1284:: Lung ultrasound has been shown to be very sensitive for the detection of pulmonary edema. It allows for improvement in diagnosis and management of critically ill patients, particularly when used in combination with echocardiography. The sonographic feature that is present in pulmonary edema is multiple B-lines. B-lines can occur in a healthy lung; however, the presence of 3 or more in the anterior or lateral lung regions is always abnormal. In pulmonary edema, B-lines indicate an increase in the amount of water contained in the lungs outside of the pulmonary vasculature. B-lines can also be present in a number of other conditions including pneumonia, pulmonary contusion, and lung infarction. Additionally, it is important to note that there are multiple types of interactions between the pleural surface and the ultrasound wave that can generate artifacts with some similarity to B-lines but which do not have pathologic significance.
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2822:(1914â2009) first used ultrasound to assess the thickness of bowel tissue as early as 1949; he has been described as the "father of medical ultrasound". Subsequent advances took place concurrently in several countries but it was not until 1961 that David Robinson and George Kossoff's work at the Australian Department of Health resulted in the first commercially practical water bath ultrasonic scanner. In 1963 Meyerdirk & Wright launched production of the first commercial, hand-held, articulated arm, compound contact B-mode scanner, which made ultrasound generally available for medical use.
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intravenous access occurs in the outpatient laboratory, in the inpatient hospital units, and most critically in the
Emergency Room and Intensive Care Unit. In many situations, intravenous access may be required repeatedly or over a significant time period. In these latter circumstances, a needle with an overlying catheter is introduced into the vein and the catheter is then inserted securely into the vein while the needle is withdrawn. The chosen veins are most frequently selected from the arm, but in challenging situations, a deeper vein from the neck (
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One predominant method for this is "delay-and-sum" beamforming. The time delay applied to each element is calculated based on the geometrical relationship between the imaging point, the transducer, and receiver positions. By integrating these time-adjusted signals, the system pinpoints focus onto specific tissue regions, enhancing image resolution and clarity. The utilization of multiple element reception combined with the delay-and-sum principles underpins the high-quality images characteristic of contemporary ultrasound scans.
2382:(HFUS) can be used to treat several gland conditions. The recurrent thyroid cyst that was usually treated in the past with surgery, can be treated effectively by a new procedure called percutaneous ethanol injection, or PEI. With ultrasound guided placement of a 25 gauge needle within the cyst, and after evacuation of the cyst fluid, about 50% of the cyst volume is injected back into the cavity, under strict operator visualization of the needle tip. The procedure is 80% successful in reducing the cyst to minute size.
1255:, it is reflected back creating a bright white horizontal line. The subsequent reverberation artifacts that appear as equally spaced horizontal lines deep to the pleura are A-lines. Ultimately, A-lines are a reflection of the ultrasound beam from the pleura with the space between A-lines corresponding to the distance between the parietal pleura and the skin surface. A-lines indicate the presence of air, which means that these artifacts can be present in normal healthy lung (and also in patients with pneumothorax).
352:
3084:
3072:
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2390:, TG, as the node become non-functional. Another interventional use for HFUS is to mark a cancer node prior to surgery to help locate the node cluster at the surgery. A minute amount of methylene dye is injected, under careful ultrasound guided placement of the needle on the anterior surface, but not in the node. The dye will be evident to the thyroid surgeon when opening the neck. A similar localization procedure with methylene blue, can be done to locate parathyroid adenomas.
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1444:(in a woman) or transrectally (in a man). Sonographic imaging of the pelvic floor can produce important diagnostic information regarding the precise relationship of abnormal structures with other pelvic organs and it represents a useful hint to treat patients with symptoms related to pelvic prolapse, double incontinence and obstructed defecation. It is also used to diagnose and, at higher frequencies, to treat (break up) kidney stones or kidney crystals (
298:: In motion mode, A-mode pulses are emitted in succession. The backscattered signal is converted to lines of bright pixels, whose brightness linearly correlates to backscattered voltage amplitudes. Each next line is plotted adjacent to the previous, resulting in an image that looks like a B-mode image. The M-mode image dimensions are however voltage as a function of two-way time and recording time. This mode is an ultrasound analogy to streak
246:
939:. It can be used to identify many conditions that could be potentially harmful to the mother and/or baby possibly remaining undiagnosed or with delayed diagnosis in the absence of sonography. It is currently believed that the risk of delayed diagnosis is greater than the small risk, if any, associated with undergoing an ultrasound scan. However, its use for non-medical purposes such as fetal "keepsake" videos and photos is discouraged.
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1540:, assessment of renal anatomy is easily performed, and US is often used as image guidance for renal interventions. Furthermore, novel applications in renal US have been introduced with contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS), elastography and fusion imaging. However, renal US has certain limitations, and other modalities, such as CT (CECT) and MRI, should be considered for supplementary imaging in assessing renal disease.
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1629:), where the lateral resolution decreases. Therefore, the wider the transducer width and the higher the frequency of ultrasound, the longer the Fresnel zone, and the lateral resolution can be maintained at a greater depth from the transducer. Ultrasound waves travel in pulses. Therefore, a shorter pulse length requires higher bandwidth (greater number of frequencies) to constitute the ultrasound pulse.
519:
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echo is heard, note how long it took for the echo to return. The longer the wait, the deeper the row (1,2,3, etc.). The strength of the echo determines the brightness setting for that cell (white for a strong echo, black for a weak echo, and varying shades of grey for everything in between.) When all the echoes are recorded on the sheet, a greyscale image has been accomplished.
1536:, ultrasonography of the kidneys is essential in the diagnosis and management of kidney-related diseases. The kidneys are easily examined, and most pathological changes are distinguishable with ultrasound. It is an accessible, versatile, relatively economic, and fast aid for decision-making in patients with renal symptoms and for guidance in renal intervention. Using
2323:) is applied in order to literally push the targeted microbubbles towards microvessels wall; first demonstrated by Dr. Paul Dayton in 1999. This allows maximization of binding to the malignant tumor; the targeted microbubbles being in more direct contact with cancerous biomolecules expressed at the inner surface of tumoral microvessels. At the stage of scientific
883:
1354:, endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) probes are applied to standard flexible endoscopic probes and used by pulmonologists to allow for direct visualization of endobronchial lesions and lymph nodes prior to transbronchial needle aspiration. Among its many uses, EBUS aids in lung cancer staging by allowing for lymph node sampling without the need for major surgery.
1333:. Pleural effusions on ultrasound appear as structural images within the thorax rather than an artifact. They will typically have four distinct borders including the pleural line, two rib shadows, and a deep border. In critically ill patients with pleural effusion, ultrasound may guide procedures including needle insertion,
2761:(MI), a metric associated with the cavitation bio-effect, and Thermal Index (TI) a metric associated with the tissue heating bio-effect. The FDA requires that the machine not exceed established limits, which are reasonably conservative in an effort to maintain diagnostic ultrasound as a safe imaging modality. This requires
292:: In brightness mode, an array of transducer elements scans a plane through the body resulting in a two-dimensional image. Each pixel value of the image correlates to voltage amplitude registered from the backscattered signal. The dimensions of B-mode images are voltage as a function of angle and two-way time.
1565:. In most circumstances, choice of vein will be limited by the requirement that the vein is within 1.5 cms. from the skin surface. The transducer may be placed longitudinally or transversely over the chosen vein. Ultrasound training for intravenous cannulation is offered in most ultrasound training programs.
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Claudon M, Dietrich CF, Choi BI, Cosgrove DO, Kudo M, NolsĂže CP, Piscaglia F, Wilson SR, Barr RG, Chammas MC, Chaubal NG, Chen MH, Clevert DA, Correas JM, Ding H, Forsberg F, Fowlkes JB, Gibson RN, Goldberg BB, Lassau N, Leen EL, Mattrey RF, Moriyasu F, Solbiati L, Weskott HP, Xu HX, World
Federation
3167:
It is for this reason that the person subjected to ultrasound of organs that can contain quantities of air or gas, such as the stomach, intestine and bladder, must follow a food preparation designed to reduce their quantity: specific diet and supplements for the intestine and intake of non-carbonated
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Ultrasound is also used for elastography, which is a relatively new imaging modality that maps the elastic properties of soft tissue. This modality emerged in the last two decades. Elastography is useful in medical diagnoses as it can discern healthy from unhealthy tissue for specific organs/growths.
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to assess whether structures (usually blood) are moving towards or away from the probe, and their relative velocity. By calculating the frequency shift of a particular sample volume, flow in an artery or a jet of blood flow over a heart valve, its speed and direction can be determined and visualized,
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In modern ultrasound systems, images are derived from the combined reception of echoes by multiple elements, rather than a single one. These elements in the transducer array work together to receive signals, a process essential for optimizing the ultrasonic beam's focus and producing detailed images.
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Lung ultrasound relies on artifacts, which would otherwise be considered a hindrance in imaging. Air blocks the ultrasound beam and thus visualizing healthy lung tissue itself with this mode of imaging is not practical. Consequently, physicians and sonographers have learned to recognize patterns that
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Volpicelli G, Elbarbary M, Blaivas M, Lichtenstein DA, Mathis G, Kirkpatrick AW, Melniker L, Gargani L, Noble VE, Via G, Dean A, Tsung JW, Soldati G, Copetti R, Bouhemad B, Reissig A, Agricola E, Rouby JJ, Arbelot C, Liteplo A, Sargsyan A, Silva F, Hoppmann R, Breitkreutz R, Seibel A, Neri L, Storti
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ultrasonography is used to study blood flow and muscle motion. The different detected speeds are represented in color for ease of interpretation, for example leaky heart valves: the leak shows up as a flash of unique color. Colors may alternatively be used to represent the amplitudes of the received
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ultrasound is used to examine tendons, muscles, nerves, ligaments, soft tissue masses, and bone surfaces. It is helpful in diagnosing ligament sprains, muscles strains and joint pathology. It is an alternative or supplement to x-ray imaging in detecting fractures of the wrist, elbow and shoulder for
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Lung ultrasound has been found to be useful in diagnosing common neonatal respiratory diseases such as transient tachypnea of the newborn, respiratory distress syndrome, congenital pneumonia, meconium aspiration syndrome, and pneumothorax. A neonatal lung ultrasound score, first described by Brat et
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Grey AD, Scott R, Shah B, Acher P, Liyanage S, Pavlou M, Omar R, Chinegwundoh F, Patki P, Shah TT, Hamid S, Ghei M, Gilbert K, Campbell D, Brew-Graves C, Arumainayagam N, Chapman A, McLeavy L, Karatziou A, Alsaadi Z, Collins T, Freeman A, Eldred-Evans D, Bertoncelli-Tanaka M, Tam H, Ramachandran N,
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led to it acquiring long-term status as the definitive method of study of foetal growth. As the technical quality of the scans was further developed, it soon became possible to study pregnancy from start to finish and diagnose its many complications such as multiple pregnancy, fetal abnormality and
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in 1994 to distinguish and regulate legal and illegal uses of ultrasound equipment. The law was further amended as the Pre-Conception and Pre-natal
Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse) (PCPNDT) Act in 2004 to deter and punish prenatal sex screening and sex selective abortion.
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to travel back to the probe is measured and used to calculate the depth of the tissue interface causing the echo. The greater the difference between acoustic impedances, the larger the echo is. If the pulse hits gases or solids, the density difference is so great that most of the acoustic energy is
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techniques (piezoelectric elements in the transducer produce echoes at different times) to enable the ultrasound machine to change the direction and depth of focus. Near the transducer, the width of the ultrasound beam almost equals to the width of the transducer, after reaching a distance from the
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may be used for most imaging purposes but some situations may require the use of a specialized transducer. Most ultrasound examination is done using a transducer on the surface of the body, but improved visualization is often possible if a transducer can be placed inside the body. For this purpose,
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Piscaglia F, NolsĂže C, Dietrich C, Cosgrove D, Gilja O, Bachmann
Nielsen M, Albrecht T, Barozzi L, Bertolotto M, Catalano O, Claudon M, Clevert D, Correas J, d'Onofrio M, Drudi F, Eyding J, Giovannini M, Hocke M, Ignee A, Jung E, Klauser A, Lassau N, Leen E, Mathis G, Saftoiu A, Seidel G, Sidhu P,
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devised the first ultrasonic echo imaging device, the
Supersonic Reflectoscope, to detect internal flaws in metal castings. In 1941, Austrian neurologist Karl Theo Dussik, in collaboration with his brother, Friedrich, a physicist, was likely the first person to image the human body ultrasonically,
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Diagnostic ultrasound studies of the fetus are generally considered to be safe during pregnancy. However, this diagnostic procedure should be performed only when there is a valid medical indication, and the lowest possible ultrasonic exposure setting should be used to gain the necessary diagnostic
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The presence of lung sliding, which indicates the shimmering of the pleural line that occurs with movement of the visceral and parietal pleura against one another with respiration (sometimes described as 'ants marching'), is the most important finding in normal aerated lung. Lung sliding indicates
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LĂ©andre
Pourcelot, a researcher and teacher at INSA (Institut National des Sciences Appliquées), Lyon, co-published a report in 1965 at the Académie des sciences, "Effet Doppler et mesure du débit sanguin" ("Doppler effect and measure of the blood flow"), the basis of his design of a Doppler flow
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Metastatic thyroid cancer neck lymph nodes: HFUS may also be used to treat metastatic thyroid cancer neck lymph nodes that occur in patients who either refuse, or are no longer candidates, for surgery. Small amounts of ethanol are injected under ultrasound guided needle placement. A power doppler
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Transforming the received signal into a digital image may be explained by using a blank spreadsheet as an analogy. First picture a long, flat transducer at the top of the sheet. Send pulses down the 'columns' of the spreadsheet (A, B, C, etc.). Listen at each column for any return echoes. When an
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Intravenous access, for the collection of blood samples to assist in diagnosis or laboratory investigation including blood culture, or for administration of intravenous fluids for fluid maintenance of replacement or blood transfusion in sicker patients, is a common medical procedure. The need for
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Ultrasonic examinations should only be performed by competent personnel who are trained and updated in safety matters. Ultrasound produces heating, pressure changes and mechanical disturbances in tissue. Diagnostic levels of ultrasound can produce temperature rises that are hazardous to sensitive
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Costantino A, Piagnani A, Caccia R, Sorge A, Maggioni M, Perbellini R, Donato F, D'Ambrosio R, Sed NPO, Valenti L, Prati D, Vecchi M, Lampertico P, Fraquelli M. Reproducibility and accuracy of a pocket-size ultrasound device in assessing liver steatosis. Dig Liver Dis. 2024 Jun;56(6):1032-1038.
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images can be generated by acquiring a series of adjacent 2-D images. Commonly a specialized probe that mechanically scans a conventional 2-D image transducer is used. However, since the mechanical scanning is slow, it is difficult to make 3D images of moving tissues. Recently, 2-D phased array
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The frequencies used for medical imaging are generally in the range of 1 to 18 MHz Higher frequencies have a correspondingly smaller wavelength, and can be used to make more detailed sonograms. However, the attenuation of the sound wave is increased at higher frequencies, so penetration of
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Speed-of-sound (SoS) imaging aims to find the spatial distribution of the SoS within the tissue. The idea is to find relative delay measurements for different transmission events and solve the limited-angle tomographic reconstruction problem using delay measurements and transmission geometry.
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for lung sliding on ultrasound is reported as 99.2â100% â briefly, if lung sliding is present, a pneumothorax is effectively ruled out. The absence of lung sliding, however, is not necessarily specific for pneumothorax as there are other conditions that also cause this finding including
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vertical lines extending from the pleura to the edge of the ultrasound screen. These lines are sharply defined and laser-like and typically do not fade as they progress down the screen. A few B-lines that move along with the sliding pleura can be seen in normal lung due to acoustic impedance
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The return of the sound wave to the transducer results in the same process as sending the sound wave, in reverse. The returned sound wave vibrates the transducer and the transducer turns the vibrations into electrical pulses that travel to the ultrasonic scanner where they are processed and
1557:) may need to be used. There are many reasons why the selection of a suitable vein may be problematic. These include, but are not limited to, obesity, previous injury to veins from inflammatory reaction to previous 'blood draws', previous injury to veins from recreational drug use.
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conducted research on
Doppler ultrasound as a diagnostic tool for vascular disease. Eventually, they developed technologies to use duplex imaging, or Doppler in conjunction with B-mode scanning, to view vascular structures in real time while also providing hemodynamic information.
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405:, and can consequently be brought to the bedside. It is substantially lower in cost than other imaging strategies. Drawbacks include various limits on its field of view, the need for patient cooperation, dependence on patient physique, difficulty imaging structures obscured by
1072:, are well-visualized by high-frequency ultrasound with exceptional anatomic detail. Ultrasound is the preferred imaging modality for thyroid tumors and lesions, and its use is important in the evaluation, preoperative planning, and postoperative surveillance of patients with
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in a variety of settings including critical care, emergency medicine, trauma surgery, as well as general medicine. This imaging modality is used at the bedside or examination table to evaluate a number of different lung abnormalities as well as to guide procedures such as
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voltage is recorded as a function of two-way travel time of an ultrasound pulse. A single pulse is transmitted through the body and scatters back to the same transducer element. The voltage amplitudes recorded correlate linearly to acoustic pressure amplitudes. A-mode is
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Compression ultrasonography is when the probe is pressed against the skin. This can bring the target structure closer to the probe, increasing spatial resolution of it. Comparison of the shape of the target structure before and after compression can aid in diagnosis.
2982:. Wright and Meyerdirk left the university to form Physionic Engineering Inc., which launched the first commercial hand-held articulated arm compound contact B-mode scanner in 1963. This was the start of the most popular design in the history of ultrasound scanners.
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Multiparametric ultrasonography (mpUSS) combines multiple ultrasound techniques to produce a composite result. For example, one study combined B-mode, colour
Doppler, real-time elastography, and contrast-enhanced ultrasound, achieving an accuracy similar to that of
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of the material. However, the sonographic instrument assumes that the acoustic velocity is constant at 1540 m/s. An effect of this assumption is that in a real body with non-uniform tissues, the beam becomes somewhat de-focused and image resolution is reduced.
