History of Germany

1974: 6957: 8180: 9198: 6021:. Around 20,000 Huguenot refugees arrived in an immediate wave and settled in the cities, 40% in Berlin, the ducal residence alone. The French Lyceum in Berlin was established in 1689 and the French language had by the end of the 17th century replaced Latin to be spoken universally in international diplomacy. The nobility and the educated middle-class of Prussia and the various German states increasingly used the French language in public conversation in combination with universal cultivated manners. Like no other German state, Prussia had access to and the skill set for the application of pan-European Enlightenment ideas to develop more rational political and administrative institutions. The princes of Saxony carried out a comprehensive series of fundamental fiscal, administrative, judicial, educational, cultural and general economic reforms. The reforms were aided by the country's strong urban structure and influential commercial groups, who modernized pre-1789 Saxony along the lines of classic Enlightenment principles. 17355:, p. 178"On the whole, industrialisation in Germany must be considered to have been positive in its effects. Not only did it change society and the countryside, and finally the world...it created the modern world we live in. It solved the problems of population growth, under-employment and pauperism in a stagnating economy, and abolished dependency on the natural conditions of agriculture, and finally hunger. It created huge improvements in production and both short- and long-term improvements in living standards. However, in terms of social inequality, it can be assumed that it did not change the relative levels of income. Between 1815 and 1873 the statistical distribution of wealth was on the order of 77% to 23% for entrepreneurs and workers respectively. On the other hand, new problems arose, in the form of interrupted growth and new crises, such as urbanisation, "alienation", new underclasses, proletariat and proletarian misery, new injustices and new masters and, eventually, class warfare." 9933: 2417: 10509: 10442: 4334: 10365: 10280: 4289: 8451: 4934: 9823: 9398: 5114: 6845: 8338: 8200:

Europe, high-charged political rhetoric and domestic pressure-groups. Germany's reliance time and again on sheer power, while Britain increasingly appealed to moral sensibilities, played a role, especially in seeing the invasion of Belgium as a necessary military tactic or a profound moral crime. The German invasion of Belgium was not important because the British decision had already been made and the British were more concerned with the fate of France. Kennedy argues that by far the main reason was London's fear that a repeat of 1870 – when Prussia and the German states smashed France – would mean that Germany, with a powerful army and navy, would control the English Channel and northwest France. British policy makers insisted that would be a catastrophe for British security.

5262: 6733: 6938: 7315: 2251: 6894:" of Catholics highly loyal to Rome. A sharp controversy broke out in 1837–1838 in the largely Catholic Rhineland over the religious education of children of mixed marriages, where the mother was Catholic and the father Protestant. The government passed laws to require that these children always be raised as Protestants, contrary to Napoleonic law that had previously prevailed and allowed the parents to make the decision. It put the Catholic Archbishop under house arrest. In 1840, the new King Frederick William IV sought reconciliation and ended the controversy by agreeing to most of the Catholic demands. However Catholic memories remained deep and led to a sense that Catholics always needed to stick together in the face of an untrustworthy government. 5334: 12922:, p. 17: "Missionaries, mainly from the British Isles, continued to operate in the Merovingian kingdoms throughout the sixth to the eighth centuries. Yet, their efforts were directed at the fringes of the Merovingian territory, that is, at Frisia, north-east Austrasia and Thuringia. These areas were hardly Romanised, if at all, and therefore lacked any social, cultural or physical basis for the expansion of Christianity. These areas stayed pagan long after Merovingian society completed its conversion, and thus attracted the missionaries' attention. Moreover, there is evidence of missionary and evangelising activity from Merovingian Gual, out of places like Metz, Strasbourg or Worms, into the 'pagan regions' ." 5657: 9450: 10566: 4544: 8487: 4420: 5299: 4459: 3535: 4374: 4227: 10194: 7431: 10668: 8574: 10600: 9732: 1133: 9081: 10956:, found from Wuhan, China. In March 2020, Germany went to the national lockdowns, which was greatly affected by the pandemic, and greatly impact on German economy, healthcare system, and society, and also commended for being an effective model for instituting methods of curbing infections and deaths, but lost this status by the end of the year due to rising number of cases, hospitalizations, and deaths. In December 2020, COVID-19 vaccines began to be administered in Germany. Unfortunately, from June 2021 to the end of March 2022, Germany has might seeing a new surge of huge COVID-19 infection wave, fueled by the highly transmissible 3127: 8631: 12316:, p. 147: "In the 1st century BC it was the Suebic tribes who were expanding most conspicuously. Originating from central Germania, they moved to the south and southwest. As Rome was conquering the Gauls, Germans were expanding to meet them, and this was the threat from which Caesar claimed to be saving the Gauls. For the next half-century the expansion concentrated on southern Germany and Bohemia, assimilating or driving out the previous Gallic or Celtic inhabitants. The oppida in this area fell and were abandoned one after another as simple, egalitarian Germanic societies replaced the complex, stratified Celtic ones." 12851:, p. 222: "Surrounding the core of Frankish kingdoms were other regions more or less subservient to the Merovingian kings. In some regions the Merovingians appointed, or perhaps simply acknowledged, various dukes, such as the duke of the Alamans, the duke of the Vascones in the western Pyrenees, and the duke of the Bavarians. Since these dukes, unlike those who served at the court of the Merovingians or administered particular regions in the Merovingian kingdoms, ruled over distinct ethnic groups, they had much local support and tended to act independently of the Merovingians, and even to make war on them occasionally." 5074:, and stimulated printing and distribution of religious books and pamphlets. From 1517 onward religious pamphlets flooded Germany and much of Europe. The Reformation instigated a media revolution as by 1530 over 10,000 individual works are published with a total of ten million copies. Luther strengthened his attacks on Rome by depicting a "good" against "bad" church. It soon became clear that print could be used for propaganda in the Reformation for particular agendas. Reform writers used pre-Reformation styles, clichés, and stereotypes and changed items as needed for their own purposes. Especially effective were Luther's 9662: 6460: 10028:

from government approved ideals, and through the enforcement of Communist principals by physical force and intellectual repression by government agencies, particularly the Stasi. Critics of the East German state have claimed that the state's commitment to communism was a hollow and cynical tool of a ruling elite. This argument has been challenged by some scholars who claim that the Party was committed to the advance of scientific knowledge, economic development, and social progress. However, the vast majority regarded the state's Communist ideals to be nothing more than a deceptive method for government control.

