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1613:
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by delivering myself into their hands, be the means of restoring peace to our fellow-citizens. As I have had more honour and responsibility among you than any private citizen has had in our day, I am more bound than any other person to serve our country, even at the risk of my life. With this intention I now go. Perhaps God wills that this war, which began in the blood of my brother and of myself, should be ended by any means. My desire is that by my life or my death, my misfortune or my prosperity, I may contribute to the welfare of our city... I go full of hope, praying to God to give me grace to perform what every citizen should at all times be ready to perform for his country.
16439:
triangular version of the Medici emblem). This particular influence offers an explanation for the red hue of the Medici balls, the colour of the terracotta sculpture. It would also have reflected the family's interest in
Etruscan art and culture. In addition, the notion of Etruscan votive sculpture would have chimed with the participation of the Medici in the religious custom of offering up votive statues, a practice that recalled the ancient Etruscan convention of donating sculptures in the hope of, or gratitude for, divine favour. Such favours would have included the wish for a strong and healthy family, both for the supplicant and their descendants.
16497:
16509:
16557:
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16351:
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885:(civic government) led by Tommaso Soderini, Oddo Altoviti and Lucca Pitti was elected and Cosimo returned. The Medici became the city's leading family, a position they would hold for the next three centuries. Florence remained a republic until 1537, traditionally marking the end of the High Renaissance in Florence, but the instruments of republican government were firmly under the control of the Medici and their allies, save during intervals after 1494 and 1527. Cosimo and Lorenzo rarely held official posts but were the unquestioned leaders.
16010:
1709:, as the Tuscan heir. By 1722, the electress was not even acknowledged as heiress, and Cosimo was reduced to spectator at the conferences for Tuscany's future. On 25 October 1723, six days before his death, Grand Duke Cosimo disseminated a final proclamation commanding that Tuscany stay independent: Anna Maria Luisa would succeed uninhibited to Tuscany after Gian Gastone, and the grand duke reserved the right to choose his successor. However, these portions of his proclamation were completely ignored, and he died a few days later.
16533:
15855:
1440:
15987:
16033:
15888:
6439:
5332:
4567:
4238:
4215:
4198:
4018:
4003:
3950:
3903:
62:
15946:
1845:
16093:
977:
1621:
16142:
1942:(February 7, 1497). The following year, on 23 May 1498, Savonarola and two young supporters were burned at the stake in the Piazza della Signoria, the same location as his bonfire. In addition to commissions for art and architecture, the Medici were prolific collectors and today their acquisitions form the core of the Uffizi museum in Florence. In architecture, the Medici were responsible for some notable features of Florence, including the
15917:
1280:
1161:
1566:(the last time Medicean Tuscany proper was involved in a conflict) and inflicted a defeat on the forces of Pope Urban VIII in 1643. The war effort was costly and the treasury so empty because of it that when the Castro mercenaries were paid for, the state could no longer afford to pay interest on government bonds, with the result that the interest rate was lowered by 0.75%. At that time, the economy was so decrepit that
16414:
1919:
19783:
823:
1690:. Upon the death of his first son, Cosimo contemplated restoring the Florentine republic, either upon Anna Maria Luisa's death, or on his own, if he predeceased her. The restoration of the republic would entail resigning Siena to the Holy Roman Empire, but, regardless, it was vehemently endorsed by his government. Europe largely ignored Cosimo's plan. Only Great Britain and the
812:
1466:, was also pro-Medici. Ferdinando's pro-papal foreign policy, however, had drawbacks. Tuscany was overrun with religious orders, not all of whom were obliged to pay taxes. Ferdinando died in 1609, leaving an affluent realm; his inaction in international affairs, however, would have long-reaching consequences down the line.
1677:
The Medici lacked male heirs, and by 1705, the grand ducal treasury was virtually bankrupt. In comparison to the 17th century, the population of
Florence declined by 50%, and the population of the grand duchy as a whole declined by an estimated 40%. Cosimo desperately tried to reach a settlement with
1431:
Medici and Tuscan state property, are thought to have been wealthier than their ancestor, Cosimo de' Medici, the founder of the dynasty. The Grand Duke alone had the prerogative to exploit the state's mineral and salt resources, and the fortunes of the Medici were directly tied to the Tuscan economy.
1103:
In the dangerous circumstances in which our city is placed, the time for deliberation is past. Action must be taken... I have decided, with your approval, to sail for Naples immediately, believing that as I am the person against whom the activities of our enemies are chiefly directed, I may, perhaps,
16434:
that typically are grown in Italy. Although knowledge of vitamins did not exist at the time, the benefit of oranges for certain diseases was recognized and their association with recommendations by medical doctors suggests to
Ruggiero that this likely is the imagery intended in the coats of arms for
1804:, an extant branch of the House of Medici who were eligible to inherit the grand duchy of Tuscany when the last male of the senior branch died in 1737, could have carried on as Medici sovereigns but for the intervention of Europe's major powers, which allocated the sovereignty of Florence elsewhere.
699:
The Medici Bank, from when it was created in 1397 to its fall in 1494, was one of the most prosperous and respected institutions in Europe, and the Medici family was considered the wealthiest in Europe for a time. From this base, they acquired political power initially in
Florence and later in wider
1323:
In 1534, following a lengthy illness, Pope
Clement VII died—and with him the stability of the Medici's "senior" branch. In 1535, Ippolito Cardinal de' Medici died under mysterious circumstances. In 1536, Alessandro de' Medici married Charles V's daughter, Margaret of Austria; however, the following
16438:
Alternatively, it has been suggested that the Medici coat of arms was initially inspired by symbols drawn from
Etruscan votive sculpture, examples of which feature an oval dome with balls (echoing the forms of the Medici shield), as well as six balls within a triangle (as found in the alternative,
16429:
As an
Italian vocabulary word, "medici" means "medical doctors" and identifications with the family members as physicians may be found among their names as early as the eleventh century. Fanciful stories depict the images as pills or cupping glasses, a late-medieval medical instrument used to draw
16401:
The origin of the Medici coat of arms is not recorded. One unproven story traces their ancestry to a knight of
Charlemagne's, Averardo, who defeated a giant, Mugello. In reward, Charlemagne is said to have rewarded Averardo with the shield mauled by the giant, with the dents in the shape of balls,
1882:
art and architecture. The Medici were responsible for a high proportion of the major
Florentine works of art created during their period of rule. Their support was critical, since artists generally began work on their projects only after they had received commissions. Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici,
1430:
Despite all of these incentives for economic growth and prosperity, the population of
Florence at the dawn of the 17th century was a mere 75,000, far smaller than the other capitals of Italy (i.e., Rome, Milan, Venice, Palermo, and Naples). Francesco and Ferdinando, due to lax distinction between
1027:
that pained his foot and led to his death. Unlike his father, Piero had little interest in the arts. Due to his illness, he mostly stayed at home bedridden, and therefore did little to further the Medici control of Florence while in power. As such, Medici rule stagnated until the next generation,
16421:
The simplest, though also unproven, theory suggests that the balls represented coins copied from the coat of arms of the Guild of Moneychangers (Arte del Cambio) to which the Medici belonged. That shield was red strewn with Byzantine coins (bezants). The number of balls also varied with time, as
1728:
by organising banquets. His conduct at the banquets was less than regal; he often vomited repeatedly into his napkin, belched, and regaled those present with socially inappropriate jokes. Following a sprained ankle in 1731, he remained confined to his bed for the rest of his life. The bed, often
1034:(1449–1492), called "the Magnificent", was more capable of leading and ruling a city, but he neglected the family banking business, which led to its ultimate ruin. To ensure the continuance of his family's success, Lorenzo planned his children's future careers for them. He groomed the headstrong
1716:; while she abhorred her brother's liberal policies, he repealed all of his father's anti-Semitic statutes. Gian Gastone revelled in upsetting her. On 25 October 1731, a Spanish detachment occupied Florence on behalf of Don Carlos, who disembarked in Tuscany in December of the same year. The
1085:
to a degree. The conspirators approached Sixtus IV in the hopes of gaining his approval, as he and the Medici had a long rivalry themselves, but the pope gave no official sanction to the plan. Despite his refusal of official approval, the pope nonetheless allowed the plot to proceed without
16724:
and by Cosimo I 'de Medici in the early 16th century. Historians have found no proof of an actual connection between the Medici of Milan and the Medici of Florence, but this belief was widespread during the life of Pius IV and the Medici of Florence allowed the Medici of Milan to use their
1012:
without abolishing it altogether. These three members of the Medici family had great skills in the management of so "restive and independent a city" as Florence. When Lorenzo died in 1492, however, his son Piero proved quite incapable of responding successfully to challenges caused by the
955:(1320–1363), increased the wealth of the family through his creation of the Medici Bank, and became one of the richest men in the city of Florence. Although he never held any political office, he gained strong popular support for the family through his support for the introduction of a
16472:
1130:, in 1537. This century-long rule was interrupted only on two occasions (between 1494–1512 and 1527–1530), when anti-Medici factions took control of Florence. Following the assassination of Duke Alessandro, power passed to the "junior" Medici branch—those descended from
1780:
The electress donated much of her fortune to charity: £4,000 a month. On 19 February 1743, she died, and the grand ducal line of the House of Medici died with her. The Florentines grieved her, and she was interred in the crypt that she helped to complete, San Lorenzo.
1911:(1475–1564), who produced work for a number of family members, beginning with Lorenzo the Magnificent, who was said to be extremely fond of the young Michelangelo and invited him to study the family collection of antique sculpture. Lorenzo also served as patron to
1815:
dynasty. The first grand duke of the new dynasty, Francis I, was a great-great-great-grandson of Francesco I de' Medici, thus he continued the Medicean Dynasty on the throne of Tuscany through the female line. The Habsburgs were deposed in favor of the
1000:
in the dyeing of certain cloths and was used extensively in Florence, where the main industry was textile manufacturing. Before the Medici, the Turks were the only exporters of alum, so Europe was forced to buy from them until the discovery in Tolfa.
1669:
for the Grand Duke and his family in 1691, despite the fact that they had no claim to any kingdom. Cosimo frequently paid the Holy Roman Emperor, his nominal feudal overlord, exorbitant dues, and he sent munitions to the emperor during the
18102:(Oxford University Press 2003) a detailed account of the Pazzi Conspiracy, the players, the politics of the day, and the fallout of the assassination plot. Though accurate in historic details, Martines writes with an anti-Medici tone.
939:
revolt of 1378–82, and one Antonio de' Medici was exiled from Florence in 1396. Involvement in another plot in 1400 caused all branches of the family to be banned from Florentine politics for twenty years, with the exception of two.
16430:
blood. Pills did not exist until much later and bloodletting was not a common practice at the time of the first Medici coat of arms. Art historian Rocky Ruggiero suggests plausibly however, that the images may represent whole ripe
6308:
17056:
881:. The Medici controlled the Medici Bank—then Europe's largest bank—and an array of other enterprises in Florence and elsewhere. In 1433, the Albizzi managed to have Cosimo exiled. The next year, however, a pro-Medici
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and continued to flourish for centuries afterward as Dukes of Florence and Tuscany. At least half, probably more, of Florence's people were employed by the Medici and their foundational branches in business.
6016:
18663:
1507:
Cosimo's elder son, Ferdinando, was not yet of legal maturity to succeed him, thus Maria Maddalena and his grandmother, Christina of Lorraine, acted as regents. Their collective regency is known as the
3334:
5703:
16204:, Brother of Cosimo de' Medici; also great-grandson of Lorenzo the Magnificent through his mother, Maria Salviati, and his grandmother, Lucrezia de' Medici. 1569, he was made Grand Duke of Tuscany.
3313:
3300:
432:
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4852:
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1094:. Lorenzo's son Piero II took over as the head of Florence after Lorenzo's death. The Medici were expelled from Florence from 1494 to 1512 after Piero acceded to all of the demands of invader
17808:
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1915:(1452–1519) for seven years. Indeed, Lorenzo was an artist in his own right and an author of poetry and song; his support of the arts and letters is seen as a high point in Medici patronage.
18594:
17679:
17646:
13848:
6141:
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5514:
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5009:
3652:
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5823:
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17791:
6154:
5251:
5099:
5048:
5035:
5022:
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4037:
896:: several families had systematic access to the rest of the elite families only through the Medici, perhaps similar to banking relationships. Some examples of these families include the
17708:
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5086:
4548:
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17634:
16996:
6125:
5266:
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5810:
5497:
19017:
17712:
17667:
4535:
3378:
2875:
1585:, the Medici's necropolis. At the time of his death, the population of the grand duchy was 730,594; the streets were lined with grass and the buildings on the verge of collapse in
1458:
Ferdinando, although no longer a cardinal, exercised much influence at successive conclaves. In 1605, Ferdinando succeeded in getting his candidate, Alessandro de' Medici, elected
18829:
18779:
17663:
17630:
16445:
5484:
1751:
by the Prince de Craon until the new grand duke could peregrinate to Tuscany, but declined. Upon her brother's death, she received all the House of Medici's allodial possessions.
1231:
Leo X's fun-loving pontificate bankrupted Vatican coffers and accrued massive debts. From Leo's election as pope in 1513 to his death in 1521, Florence was overseen, in turn, by
17671:
18889:
18814:
17725:
3140:
3122:
3059:
18960:
18834:
18819:
15093:
3721:
2656:
1593:
1266:(future duke of Florence), and their guardians. In 1530, after allying himself with Charles V, Pope Clement VII succeeded in securing the engagement of Charles V's daughter
18092:(Pimlico, 2005) is an informative and lively account of the Medici family, their finesse and foibles—extremely readable, though with a few factual and typographical errors.
1122:
The exile of the Medici lasted until 1512, after which the "senior" branch of the family—those descended from Cosimo the Elder—were able to rule until the assassination of
18935:
18824:
18794:
1391:
Ferdinando eagerly assumed the government of Tuscany. He commanded the draining of the Tuscan marshlands, built a road network in southern Tuscany and cultivated trade in
1008:
Three successive generations of the Medici—Cosimo, Piero, and Lorenzo—ruled over Florence through the greater part of the 15th century. They clearly dominated Florentine
18955:
18879:
18864:
18849:
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3359:
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2020:, who tutored multiple generations of Medici children and was an important figurehead for his patron's quest for power. Galileo's patronage was eventually abandoned by
18869:
4232:
4209:
4012:
3982:
3942:
3686:
3104:
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846:, went bankrupt, and the city of Siena lost its status as the banking centre of Italy to Florence. Until the late 14th century, the leading family of Florence was the
17650:
1765:
The "Lorrainers", as the occupying forces were called, were popularly loathed, but the regent, the Prince de Craon, allowed the electress to live unperturbed in the
16660:
3995:
3895:
3639:
1415:. Henry explicitly stated that he would defend Tuscany from Spanish aggression, but later reneged, after which Ferdinando was forced to marry his heir, Cosimo, to
18884:
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4192:
3749:
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1938:
rose to prominence, warning Florentines against excessive luxury. Under Savonarola's fanatical leadership many great works were "voluntarily" destroyed in the
1532:. In 1626, they banned any Tuscan subject from being educated outside the Grand Duchy, a law later overturned, but resurrected by Maria Maddalena's grandson,
18804:
3705:
3670:
16945:
1274:. Clement also convinced Charles V to name Alessandro as Duke of Florence. Thus began the reign of Medici monarchs in Florence, which lasted two centuries.
17977:
Scopacasa, Rafael (2015). "Moulding Cultural Change: A Contextual Approach to Anatomical Votive Terracottas in Central Italy, Fourth-Second Centuries BC".
16863:
6457:
This extract shows the branch that gave rise to the celebrated branch of the Medici descending from Giovanni "di Bicci", who founded the Medici fortunes:
5326:
19314:
19002:
1090:
for crimes done in the service of the church. After this, Lorenzo adopted his brother's illegitimate son Giulio de' Medici (1478–1535), the future Pope
19760:
16333:
14720:
2021:
1452:
19400:
18976:
18940:
18799:
18774:
18569:
18196:
16556:
16379:
16287:
15643:
15594:
13553:
11856:
1774:
1656:
1369:
624:
162:
17488:
648:, the Medici dominated their city's government, were able to bring Florence under their family's power, and created an environment in which art and
18129:
18095:
16264:
15625:
13500:
11627:
1824:. Tuscany became a province of the United Kingdom of Italy in 1861. However, several extant branches of the House of Medici survive, including the
1547:
Grand Duke Ferdinado was obsessed with new technology, and had a variety of hygrometers, barometers, thermometers, and telescopes installed in the
1365:
1965:
Later, in Rome, the Medici popes continued in the family tradition of patronizing artists in Rome. Pope Leo X would chiefly commission works from
19817:
18045:, (Simon and Schuster 2008) is a vividly colorful biography of this true "renaissance man", the uncrowned ruler of Florence during its golden age
17222:
Austria and Spain were ruled by the House of Habsburg; the two are interchangeable terms for the Habsburg domains in the time period in question.
16544:
16356:
15069:
1533:
628:
17092:. A Norton Critical Edition. Translated and edited by Rober M. Adams. New York. W.W. Norton and Company, 1977. p. viii (Historical Introduction)
16496:
16327:
1077:
families, both rival banking families seeking to end the influence of the Medici, as well as the priest presiding over the church services, the
19765:
18058:
17910:
17014:
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16310:
14297:
1477:
1448:
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16181:
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1283:
273:
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1246:
Clement VII's tumultuous pontificate was dominated by a rapid succession of political crises—many long in the making—that resulted in the
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1373:
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1524:(Francesco Maria II), instead of claiming the duchy for Ferdinando, who was married to the Duke of Urbino's granddaughter and heiress,
1069:
during Easter services; the assassination attempt ended with the death of Giuliano and an injured Lorenzo. The conspiracy involved the
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1232:
406:
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Cousin of Cardinal Ippolito de' Medici, illegitimate son of Lorenzo II de' Medici, Duke of Urbino or Pope Clement VII. Acting
12404:
This is the branch of Cosimo's brother, Lorenzo, called the "Popolano" Branch, which gave rise to the Grand-Dukes of Tuscany:
2028:
accused Galileo of heresy. However, the Medici family did afford the scientist a safe haven for many years. Galileo named the
1427:
with the intention of establishing a Tuscan colony, an enterprise that brought no result for permanent colonial acquisitions.
19423:
18387:
16417:
Here seen sliced in half, an art historian suggests that whole blood oranges could be the imagery in the Medici coats of arms
16038:
13227:
10404:
1336:
Another outstanding figure of the 16th-century Medici family was Cosimo I, who rose from relatively modest beginnings in the
1236:
16281:
20451:
18950:
16932:
Severing the Neck of Pride: Donatello's "Judith and Holofernes" and the Recollection of Albizzi Shame in Medicean Florence
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the European powers, but Tuscany's legal status was very complicated: the area of the grand duchy formerly comprising the
20656:
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14777:
13177:
12334:
1758:("family pact") on 31 October 1737. In collaboration with the Holy Roman Emperor and Grand Duke Francis of Lorraine, she
1420:
1043:
634:
The Medicis' wealth and influence was initially derived from the textile trade guided by the wool guild of Florence, the
16664:
2016:
Although none of the Medici themselves were scientists, the family is well known to have been the patrons of the famous
1592:
Ferdinando's marriage to Vittoria della Rovere produced two children: Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and
1480:, reigned for less than 12 years. He married Maria Maddalena of Austria, with whom he had his eight children, including
1473:. Louis repudiated her pro-Habsburg policy in 1617. She lived the rest of her life deprived of any political influence.
1023:(1416–1469), Cosimo's son, was only in power for five years (1464–1469). He was called "Piero the Gouty" because of the
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1744:
was made heir in his stead. In January 1737, the Spanish troops withdrew from Tuscany, and were replaced by Austrians.
1489:
1145:. The family's influence grew with its patronage of wealth, art, and culture. Ultimately, it reached its zenith in the
201:
1411:
on their portion of the island of Elba. To strengthen the new Franco-Tuscan alliance, he married his niece, Marie, to
1399:
along the major roads (silk worms feed on mulberry leaves). In foreign affairs, he shifted Tuscany away from Habsburg
584:. This bank was the largest in Europe during the 15th century and facilitated the Medicis' rise to political power in
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18564:
18080:
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Brother of Piero the Unfortunate, second son of Lorenzo the Magnificent. Elected to the Papacy, becoming Pope Leo X.
13204:
1892:
1770:
1582:
535:
489:
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15084:
12115:
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627:. The grand duchy witnessed degrees of economic growth under the early grand dukes, but was bankrupt by the time of
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19386:
18854:
18327:
15616:
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14350:
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8785:
1986:
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all the personal property of the Medici to the Tuscan state, provided that nothing was ever removed from Florence.
1662:
1208:
16859:
The name in Italian is pronounced with the stress on the first syllable /ˈmɛ .di.tʃi/ and not on the second vowel.
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19786:
19459:
18874:
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16422:
shown below. It has also been argued that these coins referenced the three coins or golden balls associated with
15878:
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13879:
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7962:
1521:
1258:. From the time of Clement's election as pope in 1523 until the sack of Rome, Florence was governed by the young
1078:
948:
904:, Ridolfi, Cavalcanti and the Tornabuoni. This has been suggested as a reason for the rise of the Medici family.
870:
815:
705:
238:
20214:
20124:
17489:"Florence Journal; Where the Bodies Are Buried, Modern-Day Medici Feud, Alan Feuer, New York Times, May 4, 2004"
16860:
1747:
Gian Gastone died on 9 July 1737, surrounded by prelates and his sister. Anna Maria Luisa was offered a nominal
1308:. This led to the transfer of Medici blood, through Catherine's daughters, to the royal family of Spain through
1141:
Cosimo the Elder and his father started the Medici foundations in banking and manufacturing—including a form of
1017:, and within two years, he and his supporters were forced into exile and replaced with a republican government.
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19803:
19678:
18658:
18574:
15607:
14762:
14341:
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11774:
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1624:
1087:
1005:
granted the Medici family a monopoly on the mining there, making them the primary producers of alum in Europe.
623:
after territorial expansion. The Medici ruled the Grand Duchy from its inception until 1737, with the death of
172:
16258:
16059:
1296:
After securing Alessandro de' Medici's dukedom, Pope Clement VII married off his first cousin, twice removed,
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19891:
19570:
19190:
18589:
18362:
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16298:
Brother of Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, son of Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany.
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11647:
8727:
1849:
1785:
1741:
1251:
1020:
1833:
787:
north of Florence, and they are first mentioned in a document of 1230. The origin of the name is uncertain.
20390:
20189:
18117:
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14709:
12379:
1737:
907:
Members of the family rose to some prominence in the early 14th century in the wool trade, especially with
343:
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19027:
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after four Medici children he tutored, although the names Galileo used are not the names currently used.
1512:. Maria Maddelana's temperament was analogous to Christina's, and together they aligned Tuscany with the
1485:
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15881:
who was not as prominently involved in Florentine politics, rather more involved in the financial area.
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19951:
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18689:
18474:
18454:
13570:
1651:
and Marie de' Medici. An exceedingly discontented pairing, this union produced three children, notably
1444:
1416:
14286:
12124:
20651:
20436:
20416:
20050:
18759:
18684:
18449:
18169:
16871:
16193:
14261:
12454:
12133:
12099:
10508:
9976:
2002:
1724:, Gian Gastone's sister-in-law, tried to withdraw the grand duke from the sphere of influence of the
1198:
1009:
822:
720:
19597:
17907:
20631:
20360:
20073:
19532:
19022:
18764:
18469:
17865:
14753:
14742:
14059:
11560:
9702:
1793:
1481:
1271:
1263:
1123:
17:
19719:
17439:
16739:
20646:
20564:
20001:
19846:
19729:
19714:
19709:
19688:
19409:
19365:
19227:
18915:
18769:
18579:
18490:
18459:
16720:, considered itself a branch of the House of Medici and was recognized as such by the Florentine
16050:
13197:
11172:
10960:
10916:
10871:
8816:
8375:
5112:
3929:
2491:
1959:
1939:
1345:
1325:
1297:
928:
889:
772:
608:
379:
268:
39:
19724:
18207:
Medici Family Tree, featuring portraits and bios of key members of the Medici Dynasty, 1400–1737
18105:
16350:
16109:
Cousin of Cardinal Giulio de' Medici, illegitimate son of Giuliano de' Medici, Duke of Nemours.