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to send pulses of sound into a material. Whenever a sound wave encounters a material with a different density (acoustical impedance), some of the sound wave is scattered but part is reflected back to the probe and is detected as an echo. The time it takes for the
2243:), only a follow-up is needed with a contrast ultrasonography examination a few months later. The main clinical benefits are to avoid a systemic biopsy (with inherent risks of invasive procedures) of benign tumors or a CT scan examination exposing the patient to
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Lassau N, Koscielny S, Chami L, Chebil M, Benatsou B, Roche A, Ducreux M, Malka D, Boige V (2010). "Advanced
Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Early Evaluation of Response to Bevacizumab Therapy at Dynamic Contrast-enhanced US with QuantificationâPreliminary Results".
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in malignant tumors). As a result, a few minutes after their injection in blood circulation, the targeted microbubbles accumulate in the malignant tumor; facilitating its localization in a unique ultrasound contrast image. In 2013, the very first exploratory
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information of the tumor in a single image called a parametric image (see last figure of press article as clinical examples). This parametric image is interpreted by clinicians based on predominant colorization of the tumor: red indicates a suspicion of
1643:). In addition, a water-based gel is placed between the patient's skin and the probe to facilitate ultrasound transmission into the body. This is because air causes total reflection of ultrasound; impeding the transmission of ultrasound into the body.
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are medical professionals who perform scans which are traditionally interpreted by radiologists, physicians who specialize in the application and interpretation of medical imaging modalities, or by cardiologists in the case of cardiac ultrasonography
1225:. These two surfaces are typically pushed together and make up the pleural line, which is the basis of lung (or pleural) ultrasound. This line is visible less than a centimeter below the rib line in most adults. On ultrasound, it is visualized as a
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A study performed in Sweden in 2001 has shown that subtle effects of neurological damage linked to ultrasound were implicated by an increased incidence in left-handedness in boys (a marker for brain problems when not hereditary) and speech delays.
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Miles DA, Levi CS, Uhanova J, Cuvelier S, Hawkins K, Minuk GY. Pocket-Sized Versus
Conventional Ultrasound for Detecting Fatty Infiltration of the Liver. Dig Dis Sci. 2020 Jan;65(1):82-85. doi: 10.1007/s10620-019-05752-x. Epub 2019 Aug 2. PMID
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In these challenging situations, the insertion of a catheter into a vein has been greatly assisted by the use of ultrasound. The ultrasound unit may be 'cart-based' or 'handheld' using a linear transducer with a frequency of 10 to 15
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Abe T, Loene JP, Young KC, Thiebaud RS, Nahar VK, Hollaway KM, Stover CD, Ford MA, Bass MA (February 1, 2015). "Validity of ultrasound prediction equations for total and regional muscularity in middle-aged and older men and women".
1317:: Lung ultrasound is a cost-effective, safe, and non-invasive imaging method that can aid in the prompt visualization and diagnosis of pleural effusions. Effusions can be diagnosed by a combination of physical exam, percussion, and
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161:, joints, blood vessels, and internal organs, to measure some characteristics (e.g., distances and velocities) or to generate an informative audible sound. The usage of ultrasound to produce visual images for medicine is called
3998:"International evidence-based guidelines on Point of Care Ultrasound (POCUS) for critically ill neonates and children issued by the POCUS Working Group of the European Society of Paediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care (ESPNIC)"
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A meta-analysis of several ultrasonography studies published in 2000 found no statistically significant harmful effects from ultrasonography. It was noted that there is a lack of data on long-term substantive outcomes such as
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Even in the absence of bone or air, the depth penetration of ultrasound may be limited depending on the frequency of imaging. Consequently, there might be difficulties imaging structures deep in the body, especially in obese
2439:
2679:
Although there is no evidence that ultrasound could be harmful to the fetus, medical authorities typically strongly discourage the promotion, selling, or leasing of ultrasound equipment for making "keepsake fetal videos".
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Sugimoto K, Moriyasu F, Saito K, Rognin N, Kamiyama N, Furuichi Y, Imai Y (2013). "Hepatocellular carcinoma treated with sorafenib: Early detection of treatment response and major adverse events by contrast-enhanced US".
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blood flow study is done prior to injection. The blood flow can be destroyed and the node rendered inactive. Power doppler visualized blood flow can be eradicated, and there may be a drop in the cancer blood marker test,
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The sound wave is partially reflected from the layers between different tissues or scattered from smaller structures. Specifically, sound is reflected anywhere where there are acoustic impedance changes in the body: e.g.
339:: backscattered signal from tissue is filtered to comprise only frequency content of at least twice the centre frequency of the transmitted ultrasound. Harmonic imaging used for perfusion detection when using ultrasound
1292:: In clinical settings when pneumothorax is suspected, lung ultrasound can aid in diagnosis. In pneumothorax, air is present between the two layers of the pleura and lung sliding on ultrasound is therefore absent. The
1026:, by relatively inexpensive and low risk ultrasound Doppler probes attached to portable monitors. These provide non-invasive or transcutaneous (non-piercing) minimal invasive blood flow assessment. Common examples are
7495:
2667:"Diagnostic ultrasound is recognized as a safe, effective, and highly flexible imaging modality capable of providing clinically relevant information about most parts of the body in a rapid and cost-effective fashion".
2558:"Live" images can be dynamically selected, permitting diagnosis and documentation often rapidly. Live images also permit ultrasound-guided biopsies or injections, which can be cumbersome with other imaging modalities.
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to look into the body, but Hertz said this was impossible. However, he said, it might be possible to use ultrasonography. Hertz was familiar with using ultrasonic reflectoscopes of the American acoustical physicist
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Quantitative ultrasound is an adjunct musculoskeletal test for myopathic disease in children; estimates of lean body mass in adults; proxy measures of muscle quality (i.e., tissue composition) in older adults with
6232:
Pochon S, Tardy I, Bussat P, Bettinger T, Brochot J, Von Wronski M, Passantino L, Schneider M (2010). "BR55: A lipopeptide-based VEGFR2-targeted ultrasound contrast agent for molecular imaging of angiogenesis".
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Figures released for the period 2005â2006 by the UK Government (Department of Health) show that non-obstetric ultrasound examinations constituted more than 65% of the total number of ultrasound scans conducted.
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aimed at a specific tumor or calculus is not an imaging mode. However, for positioning a treatment probe to focus on a specific region of interest, A-mode and B-mode are typically used, often during treatment.
2751:
1440:, which is curable but must be treated to preserve health and fertility. There are two methods of performing pelvic sonography â externally or internally. The internal pelvic sonogram is performed either trans
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for Ultrasound in Medicine, European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound (2013). "Guidelines and Good Clinical Practice Recommendations for Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) in the Liver â Update 2012".
1187:. Its use in the emergency department for the timely diagnosis of conditions such as retinal or vitreous detachment, retinal and vitreous hemorrhages, and intra-ocular foreign bodies is common and important.
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with a self-confessed "childish interest in machines, electronic and otherwise", who, having treated the wife of one of the company's directors, was invited to visit the Research Department of boilermakers
2707:
A later study, however, performed on a larger sample of 8865 children, has established a statistically significant, albeit weak association of ultrasonography exposure and being non-right handed later in
2601:
can offer a relatively inexpensive, real-time, and flexible method for capturing data required for specific research purposes of tissue characterization and development of new image processing techniques.
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Frinking PJ, Tardy I, Théraulaz M, Arditi M, Powers J, Pochon S, Tranquart F (2012). "Effects of Acoustic Radiation Force on the Binding Efficiency of BR55, a VEGFR2-Specific Ultrasound Contrast Agent".
5934:
Rognin NG, Arditi M, Mercier L, Frinking PJ, Schneider M, Perrenoud G, Anaye A, Meuwly J, Tranquart F (2010). "Parametric imaging for characterizing focal liver lesions in contrast-enhanced ultrasound".
2747:
2645:
Image quality and accuracy of diagnosis is limited with obese patients and overlying subcutaneous fat attenuates the sound beam. A lower frequency transducer is required with subsequent lower resolution.
522:
Intravascular ultrasound image of a coronary artery (left), with color-coding on the right, delineating the lumen (yellow), external elastic membrane (blue) and the atherosclerotic plaque burden (green)
379:) while suppressing the signals from the surrounding stationary tissue. It aims to visualize flowing blood and surrounding stationary tissues simultaneously. It is thus an alternative or complement to
1209:
placement. Although air present in the lungs does not allow good penetration of ultrasound waves, interpretation of specific artifacts created on the lung surface can be used to detect abnormalities.
266:
transducers are commonly employed. At the extreme, very small transducers can be mounted on small diameter catheters and placed within blood vessels to image the walls and disease of those vessels.
3996:
Singh Y, Tissot C, Fraga MV, Yousef N, Cortes RG, Lopez J, Sanchez-de-Toledo J, Brierley J, Colunga JM, Raffaj D, Da Cruz E, Durand P, Kenderessy P, Lang HJ, Nishisaki A (February 24, 2020).
998:
organs and the embryo/fetus. Biological effects of non-thermal origin have been reported in animals but, to date, no such effects have been demonstrated in humans, except when a micro-bubble
302:
recording in high-speed photography. As moving tissue transitions produce backscattering, this can be used to determine the displacement of specific organ structures, most commonly the heart.
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for detecting proximal deep vein thrombosis in symptomatic patients. Results are not reliable when the patient is asymptomatic, for example in high risk postoperative orthopedic patients.
1813:
transducer may be used to sweep the beam electronically. The received data is processed and used to construct the image. The image is then a 2-D representation of the slice into the body.
4764:
2864:. He adapted their industrial ultrasound equipment to conduct experiments on various anatomical specimens and assess their ultrasonic characteristics. Together with the medical physicist
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or spatial filtering technique. This focusing produces an arc-shaped sound wave from the face of the transducer. The wave travels into the body and comes into focus at a desired depth.
1076:. Many other benign and malignant conditions in the head and neck can be differentiated, evaluated, and managed with the help of diagnostic ultrasound and ultrasound-guided procedures.
3785:
5997:
Tranquart F, Mercier L, Frinking P, Gaud E, Arditi M (2012). "Perfusion Quantification in Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) â Ready for Research Projects and Routine Clinical Use".
2118:) have emerged for identifying early patient response to anti-cancerous drug treatment (methodology and clinical study by Dr. Nathalie Lassau in 2011), enabling the best oncological
230:
greater than 20,000 Hz, which is the approximate upper threshold of human hearing. Ultrasonic images, also known as sonograms, are created by sending pulses of ultrasound into
4237:
1236:
ultrasound beams create when imaging healthy versus diseased lung tissue. Three commonly seen and utilized artifacts in lung ultrasound include lung sliding, A-lines, and B-lines.
864:. Ultrasonography reveals a "bright" liver with increased echogenicity. Pocket-sized ultrasound devices might be used as point-of-care screening tools to diagnose liver steatosis.
2974:
In 1962, after about two years of work, Joseph Holmes, William Wright, and Ralph Meyerdirk developed the first compound contact B-mode scanner. Their work had been supported by
1632:
As stated, the sound is focused either by the shape of the transducer, a lens in front of the transducer, or a complex set of control pulses from the ultrasound scanner, in the
5679:
306:
Most machines convert two-way time to imaging depth using as assumed speed of sound of 1540 m/s. As the actual speed of sound varies greatly in different tissue types, an
2137:
practice of medical contrast ultrasonography, clinicians use 'parametric imaging of vascular signatures' invented by Dr. Nicolas Rognin in 2010. This method is conceived as a
8057:
8021:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, p. 62, describing earlier not completely successful attempt by the brothers to image a brain in 1937, which may be the same experiment.
7503:
6950:
Jongbloets L, Koopman M, BĂŒller H, Ten Cate J, Lensing A (1994). "Limitations of compression ultrasound for the detection of symptomless postoperative deep vein thrombosis".
2727:, and worldwide by other national regulatory agencies. The FDA limits acoustic output using several metrics; generally, other agencies accept the FDA-established guidelines.
1613:, though frequencies up to 50â100 megahertz have been used experimentally in a technique known as biomicroscopy in special regions, such as the anterior chamber of the eye.
478:. Deeper structures such as liver and kidney are imaged at lower frequencies (1â6 MHz) with lower axial and lateral resolution as a price of deeper tissue penetration.
7942:
2773:
274:
The imaging mode refers to probe and machine settings that result in specific dimensions of the ultrasound image. Several modes of ultrasound are used in medical imaging:
2868:. and fellow obstetrician John MacVicar, Donald refined the equipment to enable differentiation of pathology in live volunteer patients. These findings were reported in
618:
2742:
are the only US states that regulate diagnostic medical sonographers. Certification examinations for sonographers are available in the US from three organizations: the
1108:) until these completely close at about 1 year of age by which time they have formed a virtually impenetrable acoustic barrier to ultrasound. The most common site for
6170:
Klibanov AL, Hughes MS, Marsh JN, Hall CS, Miller JG, Wilble JH, Brandenburger GH (1997). "Targeting of ultrasound contrast material. An in vitro feasibility study".
1325:, obesity, or patient positioning, all of which reduce the sensitivity of the physical exam. Consequently, lung ultrasound can be an additional tool to augment plain
1006:
Nonetheless, care should be taken to use low power settings and avoid pulsed wave scanning of the fetal brain unless specifically indicated in high risk pregnancies.
320:
An imaging technique refers to a method of signal generation and processing that results in a specific application. Most imaging techniques are operating in B-mode.
2997:
The first demonstration of color Doppler was by Geoff Stevenson, who was involved in the early developments and medical use of Doppler shifted ultrasonic energy.
5061:"It is not just muscle mass: a review of muscle quality, composition and metabolism during ageing as determinants of muscle function and mobility in later life"
9284:
2654:
80% of sonographers experience Repetitive Strain Injuries (RSI) or so-called Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WMSD) because of bad ergonomic positions.
6040:
Angelelli P, Nylund K, Gilja OH, Hauser H (2011). "Interactive visual analysis of contrast-enhanced ultrasound data based on small neighborhood statistics".
825:) and ultrasound is the initial imaging choice, avoiding radiation if possible, although it frequently needs to be followed by other imaging methods such as
2874:
on 7 June 1958 as "Investigation of Abdominal Masses by Pulsed Ultrasound" â possibly one of the most important papers published in the field of diagnostic
1743:
7894:
7127:
Glozman T, Azhari H (March 2010). "A Method for Characterization of Tissue Elastic Properties Combining Ultrasonic Computed Tomography With Elastography".
7072:"Multiparametric ultrasound versus multiparametric MRI to diagnose prostate cancer (CADMUS): a prospective, multicentre, paired-cohort, confirmatory study"
1930:). Contrast-enhanced ultrasound using gas-filled microbubble contrast media can be used to improve velocity or other flow-related measurements of interest.
2743:
2509:
of multiple ultrasound images into a broader one. It can display an entire abnormality and show its relationship to nearby structures on a single image.
2279:
at their earliest stage of appearance. Molecular ultrasonography (or ultrasound molecular imaging) uses targeted microbubbles originally designed by Dr
1820:
transducers that can sweep the beam in 3-D have been developed. These can image faster and can even be used to make live 3-D images of a beating heart.
4881:
7723:
Kieler H, Axelsson O, Haglund B, Nilsson S, Salvesen KĂ
(1998). "Routine ultrasound screening in pregnancy and the children's subsequent handedness".
2697:
published in 2006 found a small but significant correlation between prolonged and frequent use of ultrasound and abnormal neuronal migration in mice.
2651:
There is no scout image as there is with CT and MRI. Once an image has been acquired there is no exact way to tell which part of the body was imaged.
1740:
Penetrating deep into the body with sonography is difficult. Some acoustic energy is lost each time an echo is formed, but most of it (approximately
1267:
differences between water and air. However, excessive B-lines (three or more) are abnormal and are typically indicative of underlying lung pathology.
7305:
Nightingale KR, Soo MS, Nightingale R, Trahey GE (2002). "Acoustic radiation force impulse imaging: in vivo demonstration of clinical feasibility".
5766:"The EFSUMB Guidelines and Recommendations on the Clinical Practice of Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS): Update 2011 on non-hepatic applications"
4776:
8353:
Medical Imaging Past Present and Future: 2 ARRT category A continuing education credits are available by way of an online post test at XRayCeRT.com
7340:
6387:
2890:
2247:
radiation. The parametric imaging of vascular signatures method proved to be effective in humans for characterization of tumors in the liver. In a
361:
7955:
7055:
Conference: Proceedings of the Second National Conference on Signal & Image Processing, at S.M.K. Fomra Institute of Technology Chennai, India
6463:"An In Vivo Validation of the Application of Acoustic Radiation Force to Enhance the Diagnostic Utility of Molecular Imaging Using 3-D Ultrasound"
7354:
Llamas-Ălvarez AM, Tenza-Lozano EM, Latour-PĂ©rez J (February 2017). "Accuracy of Lung Ultrasonography in the Diagnosis of Pneumonia in Adults".
6639:
Ophir, J., CĂ©spides, I., Ponnekanti, H., Li, X. (1991). "Elastography: A quantitative method for imaging the elasticity of biological tissues".
6278:"Targeted Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Imaging of Tumor Angiogenesis with Contrast Microbubbles Conjugated to Integrin-Binding Knottin Peptides"
599:
313:
Three-dimensional imaging is done by combining B-mode images, using dedicated rotating or stationary probes. This has also been referred to as
89:
6512:"Molecular Ultrasound Imaging Enhancement by Volumic Acoustic Radiation Force (VARF): Pre-clinical in vivo Validation in a Murine Tumor Model"
8999:
8683:
5589:
The Prevalence Of Diastolic Dysfunction In Patients With Hypertension Referred For Echocardiographic Assessment of Left Ventricular Function.
720:
6860:"Compression ultrasonography for diagnostic management of patients with clinically suspected deep vein thrombosis: Prospective cohort study"
3889:
2954:
The first successful measurement of heart activity was made on October 29, 1953, using a device borrowed from the ship construction company
2157:
to analyze a time sequence of ultrasound contrast images, a digital video recorded in real-time during patient examination. Two consecutive
8813:
8193:
8145:
548:(B Mode imaging combined with Doppler flow measurement) is used to diagnose arterial and venous disease. This is particularly important in
917:. It uses transducers designed for approaches through the lower abdominal wall, curvilinear and sector, and specialty transducers such as
8825:
3961:
Yoshida H, Yasuhara A, Kobayashi Y (March 1991). "Transcranial Doppler sonographic studies of cerebral blood flow velocity in neonates".
1839:, in which the probe has two 2D planes perpendicular to each other, providing more efficient localization and detection. Furthermore, an
1639:
Materials on the face of the transducer enable the sound to be transmitted efficiently into the body (often a rubbery coating, a form of
747:. Emergency Medicine Residency Programs have a substantial history of promoting the use of bedside ultrasound during physician training.