10592:'s idea developed the greatest mass exodus since the construction of the Berlin Wall and it was shown that the USSR and the rulers of the Eastern European satellite states were not ready to keep the Iron Curtain effective. This made their loss of power visible and clear that the GDR no longer received effective support from the other communist Eastern Bloc countries. Thousands of East Germans then tried to reach the West by staging sit-ins at West German diplomatic facilities in other East European capitals, most notably in Prague. The exodus generated demands within East Germany for political change, and 9039: 7602: 6513:

male adults, chiefly from the aristocratic and upper middle class. Liberal publishers outnumbered conservative ones by a wide margin. Foreign governments bribed editors to guarantee a favorable image. Censorship was strict, and the imperial government issued the political news that was supposed to be published. After 1871, strict press laws were enforced by Bismarck to contain the Socialists and hostile editors. Editors focused on political commentary, culture, the arts, high culture and the popular serialized novels. Magazines were politically more influential and attracted intellectual authors.

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were a major impetus for the growth of the new steel industry. Observers found that even as late as 1890, their engineering was inferior to Britain. However, German unification in 1870 stimulated consolidation, nationalisation into state-owned companies, and further rapid growth. Unlike the situation in France, the goal was the support of industrialisation. Eventually numerous lines criss-crossed the Ruhr area and other industrial centers and provided good connections to the major ports of Hamburg and Bremen. By 1880, 9,400 locomotives pulled 43,000 passengers and 30,000 tons of freight a day.

6373: 4352: 7984:("Imperial Statistical Bureau) are often disputed or just assessments. Classification and naming of internationally traded commodities and exported goods was still in progress and the structure of production and export had changed during four decades. Published documents provide numbers such as: The proportion of goods manufactured by the modern industry was approximately 25% in 1900, while the proportion of consumer related products in manufactured exports stood at 40%. Reasonably exact are the figures for the entire industrial production between 1870 and 1914, which increased about 500%. 7410: 2953: 5280: 3116: 9155: 7241: 4746: 9570: 8673:. 12.5 billion was cash that came mostly from loans from New York bankers. The rest was goods like coal and chemicals, or from assets like railway equipment. The reparations bill was fixed in 1921 on the basis of a German capacity to pay, not on the basis of Allied claims. The highly publicized rhetoric of 1919 about paying for all the damages and all the veterans' benefits was irrelevant for the total, but it did determine how the recipients spent their share. Germany owed reparations chiefly to France, Britain, Italy and Belgium; the US received $ 100 million. 9302: 5319: 6747: 4212: 1443: 7257: 4311: 3943: 3362: 3001: 4985:

were also the countless bands of murderous outlaws, sick, homeless, disrupted people and invalid soldiery. Overall social and economic disruption caused a dramatic decline in population as a result of pandemic murder and random rape and killings, endemic infectious diseases, crop failures, famine, declining birth rates, wanton burglary, witch-hunts and the emigration of terrified people. Estimates vary between a 38% drop from 16 million people in 1618 to 10 million by 1650 and a mere 20% drop from 20 million to 16 million. The

3958: 3994: 9108: 5349: 4612:) with the printing system invented by Gutenberg produced a communication revolution – the Empire's decentralized nature made censorship difficult and this combined with the new communication system to facilitate free expression, thus elevating cultural life. The system also helped the authorities to disseminate orders and policies, boosted the Empire's coherence in general, and helped reformers like Luther to broadcast their views and communicate with each other effectively, thus contributing to the religious Reformation. 6663: 6078: 3922: 8209: 7992: 4249: 1686: 6789: 6691: 8730:. The Communist KPD came third, with 15%. Together, the anti-democratic parties of the far right were now able to hold a considerable share of seats in Parliament, but they were at sword's point with the political left, fighting it out in the streets. The Nazis were particularly successful among Protestants, among unemployed young voters, among the lower middle class in the cities and among the rural population. It was weakest in Catholic areas and in large cities. On 30 January 1933, pressured by former Chancellor 1908: 8055: 2792: 4507: 6677: 9894:

1946–1948 was only two-thirds of the prewar level, while grain and meat shipments – which usually supplied 25% of the food – no longer arrived from the East. Furthermore, the end of the war brought the end of large shipments of food seized from occupied nations that had sustained Germany during the war. Coal production was down 60%, which had cascading negative effects on railroads, heavy industry, and heating. Industrial production fell more than half and reached prewar levels only at the end of 1949.