20461:
20219:
19886:
19653:
19617:
19587:
19483:
19262:
19143:
18584:
18553:
18444:
18436:
18426:
18398:
18287:
17539:
16098:
15969:
14805:
13279:
13188:
11618:
9957:
9215:
7757:
1858:
1552:
1377:
1328:. The deaths of Alessandro and Ippolito enabled the Medici's "junior" branch to lead Florence.
1287:
1259:
1221:
1135:
1095:
1066:
1065:
of 1478 was an attempt to depose the Medici family by killing Lorenzo with his younger brother
1014:
952:
620:
291:
95:
31:
20209:
20021:
19174:
17089:
16686:
20355:
20334:
19851:
19622:
19607:
19548:
19062:
18920:
18694:
18372:
18367:
16825:
16691:
16605:
15951:
15922:
14731:
14332:
13822:
13786:
13544:
12361:
11847:
10427:
9649:
9195:
9179:
1697:
On 4 April 1718, Great Britain, France and the Dutch Republic (also later, Austria) selected
1556:
1525:
1404:
1035:
1031:
878:
851:
724:
437:
248:
191:
16304:
1046:
was provided with a sumptuous dowry to make a politically advantageous marriage to a son of
20114:
19986:
19575:
19465:
19441:
19148:
19123:
19106:
19096:
18945:
18357:
18320:
18155:
17949:
Cosimo I de' Medici as Collector: Antiquities and Archaeology in Sixteenth-century Florence
15860:
14769:
14277:
14022:
13243:
13234:
12343:
12142:
11596:
11585:
11576:
11567:
9266:
9162:
8360:
1998:
1888:
1698:
1683:
1470:
960:
882:
874:
855:
830:
569:
565:
243:
91:
20144:
588:, although they officially remained citizens rather than monarchs until the 16th century.
8:
20477:
19896:
19734:
19673:
19471:
19447:
19355:
19309:
18495:
18147:
18121:
18015:
15973:
14006:
12386:
12072:
11838:
11807:
11607:
9693:
8766:
8749:
3916:
2366:
1990:
1935:
1825:
1801:
1789:
1721:
1381:
1309:
1301:
1247:
1225:
1171:
760:
653:
612:
427:
278:
217:
19744:
16910:
16049:
Nephew of Giuliano de' Medici, Duke of Nemours, son of Piero the Unfortunate. Father of
1364:
and based the Tuscan navy there. He died in 1574, succeeded by his eldest surviving son
20385:
20279:
20234:
20194:
20174:
20006:
19996:
19971:
19876:
19871:
19866:
19648:
19612:
19602:
19581:
19477:
19435:
19360:
18981:
18602:
18048:
17994:
16976:
16968:
16781:
16585:
14015:
12325:
11825:
11816:
11798:
11183:
10931:
9675:
9253:
1994:
1821:
1648:
1423:
was the incumbent Queen consort). Ferdinando also sponsored a Tuscan expedition to the
1412:
1385:
1305:
1074:
1047:
20284:
18724:
18622:
1977:, a princess of Spain and wife of Cosimo I the Great, purchased the Pitti Palace from
1559:, organized to attract scientists to Florence from all over Tuscany for mutual study.
1384:, Queen of France and Navarre. Through Marie, all succeeding French monarchs (bar the
20569:
20544:
20319:
20274:
20199:
20031:
19956:
19946:
19941:
19693:
19668:
19658:
19627:
19128:
19101:
18789:
18617:
18607:
18297:
18255:
18220:
18173:
18076:
18027:
18020:
17998:
17554:
17171:
17161:
17109:
17062:
16831:
16773:
16201:
13168:
12602:
10483:
10382:
8404:
2116:
2025:
2010:
2006:
1978:
1974:
1912:
1853:
1812:
1706:
1702:
1679:
1361:
1313:
1267:
1254:
in 1527 and rise of the Salviati, Altoviti and Strozzi as the leading bankers of the
1131:
1055:
901:
736:
657:
561:
53:
20523:
16980:
1969:, whereas Pope Clement VII commissioned Michelangelo to paint the altar wall of the
1352:
and their allies, he prevailed in various battles to conquer Florence's hated rival
20589:
20264:
20259:
20244:
20129:
20104:
19976:
19966:
19936:
19921:
19663:
19560:
19554:
19517:
19453:
19350:
19340:
19299:
18809:
18632:
18547:
18516:
18413:
18392:
17986:
16960:
16721:
16599:
16082:
16065:
16009:
12622:
11638:
10455:
9729:
1951:
1879:
1817:
1671:
1636:
1497:
1407:, a granddaughter of Catherine de' Medici. The Spanish reaction was to construct a
1317:
1240:
1127:
1062:
956:
768:
689:
616:
596:
549:
506:
460:
353:
258:
196:
20314:
1720:, Gian Gastone's decrepit entourage, loathed the electress, and she them. Duchess
1633:
Minerva, Mercury and Pluto pay homage to the Electress Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici
1356:
and found the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. Cosimo purchased a portion of the island of
20518:
20508:
20431:
20426:
20421:
20294:
20149:
20119:
20109:
20026:
20016:
19881:
19512:
19211:
19195:
18627:
18313:
18134:
A Short History of Renaissance and Reformation Europe, Dances over Fire and Water
18112:
17928:
Jelbert, Rebeca (2020). "The Medici Coat of Arms and Etruscan Votive Sculpture".
17914:
17731:
17550:
17000:
16867:
15986:
13513:
12352:
9722:
9642:
9277:
2241:
2017:
1927:
1875:
1808:
1712:
Gian Gastone despised the electress for engineering his catastrophic marriage to
1529:
1493:
1439:
888:
The Medici family was connected to most other elite families of the time through
811:
759:, among many others in the arts and sciences. They were also protagonists of the
677:
661:
636:
500:
369:
222:
212:
103:
19378:
18201:
18197:
Prince Ottaviano de' Medici: Solving a 417-year-old murder mystery (May 4, 2004)
16080:
who was the brother of Lorenzo the Magnificent. Elected to the Papacy, becoming
16032:
1134:, the youngest son of Giovanni di Bicci, starting with his great-great-grandson
20559:
20528:
20487:
20456:
20441:
20395:
20324:
20299:
20184:
20011:
19926:
19911:
19856:
19522:
19335:
19330:
19153:
19048:
19007:
18859:
18612:
18085:
16803:
16595:
16426:, particularly as the saint was invoked by Italian bankers as they took oaths.
16026:
Brother of Cardinal Giovanni de' Medici, third son of Lorenzo the Magnificent.
15977:
15887:
13210:
12463:
10496:
9208:
7971:
2029:
1982:
1970:
1955:
1947:
1922:
Medici family members placed allegorically in the entourage of a king from the
1694:
gave any credence to it, and the plan ultimately died with Cosimo III in 1723.
1691:
1597:
1563:
1368:, whose death without male heirs led to the succession of his younger brother,
1337:
1192:. They were generous patrons of the arts who commissioned masterpieces such as
1082:
989:
924:
919:, they were still far less notable than other outstanding families such as the
893:
784:
756:
701:
573:
557:
207:
18215:
17990:
15854:
1629:
Minerva, Merkur und Plutus huldigen der Kurfürstin Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici
793:
20625:
20584:
20482:
20411:
20380:
20375:
20370:
20350:
20329:
20304:
20289:
20224:
20204:
20169:
20134:
19916:
19830:
19739:
18925:
18746:
17736:(in Italian). Vol. Parte prima. Naples: Stamperia Simoniana. p. 157
16777:
16696:
16451:
Old coat of arms of the Medici used by Giovanni di Bicci and Cosimo the Elder
16431:
10893:
1923:
1769:. She occupied herself with financing and overseeing the construction of the
1766:
1548:
1396:
1349:
1217:
669:
384:
374:
313:
20513:
18206:
6438:
5331:
4566:
4237:
4214:
4197:
4017:
4002:
3949:
3902:
1050:
that cemented the alliance between the Medici and the Roman branches of the
20610:
20574:
20554:
20309:
20254:
20239:
20179:
20159:
20139:
20094:
19991:
19961:
19901:
19294:
19111:
19069:
19057:
18930:
18894:
18068:
17175:
16726:
16423:
9172:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1871:
1567:
1537:
1513:
1501:
1203:
1189:
1188:
political rulers of Rome, Florence, and large swaths of Italy known as the
1002:
970:
897:
892:, partnerships, or employment, so the family had a central position in the
740:
728:
681:
656:
was inspired by the Medici along with other families of Italy, such as the
600:
113:
By Medico, Castellan of Potrone, considered the first ancestor of the house
99:
61:
35:
18166:
Medici Money: Banking, Metaphysics, and Art in Fifteenth-Century Florence.
18053:
History of Florence: From the Founding of the City Through the Renaissance
20594:
20549:
20492:
20164:
19906:
19565:
19304:
19278:
19232:
19043:
18558:
18521:
18231:
16480:
Or, five balls in orle gules, in chief a larger one of the arms of France
15945:
11136:
1601:
1463:
1459:
1255:
1179:
1142:
1091:
988:
The Medici additionally benefited from the discovery of vast deposits of
916:
843:
798:
764:
748:
604:
581:
348:
335:
301:
263:
72:
Or, five balls in orle gules, in chief a larger one of the arms of France
19795:
19012:
17155:
16785:
16092:
1844:
1403:
by marrying the first non-Habsburg marriage candidate since Alessandro,
869:
The main challengers to the Albizzi family were the Medici, first under
572:
during the first half of the 15th century. The family originated in the
20579:
20099:
19138:
18541:
18511:
18377:
17085:
16972:
15992:
9682:
1784:
The extinction of the main Medici dynasty and the accession in 1737 of
1759:
1687:
1620:
1086:
interfering, and, after the failed assassination of Lorenzo, also gave
1039:
976:
863:
797:, meaning "medical doctor". The dynasty began with the founding of the
732:
592:
253:
18997:
17918:, Making Art and History Come to Life, October 28, 2020, an audio file
17851:
The Medici Bank: Its Organization, Management, Operations, and Decline
17031:
16141:
15972:
invaded as a full republic was restored, first under the theocracy of
1866:
The greatest accomplishments of the Medici were in the sponsorship of
1828:, the Medici Tornaquinci, and the Verona Medici Counts of Caprara and
838:
For most of the 13th century, the leading banking centre in Italy was
20089:
19861:
19841:
19527:
19252:
19169:
19133:
18161:
17908:
Rebuilding The Renaissance, Episode 93 – Florence: The Medici Dynasty
16850:
The Medieval World – Europe 1100–1350 by Friedrich Heer, 1998 Germany
1896:
1820:
in 1801 (themselves deposed in 1807), but were later restored at the
1807:
As a consequence, the grand duchy expired and the territory became a
1540:, an Anglo-Italian historian, ascribed the decline of Tuscany to the
1424:
700:
Italy and Europe. They were among the earliest businesses to use the
18136:. 1996. 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2003.
18043:
Magnifico: The Brilliant Life and Violent Times of Lorenzo de Medici
15916:
1665:, Anna Maria Luisa's spouse, successfully requisitioned the dignity
20042:
18055:(Frederick Ungar, 1936) is the standard overall history of Florence
16964:
16487:
9246:
8736:
2001:, is the subject of a commissioned cycle of paintings known as the
1884:
1574:
1400:
1213:
1184:
711:
The Medici family have claimed to have funded the invention of the
649:
643:
585:
79:
18305:
1395:. To augment the Tuscan silk industry, he oversaw the planting of
1279:
1160:
858:
throughout the Italian Renaissance. The city's numerous luxurious
842:. But in 1298, one of the leading banking families of Europe, the
20446:
20269:
19931:
19826:
19345:
18283:
18251:
17704:
17683:
17675:
17642:
16413:
6160:
6131:
5993:
4842:
4803:
4774:
4588:
3755:
3711:
3676:
3658:
3614:
3399:
3146:
3128:
3110:
3065:
2033:
1966:
1829:
1797:
1796:, led to Tuscany's temporary inclusion in the territories of the
1408:
1392:
1341:
1193:
1038:
to follow as his successor in civil leadership; Giovanni (future
997:
920:
859:
847:
752:
744:
673:
577:
121:
17588:
12410:
Medici family tree § Medici family tree (Grand Dukes of Tuscany)
1262:(future cardinal and vice-chancellor of the Holy Roman Church),
20365:
17016:
The Florentine history written by Niccolò Machiavelli, Volume 1
16367:
Eldest son of Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany.
10411:
1943:
1918:
1748:
1682:
was technically a Spanish fief, while the territory of the old
1578:
1517:
936:
915:. Despite the presence of some Medici in the city's government
908:
854:
were enacted; effectively, they became the constitution of the
693:
615:(1600–1610). In 1532, the family acquired the hereditary title
125:
18038:
a highly readable, non-scholarly general history of the family
17666:(from which descended a line extinct in 1670 with Ottaviano),
16764:
Pollens, Stewart (2013). "Bartolomeo Cristofori in Florence".
16321:
Eldest son of Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany.
1520:
trial of Galileo Galilei to occur. Upon the death of the last
1469:
In France, Marie de' Medici was acting as regent for her son,
521:
30:"Medicis" redirects here. For the pharmaceutical company, see
20249:
16717:
1895:
in 1419. Cosimo the Elder's notable artistic associates were
1730:
1353:
1175:
1070:
1042:) was placed in the church at an early age; and his daughter
993:
932:
912:
839:
716:
712:
665:
554:
524:
478:
17730:
Mecatti, Giuseppe Maria; Muratori, Lodovico Antonio (1755).
17633:
died in 1369, Mario had few unremarkable later generations;
16934:. Artibus et Historiae, Volume 22, Edit 44, 2001. pp. 23–29.
16409:
Florentine Guild Arms with the Moneychangers in top row 3rd.
16390:
Second son of Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany.
16344:
Eldest son of Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany.
1616:
Cosimo III, the Medicean grand duke, in grand ducal regalia
1586:
1357:
1146:
1051:
1024:
685:
527:
512:
481:
469:
185:
16661:"Cosimo de Medici e l'amore per le tartarughe con la vela"
16275:
Eldest son of Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany.
1594:
Francesco Maria de' Medici, Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro
18191:
17037:
1985:, who erected the Uffizi Gallery in 1560 and founded the
1867:
475:
17866:"The Medici balls: Origins of the family's coat of arms"
16076:
Cousin of Lorenzo II de' Medici, Duke of Urbino, son of
1607:
1212:; however, their reigns coincided with troubles for the
580:, and prospered gradually until it was able to fund the
17930:
The Coat of Arms: Journal for the Heraldry Society (UK)
16550:
Coat of Arms of Catherine of Medici, as Queen of France
15968:
Eldest son of Lorenzo the Magnificent. Overthrown when
15825:
1934:
After Lorenzo's death the puritanical Dominican friar
591:
The Medici produced four popes of the Catholic Church—
18100:
April Blood: Florence and the Plot Against the Medici
16946:"Robust Action and the Rise of the Medici, 1400–1434"
16944:
Padgett, John F.; Ansell, Christopher K. (May 1993).
1555:, the Grand Duke's youngest brother, established the
1300:, to the son of Emperor Charles V's arch-enemy, King
536:
490:
17951:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 46–47, 58.
1500:, was dedicated to him. Cosimo died of consumption (
1492:. He is most remembered as the patron of astronomer
704:
system of accounting through the development of the
518:
472:
16800:"Music and the Medici – The Medici Archive Project"
16562:
Coat of Arms of Maria of Medici, as Queen of France
1777:, at a cost to the state of 1,000 crowns per week.
1239:, and Giulio de' Medici, the latter of whom became
515:
509:
466:
463:
18019:
17440:"Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici – Electress Palatine"
17033:The Medici: Godfathers of the Renaissance (Part I)
1883:the first patron of the arts in the family, aided
973:(the unofficial head of the Florentine Republic).
19408:
18152:Daily Life in Florence in the Time of the Medici.
2053:The table below shows the origins of the Medici:
1419:to assuage Spain (where Maria Maddalena's sister
20623:
16192:Distant cousin of Alessandro de' Medici, Son of
15626:Philip William August, Count Palatine of Neuburg
1516:, re-doubled the Tuscan clergy, and allowed the
1324:year he was assassinated by a resentful cousin,
17863:
17729:
1655:, and the last Medicean Grand Duke of Tuscany,
1653:Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, Electress Palatine
1270:to his illegitimate nephew (reputedly his son)
17853:. Pickle Partners Publishing. pp. note 1.
17030:Bradley, Richard (executive producer) (2003).
16903:
15820:
1989:– ("Academy of the Arts of Drawing") in 1563.
969:(father of the country), took over in 1434 as
20058:
19811:
19394:
18321:
17966:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 76.
17964:Lorenzo de'Medici and the Art of Magnificence
16943:
16623:
16621:
16463:The intermediate coat of arms of the Medici,
1740:, Don Carlos was disbarred from Tuscany, and
1462:. He died the same month, but his successor,
1174:through their two famous 16th century popes,
964:
783:The Medici family came from the agricultural
641:
17105:Ulwencreutz's The Royal Families in Europe V
16646:Famiglie celebri italiane. Medici di Firenze
1573:Ferdinando died on 23 May 1670 afflicted by
27:Italian banking family and political dynasty
18214:, History Channel. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
17287:
17285:
17101:
17023:
17012:
16881:
16740:"Medici Family – – Encyclopædia Britannica"
16658:
16478:The "augmented coat of arms of the Medici,
20065:
20051:
19818:
19804:
19401:
19387:
18711:Genealogical tables of the House of Medici
18328:
18314:
17317:
17315:
17239:
17237:
17200:
17198:
16618:
2049:Genealogical tables of the House of Medici
2042:
19825:
18090:The Medici: Godfathers of the Renaissance
17976:
17893:St. Nicholas: His Legends and Iconography
17848:
17733:Storia cronologica della città di Firenze
17080:
17078:
17054:
16823:
16514:Coat of Arms of the Grand-Duke of Tuscany
16210:
1973:just before the pontiff's death in 1534.
1570:became prevalent in rural market places.
619:. In 1569, the duchy was elevated to the
17542:Michelangelo: Mysteries of Medici Chapel
17530:(New York: Harper and Row, 1974), p. 21.
17282:
17160:. New York: William Morrow and Company.
16502:Great coat of arms of Medici of Ottajano
16412:
16404:
1917:
1843:
1733:, was occasionally cleaned by Violante.
1619:
1611:
1438:
1278:
1159:
975:
866:built by the prospering merchant class.
821:
810:
640:. Like other families ruling in Italian
18014:
17927:
17895:. Florence: Leo S. Olschki. p. 76.
17864:Mackworth-Young, Rose (29 March 2012).
17312:
17234:
17195:
17153:
16763:
1627:, the last of the grand ducal line, in
1600:possessions, the Duchies of Rovere and
14:
20624:
18126:. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1908.
18022:The House of Medici: Its Rise and Fall
17582:of Florence, Brief History (it. leng.)
17190:The House of Medici: Its Rise and Fall
17157:The House of Medici: Its rise and fall
17075:
16574:Achievement of the House of de' Medici
15635:Anna Maria Franziska of Saxe-Lauenburg
1903:. In later years the most significant
1714:Anna Maria Franziska of Saxe-Lauenburg
1340:to attain supremacy over the whole of
417:14 cadet branches; still alive only 2:
20046:
19799:
19684:St. Bartholomew's Day massacre (1572)
19679:Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1570)
19478:Margaret, Queen of France and Navarre
19424:Lorenzo II de' Medici, Duke of Urbino
19382:
18309:
17946:
17890:
17799:
17486:
16716:The family of Pius IV, the Medici of
16643:
16629:A Treatise on Ecclesiastical Heraldry
16039:Lorenzo II de' Medici, Duke of Urbino
15805:
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13815:Lucrezia de' Medici (1572–1574)
13814:
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6463:Medici family tree § Root Medici Tree
6446:
6429:
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6423:
6421:
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6417:
6415:
6413:
6411:
6409:
6407:
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2076:
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2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
1608:18th century: the fall of the dynasty
1596:. Upon Vittoria's death in 1694, her
1528:, they permitted it to be annexed by
1170:The Medici briefly became leaders of
564:that first consolidated power in the
548:
20667:People from the Republic of Florence
20072:
19782:
17979:Papers of the British School at Rome
17961:
17511:
16900:, Chapter 7, p. 37, Volume II, 2005.
16591:List of popes from the Medici family
16538:Coat of arms of the Medici Cardinals
16115:
16016:Giuliano de' Medici, Duke of Nemours
1233:Giuliano de' Medici, Duke of Nemours
1028:when Piero's son Lorenzo took over.
433:De' Medici Tornaquinci of Castellina
18335:
1981:in 1550. Cosimo in turn patronized
1164:The Medici Wedding Tapestry (1589).
66:Coat of arms of the House of Medici
24:
19258:Crown of the Grand Duke of Tuscany
19090:Painters, sculptors and architects
18140:
17585:"Accademia delle Arti del Disegno"
17147:
16402:and the giant's lands in Mugello.
15939:Eldest son of Piero I de' Medici.
12390:(1633–r.1685-88 –1701)
1451:, and their elder son, the future
1237:Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino
25:
20678:
18185:
17499:from the original on May 29, 2019
17058:The Renaissance: All That Matters
16953:The American Journal of Sociology
15910:Eldest son of Cosimo de' Medici.
7111:Filippo di Chiarissimo de' Medici
1893:Basilica of San Lorenzo, Florence
1686:was thought to be under imperial
1445:The Grand Duchess Maria Maddalena
1388:) were descended from Francesco.
708:for tracking credits and debits.
19781:
19163:Poets and other literary figures
18723:
17580:Accademia delle Arti del Disegno
17540:Peter Barenboim, Sergey Shiyan,
16567:
16555:
16543:
16531:
16519:
16507:
16495:
16471:
16456:
16444:
16396:
16372:
16349:
16326:
16303:
16280:
16257:
16235:
16174:
16140:
16091:
16058:
16031:
16008:
15985:
15944:
15915:
15886:
15853:
15617:Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine
15105:Philip William, Elector Palatine
14351:Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor
12408:This section is an excerpt from
6461:This section is an excerpt from
6437:
5330:
4565:
4236:
4213:
4196:
4016:
4001:
3948:
3901:
1987:Accademia delle Arti del Disegno
1663:Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine
1376:, and with his consort produced
1015:French invasion of Italy in 1492
996:in 1461. Alum is essential as a
804:
607:(1605)—and two queens of France—
505:
459:
60:
19430:Madeleine de la Tour d'Auvergne
18278:Elevated from Duchy of Florence
17970:
17955:
17940:
17921:
17899:
17884:
17857:
17842:
17829:
17816:
17782:
17757:
17748:
17718:
17689:
17656:
17619:
17602:
17572:
17563:
17533:
17520:
17480:
17471:
17462:
17453:
17432:
17423:
17414:
17405:
17396:
17387:
17378:
17369:
17360:
17351:
17342:
17333:
17324:
17303:
17294:
17273:
17264:
17255:
17246:
17225:
17216:
17207:
17182:
17138:
17129:
17095:
17048:
17006:
16937:
16924:
16890:
16853:
16844:
12634:Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor
11137:Alessandro Ottaviano de' Medici
1926:in the Tuscan countryside in a
1434:
1331:
1153:
1117:
957:proportional system of taxation
943:
931:was speaker of the woolmakers'
719:, financed the construction of
706:double-entry bookkeeping system
16817:
16792:
16757:
16732:
16710:
16679:
16652:
16637:
16602:(extinct) rivals of the Medici
16230:Relationship with predecessor
16135:Relationship with predecessor
15848:Relationship with predecessor
14354:(1578–r.1619–1637)
14281:(1601–r.1610–1643)
12637:(1503–r.1558–1564)
12365:(1630–r.1660–1685)
12347:(1601–r.1610–1643)
12329:(1605–r.1621–1665)
12116:Nicolas Henri, Duke of Orléans
12076:(1578–r.1598–1621)
11829:(1553–r.1589–1610)
11802:(1527–r.1556–1598)
11611:(1551–r.1574–1589)
11600:(1550–r.1560–1574)
11589:(1544–r.1559–1560)
11186:(1519–r.1547–1559)
9683:Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici
1891:for the reconstruction of the
13:
1:
19654:Edict of Saint-Germain (1562)
19644:Siege of Florence (1529–1530)
19571:Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine
19341:Stories set to music: "opera"
18221:The Medici Family of Florence
18202:The Moscow Florentine Society
18008:
17872:(160). Florence: B'Gruppo Srl
17154:Hibbert, Christopher (1974).
17013:Machiavelli, Niccolò (1906).
16484:Azure, three fleurs-de-lis or
2055:
1604:, passed to her younger son.