886:
Orthogonal planes of a three-dimensional sonographic volume with transverse and coronal measurements for estimating fetal cranial volume
9153:
2768:
Ultrasound-based pre-natal care and sex screening technologies were launched in India in the 1980s. With concerns about its misuse for
6511:
2626:
Sonography performs very poorly when there is gas between the transducer and the organ of interest, due to the extreme differences in
8425:
6764:
Ozderya A, Aydin K, Gokkaya N, Temizkan S (June 2018). "Percutaneous Ethanol Injection for Benign Cystic and Mixed Thyroid Nodules".
5686:
4057:"Lung Ultrasonography Score to Evaluate Oxygenation and Surfactant Need in Neonates Treated With Continuous Positive Airway Pressure"
2426:
614:
343:
and for the detection of tissue harmonics. Common pulse schemes for the creation of harmonic response without the need of real-time
9261:
3723:
2348:
For example, cancerous tumors will often be harder than the surrounding tissue, and diseased livers are stiffer than healthy ones.
1362:: Lung ultrasound has proved useful in the diagnosis of COVID-19 especially in cases where other investigations are not available.
8791:
7262:
Goss SA, Johnston RL, Dunn F (August 1978). "Comprehensive compilation of empirical ultrasonic properties of mammalian tissues".
2810:
outlining the ventricles of a human brain. Ultrasonic energy was first applied to the human body for medical purposes by Dr
1293:
17:
2777:
It is currently illegal and a punishable crime in India to determine or disclose the sex of a fetus using ultrasound equipment.
2327:
research, the technique of acoustic radiation force was implemented as a prototype in clinical ultrasound systems and validated
1683:
Once the ultrasonic scanner determines these two, it can locate which pixel in the image to illuminate and with what intensity.
4894:
HĂŒbner U, Schlicht W, Outzen S, Barthel M, Halsband H (November 2000). "Ultrasound in the diagnosis of fractures in children".
3168:
water to fill the bladder; sometimes, during the examination, it may be required to fill the stomach with non-carbonated water.
1914:
areas and function, abnormal communications between the left and right side of the heart, leaking of blood through the valves (
860:
allows for both detection and characterization. Ultrasound imaging studies are often obtained during the evaluation process of
8367:
8252:
Edler I, Hertz CH (2004). "The Use of Ultrasonic Reflectoscope for the Continuous Recording of the Movements of Heart Walls".
490:, ultrasound is commonly used to guide the placement of needles when injecting local anesthetic solutions in the proximity of
8796:
8201:
8153:
8031:
7448:
5492:
5467:
5278:
5161:
Ismail C, Zabal J, Hernandez HJ, Woletz P, Manning H, Teixeira C, DiPietro L, Blackman MR, Harris-Love MO (January 1, 2015).
4809:
4377:
Blanco PA, Cianciulli TF (2016). "Pulmonary Edema Assessed by Ultrasound: Impact in Cardiology and Intensive Care Practice".
4301:
3759:
3288:
3064:
2409:
2398:
1515:
7527:"Ultrasound screening in pregnancy: A systematic review of the clinical effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and women's views"
2648:
The method is operator-dependent. Skill and experience is needed to acquire good-quality images and make accurate diagnoses.
2531:
Compared to shear-wave elastography, SoS imaging has better ex-vivo tissue differentiation for benign and malignant tumors.
242:
off tissues with different reflection properties and are returned to the probe which records and displays them as an image.
8061:
8118:
5163:"Diagnostic ultrasound estimates of muscle mass and muscle quality discriminate between women with and without sarcopenia"
4716:"The Diagnostic Accuracy and Prognostic Value of Lung ultrasound in Suspected COVID-19 a retrospective service evaluation"
4675:"S68 National COVID point of care lung ultrasound evaluation (society for acute medicine with the intensive care society)"
2094:
tumor, which exhibits a contrast uptake (kinetics of microbubbles concentration in blood circulation) faster than healthy
8637:
3921:
2975:
2429:, wherein absence of vein compressibility is a strong indicator of thrombosis. Compression ultrasonography has both high
1298:
6067:
9189:
9068:
8808:
8717:
6858:
Cogo A, Lensing AW, Koopman MM, Piovella F, Siragusa S, Wells PS, Villalta S, BĂŒller HR, Turpie AG, Prandoni P (1998).
5110:
Watanabe Y, Yamada Y, Fukumoto Y, Ishihara T, Yokoyama K, Yoshida T, Miyake M, Yamagata E, Kimura M (January 1, 2013).
3143:
2555:, and bone surfaces are imaged very well including the delineation of interfaces between solid and fluid-filled spaces.
1910:
of blood and cardiac tissue at any arbitrary point using the Doppler effect. Velocity measurements allow assessment of
2169:
calculation of a vascular signature (contrast uptake difference with respect to healthy tissue surrounding the tumor);
8647:
7219:
Goss SA, Johnston RL, Dunn F (July 1980). "Compilation of empirical ultrasonic properties of mammalian tissues. II".
5436:
4516:"Thoracic ultrasound for pleural effusion in the intensive care unit: a narrative review from diagnosis to treatment"
3249:
3016:
2848:
401:
Compared to other medical imaging modalities, ultrasound has several advantages. It provides images in real-time, is
7464:
6080:
Anaye A, Perrenoud G, Rognin N, Arditi M, Mercier L, Frinking P, Ruffieux C, Peetrons P, Meuli R, Meuwly JY (2011).
2885:
head measurement to assess the size and growth of the fetus. With the opening of the new Queen Mother's Hospital in
9364:
8632:
8627:
8510:
2805:
in 1880, ultrasonic waves could be deliberately generated for industry. In 1940, the American acoustical physicist
2581:
2368:
5332:"EP2542914A1 - System and method for using orthogonally-coded active source signals for reflected signal analysis"
4422:"The use of lung ultrasound images for the differential diagnosis of pulmonary and cardiac interstitial pathology"
3425:
Wachsberg RH (June 2007). "B-Flow Imaging of the Hepatic Vasculature: Correlation with Color Doppler Sonography".
2962:. On December 16 the same year, the method was applied to generate an echo-encephalogram (ultrasonic probe of the
1625:), the beam width narrows to half of the transducer width, and after that the width increases (far zone length or
1321:
of the chest. However, these exam techniques can be complicated by a variety of factors including the presence of
8712:
8695:
4567:"Real-time endobronchial ultrasound guided transbronchial needle aspiration for sampling mediastinal lymph nodes"
2489:
1711:
1676:
How long it took the echo to be received from when the sound was transmitted. (Time and distance are equivalent.)
980:
857:
7433:
Training in diagnostic ultrasound : essentials, principles and standards : report of a WHO study group
6999:"Ultrasound of paediatric appendicitis and its secondary sonographic signs: providing a more meaningful finding"
4147:"Point-of-Care Ocular Ultrasound for the Diagnosis of Retinal Detachment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
3304:
Postema M, Kotopoulis S, Jenderka KV (2019). "Physical principles of medical ultrasound". In Dietrich CF (ed.).
9374:
9073:
8920:
8820:
8803:
7902:
4104:"Lung Ultrasound Score for Prediction of Surfactant Administration in Preterm Infants with Respiratory Failure"
3138:
2881:
At GRMH, Professor Donald and James Willocks then refined their techniques to obstetric applications including
2280:
1601:
transducer encased in a plastic housing. Strong, short electrical pulses from the ultrasound machine drive the
263:
74:
9016:
2789:, offering the same non-invasive imaging that helps in the diagnosis and monitoring of conditions in animals.
1616:
Older technology transducers focused their beam with physical lenses. Contemporary technology transducers use
9199:
9053:
8652:
8527:
8519:
8418:
7926:
4974:"Quantitative ultrasound: measurement considerations for the assessment of muscular dystrophy and sarcopenia"
4673:
Knight T, Parulekar P, Rudge G, Lesser F, Dachsel M, Aujayeb A, Lasserson D, Smallwood N (November 1, 2021).
2979:
2598:
1809:
image, the ultrasonic beam is swept. A transducer may be swept mechanically by rotating or swinging or a 1-D
235:
5358:
1883:
is the measurement of velocity by color scale. Color Doppler images are generally combined with gray scale (
153:
applications of ultrasound. In diagnosis, it is used to create an image of internal body structures such as
9310:
9244:
9176:
9166:
9144:
8915:
8883:
8514:
6197:
Klibanov A (1999). "Targeted delivery of gas-filled microspheres, contrast agents for ultrasound imaging".
2724:
2033:
2019:
1400:
to determine the amount of fluid retained in a patient's bladder. In a pelvic sonogram, images include the
1389:
1101:
1035:
947:
356:
8974:
8942:
8925:
2430:
924:
890:
873:
506:
is frequently used by neuro-anesthesiologists for obtaining information about flow-velocity in the basal
4194:
Kilker BA, Holst JM, Hoffmann B (August 2014). "Bedside ocular ultrasound in the emergency department".
2394:
613:
In the case of the common and potentially, serious problem of blood clots in the deep veins of the leg,
582:
probe attached to its distal end, which is then threaded inside a blood vessel. The proximal end of the
9359:
9048:
8783:
8523:
7963:
6907:
Kearon C, Julian JA, Newman TE, Ginsberg JS (1998). "Noninvasive Diagnosis of Deep Venous Thrombosis".
2585:
2564:
There are no known long-term side effects when used according to guidelines, and discomfort is minimal.
1142:
671:
7855:
2591:
9369:
9289:
8957:
8947:
3810:
Hellman L, Duffus G, Donald I, Sundén B (May 1970). "Safety of Diagnostic Ultrasound in Obstetrics".
3305:
2283:
in 1997; such targeted microbubbles specifically bind or adhere to tumoral microvessels by targeting
2231:(risk of cancer), green or yellow â a high probability of benignity. In the first case (suspicion of
2102:. Other clinical applications using contrast exist, as in echocardiography to improve delineation of
1672:
To make an image, the ultrasound scanner must determine two characteristics from each received echo:
877:
766:
756:
178:
6082:"Differentiation of Focal Liver Lesions: Usefulness of Parametric Imaging with Contrast-enhanced US"
9349:
9328:
9279:
9058:
8937:
8910:
8671:
8456:
8411:
2990:
2762:
2663:
Ultrasonography is generally considered safe imaging, with the World Health Organizations stating:
2470:
2316:
1895:
1372:
708:
595:
567:
531:
96:
5366:. Geneva: Diagnostic Imaging and Laboratory Technology - World Health Organisation. pp. 25â26
3763:
3607:"Ultrasound Guidelines: Emergency, Point-of-Care and Clinical Ultrasound Guidelines in Medicine".
2630:. For example, overlying gas in the gastrointestinal tract often makes ultrasound scanning of the
2614:
Double aorta artifact in sonography due to difference in velocity of sound waves in muscle and fat
2497:. Top image shows the contralateral normal side, and lower image shows a retracted muscle, with a
1092:
can be used for basic assessment of intracerebral structural abnormalities, suspected hemorrhage,
639:
494:
identified within the ultrasound image (nerve block). It is also used for vascular access such as
9227:
9063:
9004:
8989:
8878:
8700:
8676:
5295:
3897:
2694:
2576:
Transducers have become relatively inexpensive compared to other modes of investigation, such as
1871:
1858:
1302:
918:
826:
679:
553:
527:
380:
325:
259:
8217:
Donald I, MacVicar J, Brown T (1958). "Investigation of Abdominal Masses by Pulsed Ultrasound".
4929:
Zaidman CM, van Alfen N (April 1, 2016). "Ultrasound in the Assessment of Myopathic Disorders".
4880:
Arend CF. Ultrasound of the Shoulder. Porto Alegre: Master Medical Books; 2013. (Free access at
3951:
Ghervan C. Thyroid and parathyroid ultrasound. Med Ultrason. 2011 Mar;13(1):80-4. PMID 21390348.
1902:. An echocardiogram can, within certain limits, produce accurate assessment of the direction of
446:). Sonography is effective for imaging soft tissues of the body. Superficial structures such as
9098:
8967:
8898:
8705:
5112:"Echo intensity obtained from ultrasonography images reflecting muscle strength in elderly men"
2948:
2904:. Diagnostic ultrasound has since been imported into practically every other area of medicine.
2769:
2720:
2119:
2067:
during the ultrasonography examination. Due to their size, the microbubbles remain confined in
1915:
1626:
1461:
1322:
1019:
814:
426:
389:
150:
59:
4799:
3278:
2610:
2028:
for medical ultrasonography is a formulation of encapsulated gaseous microbubbles to increase
1229:(bright white) horizontal line if the ultrasound probe is applied perpendicularly to the skin.
8962:
8893:
8759:
8642:
8561:
8468:
7334:
6390:(1999). "Acoustic radiation force in vivo: A mechanism to assist targeting of microbubbles".
3118:
2494:
2154:
2111:
1975:
1927:
1847:, many 2D planes are digitally added together to create a 3-dimensional image of the object.
1797:
The speed of sound varies as it travels through different materials, and is dependent on the
1617:
1550:
1527:
1481:
838:
728:
667:
409:, air or gases, and the necessity of a skilled operator, usually with professional training.
254:
216:
6920:
4514:
Brogi E, Gargani L, Bignami E, Barbariol F, Marra A, Forfori F, Vetrugno L (December 2017).
2951:, and together Edler and Hertz developed the idea of applying this methodology in medicine.
2125:
817:
and attenuated to differing degrees by fat, sometimes limiting diagnostic capabilities. The
625:
to assist with planning of suitable interventions to relieve symptoms or improve cosmetics.
9305:
8994:
8932:
8754:
8058:"The History of Ultrasound: A collection of recollections, articles, interviews and images"
7579:
7271:
7228:
6687:
6519:
6325:
Lindner JR (2004). "Molecular imaging with contrast ultrasound and targeted microbubbles".
5476:
3100:
2865:
1933:
1816:
1806:
1791:
1112:
is the anterior fontanelle. The smaller the fontanelle, the more the image is compromised.
1089:
1027:
703:
683:
561:
507:
503:
499:
3938:
2634:
difficult. Lung imaging however can be useful in demarcating pleural effusions, detecting
351:
181:, and was an early development of clinical ultrasonography. The machine used is called an
8:
9251:
9129:
8952:
8688:
7676:"Routine ultrasonography in utero and subsequent handedness and neurological development"
3560:"IVUS-based imaging modalities for tissue characterization: similarities and differences"
2928:
2924:
2786:
2173:
1497:
861:
846:
830:
770:
760:
402:
31:
7583:
7275:
7232:
6691:
4691:
4674:
1165:, especially for determining the power of an intraocular lens after cataract extraction.
9354:
9239:
9088:
9083:
8984:
8722:
8473:
8277:
8100:
7995:
7978:
7838:
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7700:
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7656:
7602:
7567:
7379:
7196:
7187:
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7152:
7109:
7023:
6998:
6975:
6932:
6884:
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6808:
6789:
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6700:
6675:
6616:
6591:
6562:
6537:
6487:
6478:
6462:
6439:
6374:
6350:
6302:
6277:
6258:
6147:
6122:
6022:
5960:
5916:
5831:
5807:"Quantitative contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging: A review of sources of variability"
5806:
5745:
5725:
5626:
5614:
5536:
5509:
5409:
5243:
5216:
5189:
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475:
35:
8230:
7809:"Ultrasound in pregnancy and non-right handedness: Meta-analysis of randomized trials"
7736:
7318:
7087:
6963:
6403:
6210:
6123:"Diagnostic Value of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Parametric Imaging in Breast Tumors"
5390:"An Adaptive Low-Complexity Abnormality Detection Scheme for Wearable Ultrasonography"
3823:
3721:
Dubose TJ (1985). "Fetal Biometry: Vertical Calvarial Diameter and Calvarial Volume".
3620:
3410:
3393:
2594:
is better in high frequency ultrasound transducers than most other imaging modalities.
2539:
As with all imaging modalities, ultrasonography has positive and negative attributes.
1783:{\displaystyle \textstyle 0.5{\frac {\mbox{dB}}{{\mbox{cm depth}}\cdot {\mbox{MHz}}}}}
1589:
739:). Other uses include assisting with differentiating causes of abdominal pain such as
30:
This article is about imaging the human body. For imaging of animals in research, see
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7956:"THE PRE-NATAL DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES (REGULATION AND PREVENTION OF MISUSE) ACT, 1994"
7830:
7781:
7740:
7705:
7648:
7643:
7627:"Sinistralityâa side-effect of prenatal sonography: A comparative study of young men"
7626:
7607:
7548:
7525:
Bricker L, Garcia J, Henderson J, Mugford M, Neilson J, Roberts T, Martin MA (2000).
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3491:
3442:
3374:
3326:
3284:
3245:
3204:
2364:
2268:
2215:
2158:
2084:
2080:
2006:
1729:
1655:, small structures in organs, etc. Some of the reflections return to the transducer.
1602:
1578:
1437:
1252:
1222:
1061:
961:
687:
556:
is commonly used for assessing blood flow and potential or suspected stenosis in the
545:
422:
84:
8281:
7793:
7660:
7410:
7383:
7156:
6979:
6936:
6750:
6354:
6262:
5964:
5920:
5805:
Tang MX, Mulvana H, Gauthier T, Lim AK, Cosgrove DO, Eckersley RJ, Stride E (2011).
5630:
4958:
4406:
4223:
4180:
3744:
3679:
3636:
3462:"Ultrasound Use in Urinary Stones: Adapting Old Technology for a Modern-Day Disease"
3216:
2079:
contrast media is therefore purely intravascular, making it an ideal agent to image
8905:
8764:
8536:
8488:
8331:
8261:
8226:
8167:
8092:
7990:
7842:
7820:
7771:
7732:
7695:
7687:
7638:
7597:
7587:
7538:
7436:
7406:
7363:
7314:
7279:
7236:
7191:
7183:
7136:
7091:
7083:
7018:
7010:
6994:
6959:
6916:
6879:
6871:
6830:
6820:
6793:
6773:
6728:
6695:
6648:
6611:
6603:
6557:
6549:
6482:
6474:
6435:
6399:
6338:
6334:
6297:
6289:
6242:
6206:
6142:
6134:
6093:
6049:
6026:
6006:
5944:
5900:
5864:
5826:
5818:
5777:
5749:
5729:
5721:
5653:
5610:
5531:
5521:
5401:
5331:
5307:
5238:
5228:
5184:
5174:
5133:
5123:
5082:
5072:
5033:
4995:
4985:
4938:
4903:
4853:
4845:
4727:
4686:
4637:
4627:
4586:
4578:
4537:
4527:
4483:
4441:
4433:
4386:
4349:
4339:
4203:
4158:
4111:
4068:
4055:
Brat R, Yousef N, Klifa R, Reynaud S, Shankar Aguilera S, De Luca D (August 2015).