3550: 6804: 5232: 7964: 5145:, described by Fletcher as "a founder figure of various disciplines—of geology (certainly vulcanology), musicology (as a surveyor of musical forms), museum curatorship, Coptology, to name a few—and might be claimed today as the first theorist of gravity and a long-term originator of the moving pictures (with his magic lantern shows). Through his many enthusiasms, moreover, he was the conduit of others' pursuits in the rapidly widening horizon of knowledge that marks the later Renaissance."; and 4785: 10052: 8531: 5761: 4271: 2917: 2623: 6404: 9053: 8478:. Both parties, as well as parties supporting the republic, built militant auxiliaries that engaged in increasingly violent street battles. Electoral support for both parties increased after 1929 as the Great Depression hit the economy hard, producing many unemployed men who became available for the paramilitary units. The Nazis (NSDAP), with a mostly rural and lower middle class base, came to power by appearing to work within the Weimar constitution and ruled Germany from 1933 to 1945. 8899: 7526:

universities and the churches. The 1914 German diplomatic corps consisted of 8 princes, 29 counts, 20 barons, 54 representants of the lower nobility and a mere 11 commoners. These commoners were indiscriminately recruited from elite industrialist and banking families. The consular corps employed numerous commoners, that however, occupied positions of little to no executive power. The Prussian tradition to reserve the highest military ranks for young aristocrats was adopted and the new

12328:, p. 29: "Greek may have followed the Persians in devising its terms for their military formations, but the Goths were dependent on Iranians of the Pontic region for terms which followed the Iranian model more closely in using the cognate Gothic term for the second element of its compounds. (Gothic dependence on Iranian may have gone even further, affecting the numeral itself, if we recall that the two Iranian loanwords in Crimean Gothic are words for 'hundred' and 'thousand')." 4638: 7809: 6761: 173: 8302:

imports from abroad. The winter of 1916–1917 was known as the "turnip winter", because that vegetable, usually fed to livestock, was used by people as a substitute for potatoes and meat, which were increasingly scarce. Thousands of soup kitchens were opened to feed the hungry people, who grumbled that the farmers were keeping the food for themselves. Even the army had to cut the rations for soldiers. Morale of both civilians and soldiers continued to sink. According to historian

7908:, Tirpitz theorized, that its mere existence would force Great Britain, dependent on unrestricted movement on the seas, to agree to diplomatic compromises. Tirpitz started the program of warship construction in 1898 and enjoyed the full support of Kaiser Wilhelm. Wilhelm entertained less rational ideas on the fleet, that circled around his romantic childhood dream to have a "fleet of [his] own some day" and his obsessive adherence to direct his policies along the line of 6436:

private hands. Without a central regulatory agency the construction projects were quickly realized. Actual industrialization only took off after 1850 in the wake of the railroad construction. The textile industry grew rapidly, profiting from the elimination of tariff barriers by the Zollverein. During the second half of the 19th century the German industry grew exponentially and by 1900, Germany was an industrial world leader along with Britain and the United States.</ref>

5772: 11198:. Not every vassal of the emperor, even in the German lands, participated in the emerging political system from the start. In the period around 1500 what might be described as the political nation was largely confined to the south, to the old Hohenstaufen core territories south of the Main and the Saale, to the areas between Alsace in the west and the Austrian duchies in the east, where the Habsburgs had extended their territories and around them, their clientele.", pg. 39. 7587:. His paternalistic programs won the support of German industry because its goals were to win the support of the working classes for the Empire and reduce the outflow of immigrants to America, where wages were higher but welfare did not exist. Bismarck further won the support of both industry and skilled workers by his high tariff policies, which protected profits and wages from American competition, although they alienated the liberal intellectuals who wanted free trade. 3252: 6339:, a loose agreement for mutual defense. Attempts of economic integration and customs coordination were frustrated by repressive anti-national policies. Great Britain approved of the union, convinced that a stable, peaceful entity in central Europe could discourage aggressive moves by France or Russia. Most historians, however, concluded, that the Confederation was weak and ineffective and an obstacle to German nationalism. The union was undermined by the creation of the 3262: 8913: 2977: 1925: 3979: 10149: 2448: 8927: 5948: 27243: 1954: 1280: 9011: 8278: 1575: 6914: 27233: 9131:(secret police) destroyed the political opposition and persecuted the Jews, trying to force them into exile. The Party took control of the courts, local government, and all civic organizations except the Christian churches. All expressions of public opinion were controlled the propaganda ministry, which used film, mass rallies, and Hitler's hypnotic speaking. The Nazi state idolized Hitler as its Führer (leader), putting all powers in his hands. 9859: 6977: 9067: 8969: 6420: 9025: 6262: 10095: 8941: 6818: 6250: 11076: 10834: 10185:, which lasted from 24 June 1948 to 12 May 1949. In response, the U.S. and Britain launched an airlift of food and coal and distributed the new currency in West Berlin as well. The city thereby became economically integrated into West Germany. Until the mid-1960s, it served as "America's Berlin", symbolizing the United States' commitment to defending its freedom, which John F. Kennedy underscored during his visit in June 1963. 634: 10252:, and was in close touch with professional economists. Erhard viewed the market itself as social and supported only a minimum of welfare legislation. However, Erhard suffered a series of decisive defeats in his effort to create a free, competitive economy in 1957; he had to compromise on such key issues as the anti-cartel legislation. Thereafter, the West German economy evolved into a conventional west European welfare state. 3374: 6094: 1886: 7670: 6719: 2937: 1117: 8997: 8955: 95: 11749:

Garrido; Hallgren, Fredrik; Khartanovich, Valery; Khokhlov, Aleksandr; Kunst, Michael; Kuznetsov, Pavel; Meller, Harald; Mochalov, Oleg; Moiseyev, Vayacheslav; Nicklisch, Nicole; Pichler, Sandra L.; Risch, Roberto; Rojo Guerra, Manuel A.; Roth, Christina; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna; Wahl, Joachim; Meyer, Matthias; Krause, Johannes; Brown, Dorcas; Anthony, David; Cooper, Alan; Alt, Kurt Werner; Reich, David (11 June 2015).