1372:, in 1587. Francesco married
875:Cosimo di Giovanni de' Medici
76:Azure, three fleurs-de-lis or
34:. For the CERN facility, see
18118:Herbert Millingchamp Vaughan
18075:, Macmillan, London, 1980 ,
16802:(in Italian). Archived from
16606:Castellini Baldissera family
16526:Coat of arms of Medici popes
16214:
16119:
16099:Cardinal Ippolito de' Medici
15993:Cardinal Giovanni de' Medici
15879:Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici
15832:
14797:Ferdinand Charles of Austria
13270:Pietro (Pedricco) de' Medici
7963:Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici
1754:Anna Maria Luisa signed the
1738:War of the Polish Succession
1562:Tuscany participated in the
1344:. Against the opposition of
1252:Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
949:Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici
871:Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici
862:were becoming surrounded by
827:The Confirmation of the Rule
818:, founder of the Medici bank
816:Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici
763:, from the beginning of the
344:Grand Ducal Crown of Tuscany
239:Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici
138:; 794 years ago
7:
20185:Gossler (Berenberg-Gossler)
19674:Treaty of Longjumeau (1568)
19454:Claude, Duchess of Lorraine
19117:Michelangelo and the Medici
18961:Palazzo Medici di Ottaviano
18911:Casino Mediceo di San Marco
17849:de Roover, Raymond (2017).
17707:1383). Giovanni had a son,
17144:Hibbard, pp. 177, 202, 162.
17055:Halvorson, Michael (2014).
16659:Luisa Greco (22 May 2015).
16579:
16465:Or, six balls in orle gules
16053:, Queen consort of France.
15829:in the Republic of Florence
15821:List of heads of the Medici
15608:Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici
15595:Ferdinando (III) de' Medici
15085:Marguerite Louise d'Orléans
2058:Medici Family Tree: Origins
1645:Marguerite Louise d'Orléans
1625:Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici
311:
173:Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici
10:
20683:
20657:Heads of state of Florence
19623:Admiral Gaspard de Coligny
19184:Humanists and philosophers
18936:Palazzo Medici Tornaquinci
18192:The Medici Archive Project
18170:W. W. Norton & Company
18063:Cosimo I, Duke of Florence
17754:Two more brothers unknown.
17487:Feuer, Alan (4 May 2004).
17102:Ulwencreutz, Lars (2013).
17061:. Hodder & Stoughton.
16824:Malaguzzi, Silvia (2004).
16766:The Galpin Society Journal
16066:Cardinal Giulio de' Medici
15094:Francesco Maria de' Medici
15075:Grand Duke 1670–1723
14313:Maria Magdalena of Austria
13869:Maria Maddalena de' Medici
13559:Grand Duke 1587–1609
12407:
12303:Angela/Angelica de' Medici
8794:Ginevra degli Alessandrini
6460:
2046:
1417:Maria Maddalena of Austria
984:, Uffizi Gallery, Florence
778:
29:
20603:
20537:
20501:
20470:
20404:
20343:
20080:
19837:
19779:
19753:
19702:
19649:Colloquy of Poissy (1561)
19636:
19561:Cardinal Silvio Passerini
19541:
19498:
19448:Elisabeth, Queen of Spain
19416:
19323:
19287:
19271:
19245:
19220:
19204:
19183:
19162:
19089:
19082:
19036:
18990:
18969:
18903:
18745:
18738:
18721:
18703:
18685:Giovanni delle Bande Nere
18677:
18646:
18530:
18504:
18483:
18435:
18412:
18368:Lorenzo "The Magnificent"
18350:
18343:
18294:
18281:
18272:
18249:
18244:
18228:
17991:10.1017/S0068246215000021
17891:Clare, Edward G. (1985).
16872:BBC News Magazine Monitor
16840:– via Google Books.
16827:Botticelli. Ediz. Inglese
16608:(relatives of the Medici)
16194:Giovanni dalle Bande Nere
15815:
15659:
15657:
15655:
15653:
15640:
15631:
15613:
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14845:
14837:
14835:
14823:
14815:
14813:
14793:
14739:
14737:
14728:
14717:
14715:
14710:Maria Cristina de' Medici
14700:
14698:
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14690:
14684:
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14680:
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14406:
14404:
14402:
14386:
14384:
14364:
14358:
14338:
14329:
14309:
14307:
14305:
14271:Victor Amadeus I of Savoy
14262:Christine Marie of France
14248:
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14238:
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14232:
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12711:
12709:
12707:
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12703:
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12691:
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12685:
12619:
12608:
12565:
12563:
12517:
12515:
12460:
12396:
12394:
12349:
12331:
12288:
12286:
12284:
12278:
12276:
12274:
12266:
12264:
12262:
12260:
12258:
12256:
12254:
12252:
12250:
12242:
12234:
12232:
12230:
12228:
12226:
12224:
12212:
12208:
12206:
12204:
12202:
12200:
12198:
12196:
12194:
12192:
12190:
12188:
12186:
12184:
12180:
12162:
12160:
12134:Henrietta Maria of France
12109:Victor Amadeus I of Savoy
12094:
12092:
12084:
12082:
12044:
12042:
12040:
12034:
12032:
12030:
12024:
12022:
12020:
12014:
12012:
12006:
12004:
12002:
11994:
11992:
11990:
11984:
11982:
11980:
11970:
11966:
11964:
11962:
11960:
11958:
11956:
11954:
11952:
11946:
11944:
11942:
11940:
11938:
11936:
11934:
11932:
11930:
11918:
11916:
11906:
11902:
11900:
11898:
11896:
11894:
11892:
11878:
11876:
11874:
11868:
11866:
11853:
11835:
11833:
11831:
11822:
11804:
11763:
11761:
11753:
11751:
11743:
11741:
11729:
11727:
11719:
11717:
11709:
11707:
11683:
11681:
11673:
11671:
11657:
11655:
11615:
11613:
11604:
11602:
11593:
11591:
11564:
11557:
11555:
11545:
11543:
11541:
11539:
11537:
11535:
11529:
11523:
11517:
11511:
11505:
11499:
11491:
11489:
11487:
11481:
11479:
11477:
11475:
11465:
11463:
11455:
11451:
11449:
11447:
11445:
11443:
11441:
11439:
11437:
11435:
11433:
11427:
11425:
11423:
11421:
11419:
11417:
11415:
11413:
11397:
11393:
11391:
11385:
11383:
11381:
11379:
11377:
11375:
11373:
11359:
11357:
11355:
11353:
11351:
11349:
11347:
11337:
11333:
11327:
11325:
11323:
11321:
11319:
11303:
11301:
11283:
11281:
11265:
11263:
11253:
11251:
11235:
11200:
11198:
11180:
11178:
11148:
11146:
11129:
11121:
11119:
11117:
11115:
11113:
11111:
11103:
11101:
11099:
11095:
11093:
11083:
11079:
11051:
11047:
11045:
11043:
11041:
11039:
11037:
11023:
11019:
11017:
11009:
11007:
10997:
10989:
10979:
10977:
10975:
10951:
10949:
10942:
10906:
10899:
10888:
10886:
10882:
10880:
10855:
10853:
10851:
10849:
10847:
10845:
10843:
10841:
10839:
10837:
10835:
10833:
10831:
10829:
10827:
10817:
10815:
10805:
10803:
10799:
10797:
10789:
10785:
10783:
10781:
10779:
10777:
10775:
10773:
10771:
10769:
10767:
10765:
10763:
10761:
10759:
10757:
10755:
10753:
10751:
10749:
10747:
10741:
10739:
10729:
10727:
10723:
10721:
10717:
10715:
10707:
10705:
10693:
10691:
10689:
10687:
10685:
10683:
10681:
10675:
10673:
10671:
10665:
10663:
10661:
10659:
10657:
10655:
10645:
10643:
10633:
10631:
10627:
10623:
10621:
10619:
10617:
10615:
10613:
10607:
10605:
10603:
10601:
10599:
10597:
10595:
10593:
10591:
10589:
10587:
10585:
10583:
10577:
10575:
10563:
10561:
10557:
10555:
10551:
10549:
10541:
10539:
10519:
10517:
10509:Giovanni dalle Bande Nere
10502:
10480:
10478:
10461:
10459:
10415:
10401:
10399:
10392:
10390:
10375:
10373:
10371:
10369:
10363:
10361:
10355:
10353:
10351:
10345:
10339:
10333:
10331:
10329:
10327:
10325:
10323:
10321:
10319:
10317:
10315:
10313:
10307:
10301:
10295:
10287:
10285:
10281:
10279:
10269:
10265:
10263:
10261:
10259:
10257:
10255:
10253:
10251:
10249:
10247:
10245:
10243:
10241:
10239:
10237:
10235:
10233:
10231:
10229:
10227:
10225:
10223:
10221:
10219:
10217:
10215:
10213:
10211:
10209:
10207:
10205:
10203:
10201:
10199:
10197:
10195:
10193:
10191:
10189:
10185:
10177:
10169:
10167:
10165:
10163:
10161:
10159:
10157:
10147:
10145:
10141:
10139:
10119:
10115:
10083:
10079:
10077:
10075:
10069:
10067:
10065:
10045:
10043:
10035:
10033:
10031:
10029:
10027:
10025:
10023:
10021:
10012:
10010:
9934:
9930:
9928:
9926:
9924:
9922:
9920:
9918:
9906:
9904:
9894:
9892:
9888:
9886:
9882:
9880:
9872:
9870:
9862:
9860:
9844:
9842:
9802:
9800:
9792:
9790:
9782:
9780:
9776:
9774:
9770:
9768:
9754:
9752:
9743:
9741:
9626:
9620:
9614:
9608:
9602:
9600:
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9512:
9508:
9500:
9498:
9490:
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9480:
9478:
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9468:
9466:
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9360:
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9332:
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9098:
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8988:
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8968:
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8874:
8872:
8862:
8860:
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8319:
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8311:
8309:
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8299:
8297:
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8275:
8273:
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8269:
8267:
8265:
8259:
8257:
8255:
8245:
8243:
8225:
8221:
8219:
8217:
8215:
8213:
8211:
8209:
8207:
8205:
8203:
8201:
8199:
8197:
8195:
8193:
8191:
8189:
8187:
8185:
8183:
8181:
8179:
8173:
8171:
8169:
8167:
8165:
8163:
8161:
8159:
8157:
8155:
8153:
8139:
8137:
8073:
8071:
8037:
8035:
7929:
7927:
7863:
7861:
7724:
7722:
7658:
7656:
7525:
7523:
7521:
7519:
7517:
7515:
7513:
7511:
7509:
7507:
7505:
7503:
7501:
7499:
7497:
7495:
7493:
7491:
7489:
7487:
7485:
7483:
7481:
7479:
7477:
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7473:
7471:
7469:
7467:
7465:
7457:
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7449:
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7439:
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7427:
7425:
7423:
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7419:
7417:
7415:
7413:
7411:
7409:
7407:
7405:
7403:
7401:
7399:
7397:
7395:
7393:
7389:
7268:
7266:
7145:
7143:
7024:
7022:
6988:Chiarissimo de' Medici I
6901:
6899:
6778:
6776:
6655:
6653:
6532:
6530:
6389:
6387:
6317:
6256:
6254:
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6246:
6240:
6238:
6232:
6230:
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6216:
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6208:
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6093:
6091:
6085:
6083:
6073:
6069:
6067:
6061:
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5935:
5933:
5927:
5925:
5919:
5917:
5911:
5909:
5899:
5895:
5893:
5891:
5889:
5887:
5881:
5879:
5877:
5875:
5873:
5778:
5776:
5770:
5768:
5758:
5754:
5752:
5746:
5744:
5620:
5618:
5616:
5606:
5604:
5580:
5578:
5572:
5568:
5562:
5439:
5437:
5435:
5427:
5425:
5423:
5421:
5411:
5407:
5401:
5387:
5385:
5379:
5375:
5369:
5367:
5225:
5223:
5221:
5213:
5211:
5209:
5199:
5197:
5189:
5185:
5179:
5169:
5167:
5157:
5153:
5147:
4997:
4995:
4989:
4987:
4979:
4977:
4975:
4973:
4971:
4969:
4961:
4959:
4953:
4951:
4941:
4937:
4935:
4929:
4927:
4913:
4909:
4907:
4901:
4899:
4897:
4887:
4883:
4881:
4875:
4873:
4728:
4726:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4714:
4712:
4710:
4708:
4702:
4700:
4694:
4692:
4684:
4682:
4680:
4670:
4668:
4662:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4652:
4650:
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4636:
4634:
4632:
4630:
4628:
4626:
4614:
4610:
4604:
4454:
4452:
4446:
4444:
4438:
4436:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4422:
4420:
4418:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4404:
4402:
4400:
4390:
4388:
4378:
4376:
4370:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4352:
4346:
4344:
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4340:
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4332:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4168:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4138:
4136:
4126:
4122:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4090:
4088:
4076:
4074:
4068:
4066:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3859:
3857:
3843:
3841:
3835:
3833:
3827:
3823:
3821:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3801:
3799:
3793:
3791:
3785:
3783:
3775:
3773:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3573:
3571:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3537:
3535:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3519:
3517:
3507:
3503:
3497:
3487:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3457:
3453:
3447:
3437:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3252:
3250:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3214:
3212:
3194:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2959:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2744:
2742:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2576:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2431:
2429:
2306:
2304:
2181:
2179:
1907:of the Medici family was
1839:
1632:
1581:. He was interred in the
1380:, Duchess of Mantua, and
1010:representative government
413:
393:
385:Several villas in Tuscany
362:
323:
307:
297:
287:
231:
178:
168:
158:
150:
132:
117:
109:
87:
59:
52:
47:
19694:Edict of Beaulieu (1576)
19669:Surprise of Meaux (1567)
19659:Massacre of Vassy (1562)
19593:Louis I, Prince of Condé
18264:Elevated to Grand Dukes
18065:, 1921, University Press
17905:Ruggiero, Rocky, Ph.D.,
17637:(?–1340) who had a son,
16663:. Toctoc. Archived from
16612:
15649:Grand Duke 1723–37
14726:Grand Duke 1621–70
14303:Grand Duke 1609–21
14060:Cardinal Bishop of Ostia
13506:Grand Duke 1574–87
12617:Grand Duke 1569–74
9977:Pierfrancesco de' Medici
8817:Pierfrancesco de' Medici
1794:Maria Theresa of Austria
1486:Ferdinando II de' Medici
1476:Ferdinando's successor,
1449:The Grand Duke Cosimo II
1111:Lorenzo de' Medici, 1479
890:marriages of convenience
20662:Roman Catholic families
19730:Palace of Fontainebleau
19715:Basilica of Saint-Denis
19710:Palazzo Medici Riccardi
19689:French Wars of Religion
19664:Edict of Amboise (1563)
19533:French Catholic Leagues
18916:Palazzo Medici Riccardi
18647:Bishops and archbishops
17711:(?–1396) and a nephew,
16898:The Italian Renaissance
16744:Encyclopædia Britannica
15928:Lorenzo the Magnificent
13571:Don Giovanni de' Medici
13198:Paolo Giordano I Orsini
12125:Gaston, Duke of Orléans
12060:(ca.1550–ca.1630)
11857:Ferdinando I de' Medici
11648:Charles III of Lorraine
11571:(ca.1535–ca.1588)
10450:Pallavicino Pallavicino
7758:Averardo de' Medici III
7355:Averardo de' Medici II
2043:Main genealogical table
1940:Bonfire of the Vanities
1909:Michelangelo Buonarroti
1800:crown. The line of the
1771:Basilica of San Lorenzo
1742:Francis III of Lorraine
1736:In 1736, following the
1657:Gian Gastone de' Medici
1583:Basilica of San Lorenzo
1496:, whose 1610 treatise,
951:(c. 1360–1429), son of
773:French Wars of Religion
625:Gian Gastone de' Medici
380:Palazzo Medici Riccardi
163:Gian Gastone de' Medici
40:Medici (disambiguation)
20637:Italian noble families
19618:Henry I, Duke of Guise
19588:Francis, Duke of Guise
19484:Francis, Duke of Anjou
19460:Louis, Duke of Orléans
19263:Order of Saint Stephen
19144:Antonio del Pollaiuolo
18437:Grand Dukes of Tuscany
18288:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
17962:Kent, Francis (2007).
17947:Gáldy, Andrea (2009).
17796:(*? †?), line extinct.
17649:(?–?), who had a son,
16644:Litta, Pompeo (1827).
16418:
16410:
16211:Grand Dukes of Tuscany
15970:Charles VIII of France
11628:Francesco I de' Medici
11619:Francis, Duke of Anjou
9288:Bernardetto de' Medici
9145:(ante 1444–1478)
7232:Averardo de' Medici I
4562:Castellina Tornaquinci
2003:Marie de' Medici cycle
1931:
1863:
1859:Madonna del Magnificat
1818:House of Bourbon-Parma
1640:
1617:
1455:
1291:
1288:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
1222:Protestant Reformation
1182:. Both also served as
1165:
1106:
1096:Charles VIII of France
985:
965:
873:, later under his son
833:
819:
727:, and were patrons of
721:Saint Peter's Basilica
642:
621:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
428:De' Medici of Ottajano
292:Order of Saint Stephen
96:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
38:. For other uses, see
32:Medicis Pharmaceutical
19720:Château de Chenonceau
19613:Jeanne III of Navarre
19608:Claude, Duke of Guise
19063:Cappella dei Principi
18970:Fountains and gardens
18422:Alessandro "The Moor"
18404:Alessandro "The Moor"
17629:(?–?), he had a son,
17578:Official site of the
17544:, SLOVO, Moscow, 2006
16911:"History of Florence"
16692:CollinsDictionary.com
16416:
16408:
16169:, made Duke in 1531.
15957:Piero the Unfortunate
14754:Margherita de' Medici
14743:Gian Carlo de' Medici
14732:Vittoria della Rovere
14324:Federico della Rovere
13880:Charles II of Austria
13545:Christina of Lorraine
12371:Mary Henrietta Stuart
12362:Charles II of England
11862:Grand Duke of Tuscany
11848:Christina of Lorraine
11783:Alessandro de' Medici
11633:Grand Duke of Tuscany
11561:Bernadetto de' Medici
11229:Grand Duke of Tuscany
11158:Alessandro de' Medici
10405:Lorenzo II de' Medici
9703:Contessina de' Medici
6865:Giambuono de' Medici
4233:Francesco di Giovenco
4210:Salvestro di Alemanno
4013:Salvestro di Averardo
1921:
1847:
1773:, started in 1604 by
1701:, the elder child of
1647:, a granddaughter of
1623:
1615:
1557:Accademia del Cimento
1526:Vittoria della Rovere
1482:Margherita de' Medici
1442:
1405:Christina of Lorraine
1282:
1272:Alessandro de' Medici
1264:Alessandro de' Medici
1163:
1124:Alessandro de' Medici
1101:
979:
852:Ordinances of Justice
825:
814:
801:in Florence in 1397.
725:Santa Maria del Fiore
629:Cosimo III de' Medici
319:("make haste slowly")
192:Grand Duke of Tuscany
128:(present-day Tuscany)
20642:Families of Florence
19892:Bourbon-Two Sicilies
19787:Catherine de' Medici
19576:Mary, Queen of Scots
19466:Charles IX of France
19442:Francis II of France
19410:Catherine de' Medici
19228:Emilio de' Cavalieri
19191:Pico della Mirandola
19149:Jacopo della Quercia
19124:Bernardo Buontalenti
19107:Filippo Brunelleschi
19097:Bartolomeo Ammannati
18946:Palazzo delle Vedove
18378:Giovanni, Pope Leo X
18156:Macmillan Publishers
18148:Lucas-Dubreton, Jean
18016:Hibbert, Christopher
16878:in American English.
16667:on 26 September 2020
16200:line descended from
16051:Catherine de' Medici
15923:Lorenzo I de' Medici
14778:Francesco de' Medici
14342:Leopold V of Austria
14278:Louis XIII of France
14047:Ferdinando I Gonzaga
13859:Filippino de' Medici
13849:Francesco de' Medici
12626:(ca.1545–1634)
12380:William II of Orange
12344:Louis XIII of France
12143:Charles I of England
11778:(ca.1533–1600)
11597:Charles IX of France
11586:Francis II of France
10961:Ottaviano de' Medici
10945:Maddalena de' Medici
10940:(ca.1512–1566)
10929:(ca.1520–1588)
10917:Lorenzino de' Medici
10872:Ottaviano de' Medici
10422:(ca.1495–1519)
10419:Madeleine de La Tour
9667:Maddalena de' Medici
9240:Lorenzo the Popolano
8809:Francesco de' Medici
8379:(ca.1390–1473)
8376:Contessina de' Bardi
7558:(il Chiarissimo III)
7556:Salvestro de Medici
6742:Bernardo di Potrone
6324:Bindo Simone Peruzzi
2492:Giambuono de' Medici
1889:Filippo Brunelleschi
1684:Republic of Florence
1443:From left to right:
1346:Catherine de' Medici
1326:Lorenzino de' Medici
1298:Catherine de' Medici
1226:sack of Rome in 1527
1136:Cosimo I "the Great"
929:Salvestro de' Medici
877:and great-grandson,
856:Republic of Florence
831:Domenico Ghirlandaio
609:Catherine de' Medici
566:Republic of Florence
269:Catherine de' Medici
154:Giambuono de' Medici
92:Republic of Florence
19735:Notre-Dame de Paris
19598:Michel de l'Hôpital
19472:Henry III of France
19253:Medici coat of arms
19175:Niccolò Machiavelli
18638:Vincenzo II Gonzaga
18106:Accounting in Italy
17763:Two more brothers:
17135:15th century Italy.
17090:Niccolò Machiavelli
16913:. Aboutflorence.com
16435:the Medici family.
16078:Giuliano de' Medici
15976:and then statesman
15974:Girolamo Savonarola
15952:Piero II de' Medici
15586:Violante of Bavaria
14806:Leopoldo de' Medici
14038:Caterina de' Medici
13999:Isabella de' Medici
13283:(1568 – 1615)
13280:Virginia de' Medici
13272:(1546 – 1547)
13256:(1548 – 1548)
13219:Lucrezia de' Medici
13205:Giovanni de' Medici
13189:Isabella de' Medici
12455:Lodovico de' Medici
12387:James II of England
12073:Philip III of Spain
12065:Giuliano de' Medici
12051:Caterina de' Medici
11808:Elisabeth of Valois
11608:Henry III of France
11224:Cosimo I de' Medici
11173:Caterina de' Medici
10927:Giuliano de' Medici
10902:Laudomia de' Medici
10505:Lodovico de' Medici
10428:Clarissa de' Medici
9958:Ippolito de' Medici
9717:Giuliano de' Medici
9650:Piero II de' Medici
9634:Lucrezia de' Medici
9216:Giuliano de' Medici
9180:Lucrezia de' Medici
9143:Giovanni de' Medici
8786:Giovanni de' Medici
8750:Lucrezia Tornabuoni
7827:Giuliano de' Medici
7622:Giovenco de' Medici
1936:Girolamo Savonarola
1826:Princes of Ottajano
1802:Princes of Ottajano
1722:Violante of Bavaria
1699:Don Carlos of Spain
1643:Cosimo III married
1553:Leopoldo de' Medici
1378:Eleonora de' Medici
1310:Elisabeth of Valois
1302:Francis I of France
1268:Margeret of Austria
1260:Ippolito de' Medici
1172:Western Christendom
953:Averardo de' Medici
761:Counter-Reformation
654:Italian Renaissance
550:[ˈmɛːditʃi]
274:Cosimo I de' Medici
19754:Patron of the arts
19703:Places in her life
19603:Antoine of Navarre
19582:Philip II of Spain
19549:Clarice de' Medici
19542:People in her life
19501:Groups in her life
19436:Henry II of France
18982:Villa di Pratolino
18358:Cosimo "The Elder"
18111:2006-06-20 at the
18049:Ferdinand Schevill
17913:2021-08-29 at the
17805:One more brother:
17788:One more brother:
17549:2017-07-04 at the
17493:The New York Times
17375:Strathern, p. 392.
16999:2021-09-10 at the
16994:much more analysis
16992:. This has led to
16896:Kenneth Bartlett,
16866:2020-06-25 at the
16861:How to say: Medici
16830:. Giunti Editore.