4027:
4009:
3970:
3858:
3819:
3732:
3704:
3659:
3616:
3579:
3571:
3544:
3522:
3481:
3473:
3434:
3405:
3364:
3356:
3314:
3237:
3196:
2900:
2802:
2758:
2272:
2248:
2219:
2218:
in each pixel is completed, a color spatial map of the parameter is displayed on a
2095:
2041:
1326:
1313:
1093:
1023:
914:
910:
774:
655:
634:
622:
443:
344:
231:
115:
65:
8035:
7071:
6369:
5559:
2190:
for continuous hyper-enhancement (contrast uptake higher than healthy tissue one),
9114:
8566:
8532:
8505:
8500:
8434:
8351:
8159:
7930:
6246:
5457:
4942:
4907:
4207:
4108:
Journal of Perinatology: Official Journal of the California Perinatal Association
3925:
3088:
2986:
2944:
2932:
2913:
2875:
2806:
2506:
2466:
2405:
2301:
2276:
2256:
2232:
2146:
2037:
1979:
1554:
1511:
1492:
1470:
1445:
1409:
1381:
1280:
1244:
both that the lung is present at the chest wall and that the lung is functioning.
1184:
1069:
906:
902:
732:
716:
340:
142:
102:
7367:
7304:
6717:"Safe and effective percutaneous ethanol injection therapy of 200 thyroid cysts"
6676:"Corrigendum: Imaging the elastic properties of tissue: The 20 year perspective"
4972:
Harris-Love MO, Monfaredi R, Ismail C, Blackman MR, Cleary K (January 1, 2014).
4849:
4472:"International evidence-based recommendations for point-of-care lung ultrasound"
3511:"Mechanical and Biological Effects of Ultrasound: A Review of Present Knowledge"
2851:(GRMH) led to the first diagnostic applications of the technique. Donald was an
2196:
for continuous hypo-enhancement (contrast uptake lower than healthy tissue one),
1104:). It can be performed through the soft spots in the skull of a newborn infant (
437:
or to drain collections of fluid, which can be both diagnostic and therapeutic.
9256:
8297:"A short History of the development of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology"
6607:
5510:"Imaging modalities to diagnose carotid artery stenosis: progress and prospect"
5455:
5405:
5312:
5257:
5233:
4115:
3736:
2857:
2573:
Small, easily carried scanners are available which permit bedside examinations.
2297:
2103:
2087:
purposes. A typical clinical use of contrast ultrasonography is detection of a
2025:
1919:
1875:
1823:
1537:
1073:
999:
724:
691:
675:
557:
487:
376:
330:
8391:
7140:
6293:
6138:
6053:
5680:"CEUS Around the World â The International Contrast Ultrasound Society (ICUS)"
5591:
Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences, Vol. 11, No. 1, January 2004, pp. 66-74
5526:
4632:
4532:
4488:
4471:
4437:
4014:
3918:
3708:
3575:
2567:
Ability to image local variations in the mechanical properties of soft tissue.
2235:), the clinician typically prescribes a biopsy to confirm the diagnostic or a
474:(7â18 MHz), which provide better linear (axial) and horizontal (lateral)
9343:
8888:
8857:
8845:
8840:
8598:
8493:
8397:
8296:
7691:
7472:
6276:
Willmann JK, Kimura RH, Deshpande N, Lutz AM, Cochran JR, Gambhir SS (2010).
5389:
5179:
4990:
4123:
4080:
4023:
3650:
Harvey CJ, Albrecht T (September 2001). "Ultrasound of focal liver lesions".
3128:
3113:
3040:
3035:
2811:
2635:
2387:
2287:
cancer expression (overexpression of certain biomolecules that occurs during
2252:
2251:
context, this method might be potentially applicable to other organs such as
2088:
2068:
2060:
1983:
1911:
1844:
1598:
1412:
in females. In males, a sonogram will provide information about the bladder,
1334:
1202:
1131:
1097:
744:
42:
8336:
8319:
8163:
7868:
7758:
HeikkilÀ K, Vuoksimaa E, Oksava K, Saari-Kemppainen A, Iivanainen M (2011).
7592:
6875:
6098:
6081:
5948:
5868:
5585:
4582:
4344:
1428:). In young males, it is used to distinguish more benign testicular masses (
375:
is an imaging technique that digitally highlights moving reflectors (mainly
9271:
9124:
9119:
9026:
8850:
8835:
8769:
8273:
8238:
8139:
8135:
8004:
7945:. Public Health Foundation of India, Supported by United Nations FPA (2010)
7834:
7785:
7652:
7611:
7552:
7375:
7326:
7248:
7205:
7148:
7105:
7096:
7032:
6844:
6785:
6742:
6625:
6571:
6553:
6496:
6447:
6411:
6346:
6311:
6254:
6218:
6156:
6107:
6018:
6010:
5956:
5912:
5876:
5840:
5822:
5791:
5782:
5765:
5741:
5622:
5545:
5252:
5198:
5147:
5096:
5045:
5009:
4950:
4915:
4867:
4765:"Sonography of the female pelvic floor:clinical indications and techniques"
4741:
4651:
4600:
4551:
4497:
4455:
4398:
4363:
4215:
4172:
4131:
4103:
4088:
4056:
4041:
3872:
3671:
3628:
3593:
3536:
3495:
3446:
3378:
3208:
3133:
3123:
2894:
2819:
2798:
2739:
2519:
2450:
2375:
2342:
2320:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2262:
2240:
2150:
2114:. Finally, applications in quantitative perfusion (relative measurement of
2064:
2029:
1993:
1945:
1810:
1699:
Images from the ultrasound scanner are transferred and displayed using the
1652:
1622:
1480:, such as indicated in trauma, priapism, erectile dysfunction or suspected
1421:
1318:
1288:
1263:
1226:
822:
798:
607:
8171:
7744:
7709:
7568:"Prenatal exposure to ultrasound waves impacts neuronal migration in mice"
7418:
6971:
6928:
6893:
6660:
6183:
5665:
5077:
3982:
3831:
3663:
3477:
3241:
9194:
8749:
8581:
8571:
8551:
8541:
8483:
8478:
8447:
7291:
6825:
6777:
6638:
6385:
5564:
3148:
3071:
2552:
2324:
2309:
2202:
for fast hyper-enhancement (contrast uptake before healthy tissue one) or
2134:
2013:
1794:
for further details on modeling of acoustic attenuation and absorption.)
1633:
1606:
1351:
1345:
1162:
1116:
al., has been found to highly correlate with oxygenation in the newborn.
1085:
1065:
993:
According to the European Committee of Medical Ultrasound Safety (ECMUS)
663:
603:
495:
438:
8368:"Ultrasound Equipment Market Size, Share & Covid-19 Impact Analisys"
6733:
6716:
6590:
Sarvazyan A, Hall TJ, Urban MW, Fatemi M, Aglyamov SR, Garra BS (2011).
5733:
3438:
1205:, (drainage of pleural fluid (effusion)), needle aspiration biopsy, and
833:
is used particularly in the investigation of anorectal symptoms such as
8830:
8593:
8588:
8556:
7943:
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PCPNDT ACT IN INDIA â Perspectives and Challenges
7757:
7440:
6809:"Ultrasound Diagnostic and Therapeutic Injections of the Hip and Groin"
5128:
4732:
4715:
4390:
4163:
4146:
2920:
2917:
2870:
2852:
2844:
2731:
2623:. For example, sonography of the adult brain is currently very limited.
2379:
2228:
2115:
2091:
2076:
1987:
1965:
1937:
1903:
1724:
1720:
1648:
1574:
1533:
1505:
1429:
1338:
1105:
928:
781:. In abdominal sonography, the major organs of the abdomen such as the
659:
591:
587:
579:
430:
307:
282:
223:
212:
146:
138:
8096:
7353:
5937:
IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control
5904:
5587:
Abdul Latif Mohamed, Jun Yong, Jamil Masiyati, Lee Lim, Sze Chec Tee.
4616:"Point-of-care lung ultrasound during and after the COVID-19 pandemic"
4468:
2239:
examination as a second opinion. In the second case (quasi-certain of
310:
image is therefore not a true tomographic representation of the body.
124:
9157:
9093:
8546:
7825:
7808:
7776:
7759:
7283:
7240:
7014:
3005:
Major manufacturers of Medical Ultrasound Devices and Equipment are:
2704:
The above findings, however, were not confirmed in a follow-up study.
2305:
2208:
for fast hypo-enhancement (contrast uptake after healthy tissue one).
2177:
2141:
aided diagnostic tool, facilitating characterization of a suspicious
2045:
1990:
in beats per minute (BPM). Use of this monitor is sometimes known as
1961:
1936:(TCD) and transcranial color Doppler (TCCD), measure the velocity of
1923:
1610:
1573:
The creation of an image from sound has three steps â transmitting a
1433:
1417:
1180:
1158:
1135:
932:
802:
740:
648:
549:
537:
471:
227:
208:
7674:
Salvesen KA, Vatten LJ, Eik-Nes SH, Hugdahl K, Bakketeig LS (1993).
7543:
7526:
3558:
GarcĂŹa-GarcĂŹa HM, Gogas BD, Serruys PW, Bruining N (February 2011).
2931:, who was then a graduate student at the university's department of
845:
anatomy and is able to detect occult defects such as tearing of the
245:
9180:
7625:
Kieler H, Cnattingius S, Haglund B, Palmgren J, Axelsson O (2001).
6461:
Gessner RC, Streeter JE, Kothadia R, Feingold S, Dayton PA (2012).
3318:
3231:
3052:
2889:
in 1964, it became possible to improve these methods even further.
2886:
2631:
2498:
2449:
without and with compression. Absence of compressibility indicates
2223:
1969:
1957:
1907:
1413:
1385:
1358:
1206:
842:
782:
583:
575:
541:
467:
418:
174:
41:"Echography" and "Echograph" redirect here. Not to be confused wit
8403:
7923:
6538:"Medical ultrasound: imaging of soft tissue strain and elasticity"
5644:
Gramiak R, Shah PM (1968). "Echocardiography of the Aortic Root".
4971:
2959:
1048:
281:: Amplitude mode refers to the mode in which the amplitude of the
249:
An ultrasound result on fetal biometry printed on a piece of paper
9209:
8612:
8188:
Looking at the Unborn: Historical aspects of obstetric ultrasound
8141:
Looking at the Unborn: Historical aspects of obstetric ultrasound
6673:
5986:. World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). pp. 1â44.
3557:
3095:
3076:
2955:
2861:
2840:
2765:
on the part of the manufacturer in terms of machine calibration.
2577:
2329:
2236:
1863:
1397:
1330:
1262:
B-lines are also reverberation artifacts. They are visualized as
1057:
1018:
Blood velocity can be measured in various blood vessels, such as
898:
813:
may be imaged. However, sound waves may be blocked by gas in the
715:. These include differentiating cardiac from pulmonary causes of
463:
158:
154:
110:
7624:
7070:
Madaan S, Winkler M, Arya M, Emberton M, Ahmed HU (March 2022).
6592:"Overview of elastographyâan emerging branch of medical imaging"
6373:
for "BR55 in Prostate Cancer: an Exploratory Clinical Trial" at
4102:
Kelner J, Moote D, Shah R, Anuar A, Golioto A (August 9, 2024).
3264:
The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine, 2nd Edition, Vol. 1 A-B. p. 4
2465:
Compression is used in this ultrasonograph to get closer to the
1997:. The Doppler fetal monitor is commonly referred to simply as a
1377:
9204:
7172:"In vivo Breast Sound-Speed Imaging with Ultrasound Tomography"
6949:
6460:
5762:
3028:
2735:
2548:
2360:
2336:
2205:
2138:
2049:
1953:
1441:
1401:
894:
810:
806:
459:
455:
451:
447:
434:
7397:
Merritt CR (1989). "Ultrasound safety: What are the issues?".
5109:
3187:
Aldrich JE (May 2007). "Basic physics of ultrasound imaging".
2032:
of blood, discovered by Dr. Raymond Gramiak in 1968 and named
1737:
deeper tissues necessitates a lower frequency (3â5 MHz).
518:
9231:
8442:
7524:
6715:
Halenka M, Karasek D, Schovanek J, Frysak Z (June 18, 2020).
6714:
5454:
Page 161 (part II > Two-dimensional Echocardiography) in:
5300:
Continuing Education in Anaesthesia, Critical Care & Pain
4565:
Herth FJ, Eberhardt R, Vilmann P, Krasnik M, Ernst A (2006).
3847:"A short history of sonography in obstetrics and gynaecology"
3459:
3083:
3059:
3047:
3023:
3011:
2963:
2939:
2882:
2673:
2244:
2187:
2181:
2162:
2142:
2107:
2099:
1949:
1941:
1899:
1703:
standard. Normally, very little post processing is applied.
1700:
1562:
1510:
Ultrasound can also be used for needle guidance in muscle or
1477:
1405:
957:
936:
794:
786:
736:
644:
491:
299:
7722:
7673:
6992:
6424:
5996:
5456:
Reves, J. G., Estafanous, Fawzy G., Barash, Paul G. (2001).
5059:
McGregor RA, Cameron-Smith D, Poppitt SD (January 1, 2014).
5058:
4564:
4513:
2672:
information under the "as low as reasonably practicable" or
966:
Check the location of the placenta in relation to the cervix
927:
was originally developed in the late 1950s and 1960s by Sir
193:. The visual image formed using this technique is called an
8134:
6763:
6275:
6121:
Yuan Z, Quan J, Yunxiao Z, Jian C, Zhu H, Liping G (2013).
5933:
5889:
5710:
4893:
4326:
Husain L, Hagopian L, Wayman D, Baker W, Carmody K (2012).
3460:
Tzou DT, Usawachintachit M, Taguchi K, Chi T (April 2017).
2620:
2193:
2053:
1197:
619:
ultrasonography of chronic venous insufficiency of the legs
406:
333:
in detection and measuring moving targets, typically blood.
239:
7869:"Medical Technologist Certification & Degree Programs"
6906:
6857:
6231:
6079:
6039:
5853:
5387:
5160:
4672:
3786:"Pelvic / Gynaecology Ultrasound (including transvaginal)"
1273:
1138:, there are two major forms of eye exam using ultrasound:
882:
6068:
Contrast US processing tool shows malignant liver lesions
4325:
3809:
3303:
2570:
Equipment is widely available and comparatively flexible.
2199:
1733:
reflected and it becomes impossible to progress further.
721:
Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST) exam
7897:. In Nicolaides K, Rizzo G, Hecker K, Ximenes R (eds.).
7566:
Ang ES, Gluncic V, Duque A, Schafer ME, Rakic P (2006).
6589:
5388:
Srivastav A, Bhogi K, Mandal S, Sharad M (August 2019).
4294:
Lung Ultrasound in the Critically Ill: The BLUE Protocol
4262:
3960:
3394:"B-flow Ultrasonography of Peripheral Vascular Diseases"
2263:
Molecular ultrasonography (ultrasound molecular imaging)
1986:. These are hand-held, and some models also display the
564:
is used for imaging flow in the intracerebral arteries.
6169:
5980:"Parametric images based on dynamic behavior over time"
5485:
L'Investigation vasculaire par ultrasonographie doppler
4831:
3392:
Wang HK, Chou YH, Chiou HJ, Chiou SY, Chang CY (2005).
2005:
and provides information similar to that provided by a
1476:
Ultrasound is an excellent method for the study of the
7976:
7565:
5804:
4832:
Fernandes MA, Souza LR, Cartafina LP (July 23, 2018).
4713:
4613:
4054:
3995:
3345:"Ultrasound physical principles in today's technology"
3276:
2683:
2044:
in particular in the United States and for ultrasound
2014:
Contrast ultrasonography (ultrasound contrast imaging)
1770:
1760:
1753:
1747:
1221:
The lung surface is composed of visceral and parietal
750:
5462:. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
5215:
Hansen K, Nielsen M, Ewertsen C (December 23, 2015).
5214:
5022:
4896:
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume
4144:
2966:). Edler and Hertz published their findings in 1954.
2267:
The current future of contrast ultrasonography is in
1898:
is the use of Doppler ultrasonography to examine the
1746:
5459:
Cardiac anesthesia: principles and clinical practice
4804:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 433â.
4797:
4614:
Lesser FD, Smallwood N, Dachsel M (August 1, 2021).
4101:
3508:
1843:
probe can rotate 180° to obtain multiple images. In
8216:
7895:"Safety of diagnostic ultrasound in fetal scanning"
7169:
6516:
World Molecular Imaging Congress, Savannah, GA, USA
6120:
5601:Schneider M (1999). "Characteristics of SonoVueâą".
5217:"Ultrasonography of the Kidney: A Pictorial Review"
4193:
3890:"Avoid Fetal "Keepsake" Images, Heartbeat Monitors"
2744:
American Registry for Diagnostic Medical Sonography
2351:There are many ultrasound elastography techniques.
2129:
Parametric imaging of vascular signatures (diagram)
1013:
8185:
7170:Li C, Duric N, Littrup P, Huang L (October 2009).
7068:
4825:
3391:
2512:
2059:Microbubbles-based contrast media is administered
1782:
8050:
2354:
2271:with potential clinical applications expected in
1179:scan that produces a cross-sectional view of the
1041:
935:to check the development and presentation of the
723:, extended to include assessment for significant
9341:
7496:"Keepsake fetal ultrasounds (November 01, 2010)"
7264:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
7261:
7221:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
7218:
6800:
4928:
4798:Graham SD, Thomas E Keane (September 25, 2009).
4762:
4376:
4145:Gottlieb M, Holladay D, Peksa GD (August 2019).
2938:Edler had asked Hertz if it was possible to use
2408:can be guided by medical ultrasound, such as in
2180:, the latter coded in one of the four following
1251:When the ultrasound beam makes contact with the
893:examines female pelvic organs (specifically the
8144:. Wellcome Witnesses to Contemporary Medicine.
7572:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4791:
3338:
3336:
3313:(2nd ed.). London: EFSUMB. pp. 1â23.
