987: 985: 981: 977: 971: 961: 953: 951: 946: 931: 929: 928:air ambulance 923: 921: 915: 910: 903:United States 900: 898: 897:Yuma, Arizona 894: 890: 889:Los Algodones 885: 883: 873: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 828: 817: 807: 805: 800: 797: 787: 783: 781: 771: 769: 765: 750: 741: 739: 729: 727: 723: 714: 712: 703: 701: 700:Lake Kinneret 697: 693: 688: 683: 673: 670: 650: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 627: 625: 621: 617: 613: 603: 600: 595: 593: 583: 581: 580: 575: 570: 565: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 530: 528: 524: 519: 515: 505: 496: 494: 488: 486: 475: 471: 468: 464: 459: 449: 445: 441: 439: 434: 431: 429: 425: 419: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 383: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 357: 351: 348: 342: 332: 330: 326: 321: 319: 315: 309: 306: 302: 298: 296: 292: 288: 283: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 216: 214: 213:United States 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 153: 149: 147: 142: 140: 134: 131: 126: 124: 118: 109: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 81: 77: 73: 69: 68:Mediterranean 65: 55: 53: 47: 45: 41: 37: 32: 30: 27:(FDA) or the 26: 21: 6332:Cruise lines 6307:Bibliography 5968:Tourist trap 5893:Package tour 5858:Factory tour 5833:College tour 5533: 5512:Volunteering 5460:Experiential 5233:. 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