16586:Medici family tree
16419:
16411:
15894:Piero I de' Medici
14333:Claudia de' Medici
14067:Lorenzo de' Medici
14016:Henry IV of France
13839:Eleanor de' Medici
13823:Antonio de' Medici
13796:Vincenzo I Gonzaga
13787:Eleanor de' Medici
13579:(Unnamed daughter)
13490:Johanna of Austria
13254:Antonio de' Medici
12326:Philip IV of Spain
11826:Henry IV of France
11817:Margaret of Valois
11799:Philip II of Spain
11184:Henry II of France
10969:Francesca Salviati
10932:Archbishop of Albi
10866:Francesca Salviati
9676:Franceschetto Cybo
9254:Semiramide Appiani
9196:Lorenzo de' Medici
9157:Leonetto de' Rossi
8826:Laudomia Acciaioli
8728:Piero I de' Medici
8430:Antonio de' Medici
8415:Ginevra Cavalcanti
8405:Lorenzo de' Medici
8332:Antonio de' Medici
6496:Medico di Potrone
6434:Peruzzi de' Medici
3935:*1331 ? †1388
2662:*1167 ? †1210
2497:*1131 ? †1192
2372:*1099 ? †1147
2247:*1069 ? †1123
2122:*1046 ? †1102
2030:four largest moons
2005:, painted for the
1995:Henry IV of France
1932:
1864:
1862:(circa 1483–1485).
1834:Medici family tree
1822:Congress of Vienna
1649:Henry IV of France
1641:
1618:
1456:
1413:Henry IV of France
1374:Johanna of Austria
1292:
1166:
1079:Archbishop of Pisa
1048:Pope Innocent VIII
1032:Lorenzo de' Medici
986:
879:Lorenzo de' Medici
834:
820:
249:Lorenzo de' Medici
218:Prince of Ottajano
20619:
20618:
20040:
20039:
19952:Habsburg-Lorraine
19793:
19792:
19766:Building projects
19725:Château d'Amboise
19628:Diane de Poitiers
19578:(daughter-in-law)
19376:
19375:
19315:Arazzeria Medicea
19241:
19240:
19129:Leonardo da Vinci
19102:Sandro Botticelli
19078:
19077:
19018:San Piero a Sieve
18719:
18718:
18618:Bernardo Salviati
18608:Giovanni Salviati
18414:Dukes of Florence
18373:Piero "The Brief"
18363:Piero "The Gouty"
18351:Lords of Florence
18304:
18303:
18298:House of Lorraine
18295:Succeeded by
18256:Duchy of Florence
18216:The Medici Family
18212:The Medici Family
17985:: 1–27, 343–344.
17625:Three more sons:
17261:Strathen, p. 368.
16486:) was granted by
16394:
16393:
16338:28 February 1621
16318:28 February 1621
16315:17 February 1609
16295:17 February 1609
16208:
16207:
16202:Lorenzo the Elder
16167:Siege of Florence
16116:Dukes of Florence
16113:
16112:
16103:19 November 1523
16073:19 November 1523
15861:Cosimo de' Medici
15811:
15810:
15647:(1671–1737)
15638:(1673–1741)
15629:(1668–1693)
15620:(1658–1716)
15611:(1667–1743)
15598:(1663–1713)
15108:(1615–1690)
15097:(1660–1711)
15088:(1645–1721)
15073:(1642–1723)
15062:(1639–1639)
15060:Cosimo de' Medici
14809:(1617–1675)
14800:(1628–1662)
14791:(1616–1676)
14772:(1613–1667)
14770:Matteo de' Medici
14757:(1612–1679)
14746:(1611–1663)
14735:(1622–1694)
14724:(1610–1670)
14713:(1609–1632)
14345:(1586–1632)
14336:(1604–1648)
14327:(1605–1625)
14316:(1589–1631)
14301:(1590–1621)
14290:(1608–1660)
14287:Gaston of Orléans
14265:(1606–1663)
14070:(1600–1648)
14057:(1595–1666)
14041:(1593–1629)
14026:(1577–1582)
14023:Philip de' Medici
14010:(1575–1642)
14001:(1571–1572)
13994:(1568–1568)
13992:Romola de' Medici
13883:(1540–1590)
13872:(1600–1633)
13861:(1599–1602)
13852:(1594–1614)
13841:(1591–1617)
13826:(1576–1621)
13808:(1569–1584)
13790:(1566–1611)
13581:(1566–1566)
13574:(1563–1621)
13557:(1549–1609)
13548:(1565–1637)
13517:(1548–1587)
13504:(1541–1587)
13493:(1547–1578)
13265:(1553–1553)
13247:(1547–1562)
13244:Garzia de' Medici
13238:(1554–1604)
13235:Pietro de' Medici
13228:Alfonso II d'Este
13222:(1545–1561)
13208:(1543–1562)
13192:(1542–1576)
13181:(1540–1557)
13172:(1537–1542)
12615:(1519–1574)
12606:(1522–1562)
12603:Eleanor of Toledo
12467:(1499–1543)
12458:(1498–1526)
12400:
12399:
12374:(1631–1660)
12356:(1601–1666)
12338:(1602–1644)
12305:(1608–1636)
12137:(1609–1669)
12128:(1608–1660)
12119:(1607–1611)
12103:(1606–1663)
12058:Cosimo de' Medici
11860:(1549–1609)
11851:(1565–1637)
11842:(1575–1642)
11820:(1553–1615)
11811:(1545–1568)
11785:(1560–1606)
11775:Giulio de' Medici
11642:(1547–1575)
11631:(1541–1587)
11622:(1555–1584)
11580:(1538–1565)
11577:Porzia de' Medici
11568:Giulia de' Medici
11227:(1519–1574)
11176:(1519–1589)
11163:(1510–1537)
11140:(1535–1605)
10947:(1523–1583)
10922:(1514–1548)
10911:(1510–1571)
10909:Alamanno Salviati
10897:(1510–1558)
10513:(1498–1526)
10500:(1499–1543)
10487:(1508–1568)
10484:Bernardo Salviati
10476:Sigismund de Luna
10466:(1498–1524)
10464:Battista Salviati
10445:(1495–1552)
10431:(1493–1528)
10408:(1492–1519)
10397:(1492–1539)
10386:(1490–1553)
10383:Giovanni Salviati
9982:(1487–1525)
9961:(1511–1535)
9750:(1488–1495)
9733:(1478–1534)
9730:Giulio de' Medici
9720:(1479–1516)
9706:(1478–1515)
9697:(1477–1488)
9686:(1475–1521)
9670:(1473–1528)
9654:(1471–1503)
9652:(the Unfortunate)
9637:(1470–1553)
9272:(1467–1498)
9243:(1463–1503)
9226:(1452–1461)
9224:Cosimo de' Medici
9219:(1453–1478)
9201:(1449–1492)
9199:(the Magnificent)
9190:Bernardo Rucellai
9185:(1448–1493)
9166:(1445–1505)
9163:Bianca de' Medici
9152:(1445–1472)
8821:(1431–1476)
8811:(?–ca.1440)
8789:(1421–1463)
8770:(1430–1492)
8753:(1425–1482)
8733:(1416–1469)
8410:(1395–1440)
8366:(1389–1464)
8361:Cosimo de' Medici
8341:(1389–1390)
8339:Damian de' Medici
7966:(1360–1429)
7761:(1320–1363)
7561:(1300–1346)
7357:(1270–1319)
6990:(1167–1210)
6867:(1131–1192)
6744:(1099–1147)
6621:(1069–1123)
6498:(1046–1102)
6452:
6451:
6444:
6343:
6330:
6315:
6302:
6289:
6164:
6148:
6135:
6023:
6010:
5997:
5981:
5968:
5843:
5830:
5817:
5710:
5679:
5666:
5651:
5536:
5521:
5504:
5491:
5474:
5337:
5318:
5303:
5290:
5273:
5258:
5119:
5106:
5093:
5076:
5055:
5042:
5029:
5016:
4859:
4846:
4824:
4807:
4791:
4778:
4760:
4745:
4592:
4572:
4555:
4542:
4529:
4516:
4475:
4300:
4287:
4256:
4243:
4220:
4203:
4044:
4023:
4006:
3996:Conte di Averardo
3989:
3968:
3955:
3936:
3923:
3908:
3759:
3741:
3728:
3715:
3693:
3680:
3662:
3646:
3633:
3618:
3602:
3403:
3385:
3366:
3341:
3320:
3307:
3150:
3132:
3114:
3090:
3069:
2897:
2882:
2849:
2700:
2663:
2498:
2373:
2248:
2123:
2117:Medico di Potrone
2011:Peter Paul Rubens
2009:by court painter
2007:Luxembourg Palace
1979:Buonaccorso Pitti
1975:Eleanor of Toledo
1930:fresco (c. 1459).
1913:Leonardo da Vinci
1887:and commissioned
1854:Sandro Botticelli
1813:Habsburg-Lorraine
1756:Patto di Famiglia
1707:Philip V of Spain
1703:Elisabeth Farnese
1680:Republic of Siena
1362:Republic of Genoa
1314:House of Lorraine
1304:—the future King
1286:, founder of the
1250:by the armies of
1224:and the infamous
1209:The Last Judgment
1132:Lorenzo the Elder
959:. Giovanni's son
791:is the plural of
737:Leonardo da Vinci
570:Cosimo de' Medici
562:political dynasty
448:
447:
244:Cosimo de' Medici
78:) was granted by
16:(Redirected from
20674:
20652:Banking families
20074:Banking families
20067:
20060:
20053:
20044:
20043:
19820:
19813:
19806:
19797:
19796:
19785:
19784:
19745:Château of Blois
19740:Palais du Louvre
19555:Pope Clement VII
19518:House of Bourbon
19403:
19396:
19389:
19380:
19379:
19351:Pazzi conspiracy
19310:Venus de' Medici
19300:Medici porcelain
19170:Agnolo Poliziano
19087:
19086:
18845:Poggio Imperiale
18743:
18742:
18733:
18727:
18659:Bernardo Antonio
18633:Ferrante Gonzaga
18484:Queens of France
18348:
18347:
18330:
18323:
18316:
18307:
18306:
18267:
18238:House of Medici
18226:
18225:
18123:The Medici Popes
18041:Miles J. Unger,
18037:
18025:
18003:
18002:
17974:
17968:
17967:
17959:
17953:
17952:
17944:
17938:
17937:
17925:
17919:
17903:
17897:
17896:
17888:
17882:
17881:
17879:
17877:
17861:
17855:
17854:
17846:
17840:
17833:
17827:
17820:
17814:
17811:
17803:
17797:
17794:
17786:
17780:
17777:
17769:
17761:
17755:
17752:
17746:
17745:
17743:
17741:
17722:
17716:
17701:
17693:
17687:
17660:
17654:
17623:
17617:
17606:
17600:
17599:
17597:
17596:
17587:. Archived from
17576:
17570:
17569:Hibbard, p. 240.
17567:
17561:
17537:
17531:
17526:Howard Hibbard,
17524:
17518:
17515:
17509:
17508:
17506:
17504:
17484:
17478:
17475:
17469:
17466:
17460:
17457:
17451:
17450:
17448:
17446:
17436:
17430:
17427:
17421:
17418:
17412:
17409:
17403:
17400:
17394:
17391:
17385:
17382:
17376:
17373:
17367:
17364:
17358:
17355:
17349:
17346:
17340:
17337:
17331:
17328:
17322:
17319:
17310:
17307:
17301:
17298:
17292:
17289:
17280:
17277:
17271:
17268:
17262:
17259:
17253:
17250:
17244:
17241:
17232:
17229:
17223:
17220:
17214:
17211:
17205:
17202:
17193:
17186:
17180:
17179:
17151:
17145:
17142:
17136:
17133:
17127:
17126:
17124:
17122:
17099:
17093:
17082:
17073:
17072:
17052:
17046:
17045:
17027:
17021:
17020:
17010:
17004:
16991:
16989:
16983:. Archived from
16959:(6): 1259–1319.
16950:
16941:
16935:
16928:
16922:
16921:
16919:
16918:
16907:
16901:
16894:
16888:
16887:Strathern, p. 18
16885:
16879:
16857:
16851:
16848:
16842:
16841:
16821:
16815:
16814:
16812:
16811:
16796:
16790:
16789:
16761:
16755:
16754:
16752:
16750:
16736:
16730:
16722:Pope Clement VII
16714:
16708:
16707:
16705:
16703:
16683:
16677:
16676:
16674:
16672:
16656:
16650:
16649:
16641:
16635:
16625:
16571:
16559:
16547:
16535:
16523:
16511:
16499:
16475:
16460:
16448:
16384:31 October 1723
16376:
16364:31 October 1723
16353:
16330:
16307:
16292:17 October 1587
16284:
16272:17 October 1587
16261:
16239:
16215:
16178:
16165:during imperial
16155:24 October 1529
16144:
16120:
16106:24 October 1529
16095:
16083:Pope Clement VII
16062:
16035:
16012:
15989:
15965:8 November 1494
15948:
15933:2 December 1469
15919:
15907:2 December 1469
15890:
15857:
15833:
15589:1673–1731)
14054:Carlo de' Medici
14007:Marie de' Medici
13178:Maria de' Medici
12623:Camilla Martelli
12419:
12418:
11839:Marie de' Medici
11165:Duke of Florence
10456:Iacopo V Appiani
10395:Lorenzo Salviati
9735:Pope Clement VII
9694:Luisa de' Medici
9661:Alfonsina Orsini
9656:Lord of Florence
9203:Lord of Florence
9150:Maria de' Medici
8767:Carlo de' Medici
6619:Bono di Potrone
6469:
6468:
6442:
6441:
6430:
6339:
6333:
6326:
6320:
6311:
6309:Anna Maria Luisa
6305:
6298:
6292:
6285:
6279:
6157:
6151:
6144:
6138:
6128:
6122:
6019:
6013:
6006:
6000:
5990:
5984:
5977:
5971:
5964:
5958:
5839:
5833:
5826:
5820:
5813:
5807:
5706:
5700:
5675:
5669:
5662:
5656:
5647:
5641:
5532:
5526:
5517:
5511:
5500:
5494:
5487:
5481:
5470:
5464:
5335:
5334:
5323:
5314:
5308:
5299:
5293:
5286:
5280:
5269:
5263:
5254:
5248:
5115:
5109:
5102:
5096:
5089:
5083:
5072:
5066:
5051:
5045:
5038:
5032:
5025:
5019:
5012:
5006:
4855:
4849:
4839:
4833:
4820:
4814:
4800:
4794:
4787:
4781:
4771:
4765:
4756:
4750:
4741:
4735:
4585:
4579:
4570:
4569:
4558:
4551:
4545:
4538:
4532:
4525:
4519:
4512:
4506:
4471:
4465:
4298:
4294:
4283:
4277:
4252:
4246:
4241:
4240:
4229:
4218:
4217:
4206:
4201:
4200:
4189:
4040:
4034:
4021:
4020:
4009:
4005:
3998:
3992:
3985:
3979:
3964:
3958:
3953:
3952:
3939:
3932:
3926:
3919:
3913:
3906:
3905:
3892:
3752:
3746:
3737:
3731:
3724:
3718:
3708:
3702:
3689:
3683:
3673:
3667:
3655:
3649:
3642:
3636:
3629:
3623:
3611:
3605:
3598:
3592:
3396:
3390:
3381:
3375:
3362:
3356:
3337:
3331:
3316:
3310:
3303:
3297:
3143:
3137:
3125:
3119:
3107:
3101:
3086:
3080:
3062:
3056:
2893:
2887:
2878:
2872:
2845:
2839:
2696:
2690:
2659:
2653:
2494:
2488:
2369:
2363:
2244:
2238:
2119:
2113:
2062:
2061:
1991:Marie de' Medici
1880:High Renaissance
1850:Piero de' Medici
1790:Duke of Lorraine
1672:Battle of Vienna
1637:Antonio Bellucci
1634:
1498:Sidereus Nuncius
1382:Marie de' Medici
1318:Claude of Valois
1241:Pope Clement VII
1128:Duke of Florence
1113:
1063:Pazzi conspiracy
1021:Piero de' Medici
968:
961:Cosimo the Elder
848:House of Albizzi
769:Council of Trent
652:flourished. The
647:
631:(r. 1670–1723).
617:Duke of Florence
613:Marie de' Medici
611:(1547–1559) and
603:(1559–1565) and
597:Pope Clement VII
552:
547:
540:
534:
533:
530:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
504:
493:
488:
487:
484:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
458:
441:
404:
402:
354:Medici porcelain
340:
279:Marie de' Medici
259:Pope Clement VII
202:Lord of Florence
197:Duke of Florence
188:(non-hereditary)
146:
144:
139:
64:
45:
44:
21:
20682:
20681:
20677:
20676:
20675:
20673:
20672:
20671:
20632:House of Medici
20622:
20621:
20620:
20615:
20599:
20533:
20497:
20466:
20400:
20339:
20082:
20076:
20071:
20041:
20036:
19833:
19824:
19794:
19789:
19775:
19771:Court Festivals
19749:
19698:
19632:
19551:(paternal aunt)
19537:
19513:House of Valois
19508:House of Medici
19500:
19494:
19412:
19407:
19377:
19372:
19319:
19283:
19267:
19237:
19216:
19212:Galileo Galilei
19200:
19196:Marsilio Ficino
19179:
19158:
19074:
19032:
18986:
18977:Medici fountain
18965:
18899:
18785:Poggio a Caiano
18734:
18729:
18728:
18715:
18699:
18673:
18642:
18628:Lorenzo Strozzi
18623:Niccolò Ridolfi
18603:Luigi de' Rossi
18597:
18590:Francesco Maria
18526:
18500:
18479:
18431:
18408:
18339:
18337:House of Medici
18334:
18300:
18291:
18279:
18276:
18265:
18259:
18240:
18235:
18188:
18183:
18168:New York City:
18154:New York City:
18143:
18141:Further reading
18113:Wayback Machine
18073:The Last Medici
18034:
18011:
18006:
17975:
17971:
17960:
17956:
17945:
17941:
17926:
17922:
17915:Wayback Machine
17904:
17900:
17889:
17885:
17875:
17873:
17862:
17858:
17847:
17843:
17834:
17830:
17821:
17817:
17807:
17804:
17800:
17790:
17787:
17783:
17773:
17765:
17762:
17758:
17753:
17749:
17739:
17737:
17723:
17719:
17697:
17694:
17690:
17661:
17657:
17624:
17620:
17608:Two more sons:
17607:
17603:
17594:
17592:
17583:
17577:
17573:
17568:
17564:
17551:Wayback Machine
17538:
17534:
17525:
17521:
17517:Hibbert, p. 60.
17516:
17512:
17502:
17500:
17485:
17481:
17476:
17472:
17467:
17463:
17458:
17454:
17444:
17442:
17438:
17437:
17433:
17428:
17424:
17419:
17415:
17410:
17406:
17401:
17397:
17392:
17388:
17383:
17379:
17374:
17370:
17365:
17361:
17356:
17352:
17347:
17343:
17338:
17334:
17329:
17325:
17320:
17313:
17308:
17304:
17299:
17295:
17290:
17283:
17278:
17274:
17269:
17265:
17260:
17256:
17251:
17247:
17242:
17235:
17230:
17226:
17221:
17217:
17212:
17208:
17203:
17196:
17187:
17183:
17168:
17152:
17148:
17143:
17139:
17134:
17130:
17120:
17118:
17116:
17100:
17096:
17083:
17076:
17069:
17053:
17049:
17029:
17028:
17024:
17011:
17007:
17001:Wayback Machine
16987:
16948:
16942:
16938:
16930:Crum, Roger J.