2315:In molecular ultrasonography, the technique of
2153:) in an organ. This method is based on medical
417:Sonography (ultrasonography) is widely used in
8392:About the discovery of medical ultrasonography
7435:. World Health Organization. 1998. p. 2.
6674:Parker, K J, Doyley, M M, Rubens, D J (2012).
6535:
5383:
5381:
3649:
3349:Australasian Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine
2416:
1384:(black butterfly-like shape) and hyperplastic
600:capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer
8419:
7892:
7760:"Handedness in the Helsinki Ultrasound Trial"
7126:
7044:
7042:
5293:
5210:
5208:
3283:. Oxford University Press. pp. 422â423.
3272:
3270:
2752:American Registry of Radiologic Technologists
2619:Sonographic devices have trouble penetrating
1392:) visualized by medical sonographic technique
8194:History of Modern Biomedicine Research Group
8146:History of Modern Biomedicine Research Group
7339:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
6806:
5268:
4291:
3551:
3509:Izadifar Z, Babyn P, Chapman D (June 2017).
3418:
3333:
2912:Medical ultrasonography was used in 1953 at
2818:, in the late 1940s. English-born physicist
2484:
2337:Elastography (ultrasound elasticity imaging)
1723:) uses a probe containing multiple acoustic
867:
6813:Journal of the Belgian Society of Radiology
5764:Ter Haar G, Timmerman D, Weskott H (2011).
5643:
5507:
5378:
4419:
3884:
3882:
3385:
2040:modality is used throughout the world, for
1056:Most structures of the neck, including the
942:Obstetric ultrasound is primarily used to:
821:can sometimes be seen when inflamed (e.g.:
433:to guide interventional procedures such as
396:
8426:
8412:
8398:History of medical sonography (ultrasound)
8254:Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging
8251:
7039:
5482:
5205:
4714:Lesser FD, Dachsel M, Smallwood N (2022).
3267:
2774:Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques Act (PNDT)
2748:Cardiovascular Credentialing International
1852:
329:: This imaging technique makes use of the
58:
8335:
8320:"D. Eugene Strandness, Jr, MD, 1928â2002"
7994:
7824:
7813:Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology
7775:
7764:Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology
7699:
7642:
7601:
7591:
7542:
7195:
7095:
7022:
6900:
6883:
6834:
6824:
6807:Yeap PM, Robinson P (December 16, 2017).
6732:
6699:
6615:
6561:
6486:
6301:
6146:
6097:
5830:
5781:
5600:
5535:
5525:
5429:Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging: Inside Out
5394:IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems
5311:
5242:
5232:
5188:
5178:
5137:
5127:
5086:
5076:
4999:
4989:
4857:
4731:
4690:
4641:
4631:
4590:
4541:
4531:
4487:
4445:
4353:
4343:
4332:Journal of Emergencies, Trauma, and Shock
4162:
4031:
4013:
3862:
3583:
3526:
3485:
3424:
3409:
3368:
2814:at the Naval Medical Research Institute,
2658:
2525:
2505:Panoramic ultrasonography is the digital
2427:ultrasonography of deep venous thrombosis
1835:An additional expansion of ultrasound is
1790:) is lost from acoustic absorption. (See
1584:
1212:
647:showing the four chambers and mitral and
498:of large central veins and for difficult
347:are pulse inversion and power modulation.
34:. For therapeutic use of ultrasound, see
9262:Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging
7806:
7493:
6531:
6529:
6509:
6196:
5450:
5448:
5356:
3879:
3844:
3724:Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography
3342:
2723:equipment is regulated in the US by the
2609:
2493:Panoramic ultrasonography of a proximal
2488:
2393:
2359:Interventional ultrasonography involves
2176:of the vascular signature into a unique
2124:
1867:Duplex scan of the common carotid artery
1862:
1710:
1597:A sound wave is typically produced by a
1588:
1376:
1047:
881:
638:
590:equipment and allows the application of
517:
350:
244:
207:
8317:
7396:
6921:10.7326/0003-4819-128-8-199804150-00011
6585:
6583:
6581:
6542:Journal of the Royal Society, Interface
6386:Dayton P, Klibanov A, Brandenburger G,
6324:
5579:
5508:Saxena A, Ng E, Lim ST (May 28, 2019).
5329:
5325:
5323:
4328:"Sonographic diagnosis of pneumothorax"
3229:
3186:
2780:
1694:
1658:
1274:Lung pathology assessed with ultrasound
1119:
986:Check for fetal movement and heartbeat.
976:Check for major physical abnormalities.
513:
14:
9342:
5977:
4196:European Journal of Emergency Medicine
3928:. Efsumb.org. Retrieved on 2011-11-13.
3790:The British Medical Ultrasound Society
3757:
3720:
2785:Ultrasound is also a valuable tool in
2410:ultrasound-guided hip joint injections
1952:. They are useful in the diagnosis of
1473:, and can help identify solid masses.
1191:
8407:
8178:
8082:
8024:
7003:Journal of Medical Radiation Sciences
6526:
5445:
5426:
4763:Piloni VL, Spazzafumo L (June 2007).
4509:
4507:
4321:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4313:
4287:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4279:
3065:Mindray Medical International Limited
2989:and the bio-engineering group at the
2772:, the Government of India passed the
2399:Ultrasound-guided hip joint injection
1978:use the Doppler effect to detect the
1516:ultrasound-guided hip joint injection
1420:(for example to urgently distinguish
979:Assess fetal growth (for evidence of
697:
628:
7962:. September 20, 1994. Archived from
7307:Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology
7176:Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology
6851:
6578:
6467:Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology
6428:Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology
6392:Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology
5714:Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology
5320:
5294:Ng A, Swanevelder J (October 2011).
5026:Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology
4834:"Ultrasound evaluation of the penis"
3515:Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology
3280:Foundations of Biomedical Ultrasound
3155:
2561:Organ structure can be demonstrated.
1706:
1667:
1451:
711:ultrasound has many applications in
27:Diagnostic and therapeutic technique
8433:
8294:
5360:Basic physics of ultrasound imaging
5271:Ultrasound Biomicroscopy of the Eye
4931:Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology
4692:10.1136/thorax-2021-BTSabstracts.74
3233:Fundamentals of Medical Ultrasonics
2684:Studies on the safety of ultrasound
2106:for visualizing contractibility of
1593:A modern medical ultrasound scanner
1299:acute respiratory distress syndrome
1157:provides data on the length of the
751:Gastroenterology/Colorectal surgery
617:plays a key diagnostic role, while
258:special-use transducers, including
24:
9069:Sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy
8119:"Australian Ultrasound Innovation"
7188:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2009.05.011
6479:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2011.12.005
6440:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2012.03.018
5726:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2012.09.002
5615:10.1111/j.1540-8175.1999.tb00144.x
5296:"Resolution in ultrasound imaging"
5038:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2014.09.007
4504:
4310:
4276:
3851:Facts, Views & Vision in ObGyn
3711:. Epub 2023 Nov 27. PMID 38016894.
3528:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2017.01.023
3361:10.1002/j.2205-0140.2014.tb00086.x
3201:10.1097/01.CCM.0000260624.99430.22
3144:Ultrasound transmission tomography
2757:The primary regulated metrics are
2071:without extravasating towards the
1664:transformed into a digital image.
1487:
1161:, which is a major determinant in
25:
9386:
8385:
7977:Siddharth, S., Goyal, A. (2007).
7924:MTP and PCPNDT Initiatives Report
7129:Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine
7048:
3896:. U.S. Government. Archived from
3894:U.S. food and Drug Administration
3621:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2016.08.457
3427:American Journal of Roentgenology
3017:Canon Medical Systems Corporation
1581:, and interpreting those echoes.
1196:Ultrasound is used to assess the
969:Check for the number of fetuses (
481:
421:. It is possible to perform both
177:women using ultrasound is called
9324:
9323:
8360:
8344:
8311:
8288:
8266:10.1111/j.1475-097X.2004.00539.x
8245:
8210:
8138:, Daphne Christie, eds. (2000).
8128:
8111:
8076:
8011:
7979:"The origin of echocardiography"
7970:
7948:
7936:
7917:
7886:
7861:
7849:
7800:
7751:
7716:
7667:
7644:10.1097/00001648-200111000-00007
7618:
7559:
7518:
7487:
7457:
7425:
7390:
7347:
7298:
7255:
7212:
7163:
7120:
7062:
6986:
6943:
5658:10.1097/00004424-196809000-00011
4073:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.1797
3094:
3082:
3070:
3058:
3046:
3034:
3022:
3010:
3000:
2969:
2949:nondestructive materials testing
2849:Glasgow Royal Maternity Hospital
2458:
2438:
2369:Hemolytic disease of the newborn
2363:, emptying fluids, intrauterine
1621:transducer (near zone length or
1543:
1396:Ultrasound is routinely used in
1366:
1145:, is commonly referred to as an
1014:Hemodynamics (blood circulation)
466:and parathyroid glands, and the
8826:Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)
8060:. www.obgyn.net. Archived from
7411:10.1148/radiology.173.2.2678243
6757:
6708:
6680:Physics in Medicine and Biology
6667:
6632:
6596:Current Medical Imaging Reviews
6503:
6454:
6418:
6379:
6361:
6318:
6269:
6225:
6190:
6163:
6114:
6073:
6060:
6033:
5990:
5971:
5927:
5883:
5847:
5798:
5756:
5704:
5672:
5637:
5594:
5552:
5501:
5420:
5350:
5287:
5262:
5154:
5116:Clinical Interventions in Aging
5103:
5052:
5016:
4978:Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience
4965:
4922:
4887:
4874:
4756:
4707:
4666:
4607:
4558:
4462:
4420:Soldati G, Demi M (June 2017).
4413:
4370:
4255:
4230:
4187:
4138:
4095:
4048:
3989:
3954:
3945:
3931:
3912:
3838:
3803:
3778:
3751:
3714:
3696:
3686:
3643:
3600:
3502:
3277:Cobbold, Richard S. C. (2007).
3161:
2513:Multiparametric ultrasonography
2501:filling out the proximal space.
981:intrauterine growth restriction
858:Ultrasonography of liver tumors
9074:Radioactive iodine uptake test
8356:. XRayCeRT. GGKEY:6WU7UCYWQS7.
6510:Rognin N, et al. (2013).
6339:10.1016/j.nuclcard.2004.01.003
6199:Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
5978:Rognin N, et al. (2010).
5685:. October 2013. Archived from
3453:
3297:
3258:
3223:
3180:
3139:Ultrasound computer tomography
2355:Interventional ultrasonography
1605:at the desired frequency. The
1079:
1042:Otolaryngology (head and neck)
13:
1:
9054:Radionuclide ventriculography
8528:Lower gastrointestinal series
8520:Upper gastrointestinal series
8231:10.1016/S0140-6736(58)91905-6
8083:Watts G (2009). "John Wild".
7983:Texas Heart Institute Journal
7737:10.1016/S0378-3782(97)00097-2
7494:Lockwook CJ (November 2010).
7319:10.1016/s0301-5629(01)00499-9
7088:10.1016/S1470-2045(22)00016-X
6964:10.1016/S0140-6736(94)90240-2
6404:10.1016/S0301-5629(99)00062-9
6327:Journal of Nuclear Cardiology
6211:10.1016/S0169-409X(98)00104-5
6172:Acta Radiologica Supplementum
5514:BioMedical Engineering OnLine
3824:10.1016/s0140-6736(70)91212-2
3411:10.1016/S0929-6441(09)60108-9
3398:Journal of Medical Ultrasound
3174:
2714:
2605:
2599:ultrasound research interface
2534:
1830:
1469:is used in the evaluation of
989:Determine the sex of the baby
852:
662:, assisting in evaluation of
550:potential neurologic problems
9245:Optical coherence tomography
9167:Myocardial perfusion imaging
8755:Dental panoramic radiography
7531:Health Technology Assessment
6701:10.1088/0031-9155/57/16/5359
6653:10.1016/0161-7346(91)90079-W
6247:10.1097/RLI.0b013e3181c5927c
5269:Pavlin C, Foster FS (1994).
4943:10.1097/WNP.0000000000000245
4908:10.1302/0301-620x.82b8.10087
4470:E, Petrovic T (April 2012).
4208:10.1097/MEJ.0000000000000070
3975:10.1016/0887-8994(91)90005-6
3609:Annals of Emergency Medicine
3343:Starkoff B (February 2014).
2893:'s pioneering work on fetal
2725:Food and Drug Administration
2542:
2333:in 2D and 3D imaging modes.
2034:contrast-enhanced ultrasound
2020:Contrast-enhanced ultrasound
1715:Curvilinear array transducer
1568:
1102:periventricular leukomalacia
931:and is commonly used during
586:is attached to computerized
574:) uses a specially designed
173:. The practice of examining
7:
7368:10.1016/j.chest.2016.10.039
6909:Annals of Internal Medicine
6282:Journal of Nuclear Medicine
4850:10.1590/0100-3984.2016.0152
4263:"Lung Ultrasound Simulator"
4151:Academic Emergency Medicine
3939:"Applications » Uscom"
3106:
2976:U.S. Public Health Services
2834:
2797:After the French physicist
2431:sensitivity and specificity
2417:Compression ultrasonography
891:Gynecologic ultrasonography
874:Gynecologic ultrasonography
470:brain are imaged at higher
10:
9391:
9049:Ventilation/perfusion scan
8524:Small-bowel follow-through
7933:Government of India (2011)
6608:10.2174/157340511798038684
5999:Ultraschall in der Medizin
5770:Ultraschall in der Medizin
5406:10.1109/TCSII.2018.2881612
5234:10.3390/diagnostics6010002
5065:Longevity & Healthspan
4775:(2): 59â65. Archived from
4116:10.1038/s41372-024-02090-3
3919:Clinical Safety Statements
3758:Dubose T (July 14, 2011).
3737:10.1177/875647938500100504
2792:
2586:magnetic resonance imaging
2340:
2319:(also used for shear wave
2161:steps are applied to each
2122:options to be determined.
2017:
1968:(bleeding from a ruptured
1918:), and calculation of the
1884:
1856:
1609:can vary between 1 and 18
1525:
1521:
1455:
1370:
1176:
1154:
1143:A-scan ultrasound biometry
871:
841:. It images the immediate
754:
701:
632:
525:
383:in visualizing blood flow.
222:Ultrasound is composed of
40:
29:
9319:
9298:
9290:Dynamic angiothermography
9270:
9226:
9175:
9152:
9142:
9107:
9034:
9024:
9015:
8958:Abdominal ultrasonography
8866:
8782:
8742:
8661:
8620:
8611:
8464:
8455:
8441:
7141:10.7863/jum.2010.29.3.387
6997:, Harden F (March 2016).
6294:10.2967/jnumed.109.068007
6139:10.4048/jbc.2013.16.2.208
6054:10.1016/j.cag.2010.12.005
5527:10.1186/s12938-019-0685-7
4633:10.1177/1742271X211033737
4533:10.1186/s13054-017-1897-5
4489:10.1007/s00134-012-2513-4
4438:10.1007/s40477-017-0244-7
4015:10.1186/s13054-020-2787-9
3709:10.1016/j.dld.2023.11.014
3576:10.1007/s10554-010-9789-7
2907:
2839:Parallel developments in
2825:
2578:computed X-ray tomography
2485:Panoramic ultrasonography
2378:: High frequency thyroid
1496:patients up to 12 years (
1305:, pleural adhesions, and
1294:negative predictive value
878:Obstetric ultrasonography
868:Gynecology and obstetrics
757:Abdominal ultrasonography
179:obstetric ultrasonography
121:
109:
95:
83:
73:
64:Sonographer carrying out
57:
52:
9280:Non-contact thermography
9059:Radionuclide angiography
8911:Doppler echocardiography
8017:Levine, H., III (2010).
7692:10.1136/bmj.307.6897.159
6127:Journal of Breast Cancer
6042:Computers & Graphics
5338:. European Patent Office
5313:10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkr030
5180:10.3389/fphys.2015.00302
4991:10.3389/fnagi.2014.00172
4801:Glenn's Urologic Surgery
3615:(5): e27âe54. May 2017.
3564:Int J Cardiovasc Imaging
3077:Koninklijke Philips N.V.
2991:University of Washington
2843:, Scotland by Professor
2471:superior mesenteric vein
2317:acoustic radiation force
2312:by Dr. Hessel Wijkstra.
1896:Doppler echocardiography
1679:How strong the echo was.
1373:Urinary tract ultrasound
1219:The Normal Lung Surface:
658:is an essential tool in
596:piezoelectric transducer
568:Intravascular ultrasound
532:Intravascular ultrasound
397:Advantages and drawbacks
269:
9365:Medical ultrasonography
9064:Radioisotope renography
8337:10.1067/mva.2002.123028
7725:Early Human Development
7593:10.1073/pnas.0605294103
7500:Modern Medicine Network
6876:10.1136/bmj.316.7124.17
6536:Wells P. N. T. (2011).
6235:Investigative Radiology
6099:10.1148/radiol.11101866
6070:, AuntMinnie.com, 2010.
5949:10.1109/TUFFC.2010.1716
5869:10.1148/radiol.10091870
5646:Investigative Radiology
5167:Frontiers in Physiology
4583:10.1136/thx.2005.047829
4476:Intensive Care Medicine
4345:10.4103/0974-2700.93116
4292:Lichtenstein D (2016).
2695:Yale School of Medicine
1872:Doppler ultrasonography
1859:Doppler ultrasonography
1853:Doppler ultrasonography
1467:Scrotal ultrasonography
953:Confirm fetal viability
919:transvaginal ultrasound
773:are frequently used in
686:of the main chambers. (
610:in living individuals.
528:Doppler ultrasonography
412:
381:Doppler ultrasonography
163:medical ultrasonography
18:Medical ultrasonography
9099:Gastric emptying study
7893:Deane, Collin (2002).
7051:"Panoramic Ultrasound"
6554:10.1098/rsif.2011.0054
6367:Clinical trial number
6011:10.1055/s-0032-1312894
5823:10.1098/rsfs.2011.0026
5783:10.1055/s-0031-1281676
3466:Journal of Endourology
3189:Critical Care Medicine
2980:University of Colorado
2847:and colleagues at the
2770:sex-selective abortion
2721:therapeutic ultrasound
2659:Risks and side-effects
2615:
2526:Speed-of-Sound Imaging
2502:
2401:
2130:
1976:Doppler fetal monitors
1972:), and other problems.