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colonization of Africa and Asia for the lands that were not already colonies of other European powers. The Kaiser took a mostly unilateral approach in Europe only allied with the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and embarked on a dangerous naval arms race with Britain. His aggressive and erroneous policies greatly contributed to the situation in which the assassination of the Austrian-Hungarian crown prince would spark off

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decisive victory before the American army arrived in strength. However, the spring offensives all failed, as the Allies fell back and regrouped, and the Germans lacked the reserves necessary to consolidate their gains. In the summer, with the Americans arriving at 10,000 a day, and the German reserves exhausted, it was only a matter of time before multiple Allied offenses destroyed the German army.

7548:. Berlin's rapidly increasing rich middle-class copied the aristocracy and tried to marry into it. A peerage could permanently boost a rich industrial family into the upper reaches of the establishment. However, the process tended to work in the other direction as the nobility became industrialists. For example, 221 of the 243 mines in Silesia were owned by nobles or by the King of Prussia himself. 6043:, a poet and historian. Herder argued that every folk had its own particular identity, which was expressed in its language and culture. This legitimized the promotion of German language and culture and helped shape the development of German nationalism. Schiller's plays expressed the restless spirit of his generation, depicting the hero's struggle against social pressures and the force of destiny. 8196:, which started in August 1914. Germany stood behind its ally Austria in a confrontation with Serbia, but Serbia was under the protection of Russia, which was allied to France. Germany was the leader of the Central Powers, which included Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and later Bulgaria; arrayed against them were the Allies, consisting chiefly of Russia, France, Britain, and in 1915 Italy. 35: 9624: 3030: 12910:, pp. 8–9: "Some of the success of the Merovingian Frankish rulers may be their acceptance of the personality of law policy. Not only did Roman law remain in use among Gallo-Romans and churchmen, Burgundian law among the Burgundians, and Visigothic law among the Visigoths, but the more purely Germanic peoples of the eastern frontier were allowed to retain their own 'national' law." 6775: 8983: 9905:

machinery had ended, thanks to lobbying by the U.S. Army. The Truman administration finally realised that economic recovery in Europe could not go forward without the reconstruction of the German industrial base on which it had previously been dependent. Washington decided that an "orderly, prosperous Europe requires the economic contributions of a stable and productive Germany".

4578:, Imholts, generated unprecedented financial means. As financiers to both the leading ecclesiastical and secular rulers, these families fundamentally influenced the political affairs in the empire during the fifteenth and sixteenth century. The increasingly money based economy also provoked social discontent among knights and peasants and predatory "robber knights" became common. 10861:) was one of the main supporters of admitting many East European countries to the EU. Germany is at the forefront of European states seeking to exploit the momentum of monetary union to advance the creation of a more unified and capable European political, defence and security apparatus. German Chancellor Schröder expressed an interest in a permanent seat for Germany in the 8593:: shops would not sell goods to the foreign soldiers, coal-miners would not dig for the foreign troops, trams in which members of the occupation army had taken a seat would be left abandoned in the middle of the street. The passive resistance proved effective, insofar as the occupation became a loss-making deal for the French government. But the Ruhr fight also helped fuel 4826:, Luther translated the Bible into German, thereby greatly contributing to the establishment of the modern German language. This is highlighted by the fact that Luther spoke only a local dialect of minor importance during that time. After the publication of his Bible, his dialect suppressed others and constitutes to a great extent what is now modern German. With the 10461:

number of unemployed workers, and many factories reduced their labor force and began to concentrate on high-profit specialty items. After 1990 the Ruhr moved into service industries and high technology. Cleaning up the heavy air and water pollution became a major industry in its own right. Meanwhile, formerly rural Bavaria became a high-tech center of industry.

7661:, as leaving a lasting influence on the German consciousness, whereby national unity can be encouraged by excluding or persecuting a minority. This strategy, later referred to as "negative integration", set a tone of either being loyal to the government or an enemy of the state, which directly influenced German nationalist sentiment and the later Nazi movement. 7513:, via secularization of all education and introduction of civil marriage, but without success. The Kulturkampf antagonised many Protestants as well as Catholics and was eventually abandoned. The millions of non-German imperial subjects, like the Polish, Danish and French minorities, were left with no choice but to endure discrimination or accept the policies of 10657: 5484:) grew from 16 million in 1700 to 17 million in 1750 and reached 24 million in 1800. The 18th-century economy noticeably profited from widespread practical application of the Scientific method as greater yields and a more reliable agricultural production and the introduction of hygienic standards positively affected the birth rate – death rate balance. 4714:

Estates resisted. Through many compromises between emperor and estates though, a flexible, future-oriented problem-solving mechanism for the Empire was formed, together with a monarchy through which the emperor shared power with the Estates. Whether the Reform also equated to a (successful or unsuccessful) nation building process remains a debate.

8554:, extreme right-wing politician Wolfgang Kapp let Freikorps soldiers march on Berlin and proclaimed himself Chancellor of the Reich. After four days the coup d'état collapsed, due to popular opposition and lack of support by the civil servants and the officers. Other cities were shaken by strikes and rebellions, which were bloodily suppressed. 5087:, the painter patronized by the electors of Wittenberg, was a close friend of Luther, and illustrated Luther's theology for a popular audience. He dramatized Luther's views on the relationship between the Old and New Testaments, while remaining mindful of Luther's careful distinctions about proper and improper uses of visual imagery. 7654:. Peace was restored, the bishops returned and the jailed clerics were released. Laws were toned down or taken back, but the laws concerning education, civil registry of marriages and religious disaffiliation remained in place. The Center Party gained strength and became an ally of Bismarck, especially when he attacked socialism. 7458:. The inhabitants of the smaller territorial lands, especially in central and southern Germany greatly rejected the Prussianized concept of the nation and preferred to associate such terms with their individual home state. The Hanseatic port cities of Hamburg, Bremen and Lübeck ranked among the most ferocious opponents of the 4419: 7880:, as both countries were concerned about the novel disagreeability of Germany. Furthermore, Anglo–German relations provided, from a British point of view, no basis for any consensus as the Kaiser refused to divert from his, although somewhat peculiarly desperate and anachronistic, aggressive imperial engagement and the 3814:. In the Empire, extensive sovereign powers were granted to ecclesiastical and secular princes, leading to the rise of independent territorial states. The struggle with the Pope sapped the Empire's strength, as Frederick II was excommunicated three times. After his death, the Hohenstaufen dynasty fell, followed by an 8311:

Staff. Military officers controlled civilian government officials, the staffs of banks, cartels, firms, and factories, engineers and scientists, workingmen, farmers-indeed almost every element in German society; and all efforts were directed in theory and in large degree also in practice to forwarding the war effort.

7221:) was established under the leadership of Prussia. Austria was excluded and its immense influence over Germany finally came to an end. The North German Federation was a transitional organisation that existed from 1867 to 1871, between the dissolution of the German Confederation and the founding of the German Empire. 7988:

tools. Intensive methodical farming of sugar and other root crops made Germany the most efficient agricultural producer in Europe by 1914. Even so, farms were usually small in size and women did much of the field work. An unintended consequence was the increased dependence on migratory, especially foreign, labor.

10480:. The debt grew rapidly as he borrowed to cover the cost of the ever more expensive welfare state. After 1979, foreign policy issues grew central as the Cold War turned hot again. The German peace movement mobilized hundreds of thousands of demonstrators to protest against American deployment in Europe of new 7350:. The conflict was quickly decided as Prussia, joined by forces of a pan-German alliance never gave up the tactical initiative. A series of victories in north-eastern France followed and another French army group was simultaneously encircled at Metz. A few weeks later, the French army contingent under Emperor 11207:" it is a tribute to his success that what emerged by the end of his reign was not an oligarchy of princes but a strengthened monarchy", pg. 75; "The Reich emerged from the reforms of 1495 and 1500 as a polity in which the emperor and the Estates coexisted, but also competed, in uneasy equilibrium", pg. 95. 9263:; and by these manoeuvres Hitler achieved movement of these Catholic voters into the Nazi Party, and a long-awaited international diplomatic acceptance of his regime. The Nazis gained a larger share of their vote in Protestant areas than in Catholic areas. The Communist Party was proscribed in April 1933. 6560:. His use of tonal architecture in such a way as to allow significant expansion of musical forms and structures was immediately recognized as bringing a new dimension to music. His later piano music and string quartets, especially, showed the way to a completely unexplored musical universe, and influenced 7947:

speech regarding this. The following year, a conference was held in which all of the European powers except Austria-Hungary (by now little more than a German satellite) sided with France. A compromise was brokered by the United States where the French relinquished some, but not all, control over Morocco.

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For on the bitterly cold night of December 31, 406, there was apparently no Roman army on guard when a host of Vandal, Alan, Suevi and Burgundian warriors, with their families and possessions, crossed the frozen Rhine and headed southwest through Gaul. This time, Rome's frontiers had been breached by

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region was hardest hit, as its easy-to-reach coal mines petered out, and expensive German coal was no longer competitive. Likewise the Ruhr steel industry went into sharp decline, as its prices were undercut by lower-cost suppliers such as Japan. The welfare system provided a safety net for the large

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or "Economic Miracle"). Industrial production doubled from 1950 to 1957, and gross national product grew at a rate of 9 or 10% per year, providing the engine for economic growth of all of Western Europe. Labor unions supported the new policies with postponed wage increases, minimized strikes, support

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The actual amount of reparations that Germany was obliged to pay out was not the 132 billion marks decided in the London Schedule of 1921 but rather the 50 billion marks stipulated in the A and B Bonds. Historian Sally Marks says the "C bonds" were entirely chimerical—a device to fool the public into

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was signed by Germany, France, Belgium, Britain and Italy; it recognised Germany's borders with France and Belgium. Moreover, Britain, Italy and Belgium undertook to assist France in the case that German troops marched into the demilitarised Rheinland. Locarno paved the way for Germany's admission to

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to Australia, France, Japan, New Zealand, Portugal, and the United Kingdom. The new owners were required to act as disinterested trustee over the region, promoting the welfare of its inhabitants in a variety of ways until they were able to govern themselves. The left and right banks of the Rhine were

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By 1917, after three years of war, the various groups and bureaucratic hierarchies which had been operating more or less independently of one another in peacetime (and not infrequently had worked at cross purposes) were subordinated to one (and perhaps the most effective) of their number: the General

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union of 25 states that varied considerably in size, demography, constitution, economy, culture, religion and socio-political development. However, even Prussia itself, which accounted for two-thirds of the territory as well as of the population, had emerged from the empire's periphery as a newcomer.