16929:
16925:
16916:
16914:
16909:
16908:
16904:
16895:
16891:
16886:
16882:
16868:Wayback Machine
16858:
16854:
16849:
16845:
16838:
16822:
16818:
16809:
16807:
16798:
16797:
16793:
16762:
16758:
16748:
16746:
16738:
16737:
16733:
16715:
16711:
16701:
16699:
16685:
16684:
16680:
16670:
16668:
16657:
16653:
16642:
16638:
16627:John Woodward,
16626:
16619:
16615:
16582:
16575:
16572:
16563:
16560:
16551:
16548:
16539:
16536:
16527:
16524:
16515:
16512:
16503:
16500:
16491:
16476:
16467:
16461:
16452:
16449:
16399:
16247:6 January 1569
16213:
16186:6 January 1537
16158:6 January 1537
16118:
15997:31 August 1512
15954:
15925:
15899:Piero the Gouty
15896:
15863:
15831:
15823:
15818:
15813:
15812:
15648:
15646:
15637:
15628:
15619:
15610:
15597:
15588:
15107:
15098:
15096:
15087:
15074:
15072:
15061:
14810:
14808:
14799:
14790:
14788:Anna de' Medici
14782:
14780:
14763:Odoardo Farnese
14758:
14756:
14747:
14745:
14734:
14725:
14723:
14712:
14353:
14344:
14335:
14326:
14315:
14302:
14300:
14289:
14280:
14266:
14264:
14069:
14058:
14056:
14042:
14040:
14025:
14011:
14009:
14000:
13993:
13882:
13871:
13860:
13851:
13840:
13825:
13807:
13805:Anna de' Medici
13791:
13789:
13580:
13573:
13558:
13556:
13547:
13516:
13514:Bianca Cappello
13505:
13503:
13492:
13284:
13282:
13271:
13264:
13263:Anna de' Medici
13255:
13246:
13237:
13223:
13221:
13209:
13207:
13193:
13191:
13180:
13171:
12636:
12625:
12616:
12614:
12605:
12466:
12457:
12416:
12413:
12402:
12401:
12389:
12375:
12373:
12364:
12355:
12353:Anne of Austria
12346:
12337:
12328:
12306:
12304:
12138:
12136:
12127:
12118:
12104:
12102:
12100:Christine Marie
12075:
12059:
12052:
11861:
11859:
11850:
11841:
11828:
11819:
11810:
11801:
11784:
11777:
11643:
11641:
11632:
11630:
11621:
11610:
11599:
11588:
11579:
11570:
11228:
11226:
11175:
11164:
11162:
11160:
11141:
11139:
10965:
10963:
10946:
10939:
10938:Roberto Strozzi
10930:
10928:
10921:
10919:
10910:
10903:
10896:
10867:
10512:
10506:
10499:
10488:
10486:
10472:
10465:
10451:
10446:
10444:
10437:Filippo Strozzi
10432:
10430:
10421:
10409:
10407:
10396:
10387:
10385:
10016:
10007:
10000:
9995:
9993:
9983:
9981:
9979:
9962:
9960:
9765:
9760:
9758:
9749:
9747:
9734:
9732:
9723:Duke of Nemours
9721:
9719:
9707:
9705:
9696:
9687:
9685:
9671:
9669:
9657:
9655:
9653:
9643:Jacopo Salviati
9638:
9636:
9289:
9279:
9273:
9271:
9268:
9249:
9244:
9242:
9225:
9218:
9204:
9202:
9200:
9198:
9186:
9184:
9182:
9167:
9165:
9153:
9151:
9144:
8822:
8820:
8810:
8790:
8788:
8769:
8752:
8734:
8732:
8730:
8411:
8409:
8407:
8378:
8365:
8363:
8340:
8333:
7967:
7965:
7828:
7762:
7760:
7623:
7560:
7356:
7233:
6989:
6866:
6743:
6620:
6497:
6466:
6455:
6454:
6453:
6436:
6432:
6341:
6335:
6328:
6322:
6313:
6307:
6300:
6294:
6287:
6281:
6159:
6153:
6146:
6140:
6130:
6124:
6021:
6017:Nicolò Giuseppe
6015:
6008:
6002:
5992:
5986:
5979:
5973:
5966:
5960:
5841:
5835:
5828:
5822:
5815:
5809:
5708:
5702:
5677:
5671:
5664:
5658:
5649:
5643:
5534:
5528:
5519:
5513:
5502:
5496:
5489:
5483:
5472:
5466:
5329:
5325:
5316:
5310:
5301:
5295:
5288:
5282:
5271:
5265:
5256:
5250:
5117:
5111:
5104:
5098:
5091:
5085:
5074:
5068:
5053:
5047:
5040:
5034:
5027:
5021:
5014:
5008:
4857:
4851:
4841:
4835:
4822:
4816:
4802:
4796:
4789:
4783:
4773:
4767:
4758:
4752:
4743:
4737:
4587:
4581:
4564:
4560:
4553:
4547:
4540:
4534:
4527:
4521:
4514:
4508:
4473:
4467:
4296:
4285:
4279:
4254:
4248:
4235:
4231:
4212:
4208:
4195:
4193:Vieri di Cambio
4191:
4042:
4036:
4015:
4011:
4000:
3994:
3987:
3981:
3966:
3960:
3947:
3944:
3941:
3934:
3928:
3921:
3915:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3754:
3748:
3739:
3733:
3726:
3720:
3710:
3704:
3691:
3685:
3675:
3669:
3657:
3651:
3644:
3638:
3631:
3625:
3613:
3607:
3600:
3594:
3398:
3392:
3383:
3377:
3364:
3358:
3339:
3333:
3318:
3312:
3305:
3299:
3145:
3139:
3127:
3121:
3109:
3103:
3088:
3082:
3064:
3058:
2895:
2889:
2880:
2874:
2847:
2841:
2698:
2692:
2661:
2655:
2496:
2490:
2371:
2365:
2246:
2240:
2121:
2115:
2059:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2018:Galileo Galilei
1928:Benozzo Gozzoli
1842:
1809:secundogeniture
1792:and husband of
1786:Francis Stephen
1610:
1530:Pope Urban VIII
1494:Galileo Galilei
1490:Anna de' Medici
1437:
1334:
1294:
1293:
1199:Transfiguration
1168:
1167:
1156:
1120:
1115:
1108:
946:
850:. In 1293, the
836:
835:
807:
781:
637:Arte della Lana
545:
538:
508:
499:
498:
491:
462:
456:
455:
452:House of Medici
444:
435:
424:
423:
418:
400:
398:
389:
370:Palazzo Vecchio
358:
338:
332:
331:
318:
317:
283:
227:
223:Queen of France
213:Duke of Nemours
142:
140:
137:
118:Place of origin
104:Duchy of Urbino
102:
98:
94:
83:
67:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
20680:
20670:
20669:
20664:
20659:
20654:
20649:
20647:Papal families
20644:
20639:
20634:
20617:
20616:
20614:
20613:
20607:
20605:
20601:
20600:
20598:
20597:
20592:
20587:
20582:
20577:
20572:
20567:
20562:
20557:
20552:
20547:
20541:
20539:
20535:
20534:
20532:
20531:
20526:
20521:
20516:
20511:
20505:
20503:
20499:
20498:
20496:
20495:
20490:
20485:
20480:
20474:
20472:
20468:
20467:
20465:
20464:
20459:
20454:
20449:
20444:
20439:
20434:
20429:
20424:
20419:
20414:
20408:
20406:
20402:
20401:
20399:
20398:
20393:
20388:
20383:
20378:
20373:
20368:
20363:
20358:
20353:
20347:
20345:
20341:
20340:
20338:
20337:
20332:
20327:
20322:
20317:
20312:
20307:
20302:
20297:
20292:
20287:
20282:
20277:
20272:
20267:
20262:
20257:
20252:
20247:
20242:
20237:
20232:
20227:
20222:
20217:
20212:
20207:
20202:
20197:
20192:
20187:
20182:
20177:
20172:
20167:
20162:
20157:
20152:
20147:
20142:
20137:
20132:
20127:
20122:
20117:
20112:
20107:
20102:
20097:
20092:
20086:
20084:
20078:
20077:
20070:
20069:
20062:
20055:
20047:
20038:
20037:
20035:
20034:
20029:
20024:
20019:
20014:
20009:
20004:
19999:
19994:
19989:
19984:
19979:
19974:
19969:
19964:
19959:
19954:
19949:
19944:
19939:
19934:
19929:
19924:
19919:
19914:
19909:
19904:
19899:
19894:
19889:
19884:
19879:
19874:
19869:
19864:
19859:
19854:
19849:
19844:
19838:
19835:
19834:
19823:
19822:
19815:
19808:
19800:
19791:
19790:
19780:
19777:
19776:
19774:
19773:
19768:
19763:
19757:
19755:
19751:
19750:
19748:
19747:
19742:
19737:
19732:
19727:
19722:
19717:
19712:
19706:
19704:
19700:
19699:
19697:
19696:
19691:
19686:
19681:
19676:
19671:
19666:
19661:
19656:
19651:
19646:
19640:
19638:
19634:
19633:
19631:
19630:
19625:
19620:
19615:
19610:
19605:
19600:
19595:
19590:
19585:
19579:
19573:
19568:
19563:
19558:
19552:
19545:
19543:
19539:
19538:
19536:
19535:
19530:
19525:
19523:House of Guise
19520:
19515:
19510:
19504:
19502:
19496:
19495:
19493:
19492:
19487:
19481:
19475:
19469:
19463:
19457:
19451:
19445:
19439:
19433:
19427:
19420:
19418:
19414:
19413:
19406:
19405:
19398:
19391:
19383:
19374:
19373:
19371:
19370:
19369:
19368:
19358:
19353:
19348:
19343:
19338:
19336:Galilean moons
19333:
19331:Medici giraffe
19327:
19325:
19321:
19320:
19318:
19317:
19312:
19307:
19302:
19297:
19291:
19289:
19285:
19284:
19282:
19281:
19275:
19273:
19269:
19268:
19266:
19265:
19260:
19255:
19249:
19247:
19243:
19242:
19239:
19238:
19236:
19235:
19230:
19224:
19222:
19218:
19217:
19215:
19214:
19208:
19206:
19202:
19201:
19199:
19198:
19193:
19187:
19185:
19181:
19180:
19178:
19177:
19172:
19166:
19164:
19160:
19159:
19157:
19156:
19154:Giorgio Vasari
19151:
19146:
19141:
19136:
19131:
19126:
19121:
19120:
19119:
19109:
19104:
19099:
19093:
19091:
19084:
19080:
19079:
19076:
19075:
19073:
19072:
19067:
19066:
19065:
19060:
19049:Medici Chapels
19046:
19040:
19038:
19034:
19033:
19031:
19030:
19025:
19020:
19015:
19010:
19005:
19000:
18994:
18992:
18988:
18987:
18985:
18984:
18979:
18973:
18971:
18967:
18966:
18964:
18963:
18958:
18953:
18948:
18943:
18938:
18933:
18928:
18923:
18921:Palazzo Madama
18918:
18913:
18907:
18905:
18901:
18900:
18898:
18897:
18892:
18887:
18882:
18877:
18875:Montevettolini
18872:
18867:
18862:
18857:
18852:
18847:
18842:
18837:
18832:
18827:
18822:
18817:
18812:
18807:
18802:
18797:
18792:
18787:
18782:
18777:
18772:
18767:
18762:
18757:
18751:
18749:
18740:
18736:
18735:
18722:
18720:
18717:
18716:
18714:
18713:
18707:
18705:
18701:
18700:
18698:
18697:
18692:
18687:
18681:
18679:
18675:
18674:
18672:
18671:
18666:
18661:
18656:
18650:
18648:
18644:
18643:
18641:
18640:
18635:
18630:
18625:
18620:
18615:
18613:Innocenzo Cybo
18610:
18605:
18592:
18587:
18582:
18577:
18572:
18567:
18562:
18556:
18551:
18545:
18534:
18532:
18528:
18527:
18525:
18524:
18519:
18514:
18508:
18506:
18502:
18501:
18499:
18498:
18493:
18487:
18485:
18481:
18480:
18478:
18477:
18472:
18467:
18462:
18457:
18452:
18447:
18441:
18439:
18433:
18432:
18430:
18429:
18424:
18418:
18416:
18410:
18409:
18407:
18406:
18401:
18396:
18390:
18385:
18380:
18375:
18370:
18365:
18360:
18354:
18352:
18345:
18341:
18340:
18333:
18332:
18325:
18318:
18310:
18302:
18301:
18296:
18293:
18280:
18277:
18270:
18269:
18261:
18248:
18242:
18241:
18236:
18229:
18224:
18223:
18218:
18209:
18204:
18199:
18194:
18187:
18186:External links
18184:
18182:
18181:
18178:978-0393058277
18159:
18144:
18142:
18139:
18138:
18137:
18130:Jonathan Zophy
18127:
18115:
18103:
18096:Lauro Martines
18093:
18086:Paul Strathern
18083:
18066:
18056:
18046:
18039:
18032:
18010:
18007:
18005:
18004:
17969:
17954:
17939:
17920:
17898:
17883:
17870:The Florentine
17856:
17841:
17828:
17822:One more son:
17815:
17798:
17781:
17756:
17747:
17728:, (?–?). Cfr.
17717:
17695:One more son:
17688:
17655:
17618:
17601:
17571:
17562:
17532:
17519:
17510:
17479:
17477:Acton, p. 309.
17470:
17468:Acton, p. 310.
17461:
17459:Acton, p. 209.
17452:
17431:
17429:Acton, p. 304.
17422:
17420:Acton, p. 301.
17413:
17411:Acton, p. 188.
17404:
17402:Acton, p. 280.
17395:
17393:Acton, p. 175.
17386:
17377:
17368:
17366:Acton, p. 243.
17359:
17357:Acton, p. 182.
17350:
17348:Acton, p. 112.
17341:
17339:Acton, p. 108.
17332:
17323:
17311:
17302:
17293:
17291:Acton, p. 192.
17281:
17279:Acton, p. 111.
17272:
17263:
17254:
17245:
17233:
17224:
17215:
17206:
17194:
17181:
17166:
17146:
17137:
17128:
17114:
17094:
17074:
17067:
17047:
17022:
17019:. p. 221.
17005:
16990:on 2020-03-03.
16965:10.1086/230190
16936:
16923:
16902:
16889:
16880:
16852:
16843:
16836:
16816:
16791:
16756:
16731:
16709:
16678:
16651:
16636:
16616:
16614:
16611:
16610:
16609:
16603:
16596:Strozzi family
16593:
16588:
16581:
16578:
16577:
16576:
16573:
16566:
16564:
16561:
16554:
16552:
16549:
16542:
16540:
16537:
16530:
16528:
16525:
16518:
16516:
16513:
16506:
16504:
16501:
16494:
16492:
16477:
16470:
16468:
16462:
16455:
16453:
16450:
16443:
16398:
16395:
16392:
16391:
16388:
16385:
16382:
16377:
16369:
16368:
16365:
16362:
16359:
16354:
16346:
16345:
16342:
16339:
16336:
16331:
16323:
16322:
16319:
16316:
16313:
16308:
16300:
16299:
16296:
16293:
16290:
16285:
16277:
16276:
16273:
16270:
16269:21 April 1574
16267:
16262:
16254:
16253:
16251:
16250:21 April 1574
16248:
16245:
16240:
16232:
16231:
16228:
16225:
16222:
16219:
16212:
16209:
16206:
16205:
16190:
16189:21 April 1574
16187:
16184:
16179:
16171:
16170:
16159:
16156:
16153:
16145:
16137:
16136:
16133:
16130:
16127:
16124:
16117:
16114:
16111:
16110:
16107:
16104:
16101:
16096:
16088:
16087:
16074:
16071:
16068:
16063:
16055:
16054:
16047:
16044:
16043:17 March 1516
16041:
16036:
16028:
16027:
16024:
16023:17 March 1516
16021:
16018:
16013:
16005:
16004:
16001:
15998:
15995:
15990:
15982:
15981:
15978:Piero Soderini
15966:
15963:
15960:
15949:
15941:
15940:
15937:
15934:
15931:
15920:
15912:
15911:
15908:
15905:
15904:1 August 1464
15902:
15891:
15883:
15882:
15875:
15874:1 August 1464
15872:
15869:
15858:
15850:
15849:
15846:
15843:
15840:
15837:
15830:
15824:
15822:
15819:
15817:
15814:
15809:
15807:
15806:
15804:
15802:
15800:
15798:
15796:
15794:
15792:
15790:
15788:
15786:
15784:
15782:
15780:
15778:
15776:
15774:
15772:
15770:
15768:
15766:
15764:
15762:
15760:
15758:
15756:
15754:
15752:
15750:
15748:
15746:
15744:
15742:
15740:
15738:
15735:
15733:
15732:
15730:
15728:
15726:
15724:
15722:
15720:
15718:
15716:
15714:
15712:
15710:
15708:
15706:
15704:
15702:
15700:
15698:
15696:
15694:
15692:
15690:
15688:
15686:
15684:
15682:
15680:
15678:
15676:
15674:
15672:
15670:
15668:
15666:
15664:
15661:
15660:
15658:
15656:
15654:
15651:
15650:
15641:
15639:
15632:
15630:
15623:
15621:
15614:
15612:
15605:
15603:
15601:
15599:
15592:
15590:
15583:
15581:
15579:
15576:
15575:
15573:
15571:
15569:
15567:
15565:
15563:
15561:
15559:
15557:
15555:
15553:
15551:
15549:
15547:
15545:
15543:
15541:
15539:
15537:
15535:
15533:
15531:
15528:
15527:
15525:
15523:
15521:
15519:
15517:
15515:
15513:
15511:
15509:
15507:
15505:
15503:
15501:
15499:
15497:
15495:
15493:
15491:
15489:
15487:
15485:
15483:
15481:
15479:
15477:
15475:
15473:
15471:
15469:
15467:
15465:
15463:
15461:
15459:
15457:
15455:
15453:
15450:
15449:
15447:
15445:
15443:
15441:
15439:
15437:
15435:
15433:
15431:
15429:
15427:
15425:
15423:
15421:
15419:
15417:
15415:
15413:
15411:
15409:
15407:
15405:
15403:
15401:
15399:
15397:
15395:
15393:
15391:
15389:
15387:
15385:
15383:
15381:
15379:
15377:
15375:
15373:
15371:
15368:
15367:
15365:
15363:
15361:
15359:
15357:
15355:
15353:
15351:
15349:
15347:
15345:
15343:
15341:
15339:
15337:
15335:
15333:
15331:
15329:
15327:
15325:
15323:
15321:
15319:
15317:
15315:
15313:
15311:
15309:
15307:
15305:
15303:
15301:
15299:
15297:
15295:
15293:
15291:
15289:
15287:
15285:
15283:
15281:
15279:
15277:
15275:
15272:
15271:
15269:
15267:
15265:
15263:
15261:
15258:
15257:
15255:
15253:
15251:
15249:
15247:
15245:
15243:
15241:
15239:
15237:
15235:
15233:
15231:
15229:
15227:
15225:
15223:
15221:
15219:
15217:
15215:
15213:
15211:
15209:
15207:
15205:
15203:
15201:
15199:
15197:
15195:
15193:
15191:
15189:
15187:
15185:
15183:
15181:
15179:
15177:
15175:
15173:
15171:
15169:
15167:
15165:
15163:
15160:
15159:
15157:
15155:
15153:
15150:
15149:
15147:
15145:
15143:
15141:
15139:
15137:
15135:
15133:
15131:
15129:
15127:
15125:
15123:
15121:
15119:
15117:
15115:
15113:
15111:
15109:
15102:
15100:
15091:
15089:
15082:
15080:
15078:
15076:
15067:
15065:
15063:
15058:
15055:
15054:
15052:
15050:
15048:
15046:
15044:
15042:
15040:
15038:
15036:
15034:
15032:
15030:
15028:
15026:
15024:
15022:
15019:
15018:
15016:
15014:
15012:
15010:
15008:
15006:
15004:
15002:
15000:
14998:
14996:
14994:
14992:
14990:
14988:
14986:
14984:
14982:
14980:
14978:
14976:
14974:
14972:
14970:
14968:
14966:
14964:
14962:
14960:
14958:
14956:
14954:
14952:
14950:
14948:
14946:
14944:
14942:
14940:
14938:
14936:
14934:
14932:
14930:
14928:
14926:
14924:
14921:
14919:
14918:
14916:
14914:
14912:
14910:
14908:
14906:
14904:
14902:
14900:
14898:
14896:
14894:
14892:
14890:
14888:
14886:
14884:
14882:
14880:
14878:
14876:
14874:
14872:
14870:
14868:
14866:
14864:
14862:
14860:
14858:
14856:
14854:
14852:
14850:
14848:
14846:
14844:
14842:
14840:
14838:
14836:
14834:
14832:
14830:
14828:
14825:
14824:
14822:
14820:
14817:
14816:
14814:
14812:
14803:
14801:
14794:
14792:
14785:
14783:
14775:
14773:
14767:
14765:
14751:
14749:
14740:
14738:
14736:
14729:
14727:
14718:
14716:
14714:
14707:
14704:
14703:
14701:
14699:
14697:
14695:
14693:
14691:
14689:
14687:
14685:
14683:
14681:
14679:
14677:
14675:
14673:
14671:
14669:
14667:
14665:
14663:
14661:
14659:
14657:
14655:
14653:
14651:
14649:
14647:
14645:
14643:
14641:
14639:
14637:
14635:
14633:
14631:
14629:
14627:
14625:
14623:
14621:
14618:
14617:
14615:
14613:
14611:
14609:
14607:
14605:
14603:
14601:
14599:
14597:
14595:
14593:
14591:
14589:
14587:
14585:
14583:
14581:
14579:
14577:
14575:
14573:
14571:
14569:
14567:
14565:
14563:
14561:
14559:
14557:
14555:
14553:
14551:
14549:
14547:
14545:
14543:
14541:
14539:
14537:
14535:
14533:
14531:
14529:
14527:
14525:
14523:
14521:
14519:
14516:
14515:
14513:
14511:
14509:
14507:
14505:
14503:
14501:
14499:
14497:
14495:
14493:
14491:
14489:
14487:
14485:
14483:
14481:
14479:
14477:
14474:
14473:
14471:
14469:
14467:
14465:
14463:
14461:
14459:
14457:
14455:
14453:
14451:
14449:
14447:
14445:
14443:
14441:
14439:
14437:
14435:
14433:
14431:
14429:
14427:
14425:
14423:
14421:
14419:
14417:
14415:
14413:
14411:
14409:
14407:
14405:
14403:
14401:
14399:
14397:
14395:
14393:
14391:
14389:
14387:
14385:
14383:
14381:
14379:
14377:
14374:
14373:
14371:
14369:
14367:
14365:
14363:
14361:
14359:
14356:
14355:
14348:
14346:
14339:
14337:
14330:
14328:
14321:
14319:
14317:
14310:
14308:
14306:
14304:
14295:
14293:
14291:
14284:
14282:
14275:
14273:
14259:
14257:
14255:
14252:
14251:
14249:
14247:
14245:
14243:
14241:
14239:
14237:
14235:
14233:
14231:
14229:
14227:
14225:
14223:
14221:
14219:
14217:
14215:
14213:
14211:
14209:
14207:
14205:
14203:
14201:
14199:
14197:
14195:
14193:
14190:
14189:
14187:
14185:
14183:
14181:
14179:
14177:
14175:
14173:
14171:
14169:
14167:
14165:
14163:
14161:
14159:
14157:
14155:
14153:
14151:
14149:
14147:
14145:
14143:
14141:
14139:
14137:
14135:
14133:
14131:
14129:
14127:
14125:
14123:
14121:
14119:
14117:
14115:
14113:
14111:
14109:
14107:
14105:
14103:
14101:
14099:
14097:
14095:
14093:
14091:
14088:
14086:
14085:
14083:
14081:
14079:
14077:
14075:
14073:
14071:
14064:
14062:
14051:
14049:
14035:
14033:
14031:
14029:
14027:
14020:
14018:
14004:
14002:
13997:
13995:
13990:
13988:
13985:
13983:
13982:
13980:
13978:
13976:
13974:
13972:
13970:
13968:
13966:
13964:
13962:
13960:
13958:
13956:
13954:
13952:
13950:
13948:
13946:
13944:
13942:
13940:
13938:
13936:
13934:
13932:
13930:
13928:
13926:
13924:
13922:
13920:
13918:
13916:
13914:
13912:
13910:
13908:
13906:
13904:
13902:
13900:
13898:
13896:
13894:
13892:
13890:
13887:
13885:
13884:
13877:
13875:
13873:
13866:
13864:
13862:
13857:
13855:
13853:
13846:
13844:
13842:
13837:
13835:
13833:
13831:
13829:
13827:
13820:
13818:
13816:
13813:
13811:
13809:
13802:
13800:
13798:
13783:
13782:
13780:
13778:
13776:
13774:
13772:
13770:
13768:
13766:
13764:
13762:
13760:
13758:
13756:
13754:
13752:
13750:
13748:
13746:
13744:
13742:
13740:
13738:
13736:
13734:
13732:
13730:
13728:
13726:
13724:
13722:
13720:
13718:
13716:
13714:
13712:
13710:
13708:
13706:
13704:
13702:
13700:
13698:
13696:
13694:
13691:
13690:
13688:
13686:
13684:
13682:
13680:
13678:
13676:
13674:
13672:
13670:
13668:
13666:
13664:
13662:
13660:
13658:
13656:
13654:
13652:
13650:
13648:
13646:
13644:
13642:
13640:
13638:
13636:
13634:
13632:
13630:
13628:
13626:
13624:
13622:
13620:
13618:
13616:
13614:
13612:
13610:
13608:
13606:
13604:
13602:
13599:
13598:
13596:
13594:
13592:
13590:
13588:
13586:
13583:
13582:
13577:
13575:
13568:
13566:
13564:
13562:
13560:
13551:
13549:
13542:
13540:
13538:
13536:
13534:
13532:
13530:
13528:
13526:
13524:
13522:
13520:
13518:
13511:
13509:
13507:
13498:
13496:
13494:
13487:
13485:
13482:
13481:
13479:
13477:
13475:
13473:
13471:
13469:
13467:
13465:
13463:
13461:
13459:
13457:
13455:
13453:
13451:
13449:
13447:
13445:
13443:
13441:
13439:
13437:
13435:
13433:
13431:
13429:
13427:
13425:
13423:
13421:
13419:
13417:
13415:
13413:
13411:
13409:
13407:
13404:
13403:
13401:
13399:
13397:
13395:
13393:
13391:
13389:
13387:
13385:
13383:
13381:
13379:
13377:
13375:
13373:
13371:
13369:
13367:
13365:
13363:
13361:
13359:
13357:
13355:
13353:
13351:
13349:
13347:
13345:
13343:
13341:
13339:
13337:
13335:
13333:
13331:
13329:
13327:
13325:
13323:
13321:
13319:
13317:
13315:
13313:
13311:
13309:
13307:
13305:
13303:
13301:
13298:
13296:
13295:
13293:
13291:
13277:
13275:
13273:
13268:
13266:
13261:
13259:
13257:
13252:
13250:
13248:
13241:
13239:
13232:
13230:
13216:
13214:
13211:Bishop of Pisa
13202:
13200:
13186:
13184:
13182:
13175:
13173:
13169:Bia de' Medici
13166:
13163:
13162:
13160:
13158:
13156:
13154:
13152:
13150:
13148:
13146:
13144:
13142:
13140:
13138:
13136:
13134:
13132:
13130:
13128:
13126:
13124:
13122:
13120:
13118:
13116:
13114:
13112:
13110:
13108:
13106:
13104:
13102:
13100:
13098:
13096:
13094:
13092:
13090:
13088:
13086:
13084:
13082:
13080:
13077:
13076:
13074:
13072:
13070:
13068:
13066:
13064:
13062:
13060:
13058:
13056:
13054:
13052:
13050:
13048:
13046:
13044:
13042:
13040:
13038:
13036:
13034:
13032:
13030:
13028:
13026:
13024:
13022:
13020:
13018:
13016:
13014:
13012:
13010:
13008:
13006:
13004:
13002:
13000:
12998:
12996:
12994:
12992:
12990:
12988:
12986:
12984:
12982:
12980:
12978:
12976:
12973:
12972:
12970:
12968:
12966:
12964:
12962:
12960:
12958:
12956:
12954:
12952:
12950:
12948:
12946:
12944:
12942:
12940:
12938:
12936:
12934:
12932:
12930:
12928:
12926:
12924:
12922:
12920:
12918:
12916:
12914:
12912:
12910:
12908:
12906:
12904:
12902:
12900:
12898:
12895:
12894:
12892:
12890:
12888:
12886:
12884:
12882:
12880:
12878:
12876:
12874:
12872:
12870:
12868:
12866:
12864:
12862:
12860:
12858:
12856:
12854:
12852:
12850:
12848:
12846:
12844:
12842:
12840:
12838:
12836:
12834:
12832:
12830:
12828:
12826:
12824:
12822:
12820:
12818:
12816:
12814:
12812:
12810:
12808:
12806:
12804:
12802:
12800:
12798:
12796:
12793:
12792:
12790:
12788:
12786:
12784:
12782:
12780:
12778:
12776:
12774:
12772:
12770:
12768:
12766:
12764:
12762:
12760:
12758:
12756:
12754:
12752:
12749:
12748:
12746:
12744:
12742:
12740:
12738:
12736:
12734:
12732:
12730:
12728:
12726:
12724:
12722:
12720:
12718:
12716:
12714:
12712:
12710:
12708:
12706:
12704:
12702:
12700:
12698:
12696:
12694:
12692:
12690:
12688:
12686:
12684:
12682:
12680:
12678:
12676:
12674:
12672:
12670:
12668:
12666:
12664:
12662:
12660:
12658:
12656:
12654:
12652:
12649:
12648:
12646:
12644:
12642:
12639:
12638:
12631:
12629:
12627:
12620:
12618:
12609:
12607:
12600:
12598:
12596:
12594:
12592:
12590:
12588:
12586:
12584:
12582:
12580:
12578:
12576:
12574:
12571:
12569:
12568:
12566:
12564:
12562:
12560:
12558:
12556:
12554:
12552:
12550:
12548:
12546:
12544:
12542:
12540:
12538:
12536:
12534:
12532:
12530:
12528:
12526:
12523:
12521:
12520:
12518:
12516:
12514:
12512:
12510:
12508:
12506:
12504:
12502:
12500:
12498:
12496:
12494:
12492:
12490:
12488:
12486:
12484:
12482:
12480:
12478:
12475:
12474:
12472:
12469:
12468:
12464:Maria Salviati
12461:
12459:
12452:
12450:
12448:
12446:
12444:
12442:
12440:
12438:
12436:
12434:
12432:
12430:
12428:
12426:
12424:
12422:
12414:
12406:
12398:
12397:
12395:
12392:
12391:
12384:
12382:
12368:
12366:
12359:
12357:
12350:
12348:
12341:
12339:
12332:
12330:
12323:
12321:
12319:
12317:
12315:
12313:
12311:
12310:Pietro Altemps
12301:
12299:
12297:
12295:
12292:
12291:
12289:
12287:
12285:
12283:
12281:
12279:
12277:
12275:
12273:
12271:
12269:
12267:
12265:
12263:
12261:
12259:
12257:
12255:
12253:
12251:
12249:
12246:
12245:
12243:
12241:
12239:
12237:
12235:
12233:
12231:
12229:
12227:
12225:
12223:
12221:
12219:
12217:
12215:
12213:
12211:
12209:
12207:
12205:
12203:
12201:
12199:
12197:
12195:
12193:
12191:
12189:
12187:
12185:
12183:
12181:
12179:
12177:
12175:
12173:
12171:
12169:
12167:
12165:
12163:
12161:
12159:
12157:
12155:
12153:
12151:
12148:
12146:
12145:
12131:
12129:
12122:
12120:
12113:
12111:
12097:
12095:
12093:
12091:
12089:
12087:
12085:
12083:
12081:
12079:
12077:
12070:
12068:
12066:
12063:
12061:
12056:
12054:
12053:(?–1634)
12048:
12047:
12045:
12043:
12041:
12039:
12037:
12035:
12033:
12031:
12029:
12027:
12025:
12023:
12021:
12019:
12017:
12015:
12013:
12011:
12009:
12007:
12005:
12003:
12001:
11999:
11997:
11995:
11993:
11991:
11989:
11987:
11985:
11983:
11981:
11979:
11977:
11974:
11973:
11971:
11969:
11967:
11965:
11963:
11961:
11959:
11957:
11955:
11953:
11951:
11949:
11947:
11945:
11943:
11941:
11939:
11937:
11935:
11933:
11931:
11929:
11927:
11925:
11923:
11921:
11919:
11917:
11915:
11913:
11911:
11909:
11907:
11905:
11903:
11901:
11899:
11897:
11895:
11893:
11891:
11889:
11887:
11885:
11883:
11880:
11879:
11877:
11875:
11873:
11871:
11869:
11867:
11864:
11863:
11854:
11852:
11845:
11843:
11836:
11834:
11832:
11830:
11823:
11821:
11814:
11812:
11805:
11803:
11796:
11794:
11792:
11790:
11788:
11786:
11781:
11779:
11772:
11769:
11767:
11766:
11764:
11762:
11760:
11758:
11756:
11754:
11752:
11750:
11748:
11746:
11744:
11742:
11740:
11738:
11736:
11734:
11732:
11730:
11728:
11726:
11724:
11722:
11720:
11718:
11716:
11714:
11712:
11710:
11708:
11706:
11704:
11702:
11700:
11698:
11696:
11694:
11692:
11690:
11688:
11686:
11684:
11682:
11680:
11678:
11676:
11674:
11672:
11670:
11668:
11665:
11664:
11662:
11659:
11658:
11656:
11654:
11652:
11650:
11636:
11634:
11625:
11623:
11616:
11614:
11612:
11605:
11603:
11601:
11594:
11592:
11590:
11583:
11581:
11574:
11572:
11565:
11563:
11558:
11556:
11554:
11552:
11549:
11548:
11546:
11544:
11542:
11540:
11538:
11536:
11534:
11532:
11530:
11528:
11526:
11524:
11522:
11520:
11518:
11516:
11514:
11512:
11510:
11508:
11506:
11504:
11502:
11500:
11498:
11496:
11494:
11492:
11490:
11488:
11486:
11484:
11482:
11480:
11478:
11476:
11474:
11472:
11469:
11468:
11466:
11464:
11462:
11460:
11458:
11456:
11454:
11452:
11450:
11448:
11446:
11444:
11442:
11440:
11438:
11436:
11434:
11432:
11430:
11428:
11426:
11424:
11422:
11420:
11418:
11416:
11414:
11412:
11410:
11408:
11406:
11404:
11402:
11400:
11398:
11396:
11394:
11392:
11390:
11388:
11386:
11384:
11382:
11380:
11378:
11376:
11374:
11372:
11370:
11368:
11366:
11363:
11362:
11360:
11358:
11356:
11354:
11352:
11350:
11348:
11346:
11344:
11341:
11340:
11338:
11336:
11334:
11332:
11330:
11328:
11326:
11324:
11322:
11320:
11318:
11316:
11314:
11312:
11310:
11308:
11306:
11304:
11302:
11300:
11298:
11296:
11294:
11292:
11290:
11288:
11286:
11284:
11282:
11280:
11278:
11276:
11274:
11272:
11270:
11268:
11266:
11264:
11262:
11260:
11258:
11256:
11254:
11252:
11250:
11248:
11246:
11244:
11241:
11240:
11238:
11236:
11233:
11232:
11230:
11221:
11219:
11217:
11215:
11213:
11211:
11209:
11207:
11205:
11203:
11201:
11199:
11197:
11195:
11193:
11191:
11189:
11187:
11181:
11179:
11177:
11170:
11168:
11166:
11155:
11153:
11151:
11149:
11147:
11145:
11143:
11133:
11132:
11130:
11128:
11126:
11124:
11122:
11120:
11118:
11116:
11114:
11112:
11110:
11108:
11106:
11104:
11102:
11100:
11098:
11096:
11094:
11092:
11090:
11087:
11086:
11084:
11082:
11080:
11078:
11076:
11074:
11072:
11070:
11068:
11066:
11064:
11062:
11060:
11058:
11056:
11054:
11052:
11050:
11048:
11046:
11044:
11042:
11040:
11038:
11036:
11034:
11032:
11030:
11028:
11026:
11024:
11022:
11020:
11018:
11016:
11014:
11012:
11010:
11008:
11006:
11004:
11002:
11000:
10998:
10996:
10994:
10992:
10990:
10988:
10986:
10984:
10981:
10980:
10978:
10976:
10973:
10972:
10970:
10958:
10956:
10954:
10952:
10950:
10948:
10943:
10941:
10936:
10934:
10925:
10923:
10914:
10912:
10907:
10905:
10904:(?–1559)
10900:
10898:
10891:
10889:
10887:
10885:
10883:
10881:
10879:
10878:Piero Salviati
10876:
10874:
10864:
10862:
10859:
10858:
10856:
10854:
10852:
10850:
10848:
10846:
10844:
10842:
10840:
10838:
10836:
10834:
10832:
10830:
10828:
10826:
10824:
10821:
10820:
10818:
10816:
10814:
10812:
10810:
10808:
10806:
10804:
10802:
10800:
10798:
10796:
10794:
10792:
10790:
10788:
10786:
10784:
10782:
10780:
10778:
10776:
10774:
10772:
10770:
10768:
10766:
10764:
10762:
10760:
10758:
10756:
10754:
10752:
10750:
10748:
10746:
10744:
10742:
10740:
10738:
10736:
10734:
10732:
10730:
10728:
10726:
10724:
10722:
10720:
10718:
10716:
10714:
10712:
10710:
10708:
10706:
10704:
10702:
10700:
10697:
10696:
10694:
10692:
10690:
10688:
10686:
10684:
10682:
10680:
10678:
10676:
10674:
10672:
10670:
10668:
10666:
10664:
10662:
10660:
10658:
10656:
10654:
10652:
10649:
10648:
10646:
10644:
10642:
10640:
10638:
10636:
10634:
10632:
10630:
10628:
10626:
10624:
10622:
10620:
10618:
10616:
10614:
10612:
10610:
10608:
10606:
10604:
10602:
10600:
10598:
10596:
10594:
10592:
10590:
10588:
10586:
10584:
10582:
10580:
10578:
10576:
10574:
10572:
10570:
10568:
10566:
10564:
10562:
10560:
10558:
10556:
10554:
10552:
10550:
10548:
10546:
10544:
10542:
10540:
10538:
10536:
10534:
10531:
10530:
10528:
10526:
10524:
10521:
10520:
10518:
10516:
10514:
10503:
10501:
10497:Maria Salviati
10494:
10492:
10490:
10481:
10479:
10477:
10471:Luisa Salviati
10469:
10467:
10462:
10460:
10458:
10443:Elena Salviati
10441:
10439:
10425:
10423:
10416:
10414:
10402:
10400:
10398:
10393:
10391:
10389:
10379:
10378:
10376:
10374:
10372:
10370:
10368:
10366:
10364:
10362:
10360:
10358:
10356:
10354:
10352:
10350:
10348:
10346:
10344:
10342:
10340:
10338:
10336:
10334:
10332:
10330:
10328:
10326:
10324:
10322:
10320:
10318:
10316:
10314:
10312:
10310:
10308:
10306:
10304:
10302:
10300:
10298:
10296:
10294:
10291:
10290:
10288:
10286:
10284:
10282:
10280:
10278:
10276:
10274:
10272:
10270:
10268:
10266:
10264:
10262:
10260:
10258:
10256:
10254:
10252:
10250:
10248:
10246:
10244:
10242:
10240:
10238:
10236:
10234:
10232:
10230:
10228:
10226:
10224:
10222:
10220:
10218:
10216:
10214:
10212:
10210:
10208:
10206:
10204:
10202:
10200:
10198:
10196:
10194:
10192:
10190:
10188:
10186:
10184:
10181:
10180:
10178:
10176:
10174:
10172:
10170:
10168:
10166:
10164:
10162:
10160:
10158:
10156:
10154:
10151:
10150:
10148:
10146:
10144:
10142:
10140:
10138:
10136:
10134:
10132:
10130:
10128:
10126:
10124:
10122:
10120:
10118:
10116:
10114:
10112:
10110:
10108:
10106:
10104:
10102:
10100:
10098:
10096:
10094:
10092:
10090:
10088:
10086:
10084:
10082:
10080:
10078:
10076:
10074:
10072:
10070:
10068:
10066:
10064:
10062:
10060:
10058:
10056:
10054:
10052:
10050:
10048:
10046:
10044:
10042:
10039:
10038:
10036:
10034:
10032:
10030:
10028:
10026:
10024:
10022:
10019:
10018:
10013:
10011:
10009:
10004:
10002:
9990:
9988:
9987:Maria Soderini
9974:
9972:
9970:
9968:
9966:
9964:
9955:
9953:
9951:
9949:
9947:
9945:
9943:
9941:
9939:
9937:
9935:
9933:
9931:
9929:
9927:
9925:
9923:
9921:
9919:
9917:
9915:
9913:
9911:
9909:
9907:
9905:
9903:
9900:
9898:
9897:
9895:
9893:
9891:
9889:
9887:
9885:
9883:
9881:
9879:
9877:
9875:
9873:
9871:
9869:
9867:
9865:
9863:
9861:
9859:
9857:
9855:
9853:
9851:
9849:
9847:
9845:
9843:
9841:
9839:
9837:
9835:
9833:
9831:
9829:
9827:
9825:
9823:
9821:
9819:
9817:
9815:
9813:
9811:
9809:
9807:
9805:
9803:
9801:
9799:
9797:
9795:
9793:
9791:
9789:
9786:
9784:
9783:
9781:
9779:
9777:
9775:
9773:
9771:
9769:
9767:
9755:
9753:
9751:
9744:
9742:
9740:
9738:
9736:
9727:
9725:
9714:
9712:
9700:
9698:
9691:
9689:
9680:
9678:
9664:
9662:
9647:
9645:
9630:
9629:
9627:
9625:
9623:
9621:
9619:
9617:
9615:
9613:
9611:
9609:
9607:
9605:
9603:
9601:
9599:
9597:
9595:
9593:
9591:
9589:
9587:
9585:
9583:
9581:
9579:
9577:
9575:
9573:
9571:
9569:
9567:
9565:
9563:
9561:
9559:
9557:
9555:
9553:
9551:
9549:
9547:
9544:
9543:
9541:
9539:
9537:
9535:
9533:
9531:
9529:
9527:
9525:
9523:
9521:
9519:
9517:
9515:
9513:
9511:
9509:
9507:
9505:
9503:
9501:
9499:
9497:
9495:
9493:
9491:
9489:
9487:
9485:
9483:
9481:
9479:
9477:
9475:
9473:
9471:
9469:
9467:
9465:
9463:
9461:
9459:
9457:
9455:
9453:
9451:
9449:
9447:
9445:
9443:
9441:
9439:
9437:
9435:
9432:
9431:
9429:
9427:
9425:
9423:
9421:
9419:
9417:
9415:
9413:
9411:
9409:
9407:
9404:
9403:
9401:
9399:
9397:
9395:
9393:
9391:
9389:
9387:
9385:
9383:
9381:
9379:
9377:
9375:
9373:
9371:
9369:
9367:
9365:
9363:
9361:
9359:
9357:
9355:
9353:
9351:
9349:
9347:
9345:
9343:
9341:
9339:
9337:
9335:
9333:
9331:
9329:
9327:
9325:
9323:
9321:
9319:
9317:
9315:
9313:
9311:
9309:
9307:
9305:
9303:
9301:
9299:
9297:
9294:
9292:
9291:
9286:
9284:
9282:
9264:
9262:
9260:
9258:
9256:
9237:
9235:
9233:
9231:
9229:
9227:
9222:
9220:
9213:
9211:
9209:Clarice Orsini
9193:
9191:
9177:
9175:
9171:Guglielmo de'
9160:
9158:
9148:
9146:
9140:
9139:
9137:
9135:
9133:
9131:
9129:
9127:
9125:
9123:
9121:
9119:
9117:
9115:
9113:
9111:
9109:
9107:
9105:
9103:
9101:
9099:
9097:
9095:
9093:
9091:
9089:
9087:
9085:
9083:
9081:
9078:
9077:
9075:
9073:
9071:
9069:
9067:
9065:
9063:
9061:
9059:
9057:
9055:
9053:
9051:
9049:
9047:
9045:
9043:
9041:
9039:
9037:
9035:
9033:
9031:
9029:
9027:
9025:
9023:
9021:
9019:
9017:
9015:
9013:
9011:
9009:
9007:
9005:
9003:
9001:
8999:
8997:
8995:
8993:
8991:
8989:
8987:
8985:
8983:
8981:
8979:
8977:
8975:
8973:
8971:
8969:
8967:
8964:
8962:
8961:
8959:
8957:
8955:
8953:
8951:
8949:
8947:
8945:
8943:
8941:
8939:
8937:
8935:
8933:
8931:
8929:
8927:
8925:
8923:
8921:
8919:
8917:
8915:
8913:
8911:
8909:
8907:
8905:
8903:
8901:
8899:
8897:
8895:
8893:
8891:
8889:
8887:
8885:
8883:
8881:
8879:
8877:
8875:
8873:
8871:
8869:
8867:
8865:
8863:
8861:
8859:
8856:
8855:
8853:
8851:
8849:
8847:
8844:
8843:
8841:
8839:
8837:
8835:
8833:
8831:
8829:
8827:
8814:
8812:
8807:
8805:
8803:
8801:
8799:
8797:
8795:
8783:
8781:
8779:
8777:
8775:
8773:
8771:
8764:
8762:
8760:
8758:
8756:
8754:
8747:
8745:
8743:
8741:
8739:
8724:
8723:
8721:
8719:
8717:
8715:
8713:
8711:
8709:
8707:
8705:
8703:
8701:
8699:
8697:
8695:
8693:
8691:
8689:
8687:
8685:
8683:
8681:
8679:
8677:
8675:
8673:
8671:
8669:
8667:
8665:
8663:
8660:
8659:
8657:
8655:
8653:
8651:
8649:
8647:
8645:
8643:
8641:
8639:
8637:
8635:
8633:
8631:
8629:
8627:
8625:
8623:
8621:
8619:
8617:
8615:
8613:
8611:
8609:
8607:
8605:
8603:
8601:
8599:
8597:
8595:
8593:
8591:
8589:
8587:
8585:
8583:
8581:
8579:
8577:
8575:
8573:
8571:
8569:
8567:
8565:
8563:
8561:
8559:
8557:
8555:
8553:
8551:
8548:
8546:
8545:
8543:
8541:
8539:
8537:
8535:
8533:
8531:
8529:
8527:
8525:
8523:
8521:
8519:
8517:
8515:
8513:
8511:
8509:
8507:
8505:
8503:
8501:
8499:
8497:
8495:
8493:
8491:
8489:
8487:
8485:
8483:
8481:
8479:
8477:
8475:
8473:
8471:
8469:
8467:
8465:
8463:
8461:
8459:
8457:
8455:
8453:
8451:
8449:
8447:
8445:
8442:
8441:
8439:
8437:
8435:
8432:
8431:
8428:
8426:
8424:
8422:
8420:
8418:
8416:
8402:
8400:
8398:
8396:
8394:
8392:
8390:
8388:
8386:
8384:
8382:
8380:
8373:
8371:
8369:
8367:
8358:
8356:
8354:
8352:
8350:
8348:
8346:
8344:
8342:
8337:
8335:
8334:(?–1398)
8329:
8328:
8326:
8324:
8322:
8320:
8318:
8316:
8314:
8312:
8310:
8308:
8306:
8304:
8302:
8300:
8298:
8296:
8294:
8292:
8290:
8288:
8286:
8284:
8282:
8280:
8278:
8276:
8274:
8272:
8270:
8268:
8266:
8264:
8262:
8260:
8258:
8256:
8254:
8252:
8249:
8248:
8246:
8244:
8242:
8240:
8238:
8236:
8234:
8232:
8230:
8228:
8226:
8224:
8222:
8220:
8218:
8216:
8214:
8212:
8210:
8208:
8206:
8204:
8202:
8200:
8198:
8196:
8194:
8192:
8190:
8188:
8186:
8184:
8182:
8180:
8178:
8176:
8174:
8172:
8170:
8168:
8166:
8164:
8162:
8160:
8158:
8156:
8154:
8152:
8150:
8148:
8145:
8143:
8142:
8140:
8138:
8136:
8134:
8132:
8130:
8128:
8126:
8124:
8122:
8120:
8118:
8116:
8114:
8112:
8110:
8108:
8106:
8104:
8102:
8100:
8098:
8096:
8094:
8092:
8090:
8088:
8086:
8084:
8082:
8080:
8078:
8076:
8074:
8072:
8070:
8068:
8066:
8064:
8062:
8060:
8058:
8056:
8054:
8052:
8050:
8048:
8046:
8043:
8041:
8040:
8038:
8036:
8034:
8032:
8030:
8028:
8026:
8024:
8022:
8020:
8018:
8016:
8014:
8012:
8010:
8008:
8006:
8004:
8002:
8000:
7998:
7996:
7994:
7992:
7990:
7988:
7986:
7984:
7982:
7980:
7978:
7976:
7974:
7972:Piccarda Bueri
7960:
7958:
7956:
7954:
7952:
7950:
7948:
7946:
7944:
7942:
7940:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7932:
7930:
7928:
7926:
7924:
7922:
7920:
7918:
7916:
7914:
7912:
7910:
7908:
7906:
7904:
7902:
7900:
7898:
7896:
7894:
7892:
7890:
7888:
7886:
7884:
7882:
7880:
7878:
7876:
7874:
7872:
7870:
7868:
7866:
7864:
7862:
7860:
7858:
7856:
7854:
7852:
7850:
7848:
7846:
7844:
7842:
7840:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7830:
7825:
7823:
7821:
7819:
7817:
7815:
7813:
7811:
7809:
7807:
7805:
7803:
7801:
7799:
7797:
7795:
7793:
7791:
7789:
7787:
7785:
7783:
7781:
7779:
7777:
7775:
7773:
7771:
7769:
7767:
7755:
7753:
7751:
7749:
7747:
7745:
7743:
7741:
7739:
7737:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7727:
7725:
7723:
7721:
7719:
7717:
7715:
7713:
7711:
7709:
7707:
7705:
7703:
7701:
7699:
7697:
7695:
7693:
7691:
7689:
7687:
7685:
7683:
7681:
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3325:
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2400:
2398:
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2377:
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2331:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2319:
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2312:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2044:
2041:
1997:and mother of
1971:Sistine Chapel
1960:Palazzo Medici
1948:Boboli Gardens
1944:Uffizi Gallery
1924:Three Wise Men
1848:The family of
1841:
1838:
1692:Dutch Republic
1667:Royal Highness
1609:
1606:
1564:Wars of Castro
1522:Duke of Urbino
1436:
1433:
1397:mulberry trees
1333:
1330:
1277:
1276:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1119:
1116:
1100:
1083:Pope Sixtus IV
945:
942:
894:social network
809:
808:
806:
803:
785:Mugello region
780:
777:
757:Francesco Redi
702:general ledger
574:Mugello region
558:banking family
446:
445:
443:
442:
430:
421:
420:
419:
415:
414:Cadet branches
411:
410:
395:
391:
390:
388:
387:
382:
377:
372:
366:
364:
360:
359:
357:
356:
351:
346:
341:
329:
328:
327:
325:
321:
320:
309:
305:
304:
299:
295:
294:
289:
285:
284:
282:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
235:
233:
229:
228:
226:
225:
220:
215:
210:
208:Duke of Urbino
205:
199:
194:
189:
182:
180:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
152:
148:
147:
134:
130:
129:
119:
115:
114:
111:
107:
106:
89:
85:
84:
65:
57:
56:
50:
49:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
20679:
20668:
20665:
20663:
20660:
20658:
20655:
20653:
20650:
20648:
20645:
20643:
20640:
20638:
20635:
20633:
20630:
20629:
20627:
20612:
20609:
20608:
20606:
20604:South America
20602:
20596:
20593:
20591:
20588:
20586:
20583:
20581:
20578:
20576:
20573:
20571:
20568:
20566:
20563:
20561:
20558:
20556:
20553:
20551:
20548:
20546:
20543:
20542:
20540:
20536:
20530:
20527:
20525:
20522:
20520:
20517:
20515:
20512:
20510:
20507:
20506:
20504:
20500:
20494:
20491:
20489:
20486:
20484:
20481:
20479:
20476:
20475:
20473:
20469:
20463:
20460:
20458:
20455:
20453:
20450:
20448:
20445:
20443:
20440:
20438:
20435:
20433:
20430:
20428:
20425:
20423:
20420:
20418:
20415:
20413:
20410:
20409:
20407:
20405:British Isles
20403:
20397:
20394:
20392:
20389:
20387:
20384:
20382:
20379:
20377:
20374:
20372:
20369:
20367:
20364:
20362:
20361:Goldman–Sachs
20359:
20357:
20354:
20352:
20349:
20348:
20346:
20344:United States
20342:
20336:
20333:
20331:
20328:
20326:
20323:
20321:
20318:
20316:
20313:
20311:
20308:
20306:
20303:
20301:
20298:
20296:
20293:
20291:
20288:
20286:
20283:
20281:
20278:
20276:
20273:
20271:
20268:
20266:
20263:
20261:
20258:
20256:
20253:
20251:
20248:
20246:
20243:
20241:
20238:
20236:
20233:
20231:
20228:
20226:
20223:
20221:
20220:Liechtenstein
20218:
20216:
20213:
20211:
20208:
20206:
20203:
20201:
20198:
20196:
20193:
20191:
20188:
20186:
20183:
20181:
20178:
20176:
20173:
20171:
20168:
20166:
20163:
20161:
20158:
20156:
20153:
20151:
20148:
20146:
20143:
20141:
20138:
20136:
20133:
20131:
20128:
20126:
20123:
20121:
20118:
20116:
20115:Bischoffsheim
20113:
20111:
20108:
20106:
20103:
20101:
20098:
20096:
20093:
20091:
20088:
20087:
20085:
20079:
20075:
20068:
20063:
20061:
20056:
20054:
20049:
20048:
20045:
20033:
20030:
20028:
20025:
20023:
20020:
20018:
20015:
20013:
20010:
20008:
20005:
20003:
20000:
19998:
19995:
19993:
19990:
19988:
19985:
19983:
19980:
19978:
19975:
19973:
19970:
19968:
19965:
19963:
19960:
19958:
19955:
19953:
19950:
19948:
19945:
19943:
19940:
19938:
19935:
19933:
19930:
19928:
19925:
19923:
19920:
19918:
19915:
19913:
19910:
19908:
19905:
19903:
19900:
19898:
19895:
19893:
19890:
19888:
19887:Bourbon-Parma
19885:
19883:
19880:
19878:
19875:
19873:
19870:
19868:
19865:
19863:
19860:
19858:
19855:
19853:
19850:
19848:
19845:
19843:
19840:
19839:
19836:
19832:
19828:
19821:
19816:
19814:
19809:
19807:
19802:
19801:
19798:
19788:
19778:
19772:
19769:
19767:
19764:
19762:
19759:
19758:
19756:
19752:
19746:
19743:
19741:
19738:
19736:
19733:
19731:
19728:
19726:
19723:
19721:
19718:
19716:
19713:
19711:
19708:
19707:
19705:
19701:
19695:
19692:
19690:
19687:
19685:
19682:
19680:
19677:
19675:
19672:
19670:
19667:
19665:
19662:
19660:
19657:
19655:
19652:
19650:
19647:
19645:
19642:
19641:
19639:
19635:
19629:
19626:
19624:
19621:
19619:
19616:
19614:
19611:
19609:
19606:
19604:
19601:
19599:
19596:
19594:
19591:
19589:
19586:
19583:
19580:
19577:
19574:
19572:
19569:
19567:
19564:
19562:
19559:
19556:
19553:
19550:
19547:
19546:
19544:
19540:
19534:
19531:
19529:
19526:
19524:
19521:
19519:
19516:
19514:
19511:
19509:
19506:
19505:
19503:
19497:
19491:
19488:
19485:
19482:
19479:
19476:
19473:
19470:
19467:
19464:
19461:
19458:
19455:
19452:
19449:
19446:
19443:
19440:
19437:
19434:
19431:
19428:
19425:
19422:
19421:
19419:
19415:
19411:
19404:
19399:
19397:
19392:
19390:
19385:
19384:
19381:
19367:
19364:
19363:
19362:
19359:
19357:
19354:
19352:
19349:
19347:
19344:
19342:
19339:
19337:
19334:
19332:
19329:
19328:
19326:
19322:
19316:
19313:
19311:
19308:
19306:
19303:
19301:
19298:
19296:
19293:
19292:
19290:
19286:
19280:
19277:
19276:
19274:
19270:
19264:
19261:
19259:
19256:
19254:
19251:
19250:
19248:
19244:
19234:
19231:
19229:
19226:
19225:
19223:
19219:
19213:
19210:
19209:
19207:
19203:
19197:
19194:
19192:
19189:
19188:
19186:
19182:
19176:
19173:
19171:
19168:
19167:
19165:
19161:
19155:
19152:
19150:
19147:
19145:
19142:
19140:
19137:
19135:
19132:
19130:
19127:
19125:
19122:
19118:
19115:
19114:
19113:
19110:
19108:
19105:
19103:
19100:
19098:
19095:
19094:
19092:
19088:
19085:
19081:
19071:
19068:
19064:
19061:
19059:
19056:
19055:
19054:
19050:
19047:
19045:
19042:
19041:
19039:
19035:
19029:
19026:
19024:
19021:
19019:
19016:
19014:
19011:
19009:
19006:
19004:
19001:
18999:
18996:
18995:
18993:
18989:
18983:
18980:
18978:
18975:
18974:
18972:
18968:
18962:
18959:
18957:
18954:
18952:
18949:
18947:
18944:
18942:
18939:
18937:
18934:
18932:
18929:
18927:
18926:Palazzo Pitti
18924:
18922:
18919:
18917:
18914:
18912:
18909:
18908:
18906:
18902:
18896:
18893:
18891:
18888:
18886:
18883:
18881:
18878:
18876:
18873:
18871:
18868:
18866:
18863:
18861:
18858:
18856:
18853:
18851:
18848:
18846:
18843:
18841:
18838:
18836:
18833:
18831:
18830:Cerreto Guidi
18828:
18826:
18823:
18821:
18818:
18816:
18813:
18811:
18808:
18806:
18803:
18801:
18798:
18796:
18793:
18791:
18788:
18786:
18783:
18781:
18780:Collesalvetti
18778:
18776:
18773:
18771:
18768:
18766:
18763:
18761:
18758:
18756:
18753:
18752:
18750:
18748:
18744:
18741:
18737:
18732:
18731:Festina Lente
18726:
18712:
18709:
18708:
18706:
18702:
18696:
18693:
18691:
18688:
18686:
18683:
18682:
18680:
18676:
18670:
18667:
18665:
18662:
18660:
18657:
18655:
18652:
18651:
18649:
18645:
18639:
18636:
18634:
18631:
18629:
18626:
18624:
18621:
18619:
18616:
18614:
18611:
18609:
18606:
18604:
18600:
18596:
18593:
18591:
18588:
18586:
18583:
18581:
18578:
18576:
18573:
18571:
18568:
18566:
18563:
18560:
18557:
18555:
18552:
18550:(Clement VII)
18549:
18546:
18543:
18539:
18536:
18535:
18533:
18529:
18523:
18520:
18518:
18515:
18513:
18510:
18509:
18507:
18503:
18497:
18494:
18492:
18489:
18488:
18486:
18482:
18476:
18473:
18471:
18468:
18466:
18465:Ferdinando II
18463:
18461:
18458:
18456:
18453:
18451:
18448:
18446:
18443:
18442:
18440:
18438:
18434:
18428:
18425:
18423:
18420:
18419:
18417:
18415:
18411:
18405:
18402:
18400:
18397:
18395:(Clement VII)
18394:
18391:
18389:
18386:
18384:
18381:
18379:
18376:
18374:
18371:
18369:
18366:
18364:
18361:
18359:
18356:
18355:
18353:
18349:
18346:
18342:
18338:
18331:
18326:
18324:
18319:
18317:
18312:
18311:
18308:
18299:
18290:
18289:
18285:
18275:
18271:
18268:
18262:
18258:
18257:
18253:
18247:
18243:
18239:
18234:
18233:
18227:
18222:
18219:
18217:
18213:
18210:
18208:
18205:
18203:
18200:
18198:
18195:
18193:
18190:
18189:
18179:
18175:
18171:
18167:
18163:
18160:
18157:
18153:
18149:
18146:
18145:
18135:
18131:
18128:
18125:
18124:
18119:
18116:
18114:
18110:
18107:
18104:
18101:
18097:
18094:
18091:
18087:
18084:
18082:
18081:0-333-29315-0
18078:
18074:
18070:
18067:
18064:
18060:
18057:
18054:
18050:
18047:
18044:
18040:
18035:
18033:0-688-00339-7
18029:
18024:
18023:
18017:
18013:
18012:
18000:
17996:
17992:
17988:
17984:
17980:
17973:
17965:
17958:
17950:
17943:
17935:
17931:
17924:
17917:
17916:
17912:
17909:
17902:
17894:
17887:
17871:
17867:
17860:
17852:
17845:
17838:
17835:One more son
17832:
17825:
17819:
17812:
17810:
17802:
17795:
17793:
17785:
17778:
17776:
17770:
17768:
17760:
17751:
17735:
17734:
17727:
17721:
17714:
17710:
17706:
17702:
17700:
17692:
17685:
17681:
17677:
17673:
17669:
17665:
17659:
17653:died in 1367.
17652:
17648:
17644:
17640:
17636:
17632:
17628:
17622:
17615:
17611:
17605:
17591:on 2009-06-03
17590:
17586:
17581:
17575:
17566:
17560:
17559:5-85050-825-2
17556:
17552:
17548:
17545:
17543:
17536:
17529:
17523:
17514:
17498:
17494:
17490:
17483:
17474:
17465:
17456:
17441:
17435:
17426:
17417:
17408:
17399:
17390:
17384:Hale, p. 191.
17381:
17372:
17363:
17354:
17345:
17336:
17330:Hale, p. 181.
17327:
17321:Hale, p. 180.
17318:
17316:
17309:Acton, p. 38.
17306:
17300:Acton, p. 27.
17297:
17288:
17286:
17276:
17270:Hale, p. 187.
17267:
17258:
17252:Hale, p. 165.
17249:
17243:Hale, p. 160.
17240:
17238:
17231:Hale, p. 158.
17228:
17219:
17213:Hale, p. 151.
17210:
17204:Hale, p. 150.
17201:
17199:
17191:
17185:
17177:
17173:
17169:
17167:0-688-00339-7
17163:
17159:
17158:
17150:
17141:
17132:
17117:
17115:9781304581358
17111:
17107:
17106:
17098:
17091:
17088:
17087:
17081:
17079:
17070:
17068:9781444192964
17064:
17060:
17059:
17051:
17043:
17039:
17035:
17034:
17026:
17018:
17017:
17009:
17002:
16998:
16995:
16986:
16982:
16978:
16974:
16970:
16966:
16962:
16958:
16954:
16947:
16940:
16933:
16927:
16912:
16906:
16899:
16893:
16884:
16877:
16873:
16869:
16865:
16862:
16856:
16847:
16839:
16837:9788809036772
16833:
16829:
16828:
16820:
16806:on 2023-01-23
16805:
16801:
16795:
16787:
16783:
16779:
16775:
16771:
16767:
16760:
16745:
16741:
16735:
16728:
16723:
16719:
16713:
16698:
16697:HarperCollins
16694:
16693:
16688:
16682:
16666:
16662:
16655:
16647:
16640:
16634:
16630:
16624:
16622:
16617:
16607:
16604:
16601:
16598:(surviving),
16597:
16594:
16592:
16589:
16587:
16584:
16583:
16570:
16565:
16558:
16553:
16546:
16541:
16534:
16529:
16522:
16517:
16510:
16505:
16498:
16493:
16489:
16485:
16481:
16474:
16469:
16466:
16459:
16454:
16447:
16442:
16441:
16440:
16436:
16433:
16432:blood oranges
16427:
16425:
16415:
16407:
16403:
16397:Coats of arms
16389:
16386:
16383:
16381:
16378:
16375:
16371:
16370:
16366:
16363:
16360:
16358:
16355:
16352:
16348:
16347:
16343:
16340:
16337:
16335:
16334:Ferdinando II
16332:
16329:
16325:
16324:
16320:
16317:
16314:
16312:
16309:
16306:
16302:
16301:
16297:
16294:
16291:
16289:
16286:
16283:
16279:
16278:
16274:
16271:
16268:
16266:
16263:
16260:
16256:
16255:
16252:
16249:
16246:
16244:
16241:
16238:
16234:
16233:
16229:
16226:
16223:
16220:
16217:
16216:
16203:
16199:
16195:
16191:
16188:
16185:
16183:
16180:
16177:
16173:
16172:
16168:
16164:
16160:
16157:
16154:
16152:
16151:
16146:
16143:
16139:
16138:
16134:
16131:
16128:
16125:
16122:
16121:
16108:
16105:
16102:
16100:
16097:
16094:
16090:
16089:
16085:
16084:
16079:
16075:
16072:
16069:
16067:
16064:
16061:
16057:
16056:
16052:
16048:
16045:
16042:
16040:
16037:
16034:
16030:
16029:
16025:
16022:
16020:9 March 1513
16019:
16017:
16014:
16011:
16007:
16006:
16002:
16000:9 March 1513
15999:
15996:
15994:
15991:
15988:
15984:
15983:
15979:
15975:
15971:
15967:
15964:
15962:9 April 1492
15961:
15958:
15953:
15950:
15947:
15943:
15942:
15938:
15936:9 April 1492
15935:
15932:
15929:
15924:
15921:
15918:
15914:
15913:
15909:
15906:
15903:
15900:
15895:
15892:
15889:
15885:
15884:
15880:
15876:
15873:
15870:
15867:
15866:Pater Patriae
15862:
15859:
15856:
15852:
15851:
15847:
15844:
15841:
15838:
15835:
15834:
15828:
15808:
15736:
15734:
15662:
15652:
15645:
15636:
15627:
15618:
15609:
15596:
15587:
15577:
15574:
15546:
15544:
15532:
15530:
15529:
15522:
15476:
15474:
15472:
15470:
15451:
15448:
15412:
15410:
15402:
15400:
15382:
15380:
15370:
15369:
15362:
15326:
15324:
15316:
15314:
15296:
15294:
15284:
15273:
15270:
15262:
15260:
15259:
15214:
15210:
15208:
15204:
15202:
15161:
15156:
15154:
15151:
15106:
15095:
15086:
15071:
15056:
15053:
15035:
15033:
15029:
15027:
15023:
15021:
15020:
14963:
14945:
14943:
14935:
14933:
14929:
14927:
14922:
14920:
14826:
14821:
14819:
14818:
14807:
14798:
14789:
14779:
14771:
14764:
14761:
14755:
14744:
14733:
14722:
14721:Ferdinando II
14711:
14705:
14702:
14688:
14686:
14678:
14676:
14668:
14666:
14658:
14656:
14648:
14646:
14634:
14632:
14628:
14626:
14622:
14620:
14619:
14606:
14568:
14566:
14530:
14528:
14524:
14522:
14517:
14514:
14478:
14476:
14475:
14444:
14400:
14398:
14375:
14372:
14370:
14368:
14366:
14362:
14360:
14357:
14352:
14343:
14334:
14325:
14314:
14299:
14288:
14279:
14272:
14269:
14263:
14253:
14250:
14242:
14240:
14216:
14214:
14212:
14204:
14202:
14194:
14192:
14191:
14184:
14174:
14172:
14146:
14144:
14118:
14116:
14114:
14100:
14098:
14089:
14087:
14068:
14061:
14055:
14048:
14045:
14039:
14024:
14017:
14014:
14008:
13986:
13984:
13888:
13886:
13881:
13870:
13850:
13824:
13806:
13797:
13794:
13788:
13784:
13781:
13777:
13775:
13771:
13769:
13765:
13763:
13759:
13757:
13753:
13751:
13747:
13745:
13741:
13739:
13735:
13733:
13731:
13725:
13723:
13719:
13717:
13713:
13711:
13707:
13705:
13701:
13699:
13695:
13693:
13692:
13679:
13673:
13671:
13645:
13643:
13637:
13617:
13615:
13605:
13603:
13600:
13597:
13595:
13589:
13587:
13584:
13572:
13555:
13546:
13515:
13502:
13491:
13483:
13480:
13472:
13470:
13468:
13408:
13406:
13405:
13398:
13394:
13392:
13388:
13386:
13378:
13362:
13360:
13308:
13306:
13299:
13297:
13290:
13289:Cesare d'Este
13287:
13281:
13245:
13236:
13229:
13226:
13220:
13212:
13206:
13199:
13196:
13190:
13179:
13170:
13164:
13161:
13153:
13151:
13147:
13145:
13141:
13139:
13133:
13131:
13123:
13121:
13113:
13111:
13103:
13101:
13093:
13091:
13087:
13085:
13081:
13079:
13078:
13059:
13015:
13013:
12991:
12989:
12974:
12971:
12899:
12897:
12896:
12883:
12839:
12837:
12801:
12799:
12794:
12791:
12750:
12743:
12699:
12697:
12650:
12647:
12645:
12643:
12641:
12640:
12635:
12624:
12613:
12604:
12572:
12570:
12524:
12522:
12476:
12473:
12471:
12470:
12465:
12456:
12420:
12417:
12411:
12405:
12393:
12388:
12381:
12378:
12372:
12363:
12354:
12345:
12336:
12327:
12309:
12293:
12290:
12282:
12280:
12272:
12270:
12268:
12248:
12247:
12240:
12238:
12236:
12222:
12220:
12210:
12182:
12149:
12147:
12144:
12141:
12135:
12126:
12117:
12110:
12107:
12101:
12074:
12049:
12046:
12038:
12036:
12028:
12026:
12018:
12016:
12010:
12008:
12000:
11998:
11996:
11988:
11986:
11978:
11976:
11975:
11968:
11950:
11948:
11928:
11926:
11904:
11890:
11888:
11886:
11884:
11881:
11872:
11870:
11865:
11858:
11849:
11840:
11827:
11818:
11809:
11800:
11776:
11770:
11768:
11666:
11663:
11661:
11660:
11649:
11646:
11640:
11629:
11620:
11609:
11598:
11587:
11578:
11569:
11562:
11550:
11547:
11533:
11531:
11527:
11525:
11521:
11519:
11515:
11513:
11509:
11507:
11503:
11501:
11497:
11495:
11493:
11485:
11483:
11473:
11471:
11470:
11453:
11431:
11429:
11411:
11409:
11407:
11405:
11395:
11389:
11387:
11371:
11369:
11364:
11361:
11345:
11343:
11342:
11335:
11331:
11329:
11317:
11315:
11242:
11239:
11237:
11234:
11225:
11185:
11174:
11159:
11138:
11134:
11131:
11127:
11125:
11123:
11109:
11107:
11105:
11097:
11091:
11089:
11088:
11081:
11077:
11075:
11049:
11035:
11033:
11021:
11015:
11013:
10995:
10993:
10991:
10987:
10985:
10982:
10974:
10968:
10962:
10933:
10920:(Lorenzaccio)
10918:
10895:
10894:Piero Strozzi
10873:
10870:
10860:
10857:
10825:
10823:
10822:
10787:
10745:
10743:
10737:
10735:
10698:
10695:
10679:
10677:
10669:
10667:
10653:
10651:
10650:
10625:
10611:
10609:
10581:
10579:
10532:
10529:
10527:
10525:
10523:
10522:
10510:
10498:
10485:
10475:
10457:
10454:
10449:
10438:
10435:
10429:
10420:
10413:
10406:
10384:
10380:
10377:
10367:
10365:
10359:
10357:
10349:
10347:
10343:
10341:
10337:
10335:
10311:
10309:
10305:
10303:
10299:
10297:
10293:
10292:
10267:
10187:
10182:
10179:
10175:
10173:
10171:
10155:
10153:
10152:
10117:
10113:
10111:
10081:
10073:
10071:
10063:
10061:
10040:
10037:
10020:
9998:
9986:
9980:(the Younger)
9978:
9959:
9932:
9916:
9914:
9901:
9899:
9787:
9785:
9766:degli Albizzi
9763:
9731:
9724:
9718:
9711:Piero Ridolfi
9710:
9704:
9695:
9684:
9677:
9674:
9668:
9660:
9651:
9644:
9641:
9635:
9631:
9628:
9624:
9622:
9618:
9616:
9612:
9610:
9606:
9604:
9588:
9586:
9578:
9576:
9568:
9566:
9558:
9556:
9548:
9546:
9545:
9526:
9510:
9488:
9472:
9470:
9438:
9436:
9433:
9430:
9422:
9405:
9392:
9386:
9384:
9358:
9342:
9340:
9295:
9293:
9281:
9276:
9270:
9255:
9252:
9248:
9241:
9217:
9210:
9207:
9197:
9189:
9181:
9174:
9170:
9164:
9156:
9141:
9138:
9124:
9122:
9120:
9112:
9110:
9102:
9100:
9092:
9090:
9082:
9080:
9079:
9062:
9056:
9054:
9046:
9044:
9014:
8984:
8982:
8980:
8978:
8965:
8963:
8857:
8854:
8852:
8845:
8825:
8818:
8793:
8787:
8768:
8751:
8738:
8729:
8725:
8722:
8714:
8712:
8710:
8664:
8662:
8661:
8638:
8634:
8632:
8628:
8626:
8606:
8594:
8592:
8554:
8552:
8549:
8547:
8443:
8438:
8436:
8433:
8414:
8406:
8377:
8362:
8330:
8327:
8287:
8285:
8263:
8261:
8253:
8251:
8250:
8223:
8177:
8175:
8151:
8149:
8146:
8144:
8044:
8042:
7973:
7970:
7964:
7936:
7934:
7834:
7832:
7765:
7759:
7731:
7729:
7629:
7627:
7559:
7530:
7527:
7463:
7462:
7455:
7391:
7362:
7360:
7329:
7327:
7239:
7237:
7206:
7204:
7116:
7114:
7085:
7083:
6995:
6993:
6962:
6960:
6872:
6870:
6839:
6837:
6749:
6747:
6716:
6714:
6626:
6624:
6593:
6591:
6503:
6501:
6470:
6464:
6458:
6449:
6443:
6440:
6435:
6396:
6394:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6346:
6340:
6338:
6327:
6325:
6312:
6310:
6299:
6297:
6286:
6284:
6261:
6258:
6244:
6242:
6236:
6234:
6228:
6226:
6225:
6218:
6204:
6202:
6190:
6188:
6169:
6167:
6162:
6158:
6156:
6145:
6143:
6133:
6129:
6127:
6098:
6095:
6089:
6087:
6081:
6079:
6078:
6071:
6065:
6063:
6057:
6055:
6030:
6028:
6020:
6018:
6007:
6005:
5995:
5991:
5989:
5978:
5976:
5965:
5963:
5940:
5937:
5931:
5929:
5923:
5921:
5915:
5913:
5907:
5905:
5904:
5897:
5885:
5883:
5871:
5869:
5850:
5848:
5840:
5838:
5827:
5825:
5814:
5812:
5783:
5780:
5774:
5772:
5766:
5764:
5763:
5756:
5750:
5748:
5742:
5740:
5715:
5713:
5707:
5705:
5676:
5674:
5663:
5661:
5648:
5646:
5625:
5622:
5614:
5612:
5611:
5570:
5566:
5564:
5560:
5558:
5541:
5539:
5533:
5531:
5518:
5516:
5501:
5499:
5488:
5486:
5471:
5469:
5444:
5441:
5433:
5431:
5429:
5419:
5417:
5416:
5409:
5405:
5403:
5399:
5397:
5377:
5373:
5371:
5365:
5363:
5342:
5340:
5336:
5333:
5328:
5315:
5313:
5300:
5298:
5287:
5285:
5270:
5268:
5255:
5253:
5230:
5227:
5219:
5217:
5215:
5207:
5205:
5204:
5187:
5183:
5181:
5177:
5175:
5155:
5151:
5149:
5145:
5143:
5124:
5122:
5116:
5114:
5103:
5101:
5090:
5088:
5073:
5071:
5052:
5050:
5039:
5037:
5026:
5024:
5013:
5011:
5002:
4999:
4993:
4991:
4985:
4983:
4981:
4967:
4965:
4963:
4957:
4955:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4939:
4933:
4931:
4925:
4923:
4911:
4905:
4903:
4895:
4893:
4885:
4879:
4877:
4871:
4869:
4864:
4862:
4856:
4854:
4844:
4840:
4838:
4821:
4819:
4805:
4801:
4799:
4788:
4786:
4776:
4772:
4770:
4757:
4755:
4742:
4740:
4733:
4730:
4718:
4716:
4706:
4704:
4698:
4696:
4690:
4688:
4686:
4678:
4676:
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4398:
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4368:
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4305:
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4299:
4284:
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4253:
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4239:
4234:
4219:
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4202:
4199:
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4146:
4144:
4143:
4124:
4108:
4106:
4098:
4096:
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4022:
4019:
4014:
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3999:
3997:
3986:
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3965:
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3954:
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3920:
3918:
3907:
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3867:
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3809:
3807:
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3723:
3713:
3709:
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3425:
3423:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3401:
3397:
3395:
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3363:
3361:
3338:
3336:
3317:
3315:
3304:
3302:
3285:
3282:
3274:
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3256:
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3248:
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3232:
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3192:
3182:
3180:
3170:
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3155:
3153:
3148:
3144:
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3130:
3126:
3124:
3112:
3108:
3106:
3087:
3085:
3067:
3063:
3061:
3034:
3031:
3023:
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3019:
3005:
3003:
2989:
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2979:
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2957:
2943:
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2927:
2925:
2902:
2900:
2894:
2892:
2879:
2877:
2846:
2844:
2803:
2800:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2782:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2770:
2705:
2703:
2697:
2695:
2660:
2658:
2617:
2614:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2574:
2558:
2556:
2542:
2540:
2503:
2501:
2495:
2493:
2438:
2436:
2378:
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2370:
2368:
2313:
2311:
2253:
2251:
2245:
2243:
2188:
2186:
2128:
2126:
2120:
2118:
2063:
2054:
2050:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2022:Ferdinando II
2019:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1956:Medici Chapel
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1852:portrayed by
1851:
1846:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1767:Palazzo Pitti
1763:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1750:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1638:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1614:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1549:Palazzo Pitti
1545:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1453:Ferdinando II
1450:
1446:
1441:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1350:Pope Paul III
1347:
1343:
1339:
1329:
1327:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1218:Martin Luther
1215:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1162:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1114:
1112:
1105:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1004:
999:
995:
991:
983:
982:Pater patriae
978:
974:
972:
967:
966:Pater Patriae
962:
958:
954:
950:
941:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
905:
903:
899:
895:
891:
886:
884:
880:
876:
872:
867:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
832:
828:
824:
817:
813:
805:Rise to power
802:
800:
796:
795:
790:
786:
776:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
709:
707:
703:
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
646:
645:
639:
638:
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
599:(1523–1534),
598:
595:(1513–1521),
594:
589:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
556:
551:
543:
542:
532:
502:
496:
495:
486:
453:
439:
434:
431:
429:
426:
425:
416:
412:
408:
407:original line
396:
392:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
375:Palazzo Pitti
373:
371:
368:
367:
365:
361:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
337:
334:
333:
326:
322:
316:
315:
314:Festina lente
310:
306:
303:
300:
296:
293:
290:
286:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
236:
234:
230:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
187:
184:
183:
181:
177:
174:
171:
167:
164:
161:
157:
153:
149:
135:
131:
127:
123:
120:
116:
112:
108:
105:
101:
97:
93:
90:
86:
81:
77:
73:
70:
63:
58:
55:
51:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
20335:Van Lanschot
20229:
20210:Königswarter
20081:Continental
19981:
19962:Hohenstaufen
19902:Della Rovere
19852:Antelminelli
19827:Royal houses
19584:(son-in-law)
19507:
19295:Medici lions
19272:Institutions
19112:Michelangelo
19070:Old Sacristy
19058:New Sacristy
18931:Villa Medici
18855:L'Ambrogiana
18840:Arena Metato
18730:
18690:Don Giovanni
18598:
18580:Giovan Carlo
18570:Ferdinando I
18537:
18475:Gian Gastone
18455:Ferdinando I
18336:
18284:Ruling house
18282:
18273:
18263:
18252:Ruling house
18250:
18245:
18237:
18230:
18211:
18165:
18151:
18133:
18122:
18099:
18089:
18072:
18069:Harold Acton
18062:
18059:Cecily Booth
18052:
18042:
18021:
17982:
17978:
17972:
17963:
17957:
17948:
17942:
17933:
17929:
17923:
17906:
17901:
17892:
17886:
17874:. Retrieved
17869:
17859:
17850:
17844:
17831:
17818:
17806:
17801:
17789:
17784:
17772:
17764:
17759:
17750:
17738:. Retrieved
17732:
17720:
17696:
17691:
17658:
17621:
17604:
17593:. Retrieved
17589:the original
17579:
17574:
17565:
17541:
17535:
17528:Michelangelo
17527:
17522:
17513:
17503:February 19,
17501:. Retrieved
17492:
17482:
17473:
17464:
17455:
17443:. Retrieved
17434:
17425:
17416:
17407:
17398:
17389:
17380:
17371:
17362:
17353:
17344:
17335:
17326:
17305:
17296:
17275:
17266:
17257:
17248:
17227:
17218:
17209:
17189:
17184:
17156:
17149:
17140:
17131:
17121:20 September
17119:. Retrieved
17108:. Lulu.com.