1916:valvular regurgitation
1891:images. Uses include:
1889:duplex ultrasonography
1868:
1784:
1716:
1594:
1585:Producing a sound wave
1462:Penile ultrasonography
1393:
1323:mechanical ventilation
1213:Lung ultrasound basics
1169:B-scan ultrasonography
1163:common sight disorders
1053:
1020:middle cerebral artery
1004:
956:Determine location of
925:Obstetrical sonography
887:
652:
594:technology, such as a
523:
427:therapeutic procedures
390:Therapeutic ultrasound
366:
250:
219:
9375:Australian inventions
8760:X-ray motion analysis
8643:X-ray microtomography
8562:Hysterosalpingography
8469:Pneumoencephalography
8324:Journal of Ultrasound
8032:"History of the AIUM"
7899:Doppler in Obstetrics
7506:on September 11, 2017
6993:Reddan T, Corness J,
5483:Franceschi C (1978).
5078:10.1186/2046-2395-3-9
4838:Radiologia Brasileira
4426:Journal of Ultrasound
3664:10.1007/s003300101002
3478:10.1089/end.2016.0584
3242:10.1201/9781482266641
3236:. London: CRC Press.
3119:Doppler fetal monitor
2613:
2495:biceps tendon rupture
2492:
2397:
2155:computational science
2128:
2112:myocardial infarction
2083:microvasculature for
1928:diastolic dysfunction
1866:
1785:
1714:
1618:digital antenna array
1592:
1551:external jugular vein
1528:Renal ultrasonography
1380:
1051:
995:
885:
839:obstructed defecation
755:Further information:
729:pericardial tamponade
642:
526:Further information:
521:
354:
255:ultrasonic transducer
248:
211:
9285:Contact thermography
8995:Emergency ultrasound
8933:Transcranial Doppler
8684:Abdominal and pelvis
8400:on ob-ultrasound.net
8394:on ob-ultrasound.net
7966:on January 24, 2005.
7807:Salvesen KĂ
(2011).
7465:"Official Statement"
6826:10.5334/jbr-btr.1371
6778:10.4158/EP-2018-0013
6522:on October 11, 2013.
5984:International Patent
5609:(7, Pt 2): 743â746.
4685:(Suppl 2): A44âA45.
3195:(Suppl): S131âS137.
3101:Siemens Healthineers
2858:Babcock & Wilcox
2781:Use in other animals
1964:from a subarachnoid
1934:Transcranial Doppler
1887:) images to display
1837:bi-planar ultrasound
1799:acoustical impedance
1792:Acoustic attenuation
1744:
1695:Displaying the image
1659:Receiving the echoes
1339:chest-tube insertion
1100:and anoxic insults (
1090:transcranial Doppler
1036:suprasternal Doppler
1028:transcranial Doppler
946:Date the pregnancy (
717:acute breathlessness
704:Emergency ultrasound
643:Ultrasound of human
578:with a miniaturized
562:transcranial Doppler
514:Angiology (vascular)
504:Transcranial Doppler
500:arterial cannulation
9252:Confocal microscopy
9130:Indium-111 WBC scan
8953:Echoencephalography
8689:Virtual colonoscopy
8318:Zierler RE (2002).
8299:. ob-ultrasound.net
8038:on November 3, 2005
7584:2006PNAS..10312903A
7537:(16): iâvi, 1â193.
7276:1978ASAJ...64..423G
7233:1980ASAJ...68R..93G
7076:The Lancet Oncology
6734:10.5507/bp.2019.007
6692:2012PMB....57.5359P
5893:Liver International
5692:on October 29, 2013
5357:Ostensen H (2005).
5330:Leskiw C, Gates I.
4779:on January 31, 2009
3963:Pediatric Neurology
3845:Campbell S (2013).
3818:(7657): 1133â1135.
3760:"3D BPD Correction"
3439:10.2214/AJR.06.1161
2929:Carl Hellmuth Hertz
2925:Gustav Ludwig Hertz
2787:veterinary medicine
2520:multiparametric MRI
1498:Fracture sonography
1303:lung consolidations
1192:Pulmonology (lungs)
862:Fatty liver disease
831:Endoanal ultrasound
771:endoanal ultrasound
761:Endoanal ultrasound
602:, to visualize the
141:techniques (mainly
32:Preclinical imaging
9240:Optical tomography
9089:Dacryoscintigraphy
9084:Immunoscintigraphy
8723:Whole body imaging
8474:Dental radiography
7929:2014-06-01 at the
7905:on January 4, 2022
6766:Endocrine Practice
6641:Ultrasonic Imaging
6375:ClinicalTrials.gov
5431:. Academic Press.
5129:10.2147/CIA.S47263
4733:10.52964/AMJA.0895
4391:10.1111/echo.13182
4164:10.1111/acem.13682
3924:2012-06-26 at the
3652:European Radiology
3307:EFSUMB Course Book
3230:Postema M (2011).
2985:In the late 1960s
2816:Bethesda, Maryland
2628:acoustic impedance
2616:
2592:Spatial resolution
2503:
2475:inferior vena cava
2402:
2281:Alexander Klibanov
2222:, summarizing all
2131:
2073:interstitial fluid
1869:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1764:
1757:
1717:
1641:impedance matching
1595:
1482:Peyronie's disease
1458:Scrotal ultrasound
1426:testicular torsion
1394:
1307:pulmonary fibrosis
1110:cranial ultrasound
1062:parathyroid glands
1054:
1032:esophageal Doppler
971:multiple pregnancy
960:, intrauterine vs
888:
835:fecal incontinence
791:inferior vena cava
779:colorectal surgery
713:emergency medicine
698:Emergency medicine
666:function, such as
653:
629:Cardiology (heart)
554:carotid ultrasound
524:
367:
362:Video is available
326:Doppler sonography
262:, endorectal, and
253:A general-purpose
251:
220:
183:ultrasound machine
145:techniques) using
135:Medical ultrasound
53:Medical ultrasound
36:Focused ultrasound
9360:Medical equipment
9337:
9336:
9299:Target conditions
9222:
9221:
9218:
9217:
9138:
9137:
9079:Bone scintigraphy
9044:Scintimammography
9039:Cholescintigraphy
8884:contrast-enhanced
8778:
8777:
8738:
8737:
8728:Full-body CT scan
8628:General operation
8607:
8606:
8577:Angiocardiography
8330:(11): 1323â1325.
8225:(7032): 1188â95.
8203:978-1-84129-011-9
8155:978-1-84129-011-9
8097:10.1136/bmj.b4428
8064:on August 5, 2006
7475:on April 20, 2021
7450:978-92-4-120875-8
7182:(10): 1615â1628.
6721:Biomedical Papers
6686:(16): 5359â5360.
6548:(64): 1521â1549.
5905:10.1111/liv.12098
5494:978-2-225-63679-0
5469:978-0-7817-2195-0
5427:Szabo TL (2004).
5280:978-0-387-94206-3
4811:978-0-7817-9141-0
4303:978-3-319-15370-4
3900:on April 23, 2019
3472:(S1): Sâ89âS-94.
3290:978-0-19-516831-0
3156:Explanatory notes
2947:'s invention for
2690:neurodevelopment.
2477:look rather flat.
2365:Blood transfusion
2304:was completed at
2269:molecular imaging
2216:signal processing
2159:signal processing
2096:biological tissue
2063:into the patient
2007:fetal stethoscope
1777:
1773:
1763:
1756:
1719:Ultrasonography (
1707:Sound in the body
1668:Forming the image
1627:Fraunhofer's zone
1452:Penis and scrotum
1438:testicular cancer
905:) as well as the
678:contraction, and
623:superficial veins
546:duplex ultrasound
238:. The ultrasound
132:
131:
111:OPS-301 code
16:(Redirected from
9382:
9370:Physical therapy
9327:
9326:
9150:
9149:
9032:
9031:
9022:
9021:
8906:Echocardiography
8765:Hounsfield scale
8618:
8617:
8537:Cholecystography
8462:
8461:
8453:
8452:
8428:
8421:
8414:
8405:
8404:
8380:
8379:
8377:
8375:
8370:. September 2021
8364:
8358:
8357:
8348:
8342:
8341:
8339:
8315:
8309:
8308:
8306:
8304:
8292:
8286:
8285:
8249:
8243:
8242:
8214:
8208:
8207:
8191:
8182:
8176:
8175:
8132:
8126:
8125:
8123:
8115:
8109:
8108:
8080:
8074:
8073:
8071:
8069:
8054:
8048:
8047:
8045:
8043:
8034:. Archived from
8028:
8022:
8015:
8009:
8008:
7998:
7974:
7968:
7967:
7952:
7946:
7940:
7934:
7921:
7915:
7914:
7912:
7910:
7901:. Archived from
7890:
7884:
7883:
7881:
7879:
7865:
7859:
7853:
7847:
7846:
7828:
7826:10.1002/uog.9055
7804:
7798:
7797:
7779:
7777:10.1002/uog.8962
7755:
7749:
7748:
7720:
7714:
7713:
7703:
7686:(6897): 159â64.
7671:
7665:
7664:
7646:
7622:
7616:
7615:
7605:
7595:
7578:(34): 12903â10.
7563:
7557:
7556:
7546:
7522:
7516:
7515:
7513:
7511:
7502:. Archived from
7491:
7485:
7484:
7482:
7480:
7471:. Archived from
7461:
7455:
7454:
7429:
7423:
7422:
7394:
7388:
7387:
7351:
7345:
7344:
7338:
7330:
7302:
7296:
7295:
7284:10.1121/1.382016
7259:
7253:
7252:
7241:10.1121/1.384509
7216:
7210:
7209:
7199:
7167:
7161:
7160:
7124:
7118:
7117:
7099:
7066:
7060:
7058:
7046:
7037:
7036:
7026:
7015:10.1002/jmrs.154
6990:
6984:
6983:
6958:(8906): 1142â4.
6947:
6941:
6940:
6904:
6898:
6897:
6887:
6855:
6849:
6848:
6838:
6828:
6804:
6798:
6797:
6761:
6755:
6754:
6736:
6712:
6706:
6705:
6703:
6671:
6665:
6664:
6636:
6630:
6629:
6619:
6587:
6576:
6575:
6565:
6533:
6524:
6523:
6518:. Archived from
6507:
6501:
6500:
6490:
6458:
6452:
6451:
6422:
6416:
6415:
6398:(8): 1195â1201.
6383:
6377:
6365:
6359:
6358:
6322:
6316:
6315:
6305:
6273:
6267:
6266:
6229:
6223:
6222:
6205:(1â3): 139â157.
6194:
6188:
6187:
6167:
6161:
6160:
6150:
6118:
6112:
6111:
6101:
6077:
6071:
6064:
6058:
6057:
6037:
6031:
6030:
5994:
5988:
5987:
5975:
5969:
5968:
5931:
5925:
5924:
5887:
5881:
5880:
5851:
5845:
5844:
5834:
5802:
5796:
5795:
5785:
5760:
5754:
5753:
5708:
5702:
5701:
5699:
5697:
5691:
5684:
5676:
5670:
5669:
5641:
5635:
5634:
5603:Echocardiography
5598:
5592:
5583:
5577:
5576:
5574:
5572:
5560:"Echocardiogram"
5556:
5550:
5549:
5539:
5529:
5505:
5499:
5498:
5480:
5474:
5473:
5452:
5443:
5442:
5424:
5418:
5417:
5400:(8): 1466â1470.
5385:
5376:
5375:
5373:
5371:
5365:
5354:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5343:
5327:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5291:
5285:
5284:
5266:
5260:
5256:
5246:
5236:
5212:
5203:
5202:
5192:
5182:
5158:
5152:
5151:
5141:
5131:
5107:
5101:
5100:
5090:
5080:
5056:
5050:
5049:
5020:
5014:
5013:
5003:
4993:
4969:
4963:
4962:
4926:
4920:
4919:
4902:(8): 1170â1173.
4891:
4885:
4878:
4872:
4871:
4861:
4829:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4818:
4795:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4769:Pelviperineology
4760:
4754:
4753:
4735:
4711:
4705:
4704:
4694:
4670:
4664:
4663:
4645:
4635:
4611:
4605:
4604:
4594:
4562:
4556:
4555:
4545:
4535:
4511:
4502:
4501:
4491:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4449:
4417:
4411:
4410:
4379:Echocardiography
4374:
4368:
4367:
4357:
4347:
4323:
4308:
4307:
4289:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4259:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4248:
4242:www.uptodate.com
4234:
4228:
4227:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4166:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4052:
4046:
4045:
4035:
4017:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3958:
3952:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3935:
3929:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3886:
3877:
3876:
3866:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3766:on March 3, 2016
3762:. Archived from
3755:
3749:
3748:
3718:
3712:
3700:
3694:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3658:(9): 1578â1593.
3647:
3641:
3640:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3587:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3530:
3521:(6): 1085â1104.
3506:
3500:
3499:
3489:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3433:(6): W522âW533.
3422:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3372:
3340:
3331:
3330:
3312:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3274:
3265:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3184:
3169:
3165:
3099:
3098:
3087:
3086:
3075:
3074:
3063:
3062:
3051:
3050:
3039:
3038:
3027:
3026:
3015:
3014:
2901:placenta praevia
2803:piezoelectricity
2801:'s discovery of
2759:Mechanical Index
2462:
2442:
2406:Joint injections
2289:neo-angiogenesis
2277:malignant tumors
2273:cancer screening
2249:cancer screening
2220:computer monitor
2098:surrounding the
2042:echocardiography
2036:. This contrast
1789:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1761:
1754:
1752:
1553:) or upper arm (
1512:joint injections
1314:Pleural effusion
1125:
1124:
1094:ventriculomegaly
1024:descending aorta
915:pouch of Douglas
775:gastroenterology
656:Echocardiography
635:Echocardiography
621:focuses on more
558:carotid arteries
508:cerebral vessels
444:echocardiography
355:B-flow image of
345:Fourier analysis
337:Harmonic imaging
286:one-dimensional.
125:edit on Wikidata
105:
66:echocardiography
62:
50:
49:
21:
9390:
9389:
9385:
9384:
9383:
9381:
9380:
9379:
9350:Medical imaging
9340:
9339:
9338:
9333:
9315:
9294:
9266:
9214:
9200:PET mammography
9171:
9134:
9120:Gallium-67 scan
9115:Octreotide scan
9103:
9011:
8862:
8774:
8734:
8657:
8638:High-resolution
8603:
8567:Skeletal survey
8533:Cholangiography
8446:
8437:
8435:Medical imaging
8432:
8388:
8383:
8373:
8371:
8366:
8365:
8361:
8350:
8349:
8345:
8316:
8312:
8302:
8300:
8293:
8289:
8250:
8246:
8215:
8211:
8204:
8184:
8183:
8179:
8156:
8133:
8129:
8121:
8117:
8116:
8112:
8081:
8077:
8067:
8065:
8056:
8055:
8051:
8041:
8039:
8030:
8029:
8025:
8019:Medical Imaging
8016:
8012:
7975:
7971:
7954:
7953:
7949:
7941:
7937:
7931:Wayback Machine
7922:
7918:
7908:
7906:
7891:
7887:
7877:
7875:
7867:
7866:
7862:
7854:
7850:
7805:
7801:
7756:
7752:
7721:
7717:
7672:
7668:
7623:
7619:
7564:
7560:
7544:10.3310/hta4160
7523:
7519:
7509:
7507:
7492:
7488:
7478:
7476:
7463:
7462:
7458:
7451:
7431:
7430:
7426:
7395:
7391:
7352:
7348:
7332:
7331:
7303:
7299:
7260:
7256:
7217:
7213:
7168:
7164:
7125:
7121:
7067:
7063:
7047:
7040:
6991:
6987:
6948:
6944:
6905:
6901:
6870:(7124): 17â20.
6856:
6852:
6805:
6801:
6762:
6758:
6713:
6709:
6672:
6668:
6637:
6633:
6588:
6579:
6534:
6527:
6508:
6504:
6459:
6455:
6423:
6419:
6384:
6380:
6366:
6362:
6323:
6319:
6274:
6270:
6230:
6226:
6195:
6191:
6168:
6164:
6119:
6115:
6078:
6074:
6065:
6061:
6038:
6034:
5995:
5991:
5976:
5972:
5943:(11): 2503â11.
5932:
5928:
5888:
5884:
5852:
5848:
5811:Interface Focus
5803:
5799:
5761:
5757:
5709:
5705:
5695:
5693:
5689:
5682:
5678:
5677:
5673:
5642:
5638:
5599:
5595:
5584:
5580:
5570:
5568:
5558:
5557:
5553:
5506:
5502:
5495:
5481:
5477:
5470:
5453:
5446:
5439:
5425:
5421:
5386:
5379:
5369:
5367:
5363:
5355:
5351:
5341:
5339:
5328:
5321:
5292:
5288:
5281:
5267:
5263:
5213:
5206:
5159:
5155:
5108:
5104:
5057:
5053:
5021:
5017:
4970:
4966:
4927:
4923:
4892:
4888:
4879:
4875:
4830:
4826:
4816:
4814:
4812:
4796:
4792:
4782:
4780:
4761:
4757:
4712:
4708:
4671:
4667:
4612:
4608:
4563:
4559:
4512:
4505:
4467:
4463:
4418:
4414:
4375:
4371:
4324:
4311:
4304:
4290:
4277:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4260:
4256:
4246:
4244:
4236:
4235:
4231:
4192:
4188:
4143:
4139:
4100:
4096:
4061:JAMA Pediatrics
4053:
4049:
3994:
3990:
3959:
3955:
3950:
3946:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3926:Wayback Machine
3917:
3913:
3903:
3901:
3888:
3887:
3880:
3843:
3839:
3808:
3804:
3794:
3792:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3769:
3767:
3756:
3752:
3719:
3715:
3701:
3697:
3691:
3687:
3648:
3644:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3556:
3552:
3507:
3503:
3458:
3454:
3423:
3419:
3390:
3386:
3341:
3334:
3310:
3302:
3298:
3291:
3275:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3252:
3228:
3224:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3172:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3153:
3109:
3093:
3089:Samsung Medison
3081:
3069:
3057:
3045:
3033:
3021:
3009:
3003:
2987:Gene Strandness
2972:
2945:Floyd Firestone
2933:nuclear physics
2914:Lund University
2910:
2891:Stuart Campbell
2876:medical imaging
2837:
2831:meter in 1967.