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In the early 19th century the Industrial Revolution was in full swing in Britain, France, and Belgium. The various small federal states in Germany developed only slowly and independently as competition was strong. Early investments for the railway network during the 1830s came almost exclusively from

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The war ranks among the most catastrophic in history as three decades of constant warfare and destruction had left the land devastated. Marauding armies incessantly pillaged the countryside, seized and levied heavy taxes on cities and indiscriminately plundered the food stocks of the peasantry. There

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attempted to achieve the religious and political unity of the empire, while the opposing Protestant Union forces were determined to defend their religious rights. The religious motive served as the universal justification for the various territorial and foreign princes, who over the course of several

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was in charge of economic policy as economics director for the British and American occupation zones and was Adenauer's long-time economics minister. Erhard's decision to lift many price controls in 1948 (despite opposition from both the social democratic opposition and Allied authorities), plus his

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In explaining why neutral Britain went to war with Germany, author Paul M. Kennedy recognized it was critical for war that Germany become economically more powerful than Britain, but he downplays the disputes over economic trade imperialism, the Baghdad Railway, confrontations in Central and Eastern

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Catholics, although nearly a third of the national population, were seldom allowed to hold major positions in the Imperial government, or the Prussian government. After 1871, there was a systematic purge of the remaining Catholics; in the powerful interior ministry, which handled all police affairs,

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hastily proclaimed in Paris. The new government resolved to fight on and tried to reorganize the remaining armies while the Germans settled down to besiege Paris. The starving city surrendered in January 1871 and Jules Favre signed the surrender at Versailles. France was forced to pay indemnities of

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In 1800, the population was predominantly rural, as only 10% lived in communities of 5,000 or more people, and only 2% lived in cities of more than 100,000 people. After 1815, the urban population grew rapidly, due to the influx of young people from the rural areas. Berlin grew from 172,000 in 1800,

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of Britain, Russia, and Austria then attacked France but failed. Napoleon established direct or indirect control over most of western Europe, including the German states apart from Prussia and Austria. The old Holy Roman Empire was little more than a farce; Napoleon simply abolished it in 1806 while

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In the end, while the Reformation emphasis on Protestants reading the Scriptures was one factor in the development of literacy, the impact of printing itself, the wider availability of printed works at a cheaper price, and the increasing focus on education and learning as key factors in obtaining a

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East Germany's culture was shaped by Communism and particularly Stalinism. It was characterized by East German psychoanalyst Hans-Joachim Maaz in 1990 as having produced a "Congested Feeling" among Germans in the East as a result of Communist policies criminalizing personal expression that deviates

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to stop them – shooting those who attempted it. What the GDR called the "Anti-Fascist Protective Wall" was a major embarrassment for the program during the Cold War, but it did stabilize East Germany and postpone its collapse. Ulbricht lost power in 1971, but was kept on as a nominal head of state.

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In 1945–1946 housing and food conditions were bad, as the disruption of transport, markets, and finances slowed a return to normal. In the West, bombing had destroyed the fourth of the housing stock, and over 10 million refugees from the east had crowded in, most living in camps. Food production in

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by the Soviet Union's Red Army in a fight to the death on the city streets. 2,000,000 Soviet troops took part in the assault, and they faced 750,000 German troops. 78,000–305,000 Soviets were killed, while 325,000 German civilians and soldiers were killed. Hitler committed suicide on 30 April 1945.

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for 15 years and its coalfields administered by France. At the end of that time a plebiscite was to determine the Saar's future status. To ensure the execution of the treaty's terms, Allied troops would occupy the left (German) bank of the Rhine for a period of 5–15 years. The German army was to be

8383:

was signed on 28 June 1919. Germany was to cede Alsace-Lorraine to France. Eupen-Malmédy would temporarily be ceded to Belgium, with a plebiscite to be held to allow the people the choice of the territory either remaining with Belgium or being returned to German control. Following a plebiscite, the

8035:

corporation in the United States. The new company emphasized rationalization of management structures and modernization of the technology; it employed a multi-divisional structure and used return on investment as its measure of success. By 1913, American and German exports dominated the world steel

8011:, task-oriented working principles and team research originated in 19th-century Germany and France. The organisation of knowledge acquisition was further refined by laboratory integration in research institutes of the universities and the industries. Germany acquired the leading role in the world's 7280:

became emperor. He rejected advice from experienced politicians and ordered Bismarck's resignation in 1890. He opposed Bismarck's careful and delicate foreign policy and was determined to pursue colonialist policies, as Britain and France had been doing for centuries. The Kaiser promoted the active

7109:

refused the imperial crown, the Frankfurt parliament was dissolved, the ruling princes repressed the risings by military force, and the German Confederation was re-established by 1850. Many leaders went into exile, including a number who went to the United States and became a political force there.

6880:

From the religious point of view of the typical Catholic or Protestant, major changes were underway in terms of a much more personalized religiosity that focused on the individual more than the church or the ceremony. The rationalism of the late 19th century faded away, and there was a new emphasis

6488:

4. It promotes the spirit of the nation, as it has a tendency to destroy the Philistine spirit arising from isolation and provincial prejudice and vanity. It binds nations by ligaments, and promotes an interchange of food and of commodities, thus making it feel to be a unit. The iron rails become a

3833:

to the effect that election by all or the majority of the electors automatically conferred the royal title and rule over the empire, without papal confirmation. As result, the monarch was no longer subject to papal approbation and became increasingly dependent on the favour of the electors. Between

10963:

hybrid variant, which is combined of Delta and Omicron mutations. However, Germany has suffered from a recombination event of Deltacron, which was caused of less access to vaccine shortage in the first quarter. As of May 2022, Germany has reported 140,292 COVID-19-related deaths, the fifth highest

8236:

to the Swiss border. The British imposed a tight naval blockade in the North Sea which lasted until 1919, sharply reducing Germany's overseas access to raw materials and foodstuffs. Food scarcity became a serious problem by 1917. The United States joined with the Allies in April 1917. The entry of

7987:

Historian J. A. Perkins argued that more important than Bismarck's new tariff on imported grain was the introduction of the sugar beet as a main crop. Farmers quickly abandoned traditional, inefficient practices in favor of modern methods, including the use of artificial fertilizers and mechanical

7979:

By 1890, the economy continued to industrialize and grow on an even higher rate than during the previous two decades and increased dramatically in the years leading up to World War I. Growth rates for the individual branches and sectors often varied considerably, and periodical figures provided by

7645:

Bismarck underestimated the resolve of the Catholic Church and did not foresee the extremes that this struggle would attain. The Catholic Church denounced the harsh new laws as anti-Catholic and mustered the support of its rank and file voters across Germany. In the following elections, the Center

7268:

determined the political course of the German Empire until 1890. He fostered alliances in Europe to contain France on the one hand and aspired to consolidate Germany's influence in Europe on the other. His principal domestic policies focused on the suppression of socialism and the reduction of the

6857:

was determined to handle unification entirely on his own terms, without consultation. His goal was to unify the Protestant churches, and to impose a single standardized liturgy, organization and even architecture. The long-term goal was to have fully centralized royal control of all the Protestant

6384:

took place as the high birth rates and high death rates of the pre-industrial country shifted to low birth and death rates of the fast-growing industrialized urban economic and agricultural system. Increased agricultural productivity secured a steady food supply, as famines and epidemics declined.