17104:
17097:
17084:
17057:
17050:
17032:
17025:
17015:
17008:
16985:the original
16956:
16952:
16939:
16931:
16926:
16915:. Retrieved
16905:
16897:
16892:
16883:
16875:
16855:
16846:
16826:
16819:
16808:. Retrieved
16804:the original
16794:
16769:
16765:
16759:
16749:27 September
16747:. Retrieved
16743:
16734:
16727:coat of arms
16712:
16700:. Retrieved
16690:
16681:
16669:. Retrieved
16665:the original
16654:
16645:
16639:
16628:
16600:Pazzi family
16483:
16479:
16464:
16437:
16428:
16424:St. Nicholas
16420:
16400:
16387:9 July 1737
16380:Gian Gastone
16361:23 May 1670
16341:23 May 1670
16288:Ferdinando I
16198:dei Popolani
16197:
16162:
16149:
16081:
15956:
15927:
15898:
15865:
15826:
15644:Gian Gastone
14759:
14267:
14043:
14012:
13792:
13554:Ferdinando I
13285:
13224:
13194:
12415:
12403:
12376:
12307:
12139:
12105:
11644:
10966:
10868:
10473:
10452:
10447:
10433:
10006:Vincenzo de'
9996:
9992:Laudomia de'
9984:
9761:
9746:Averardo de'
9708:
9672:
9658:
9639:
9274:
9267:Giovanni the
9250:
9205:
9187:
9168:
9154:
8823:
8791:
8412:
7968:
7766:Jacopa Spini
7763:
7557:
6456:
6431:
6334:
6321:
6306:
6293:
6280:
6152:
6139:
6123:
6014:
6001:
5985:
5972:
5959:
5834:
5821:
5808:
5701:
5670:
5657:
5642:
5527:
5512:
5495:
5482:
5465:
5324:
5309:
5294:
5281:
5264:
5249:
5110:
5097:
5084:
5067:
5046:
5033:
5020:
5007:
4850:
4834:
4815:
4795:
4782:
4766:
4751:
4736:
4580:
4559:
4546:
4533:
4520:
4515:*1393 †1465?
4507:
4466:
4295:
4278:
4247:
4230:
4207:
4190:
4035:
4010:
3993:
3980:
3959:
3945:di Giambuono
3940:
3927:
3914:
3893:
3747:
3732:
3719:
3703:
3684:
3668:
3650:
3637:
3624:
3606:
3593:
3391:
3376:
3357:
3332:
3311:
3298:
3138:
3120:
3102:
3081:
3057:
2888:
2873:
2840:
2691:
2654:
2489:
2364:
2239:
2114:
2052:
2038:
2015:
2013:in 1622–23.
1964:
1933:
1901:Fra Angelico
1872:architecture
1865:
1857:
1806:
1783:
1779:
1775:Ferdinando I
1764:
1755:
1753:
1746:
1735:
1729:smelling of
1725:
1717:
1711:
1696:
1676:
1666:
1661:
1642:
1628:
1591:
1572:
1568:barter trade
1561:
1546:
1541:
1538:Harold Acton
1509:
1506:
1502:tuberculosis
1475:
1468:
1457:
1435:17th century
1429:
1390:
1335:
1332:Medici Dukes
1322:
1295:
1248:sack of Rome
1245:
1230:
1216:, including
1207:
1204:Michelangelo
1197:
1190:Papal States
1183:
1169:
1154:Medici popes
1140:
1121:
1118:16th century
1110:
1107:
1102:
1088:dispensation
1060:
1030:
1019:
1007:
987:
981:
971:gran maestro
947:
944:15th century
917:institutions
906:
887:
868:
837:
826:
792:
788:
782:
767:through the
741:Michelangelo
729:Brunelleschi
710:
698:
682:Della Rovere
635:
633:
601:Pope Pius IV
590:
451:
449:
312:
288:Distinctions
100:Papal States
75:
71:
68:
36:CERN-MEDICIS
20502:Middle East
20386:Rockefeller
20235:Mendelssohn
20195:Hochstetter
20175:Goldschmidt
20165:Frescobaldi
20145:Etcheverría
20007:Pallavicini
20002:Palaiologos
19987:Montefeltro
19907:Della Torre
19897:Carolingian
19872:Bentivoglio
19566:Jean Fernel
19490:Descendants
19305:Medici Vase
19279:Medici Bank
19233:Jacopo Peri
19053:San Lorenzo
19044:Magi Chapel
18678:Condottieri
18599:female line
18517:Clement VII
18450:Francesco I
18232:Royal house
17680:Ardinghello
17662:Four sons:
17445:3 September
17044:Home Video.
16876:MED-uh-chee
16702:12 February
16265:Francesco I
16148:Alessandro
16070:4 May 1519
16046:4 May 1519
14781:(1614–1634)
13501:Francesco I
13213:, Cardinall
11142:Pope Leo XI
10964:(1482-1546)
10015:Lorenzo de'
9757:Ginevra de'
9290:(died 1475)
8819:(the Elder)
8731:(the Gouty)
8408:(the Elder)
8364:(the Elder)
7624:(died 1320)
6329:*1729 †1794
6314:*1756 †1797
5709:*1585 †1664
5473:*1555 †1625
5317:*1519 †1584
5257:*1518 †1601
5118:*1482 †1546
5070:Bernardetto
4510:Bernardetto
4281:Giuliano II
3922:*1323 †1395
3740:*1298 †1315
3365:*1270 †1319
3360:Averardo II
3060:Chiarissimo
2657:Chiarissimo
2026:Inquisition
2024:, when the
1993:, widow of
1602:Montefeltro
1551:. In 1657,
1504:) in 1621.
1464:Pope Paul V
1460:Pope Leo XI
1256:Roman Curia
1180:Clement VII
1092:Clement VII
1081:, and even
935:during the
844:Bonsignoris
799:Medici Bank
765:Reformation
749:Machiavelli
605:Pope Leo XI
582:Medici Bank
436: [
394:Dissolution
349:Medici Vase
339:(1397–1494)
336:Medici Bank
302:Catholicism
264:Pope Leo XI
159:Final ruler
54:Noble house
20626:Categories
20570:Jagat Seth
20538:South Asia
20452:Rothschild
20320:Wallenberg
20275:Rothschild
20215:Kronenberg
20200:Hottinguer
20100:Benveniste
20022:Trastámara
19957:Hauteville
19499:Dynasties/
19480:(daughter)
19456:(daughter)
19450:(daughter)
19356:Savonarola
19205:Scientists
19139:Michelozzo
18991:Fortresses
18835:Marignolle
18815:Camugliano
18810:La Petraia
18805:Spedaletto
18795:Mezzomonte
18755:Cafaggiolo
18559:Alessandro
18470:Cosimo III
18388:Lorenzo II
18292:1569–1737
18266:of Tuscany
18162:Parks, Tim
18026:. Morrow.
18009:References
17936:: 190–208.
17876:17 October
17775:Bartolomeo
17595:2009-06-01
17086:The Prince
16917:2015-01-26
16810:2022-04-20
16357:Cosimo III
15070:Cosimo III
11161:(the Moor)
9688:Pope Leo X
7234:(fl. 1280)
4739:Pierangelo
3983:Giuliano I
3898:di Filippo
3394:Bonagiunta
3105:Averardo I
2694:Bonagiunta
2047:See also:
1999:Louis XIII
1688:suzerainty
1631:(English:
1534:Cosimo III
1471:Louis XIII
1370:Ferdinando
1312:, and the
1143:franchises
1058:families.
1040:Pope Leo X
864:townhouses
733:Botticelli
688:, and the
593:Pope Leo X
298:Traditions
254:Pope Leo X
204:(informal)
169:Final head
20590:S. Rm. M.
20545:Asaf Jahi
20478:Li family
20471:East Asia
20260:Pierleoni
20245:Oppenheim
20105:Berenberg
20090:Abravanel
19997:Ordelaffi
19977:Malaspina
19972:Malatesta
19967:Imperiali
19877:Bonaparte
19867:Barcelona
19862:Anscarids
19842:Aleramici
19528:Huguenots
19438:(husband)
19361:TV series
19221:Musicians
19134:Donatello
19083:Patronage
18890:Seravezza
18825:La Topaia
18775:La Quiete
18739:Buildings
18704:Genealogy
18595:Francesco
18538:male line
18531:Cardinals
18460:Cosimo II
18274:New title
18246:New title
17999:163129780
17824:Francesco
17771:(*? †?),
17740:March 28,
17724:One son,
17651:Malatesta
17647:Francesco
17188:Hibbert,
16778:0072-0127
16772:: 7–245.
16311:Cosimo II
16218:Portrait
16123:Portrait
15836:Portrait
14298:Cosimo II
12335:Elisabeth
9999:Francesco
9963:Cardinal)
9183:(Nannina)
7829:(d. 1377)
6337:Pierpaolo
6004:Francesco
5988:Pierpaolo
5975:Francesco
5704:Francesco
5468:Ottaviano
5312:Francesco
5113:Ottaviano
5100:Francesco
5010:Francesco
4818:Francesco
4759:*? †1464?
4554:*? †1475?
4038:Francesco
3962:Francesco
3930:Salvestro
3722:Salvestro
3632:*? †~1356
3335:Giambuono
1952:Belvedere
1897:Donatello
1874:, mainly
1544:regency.
1488:, and an
1478:Cosimo II
1425:New World
1386:Napoleons
1366:Francesco
1360:from the
1044:Maddalena
553:) was an
457:English:
363:Estate(s)
324:Heirlooms
110:Etymology
20509:Kadoorie
20488:Sumitomo
20432:Guinness
20427:Grindlay
20422:Goldsmid
20417:Clifford
20391:Seligman
20285:Schröder
20155:Erlanger
20150:Ephrussi
20110:Bethmann
20032:Visconti
19947:Habsburg
19942:Grimaldi
19557:(cousin)
19432:(mother)
19426:(father)
19366:episodes
19246:Heraldry
19028:Volterra
19008:Piombino
19003:Grosseto
18956:Materdei
18880:Artimino
18860:La Màgia
18790:Castello
18664:Giuliano
18585:Leopoldo
18565:Giovanni
18561:(Leo XI)
18554:Ippolito
18542:Giovanni
18491:Caterina
18445:Cosimo I
18427:Cosimo I
18399:Ippolito
18383:Giuliano
18260:1533–69
18164:(2005).
18150:(1961).
18109:Archived
18018:(1975).
17911:Archived
17839:(†1592?)
17837:Bernardo
17826:(†1552?)
17809:Giovanni
17779:(*? †?).
17699:Giovanni
17639:Averardo
17614:Giovanni
17547:Archived
17497:Archived
16997:Archived
16981:56166159
16864:Archived
16786:44083109
16687:"Medici"
16671:27 March
16631:, 1894,
16580:See also
16490:in 1465.
16488:Louis XI
16243:Cosimo I
16182:Cosimo I
15099:Cardinal
14811:Cardinal
14748:Cardinal
12612:Cosimo I
10489:Cardinal
10410:Duke of
10388:Cardinal
10001:Salviati
9764:Giovanni
9278:Caterina
9269:Popolano
9247:Piombino
9245:Lord of
8737:Florence
8735:Lord of
6288:*? †1821
6147:*? †1808
6142:Averardo
6009:*? †1766
5980:*? †1722
5967:*? †1749
5842:*? †1614
5829:*? †1685
5824:Averardo
5816:*? †1650
5665:*? †1624
5660:Raffaele
5650:*? †1626
5515:Galeotto
5327:Ottajano
5252:Averardo
5092:*? †1528
5087:Galeotto
5049:Raffaele
5036:Giovanni
5023:Bernardo
4853:Giovenco
4798:Averardo
4785:Domenico
4754:Giovenco
4744:*? †1464
4549:Giovanni
4523:Giuliano
4474:*? †1447
4469:Giovenco
3988:*? †1377
3943:Bernardo
3727:*? †1346
3692:*? †1320
3687:Giovenco
3653:Bernardo
3645:*? †1355
3640:Alamanno
3601:*? †1348
3340:*1260 †?
3319:*? †1301
3306:*? †1290
2699:*? †1226
2367:Bernardo
1958:and the
1885:Masaccio
1798:Austrian
1726:Ruspanti
1718:Ruspanti
1635:) after
1598:allodial
1575:apoplexy
1421:Margaret
1401:hegemony
1316:through
1306:Henry II
1284:Cosimo I
1185:de facto
1126:, first
1075:Salviati
1067:Giuliano
1056:Altoviti
1036:Piero II
902:Altoviti
883:Signoria
771:and the
658:Visconti
650:humanism
644:signorie
586:Florence
546:Italian:
494:-itch-ee
82:in 1465.
80:Louis XI
18:Medicean
20565:Hinduja
20524:Sabancı
20457:Sassoon
20447:Mocatta
20396:Warburg
20325:Warburg
20300:Sozzini
20270:Peruzzi
20265:Pereire
20240:Metzler
20130:Camondo
19937:Gonzaga
19932:Fregoso
19927:Fieschi
19922:Farnese
19857:Appiani
19346:Albizzi
19324:Related
19037:Chapels
19013:Pistoia
18941:Livorno
18904:Palaces
18870:Coltano
18865:Liliano
18850:Lapeggi
18820:Stabbia
18770:Fiesole
18765:Careggi
18760:Trebbio
18695:Mattias
18654:Filippo
18544:(Leo X)
18286:of the
18254:of the
17813:(*? †?)
17709:Antonio
17678:1348),
17670:(?–?),
17668:Filippo
17645:1363);
17627:Talento
17612:(?–?),
17176:5613740
16973:2781822
16163:signore
16150:il Moro
15877:Son of
15827:Signore
9759:Medici
6283:Filippo
6155:Filippo
5962:Filippo
5503:* †1596
5302:* †1568
5297:Lorenzo
5289:* †1562
4837:Lorenzo
4769:Antonio
4583:Fantino
4250:Antonio
3750:Ardingo
3314:Ugolino
3301:Filippo
3141:Galgano
3123:Scolaio
3084:Ranieri
2891:Galgano
2843:Filippo
2034:Jupiter
1967:Raphael
1905:protégé
1856:in the
1832:. (see
1830:Gavardo
1811:of the
1749:regency
1542:Turtici
1510:Turtici
1409:citadel
1393:Livorno
1342:Tuscany
1338:Mugello
1214:Vatican
1194:Raphael
1003:Pius II
998:mordant
980:Cosimo
925:Strozzi
923:or the
921:Albizzi
860:palazzi
779:History
753:Galileo
745:Raphael
690:Gonzaga
674:Ferrara
578:Tuscany
555:Italian
399: (
232:Members
151:Founder
141: (
133:Founded
122:Mugello
88:Country
69:Blazon:
20585:M. Ct.
20575:Khanna
20529:Shihab
20493:Yasuda
20483:Mitsui
20412:Baring
20381:Morgan
20376:Mellon
20371:Lehman
20366:Lazard
20356:Drexel
20351:Barney
20330:Welser
20315:Thurzó
20305:Speyer
20295:Solaro
20290:Seyler
20280:Ruffer
20255:Pictet
20230:Medici
20225:Mallet
20205:Imhoff
20190:Hambro
20170:Fugger
20135:Cerchi
20120:Borgia
20083:Europe
20027:Valois
20017:Sforza
19982:Medici
19882:Borgia
19637:Events
19417:Family
18998:Arezzo
18895:Madama
18800:Agnano
18747:Villas
18669:Zanobi
18548:Giulio
18522:Leo XI
18393:Giulio
18344:People
18176:
18079:
18030:
17997:
17792:Pietro
17767:Andrea
17715:(?–?).
17713:Felice
17686:1345).
17664:Guccio
17635:Jacopo
17610:Arrigo
17557:
17192:, 153.
17174:
17164:
17112:
17065:
16979:
16971:
16834:
16784:
16776:
16633:p. 162
16482:(viz.
16227:Until
16132:Until
15845:Until
15816:Titles
11639:Claude
10412:Urbino
10017:Medici
10008:Medici
9994:Medici
9748:Medici
9280:Sforza
6296:Nicola
5837:Giulio
5673:Nicolò
5645:Giulio
5530:Cosimo
5485:Giulio
5284:Nicolò
5267:Giulio
4536:Pietro
3896:Bonino
3735:Guccio
3627:Cambio
3609:Bonino
3596:Arrigo
3379:Arrigo
1983:Vasari
1954:, the
1950:, the
1946:, the
1840:Legacy
1760:willed
1731:faeces
1639:, 1706
1579:dropsy
1518:heresy
1514:papacy
1147:papacy
937:Ciompi
927:. One
909:France
794:medico
789:Medici
755:, and
694:Mantua
678:Borgia
676:, the
668:, the
662:Sforza
568:under
179:Titles
126:Tuscia
74:(viz.
48:Medici
20611:Safra
20580:Kotak
20560:Habib
20555:Birla
20462:Smith
20442:Miles
20437:Lloyd
20310:Stern
20250:Pazzi
20180:Gondi
20160:Fould
20140:Chigi
20125:Botin
20095:Bardi
20012:Savoy
19992:Murat
19912:Doria
19847:Anjou
19831:Italy
19486:(son)
19474:(son)
19468:(son)
19462:(son)
19444:(son)
19023:Siena
18575:Carlo
18512:Leo X
18505:Popes
18496:Maria
17995:S2CID
17726:Coppo
17672:Betto
17631:Mario
17616:(?–?)
16988:(PDF)
16977:S2CID
16969:JSTOR
16949:(PDF)
16782:JSTOR
16718:Milan
16613:Notes
16224:From
16221:Name
16129:From
16126:Name
15871:1434
15842:From
15839:Name
10453:m.(2)
10448:m.(1)
9206:m.(1)
9173:Pazzi
6342:*? †?
6301:*? †?
6126:Leone
6022:*? †?
5811:Leone
5678:*? †?
5535:*? †?
5520:*? †?
5498:Leone
5490:*? †?
5272:*? †?
5105:*? †?
5075:*? †?
5054:*? †?
5041:*? †?
5028:*? †?
5015:*? †?
4858:*? †?
4823:*? †?
4790:*? †?
4541:*? †?
4528:*? †?
4286:*? †?
4255:*? †?
4043:*? †?
3967:*? †?
3917:Vieri
3706:Conte
3671:Lippo
3384:*? †?
3089:*? †?
2896:*? †?
2881:*? †?
2848:*? †?
1876:early
1354:Siena
1176:Leo X
1071:Pazzi
994:Tolfa
933:guild
913:Spain
898:Bardi
840:Siena
829:, by
717:opera
713:piano
666:Milan
541:-chee
503:also
440:]
308:Motto
20595:Tata
20550:Bose
20519:Maan
19917:Este
19761:Arts
18951:Pisa
18885:Buti
18174:ISBN
18077:ISBN
18028:ISBN
17878:2017
17742:2016
17555:ISBN
17505:2017
17447:2009
17172:OCLC
17162:ISBN
17123:2018
17110:ISBN
17063:ISBN
16832:ISBN
16774:ISSN
16751:2009
16704:2020
16673:2018
6163:1775
6134:1759
5996:1737
4845:1490
4806:1513
4777:1493
4591:1426
3758:1343
3714:1330
3679:1306
3661:1322
3617:1312
3402:1278
3149:1269
3131:1269
3113:1280
3068:1253
2242:Bono
1899:and
1878:and
1870:and
1705:and
1587:Pisa
1577:and
1358:Elba
1202:and
1178:and
1073:and
1061:The
1054:and
1052:Cybo
1025:gout
990:alum
911:and
723:and
715:and
686:Rome
680:and
670:Este
660:and
560:and
450:The
422:List
401:1743
397:1743
330:List
186:Pope
143:1230
136:1230
20514:Koç
19829:of
19288:Art
17987:doi
17705:fl.
17684:fl.
17676:fl.
17643:fl.
17042:PBS
17040:).
17038:DVD
16961:doi
6161:fl.
6132:fl.
5994:fl.
4843:fl.
4804:fl.
4775:fl.
4589:fl.
3756:fl.
3712:fl.
3677:fl.
3659:fl.
3615:fl.
3400:fl.
3147:fl.
3129:fl.
3111:fl.
3066:fl.
2876:Ugo
2032:of
1868:art
1220:'s
1206:'s
1196:'s
992:in
692:in
684:in
672:in
664:in
576:of
539:DEE
537:mə-
492:MED
20628::
19051:,
18601::
18540::
18172:.
18132:,
18120:,
18098:,
18088:,
18071:,
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17993:.
17983:83
17981:.
17932:.
17868:.
17553:.
17495:.
17491:.
17314:^
17284:^
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16870:,
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