2828:
2807:Floyd Firestone
2795:
2783:
2763:self-regulation
2719:Diagnostic and
2717:
2693:A study at the
2686:
2661:
2608:
2545:
2537:
2528:
2515:
2487:
2478:
2467:abdominal aorta
2463:
2454:
2443:
2419:
2357:
2345:
2339:
2302:prostate cancer
2265:
2233:malignant tumor
2110:muscle after a
2038:medical imaging
2026:contrast medium
2022:
2016:
1980:fetal heartbeat
1879:as an example.
1861:
1855:
1833:
1769:
1759:
1758:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1709:
1697:
1670:
1661:
1587:
1571:
1555:subclavian vein
1546:
1530:
1524:
1493:Musculoskeletal
1490:
1488:Musculoskeletal
1471:testicular pain
1464:
1456:Main articles:
1454:
1446:nephrolithiasis
1410:urinary bladder
1382:Urinary bladder
1375:
1369:
1281:Pulmonary edema
1276:
1215:
1194:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1120:Ophthalmology (
1082:
1070:salivary glands
1052:Neck ultrasound
1044:
1016:
948:gestational age
903:fallopian tubes
880:
872:Main articles:
870:
855:
763:
753:
706:
700:
637:
631:
534:
516:
484:
415:
399:
377:red blood cells
365:
341:contrast agents
272:
264:transesophageal
128:
101:
69:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9388:
9378:
9377:
9372:
9367:
9362:
9357:
9352:
9335:
9334:
9332:
9331:
9320:
9317:
9316:
9314:
9313:
9308:
9302:
9300:
9296:
9295:
9293:
9292:
9287:
9282:
9276:
9274:
9268:
9267:
9265:
9264:
9259:
9257:Endomicroscopy
9254:
9249:
9248:
9247:
9236:
9234:
9224:
9223:
9220:
9219:
9216:
9215:
9213:
9212:
9207:
9202:
9197:
9192:
9186:
9184:
9173:
9172:
9170:
9169:
9163:
9161:
9147:
9140:
9139:
9136:
9135:
9133:
9132:
9127:
9122:
9117:
9111:
9109:
9105:
9104:
9102:
9101:
9096:
9091:
9086:
9081:
9076:
9071:
9066:
9061:
9056:
9051:
9046:
9041:
9035:
9029:
9019:
9013:
9012:
9010:
9009:
9008:
9007:
9002:
8992:
8987:
8982:
8977:
8972:
8971:
8970:
8965:
8955:
8950:
8945:
8940:
8935:
8930:
8929:
8928:
8923:
8918:
8913:
8903:
8902:
8901:
8896:
8891:
8886:
8881:
8872:
8870:
8864:
8863:
8861:
8860:
8855:
8854:
8853:
8848:
8843:
8833:
8828:
8823:
8818:
8817:
8816:
8806:
8801:
8800:
8799:
8788:
8786:
8780:
8779:
8776:
8775:
8773:
8772:
8767:
8762:
8757:
8752:
8746:
8744:
8740:
8739:
8736:
8735:
8733:
8732:
8731:
8730:
8720:
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8692:
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8402:
8401:
8395:
8387:
8386:External links
8384:
8382:
8381:
8359:
8343:
8310:
8295:Woo J (2002).
8287:
8244:
8209:
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8049:
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7119:
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6577:
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6388:Ferrara, Kathy
6378:
6360:
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6268:
6224:
6189:
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6059:
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6032:
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5336:Google Patents
5319:
5306:(5): 186â192.
5286:
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5015:
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4921:
4886:
4882:ShoulderUS.com
4873:
4844:(4): 257â261.
4824:
4810:
4790:
4755:
4720:Acute Medicine
4706:
4665:
4606:
4557:
4503:
4482:(4): 577â591.
4461:
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4385:(5): 778â787.
4369:
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4186:
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4047:
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3750:
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3713:
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3642:
3599:
3550:
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3384:
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3319:10.37713/ECB01
3296:
3289:
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3257:
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2668:
2660:
2657:
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2655:
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2639:
2638:and pneumonia.
2624:
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2425:It is used in
2418:
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2392:
2391:
2383:
2356:
2353:
2341:Main article:
2338:
2335:
2300:in humans for
2298:clinical trial
2264:
2261:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2174:classification
2170:
2165:of the tumor:
2104:left ventricle
2018:Main article:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2010:
1973:
1931:
1926:(a measure of
1920:cardiac output
1876:Doppler effect
1857:Main article:
1854:
1851:
1832:
1829:
1805:To generate a
1768:
1750:
1708:
1705:
1696:
1693:
1681:
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1669:
1666:
1660:
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1583:
1570:
1567:
1545:
1542:
1538:B-mode imaging
1526:Main article:
1523:
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1486:
1453:
1450:
1371:Main article:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1355:
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1275:
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1151:amplitude scan
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752:
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725:hemoperitoneum
702:Main article:
699:
696:
676:cardiac muscle
674:, strength of
633:Main article:
630:
627:
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488:anesthesiology
483:
482:Anesthesiology
480:
414:
411:
398:
395:
387:
386:
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384:
360:
349:
348:
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331:Doppler effect
304:
303:
293:
287:
271:
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130:
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119:
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9125:Ga-68-DOTATOC
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8858:Synthetic MRI
8856:
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8648:Electron beam
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8494:Bronchography
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8325:
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8314:
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8279:
8275:
8271:
8267:
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8260:(3): 118â36.
8259:
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8232:
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8224:
8220:
8213:
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8190:
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8106:
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8098:
8094:
8090:
8086:
8079:
8063:
8059:
8053:
8037:
8033:
8027:
8020:
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7980:
7973:
7965:
7961:
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7944:
7939:
7932:
7928:
7925:
7920:
7904:
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7870:
7864:
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7844:
7840:
7836:
7832:
7827:
7822:
7818:
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7742:
7738:
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7731:(2): 233â45.
7730:
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7640:
7637:(6): 618â23.
7636:
7632:
7628:
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7613:
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7589:
7585:
7581:
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7562:
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7536:
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7528:
7521:
7510:September 11,
7505:
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7490:
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7466:
7460:
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7438:
7434:
7428:
7420:
7416:
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7369:
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7350:
7342:
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7320:
7316:
7312:
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7301:
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7289:
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7281:
7277:
7273:
7269:
7265:
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7246:
7242:
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7234:
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7227:(1): 93â108.
7226:
7222:
7215:
7207:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7189:
7185:
7181:
7177:
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7146:
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7130:
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7073:
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7034:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7016:
7012:
7008:
7004:
7000:
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6989:
6981:
6977:
6973:
6969:
6965:
6961:
6957:
6953:
6946:
6938:
6934:
6930:
6926:
6922:
6918:
6915:(8): 663â77.
6914:
6910:
6903:
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6881:
6877:
6873:
6869:
6865:
6861:
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6846:
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6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6818:
6814:
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6791:
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6783:
6779:
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6771:
6767:
6760:
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6748:
6744:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6726:
6722:
6718:
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6689:
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6681:
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6670:
6662:
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6647:(2): 111â34.
6646:
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6627:
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6618:
6613:
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6584:
6582:
6573:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6555:
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6547:
6543:
6539:
6532:
6530:
6521:
6517:
6513:
6506:
6498:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6480:
6476:
6473:(4): 651â60.
6472:
6468:
6464:
6457:
6449:
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6441:
6437:
6434:(8): 1460â9.
6433:
6429:
6421:
6413:
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6401:
6397:
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6389:
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6372:
6371:
6364:
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6348:
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6340:
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6332:
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6279:
6272:
6264:
6260:
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6252:
6248:
6244:
6240:
6236:
6228:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6193:
6185:
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6177:
6173:
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6149:
6144:
6140:
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6124:
6117:
6109:
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6100:
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6091:
6087:
6083:
6076:
6069:
6063:
6055:
6051:
6047:
6043:
6036:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6016:
6012:
6008:
6004:
6000:
5993:
5985:
5981:
5974:
5966:
5962:
5958:
5954:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5938:
5930:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5899:(4): 605â15.
5898:
5894:
5886:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5850:
5842:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5817:(4): 520â39.
5816:
5812:
5808:
5801:
5793:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5759:
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5747:
5743:
5739:
5735:
5731:
5727:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5707:
5688:
5681:
5675:
5667:
5663:
5659:
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5652:(5): 356â66.
5651:
5647:
5640:
5632:
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5624:
5620:
5616:
5612:
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5597:
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5523:
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5314:
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5290:
5282:
5276:
5272:
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5240:
5235:
5230:
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5218:
5211:
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5176:
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5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4968:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4925:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4890:
4883:
4877:
4869:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4828:
4813:
4807:
4803:
4802:
4794:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4759:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4710:
4702:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4669:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4610:
4602:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4561:
4553:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4520:Critical Care
4517:
4510:
4508:
4499:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4465:
4457:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4416:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4373:
4365:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4322:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4314:
4305:
4299:
4295:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4282:
4280:
4268:September 30,
4264:
4258:
4243:
4239:
4233:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4190:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4141:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4098:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4051:
4043:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4007:
4003:
4002:Critical Care
3999:
3992:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3957:
3948:
3940:
3934:
3927:
3923:
3920:
3915:
3904:September 11,
3899:
3895:
3891:
3885:
3883:
3874:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3857:(3): 213â29.
3856:
3852:
3848:
3841:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3806:
3791:
3787:
3781:
3765:
3761:
3754:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3725:
3717:
3710:
3706:
3699:
3689:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3646:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3603:
3595:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3570:(2): 215â24.
3569:
3565:
3561:
3554:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3505:
3497:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3456:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3421:
3412:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3388:
3380:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3339:
3337:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3309:
3308:
3300:
3292:
3286:
3282:
3281:
3273:
3271:
3261:
3253:
3251:9780429176487
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3226:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3183:
3179:
3164:
3160:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3129:Polybiography
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3114:3D ultrasound
3112:
3111:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3042:
3041:GE Healthcare
3037:
3032:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3001:Manufacturers
2998:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2970:United States
2967:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2832:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2812:George Ludwig
2808:
2804:
2800:
2790:
2788:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2681:
2677:
2675:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2636:heart failure
2633:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2540:
2532:
2523:
2521:
2510:
2508:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2482:
2476:
2472:
2469:, making the
2468:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2441:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2388:thyroglobulin
2384:
2381:
2377:
2376:Thyroid cysts
2374:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2352:
2349:
2344:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2127:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2089:hypervascular
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2069:blood vessels
2066:
2062:
2061:intravenously
2057:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2008:
2004:
2003:fetal Doppler
2000:
1996:
1995:
1989:
1985:
1984:prenatal care
1981:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1946:blood vessels
1943:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1912:cardiac valve
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1881:Color Doppler
1877:
1873:
1865:
1860:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1845:3D ultrasound
1842:
1838:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1800:
1795:
1793:
1766:
1748:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1713:
1704:
1702:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1665:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1642:
1637:
1635:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1599:piezoelectric
1591:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1566:
1564:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1544:Venous access
1541:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1507:
1501:
1499:
1494:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1367:Urinary tract
1361:
1360:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1335:thoracentesis
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1241:Lung Sliding:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1203:thoracentesis
1199:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1132:ophthalmology
1117:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1098:hydrocephalus
1095:
1091:
1087:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1001:
994:
988:
985:
982:
978:
975:
972:
968:
965:
963:
959:
955:
952:
949:
945:
944:
943:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
884:
879:
875:
865:
863:
859:
850:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
762:
758:
748:
746:
745:kidney stones
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
709:Point of care
705:
695:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
672:insufficiency
669:
665:
661:
657:
650:
646:
641:
636:
626:
624:
620:
616:
611:
609:
608:blood vessels
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
533:
529:
520:
511:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
410:
408:
404:
394:
391:
382:
378:
374:
371:
370:
369:
368:
363:
358:
357:venous reflux
353:
346:
342:
338:
335:
332:
328:
327:
323:
322:
321:
318:
316:
311:
309:
301:
297:
294:
291:
288:
284:
280:
277:
276:
275:
267:
265:
261:
256:
247:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
218:
214:
210:
206:
204:
200:
196:
195:ultrasonogram
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
149:, as well as
148:
144:
140:
136:
126:
120:
117:
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
98:
94:
91:
88:
86:
82:
78:
76:
72:
67:
61:
56:
51:
48:
44:
43:Echo sounding
37:
33:
19:
9306:Acute stroke
9272:Thermography
9027:scintigraphy
9017:Radionuclide
9005:pre-hospital
8867:
8851:Tractography
8770:Radiodensity
8672:calcium scan
8633:Quantitative
8372:. Retrieved
8362:
8352:
8346:
8327:
8323:
8313:
8301:. Retrieved
8290:
8257:
8253:
8247:
8222:
8218:
8212:
8187:
8180:
8140:
8136:Tilli Tansey
8130:
8113:
8088:
8084:
8078:
8066:. Retrieved
8062:the original
8052:
8042:November 15,
8040:. Retrieved
8036:the original
8026:
8018:
8013:
7986:
7982:
7972:
7964:the original
7960:mohfw.nic.in
7959:
7950:
7938:
7919:
7907:. Retrieved
7903:the original
7898:
7888:
7876:. Retrieved
7872:
7863:
7851:
7816:
7812:
7802:
7767:
7763:
7753:
7728:
7724:
7718:
7683:
7679:
7669:
7634:
7631:Epidemiology
7630:
7620:
7575:
7571:
7561:
7534:
7530:
7520:
7508:. Retrieved
7504:the original
7499:
7489:
7477:. Retrieved
7473:the original
7469:www.aium.org
7468:
7459:
7432:
7427:
7405:(2): 304â6.
7402:
7398:
7392:
7359:
7355:
7349:
7335:cite journal
7310:
7306:
7300:
7267:
7263:
7257:
7224:
7220:
7214:
7179:
7175:
7165:
7132:
7128:
7122:
7079:
7075:
7064:
7054:
7009:(1): 59â66.
7006:
7002:
6988:
6955:
6951:
6945:
6912:
6908:
6902:
6867:
6863:
6853:
6816:
6812:
6802:
6769:
6765:
6759:
6724:
6720:
6710:
6683:
6679:
6669:
6644:
6640:
6634:
6599:
6595:
6545:
6541:
6520:the original
6515:
6505:
6470:
6466:
6456:
6431:
6427:
6420:
6395:
6391:
6381:
6368:
6363:
6330:
6326:
6320:
6285:
6281:
6271:
6241:(2): 89â95.
6238:
6234:
6227:
6202:
6198:
6192:
6175:
6171:
6165:
6130:
6126:
6116:
6089:
6085:
6075:
6062:
6045:
6041:
6035:
6002:
5998:
5992:
5983:
5973:
5940:
5936:
5929:
5896:
5892:
5885:
5860:
5856:
5849:
5814:
5810:
5800:
5776:(1): 33â59.
5773:
5769:
5758:
5734:11585/144895
5717:
5713:
5706:
5694:. Retrieved
5687:the original
5674:
5649:
5645:
5639:
5606:
5602:
5596:
5588:
5581:
5571:December 15,
5569:. Retrieved
5563:
5554:
5517:
5513:
5503:
5484:
5478:
5458:
5428:
5422:
5397:
5393:
5368:. Retrieved
5359:
5352:
5340:. Retrieved
5335:
5303:
5299:
5289:
5273:. Springer.
5270:
5264:
5224:
5220:
5170:
5166:
5156:
5119:
5115:
5105:
5068:
5064:
5054:
5029:
5025:
5018:
4981:
4977:
4967:
4934:
4930:
4924:
4899:
4895:
4889:
4876:
4841:
4837:
4827:
4815:. Retrieved
4800:
4793:
4781:. Retrieved
4777:the original
4772:
4768:
4758:
4726:(1): 56â58.
4723:
4719:
4709:
4682:
4678:
4668:
4623:
4619:
4609:
4577:(9): 795â8.
4574:
4570:
4560:
4523:
4519:
4479:
4475:
4464:
4432:(2): 91â96.
4429:
4425:
4415:
4382:
4378:
4372:
4338:(1): 76â81.
4335:
4331:
4296:. Springer.
4293:
4266:. Retrieved
4257:
4245:. Retrieved
4241:
4232:
4199:
4195:
4189:
4154:
4150:
4140:
4107:
4097:
4064:
4060:
4050:
4005:
4001:
3991:
3966:
3962:
3956:
3947:
3933:
3914:
3902:. Retrieved
3898:the original
3893:
3854:
3850:
3840:
3815:
3811:
3805:
3795:December 20,
3793:. Retrieved
3789:
3780:
3768:. Retrieved
3764:the original
3753:
3728:
3722:
3716:
3698:
3688:
3655:
3651:
3645:
3612:
3608:
3602:
3567:
3563:
3553:
3518:
3514:
3504:
3469:
3465:
3455:
3430:
3426:
3420:
3401:
3397:
3387:
3352:
3348:
3306:
3299:
3279:
3260:
3232:
3225:
3192:
3188:
3182:
3163:
3134:Radiographer
3124:Elastography
3004:
2996:
2984:
2973:
2953:
2937:
2918:cardiologist
2911:
2899:
2895:cephalometry
2880:
2869:
2853:obstetrician
2838:
2829:
2799:Pierre Curie
2796:
2784:
2767:
2756:
2740:North Dakota
2729:
2718:
2678:
2670:
2662:
2538:
2529:
2516:
2504:
2481:
2451:appendicitis
2424:
2420:
2358:
2350:
2346:
2343:Elastography
2328:
2321:elastography
2314:
2293:inflammation
2285:biomolecular
2266:
2241:benign tumor
2213:
2132:
2065:blood stream
2058:
2030:echogenicity
2023:
2002:
1998:
1994:auscultation
1991:
1948:through the
1940:through the
1888:
1880:
1874:employs the
1870:
1849:
1840:
1836:
1834:
1822:
1815:
1811:phased array
1804:
1796:
1739:
1735:
1718:
1698:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1671:
1662:
1653:blood plasma
1645:
1638:
1631:
1623:Fresnel zone
1615:
1596:
1577:, receiving
1572:
1559:
1547:
1531:
1509:
1502:
1491:
1475:
1465:
1422:epididymitis
1395:
1357:
1344:
1319:auscultation
1312:
1289:Pneumothorax
1287:
1279:
1259:
1253:pleural line
1248:
1240:
1232:
1218:
1195:
1172:
1168:
1150:
1146:
1129:
1114:
1083:
1055:
1045:
1017:
1008:
1005:
996:
992:
941:
923:
889:
856:
823:appendicitis
799:gall bladder
764:
707:
654:
612:
571:
566:
535:
485:
439:Sonographers
416:
400:
388:
372:
336:
324:
319:
314:
312:
305:
295:
289:
278:
273:
260:transvaginal
252:
221:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
170:
166:
162:
134:
133:
47:
9195:Cardiac PET
8968:renal tract
8943:Gynecologic
8875:Techniques
8846:restriction
8821:Angiography
8804:Neurography
8750:Fluoroscopy
8696:Angiography
8677:angiography
8621:Techniques:
8582:Aortography
8572:Angiography
8552:Cystography
8542:Mammography
8484:Myelography
8479:Sialography
8448:radiography
7909:December 4,
7858:. ardms.org
7856:Legislation
7441:10665/42093
6995:Mengersen K
6370:NCT01253213
6178:: 113â120.