5791:

was in economically good shape, although numerous wars had taken their toll. During the time when Prussia rose rapidly within Germany, Saxony was distracted by foreign affairs. The House of Wettin concentrated on acquiring and then holding on to the Polish throne which was ultimately unsuccessful.

4396: 12356:

119) and associates them more closely than the Balts with the center of Gothic power. This location of the early Slavs partly at least in the region covered by the Cernjahov culture, together with their contacts (warlike or not) with the Goths under Ermanric and almost certainly before, explains

10929:

entering the EU. The country took in over a million refugees and migrants and developed a quota system which redistributed migrants around its federal states based on their tax income and existing population density. The decision by Merkel to authorize unrestricted entry led to heavy criticism in

10349:

The agreement with Turkey ended in 1973 but few workers returned because there were few good jobs in Turkey. By 2010 there were about 4 million people of Turkish descent in Germany. The generation born in Germany attended German schools, but had a poor command of either German or Turkish, and had

9838:

was 8% to 10% out of a prewar population of 69,000,000, or between 5.5 million and 7 million people. This included 4.5 million in the military, and between 1 and 2 million civilians. There was chaos as 11 million foreign workers and POWs left, while soldiers returned home and more than 14 million

9135:

centered on Hitler and created the "Hitler Myth"—that Hitler was all-wise and that any mistakes or failures by others would be corrected when brought to his attention. In fact Hitler had a narrow range of interests and decision making was diffused among overlapping, feuding power centers; on some

8301:

Steadily conditions deteriorated rapidly on the home front, with severe food shortages reported in all urban areas. Causes involved the transfer of many farmers and food workers into the military, an overburdened railroad system, shortages of coal, and especially the British blockade that cut off

8264:

the Bolsheviks were forced to sign on 3 March 1918 as Russia withdrew from the war. It gave Germany control of Eastern Europe. Spencer Tucker says, "The German General Staff had formulated extraordinarily harsh terms that shocked even the German negotiator." When Germany later complained that the

8039:

In machinery, iron and steel, and other industries, German firms avoided cut-throat competition and instead relied on trade associations. Germany was a world leader because of its prevailing "corporatist mentality", its strong bureaucratic tradition, and the encouragement of the government. These

7928:

with Britain in 1890, and converted the island into a naval base and installed immense coastal defense batteries. Britain considered the imperial German endeavours to be a dangerous infringement on the century-old delicate balance of global affairs and trade on the seas under British control. The

7118:

The 1850s were a period of extreme political reaction. Dissent was vigorously suppressed, and many Germans emigrated to America following the collapse of the 1848 uprisings. Frederick William IV became extremely depressed and melancholic during this period, and was surrounded by men who advocated

6864:

was formed, bringing together the more numerous Lutherans, and the less numerous Reformed Protestants. The government of Prussia now had full control over church affairs, with the king himself recognized as the leading bishop. Opposition to unification came from the "Old Lutherans" in Silesia who

6512:

While there existed no national newspaper the many states issued a great variety of printed media, although they rarely exceeded regional significance. In a typical town existed one or two outlets, urban centers, such as Berlin and Leipzig had dozens. The audience was limited to a few per cent of

6493:

Lacking a technological base at first, engineering and hardware was imported from Britain. In many cities, the new railway shops were the centres of technological awareness and training, so that by 1850, Germany was self-sufficient in meeting the demands of railroad construction, and the railways

6470:

The takeoff stage of economic development came with the railroad revolution in the 1840s, which opened up new markets for local products, created a pool of middle managers, increased the demand for engineers, architects and skilled machinists and stimulated investments in coal and iron. Political

4713:

that Maximilian created became a form of imperial army; a national political culture began to emerge; and the German language began to attain an unified form. The political structure remained incomplete and piecemeal though, mainly due to the failure of the Common Penny (an imperial tax) that the

4073:

river placed it at the intersection of the major trade routes between east and west and was the basis of Cologne's growth. The economic structures of medieval and early modern Cologne were characterized by the city's status as a major harbor and transport hub upon the Rhine. It was the seat of an

10495:

the FDP adopted the market-oriented "Kiel Theses" in 1977; it rejected the Keynesian emphasis on consumer demand, and proposed to reduce social welfare spending, and try to introduce policies to stimulate production and facilitate jobs. Lambsdorff argued that the result would be economic growth,

10173:

In addition, the Marshall Plan forced German companies, as well as those in all of Western Europe, to modernize their business practices and take account of the international market. Marshall Plan funding helped overcome bottlenecks in the surging economy caused by remaining controls (which were

10165:

at the rate of 1 new per 10 old. This wiped out 90% of government and private debt, as well as private savings. Prices were decontrolled, and labor unions agreed to accept a 15% wage increase, despite the 25% rise in prices. The result was that prices of German export products held steady, while