5696:October 27,
5565:MedlinePlus
5258:(CC-BY 4.0)
5221:Diagnostics
5122:: 993â998.
3770:January 14,
3355:(1): 4â10.
3149:Voluson 730
2730:Currently,
2676:principle.
2553:soft tissue
2325:preclinical
2310:Netherlands
2135:oncological
2120:therapeutic
1725:transducers
1649:blood cells
1634:beamforming
1607:frequencies
1352:pulmonology
1346:Lung cancer
1264:hyperechoic
1227:hyperechoic
1086:neonatology
1080:Neonatology
1066:lymph nodes
1002:is present.
680:hypertrophy
664:heart valve
604:endothelium
496:cannulation
472:frequencies
240:pulses echo
228:frequencies
224:sound waves
151:therapeutic
116:3-03...3-05
9344:Categories
9108:Full body:
8894:endoscopic
8868:Ultrasound
8797:functional
8594:Lymphogram
8589:Venography
8557:Arthrogram
8303:August 26,
8219:The Lancet
7059:April 2010
6952:The Lancet
6066:Barnes E,
5487:. Masson.
5370:October 2,
4626:(3): 140.
4620:Ultrasound
4526:(1): 325.
4238:"UpToDate"
3812:The Lancet
3175:References
2921:Inge Edler
2871:The Lancet
2845:Ian Donald
2732:New Mexico
2715:Regulation
2606:Weaknesses
2597:Use of an
2535:Attributes
2380:ultrasound
2275:to detect
2229:malignancy
2172:automatic
2116:blood flow
2092:metastatic
2085:diagnostic
2077:ultrasound
1988:heart rate
1966:hemorrhage
1938:blood flow
1904:blood flow
1831:Expansions
1721:sonography
1603:transducer
1575:sound wave
1534:nephrology
1506:sarcopenia
1430:varicocele
1327:chest Xray
1233:Artifacts:
1106:Fontanelle
929:Ian Donald
853:Hepatology
803:bile ducts
741:gallstones
719:, and the
684:dilatation
660:cardiology
615:ultrasound
592:ultrasound
588:ultrasound
580:ultrasound
544:medicine,
476:resolution
431:ultrasound
308:ultrasound
283:transducer
213:Ultrasound
171:echography
167:sonography
165:or simply
147:ultrasound
139:diagnostic
75:ICD-10-PCS
68:on a child
9355:Acoustics
9311:Pregnancy
9190:Brain PET
9158:gamma ray
9094:DMSA scan
8948:Obstetric
8841:diffusion
8836:Sequences
8814:perfusion
8706:Pulmonary
8653:Cone beam
8547:Pyelogram
8374:April 17,
8172:Q29581634
8164:12568268M
8105:220114494
8091:: b4428.
7399:Radiology
7114:247178444
7049:Kumar S.
6086:Radiology
6005:: S31â8.
5857:Radiology
5520:(1): 66.
5414:117391787
4783:August 7,
4750:247762623
4701:243885812
4660:236980540
4124:1476-5543
4081:2168-6211
4024:1466-609X
4008:(1): 65.
3693:31376083.
3327:216415694
2866:Tom Brown
2820:John Wild
2642:patients.
2543:Strengths
2507:stitching
2445:A normal
2306:Amsterdam
2178:parameter
2147:malignant
2046:radiology
1962:vasospasm
1924:E/A ratio
1841:omniplane
1767:⋅
1569:Mechanism
1563:megahertz
1442:vaginally
1434:hydrocele
1418:testicles
1136:optometry
933:pregnancy
767:abdominal
688:ventricle
649:tricuspid
538:angiology
423:diagnosis
191:echograph
187:sonograph
137:includes
9329:Category
9181:positron
8701:Coronary
8282:46092067
8274:15165281
8239:13550965
8196:. 2000.
8168:Wikidata
8005:18172524
7927:Archived
7835:21584892
7794:23916007
7786:21305639
7661:32614593
7653:11679787
7612:16901978
7553:11070816
7384:24399240
7376:27818332
7327:11937286
7249:11683186
7206:19647920
7157:14869006
7149:20194935
7106:35240084
7033:27087976
6980:23576444
6937:13467218
6845:30498802
6786:29624094
6751:92999405
6743:30945701
6626:22308105
6572:21680780
6497:22341052
6448:22579540
6412:10576262
6355:36487102
6347:15052252
6312:20150258
6263:24089981
6255:20027118
6219:10837732
6157:23843855
6108:21746815
6019:22723027
5965:19339331
5957:21041137
5921:19338115
5913:23305331
5877:20980447
5841:22866229
5792:21874631
5742:23137926
5631:73314302
5623:11175217
5546:31138235
5342:March 6,
5253:26838799
5227:(1): 2.
5199:26578974
5148:23926426
5097:25520782
5071:(1): 9.
5046:25444689
5010:25071570
4959:35805733
4951:27035250
4916:11132281
4868:30202130
4742:35342913
4652:34567225
4601:16738038
4552:29282107
4498:22392031
4456:28592998
4407:37476194
4399:26841270
4364:22416161
4247:July 23,
4224:45271140
4216:24002686
4181:58556724
4173:30636351
4132:39122885
4089:26237465
4042:32093763
3922:Archived
3873:24753947
3745:73129628
3680:20513478
3672:11511877
3637:42739523
3629:28442101
3594:21327914
3537:28342566
3496:27733052
3447:17515342
3379:28191202
3217:41843663
3209:17446771
3107:See also
3053:Fujifilm
2978:and the
2887:Yorkhill
2835:Scotland
2750:and the
2632:pancreas
2499:hematoma
2473:and the
2447:appendix
2257:prostate
2224:vascular
1992:Doppler
1970:aneurysm
1958:stenosis
1908:velocity
1906:and the
1827:echoes.
1762:cm depth
1514:, as in
1414:prostate
1386:prostate
1359:COVID-19
1348:staging:
1331:chest CT
1260:B-lines:
1258:§
1249:A-lines:
1247:§
1239:§
1207:catheter
1183:and the
843:perianal
819:appendix
783:pancreas
668:stenosis
584:catheter
576:catheter
560:, while
552:, where
542:vascular
468:neonatal
435:biopsies
429:, using
419:medicine
403:portable
234:using a
203:echogram
199:sonogram
175:pregnant
85:ICD-9-CM
9228:Optical
9210:PET-MRI
8990:Carotid
8985:Scrotal
8879:doppler
8809:Cardiac
8718:Thyroid
8662:Targets
8613:CT scan
8068:May 11,
7996:2170493
7878:May 19,
7843:5135695
7745:9483394
7710:7688253
7701:1678377
7603:1538990
7580:Bibcode
7479:May 19,
7419:2678243
7272:Bibcode
7229:Bibcode
7197:3915527
7024:4775827
6972:7910237
6929:9537941
6894:9451260
6885:2665362
6836:6251072
6794:4665114
6688:Bibcode
6661:1858217
6617:3269947
6563:3177611
6488:3355521
6303:4111897
6184:9240089
6148:3706868
6027:8513304
5832:3262271
5750:2224370
5666:5688346
5537:6537161
5244:4808817
5190:4625057
5173:: 302.
5139:3732157
5088:4268803
5001:4094839
4984:: 172.
4859:6124582
4817:July 1,
4643:8366220
4592:2117082
4543:5745967
4447:5440336
4355:3299161
4033:7041196
3983:2059249
3864:3987368
3832:4192094
3585:3078312
3545:3687095
3487:5397246
3370:5024924
2956:Kockums
2927:'s son
2862:Renfrew
2841:Glasgow
2793:History
2330:in vivo
2308:in the
2237:CT scan
2149:versus
1999:Doppler
1982:during
1950:cranium
1824:Doppler
1522:Kidneys
1436:) from
1406:ovaries
1398:urology
1175:, is a
1058:thyroid
983:(IUGR))
962:ectopic
907:bladder
899:ovaries
807:kidneys
464:thyroid
159:muscles
155:tendons
143:imaging
103:D014463
9205:PET-CT
8980:Breast
8975:Rectal
8899:duplex
8831:Breast
8668:Heart
8280:
8272:
8237:
8200:
8170:
8162:
8152:
8103:
8003:
7993:
7841:
7833:
7792:
7784:
7743:
7708:
7698:
7659:
7651:
7610:
7600:
7551:
7447:
7417:
7382:
7374:
7325:
7292:361793
7290:
7247:
7204:
7194:
7155:
7147:
7112:
7104:
7031:
7021:
6978:
6970:
6935:
6927:
6892:
6882:
6843:
6833:
6792:
6784:
6749:
6741:
6659:
6624:
6614:
6570:
6560:
6495:
6485:
6446:
6410:
6353:
6345:
6310:
6300:
6261:
6253:
6217:
6182:
6155:
6145:
6106:
6025:
6017:
5963:
5955:
5919:
5911:
5875:
5839:
5829:
5790:
5748:
5740:
5664:
5629:
5621:
5544:
5534:
5491:
5466:
5435:
5412:
5277:
5251:
5241:
5197:
5187:
5146:
5136:
5095:
5085:
5044:
5008:
4998:
4957:
4949:
4914:
4866:
4856:
4808:
4748:
4740:
4699:
4679:Thorax
4658:
4650:
4640:
4599:
4589:
4571:Thorax
4550:
4540:
4496:
4454:
4444:
4405:
4397:
4362:
4352:
4300:
4222:
4214:
4179:
4171:
4130:
4122:
4087:
4079:
4040:
4030:
4022:
3981:
3871:
3861:
3830:
3743:
3678:
3670:
3635:
3627:
3592:
3582:
3543:
3535:
3494:
3484:
3445:
3377:
3367:
3325:
3287:
3248:
3215:
3207:
3029:Esaote
2908:Sweden
2826:France
2738:, and
2736:Oregon
2549:Muscle
2361:biopsy
2253:breast
2206:yellow
2182:colors
2151:benign
2139:cancer
2050:Europe
1954:emboli
1885:B-mode
1579:echoes
1402:uterus
1337:, and
1223:pleura
1177:B-mode
1173:B-scan
1155:A-mode
1147:A-scan
1068:, and
913:, and
911:adnexa
901:, and
895:uterus
811:spleen
809:, and
733:trauma
731:after
692:atrium
651:valves
492:nerves
460:breast
456:testis
452:tendon
448:muscle
373:B-flow
315:C-mode
296:M-mode
290:B-mode
279:A-mode
232:tissue
201:or an
189:or an
9232:Laser
9154:SPECT
8963:renal
8792:Brain
8743:Other
8443:X-ray
8278:S2CID
8122:(PDF)
8101:S2CID
7839:S2CID
7790:S2CID
7657:S2CID
7380:S2CID
7356:Chest
7153:S2CID
7110:S2CID
6976:S2CID
6933:S2CID
6790:S2CID
6747:S2CID
6351:S2CID
6259:S2CID
6023:S2CID
5961:S2CID
5917:S2CID
5746:S2CID
5690:(PDF)
5683:(PDF)
5627:S2CID
5410:S2CID
5364:(PDF)
4955:S2CID
4746:S2CID
4697:S2CID
4656:S2CID
4403:S2CID
4220:S2CID
4177:S2CID
3741:S2CID
3676:S2CID
3633:S2CID
3541:S2CID
3323:S2CID
3311:(PDF)
3213:S2CID
2964:brain
2960:Malmö
2940:radar
2883:fetal
2708:life.
2674:ALARP
2245:X-ray
2214:Once
2188:green
2163:pixel
2143:tumor
2108:heart
2100:tumor
2081:organ
2075:. An
1942:brain
1900:heart
1701:DICOM
1478:penis
1424:from
1416:, or
1198:lungs
1185:orbit
1171:, or
958:fetus
937:fetus
815:bowel
795:liver
787:aorta
765:Both
737:EFAST
645:heart
300:video
270:Types
236:probe
226:with
169:, or
123:[
9000:FAST
8713:Head
8376:2022
8305:2007
8270:PMID
8235:PMID
8198:ISBN
8150:ISBN
8070:2006
8044:2005
8001:PMID
7911:2014
7880:2020
7831:PMID
7782:PMID
7741:PMID
7706:PMID
7649:PMID
7608:PMID
7549:PMID
7512:2017
7481:2020
7445:ISBN
7415:PMID
7372:PMID
7341:link
7323:PMID
7288:PMID
7245:PMID
7202:PMID
7145:PMID
7102:PMID
7029:PMID
6968:PMID
6925:PMID
6890:PMID
6841:PMID
6782:PMID
6739:PMID
6657:PMID
6622:PMID
6568:PMID
6493:PMID
6444:PMID
6408:PMID
6343:PMID
6308:PMID
6251:PMID
6215:PMID
6180:PMID
6153:PMID
6104:PMID
6015:PMID
5953:PMID
5909:PMID
5873:PMID
5837:PMID
5788:PMID
5738:PMID
5698:2013
5662:PMID
5619:PMID
5573:2017
5542:PMID
5489:ISBN
5464:ISBN
5433:ISBN
5372:2021
5344:2024
5275:ISBN
5249:PMID
5195:PMID
5144:PMID
5093:PMID
5042:PMID
5006:PMID
4947:PMID
4912:PMID
4900:82-B
4864:PMID
4819:2011
4806:ISBN
4785:2007
4738:PMID
4648:PMID
4597:PMID
4548:PMID
4494:PMID
4452:PMID
4395:PMID
4360:PMID
4298:ISBN
4270:2021
4249:2019
4212:PMID
4169:PMID
4128:PMID
4120:ISSN
4085:PMID
4077:ISSN
4038:PMID
4020:ISSN
3979:PMID
3906:2017
3869:PMID
3828:PMID
3797:2023
3772:2015
3668:PMID
3625:PMID
3590:PMID
3533:PMID
3492:PMID
3443:PMID
3375:PMID
3285:ISBN
3246:ISBN
3205:PMID
2923:and
2621:bone
2582:DEXA
2194:blue
2054:Asia
2052:and
1922:and
1730:echo
1460:and
1404:and
1329:and
1134:and
1123:eyes
1060:and
1034:and
876:and
777:and
769:and
759:and
743:and
690:and
572:IVUS
530:and
425:and
413:Uses
407:bone
197:, a
185:, a
97:MeSH
90:88.7
9177:PET
9145:ECT
9143:3D/
9025:2D/
8926:ICE
8921:TEE
8916:TTE
8784:MRI
8515:DXR
8511:DXA
8506:KUB
8501:AXR
8489:CXR
8332:doi
8262:doi
8227:doi
8223:271
8093:doi
8089:339
8085:BMJ
7991:PMC
7873:MTS
7821:doi
7772:doi
7733:doi
7696:PMC
7688:doi
7684:307
7680:BMJ
7639:doi
7598:PMC
7588:doi
7576:103
7539:doi
7437:hdl
7407:doi
7403:173
7364:doi
7360:151
7315:doi
7280:doi
7237:doi
7192:PMC
7184:doi
7137:doi
7092:hdl
7084:doi
7019:PMC
7011:doi
6960:doi
6956:343
6917:doi
6913:128
6880:PMC
6872:doi
6868:316
6864:BMJ
6831:PMC
6821:doi
6817:101
6774:doi
6729:doi
6725:164
6696:doi
6649:doi
6612:PMC
6604:doi
6558:PMC
6550:doi
6483:PMC
6475:doi
6436:doi
6400:doi
6335:doi
6298:PMC
6290:doi
6243:doi
6207:doi
6176:412
6143:PMC
6135:doi
6094:doi
6090:261
6050:doi
6007:doi
5945:doi
5901:doi
5865:doi
5861:258
5827:PMC
5819:doi
5778:doi
5730:hdl
5722:doi
5654:doi
5611:doi
5532:PMC
5522:doi
5402:doi
5308:doi
5239:PMC
5229:doi
5185:PMC
5175:doi
5134:PMC
5124:doi
5083:PMC
5073:doi
5034:doi
4996:PMC
4986:doi
4939:doi
4904:doi
4854:PMC
4846:doi
4728:doi
4687:doi
4638:PMC
4628:doi
4587:PMC
4579:doi
4538:PMC
4528:doi
4484:doi
4442:PMC
4434:doi
4387:doi
4350:PMC
4340:doi
4204:doi
4159:doi
4112:doi
4069:doi
4065:169
4028:PMC
4010:doi
3971:doi
3859:PMC
3820:doi
3816:295
3733:doi
3705:doi
3660:doi
3617:doi
3580:PMC
3572:doi
3523:doi
3482:PMC
3474:doi
3435:doi
3431:188
3406:doi
3365:PMC
3357:doi
3315:doi
3238:doi
3197:doi
2958:in
2916:by
2860:at
2584:or
2371:).
2291:or
2255:or
2200:red
2133:In
2048:in
2001:or
1944:'s
1817:3-D
1807:2-D
1772:MHz
1749:0.5
1651:in
1611:MHz
1532:In
1500:).
1448:).
1432:or
1408:or
1390:BPH
1350:In
1181:eye
1159:eye
1153:).
1130:In
1096:or
1084:In
1022:or
837:or
727:or
682:or
670:or
606:of
598:or
540:or
536:In
486:In
215:of
79:B?4
9346::
9183:):
9160:):
8889:3D
8457:2D
8328:21
8326:.
8322:.
8276:.
8268:.
8258:24
8256:.
8233:.
8221:.
8192:.
8166:.
8160:OL
8158:.
8148:.
8099:.
8087:.
7999:.
7987:34
7985:.
7981:.
7958:.
7871:.
7837:.
7829:.
7817:38
7815:.
7811:.
7788:.
7780:.
7768:37
7766:.
7762:.
7739:.
7729:50
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