9996:

was the party boss from 1950 to 1971. In 1933, Ulbricht had fled to Moscow, where he served as a Comintern agent loyal to Stalin. As World War II was ending, Stalin assigned him the job of designing the postwar German system that would centralize all power in the Communist Party. Ulbricht became

9712:

By September 1945, Nazi Germany and its Axis partners (mainly Italy and Japan) had all been defeated, chiefly by the forces of the Soviet Union, the United States, and Great Britain. Much of Europe lay in ruins, over 60 million people worldwide had been killed (most of them civilians), including

7954:

of 1911 saw another dispute over Morocco erupt when France tried to suppress a revolt there. Germany, still smarting from the previous quarrel, agreed to a settlement whereby the French ceded some territory in central Africa in exchange for Germany's renouncing any right to intervene in Moroccan

7734:

was signed between Germany and Russia. In it, the two powers agreed on mutual military support in the case that France attacked Germany or an Austrian attack on Russia. Russia turned its attention eastward to Asia and remained largely inactive in European politics for the next 25 years. In 1882,

3441:

and install a civilian administration. There is no discernible chronology of the immigration process as it took place in many individual efforts and stages, often even encouraged by the Slavic regional lords. However, the new communities were subjected to German law and customs. Total numbers of

10160:

The most dramatic and successful policy event was the currency reform of 1948. Since the 1930s, prices and wages had been controlled, but money had been plentiful. That meant that people had accumulated large paper assets, and that official prices and wages did not reflect reality, as the black

7946:

of 1905, Germany nearly clashed with Britain and France when the latter attempted to establish a protectorate over Morocco. Kaiser Wilhelm II was upset at having not been informed about French intentions, and declared their support for Moroccan independence. William II made a highly provocative

7828:

followed him on the throne at the age of 29. Wilhelm rejected the liberal ideas of his parents and embarked on a conservative autocratic rule. He early on decided to replace the political elite and in March 1890 he forced chancellor Bismarck into retirement. Following his principle of "Personal

7525:

The new Empire provided attractive top level career opportunities for the national nobility in the various branches of the consular and civil services and the army. As a consequence the aristocratic near total control of the civil sector guaranteed a dominant voice in the decision making in the

6431:

In 1800, Germany's social structure was poorly suited to entrepreneurship or economic development. Domination by France during the French Revolution (1790s to 1815), however, produced important institutional reforms, that included the abolition of feudal restrictions on the sale of large landed

6363:

Increasingly after 1815, a centralized Prussian government based in Berlin took over the powers of the nobles, which in terms of control over the peasantry had been almost absolute. To help the nobility avoid indebtedness, Berlin set up a credit institution to provide capital loans in 1809, and

4776:

and handed copies of to feudal lords. Whether he nailed them to a church door at Wittenberg remains unclear. The list detailed 95 assertions, he argued, represented corrupt practice of the Christian faith and misconduct within the Catholic Church. Although perhaps not Luther's chief concern, he

11930:

Saupe, Tina; Montinaro, Francesco; Scaggion, Cinzia; Carrara, Nicola; Kivisild, Toomas; D’Atanasio, Eugenia; Hui, Ruoyun; Solnik, Anu; Lebrasseur, Ophélie; Larson, Greger; Alessandri, Luca; Arienzo, Ilenia; De Angelis, Flavio; Rolfo, Mario Federico; Skeates, Robin; Silvestri, Letizia; Beckett,

8289:

By defeating Russia in 1917, Germany was able to bring hundreds of thousands of combat troops from the east to the Western Front, giving it a numerical advantage over the Allies. By retraining the soldiers in new storm-trooper tactics, the Germans expected to unfreeze the Battlefield and win a

7640:

As of 1878, only three of eight Prussian dioceses still had bishops, some 1,125 of 4,600 parishes were vacant, and nearly 1,800 priests ended up in jail or in exile ... Finally, between 1872 and 1878, numerous Catholic newspapers were confiscated, Catholic associations and assemblies were

11748:

Haak, Wolfgang; Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Llamas, Bastien; Brandt, Guido; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Harney, Eadaoin; Stewardson, Kristin; Fu, Qiaomei; Mittnik, Alissa; Bánffy, Eszter; Economou, Christos; Francken, Michael; Friederich, Susanne; Pena, Rafael

11482:

Smith, Geoff M.; Ruebens, Karen; Zavala, Elena Irene; Sinet-Mathiot, Virginie; Fewlass, Helen; Pederzani, Sarah; Jaouen, Klervia; Mylopotamitaki, Dorothea; Britton, Kate; Rougier, Hélène; Stahlschmidt, Mareike; Meyer, Matthias; Meller, Harald; Dietl, Holger; Orschiedt, Jörg; Krause, Johannes;

9904:

However, deindustrialization became impractical and the U.S. instead called for a strong industrial base in Germany so it could stimulate European economic recovery. The U.S. shipped food in 1945–1947 and made a $ 600 million loan in 1947 to rebuild German industry. By May 1946 the removal of

7635:

which made it a crime for any cleric to discuss public issues in a way that displeased the government. Nearly all Catholic bishops, clergy, and laymen rejected the legality of the new laws and defiantly faced the increasingly heavy penalties and imprisonments imposed by Bismarck's government.

8427:

limited to 100,000 officers and men; the general staff was to be dissolved; vast quantities of war material were to be handed over and the manufacture of munitions rigidly curtailed. The navy was to be similarly reduced, and no military aircraft were allowed. Germany was also required to pay

9913:

It was edited by German and Jewish émigrés who fled to the United States before the war. Its mission was to encourage democracy by exposing Germans to how American culture operated. The paper was filled with details on American sports, politics, business, Hollywood, and fashions, as well as

9473:

Hitler's diplomatic strategy in the 1930s was to make seemingly reasonable demands, threatening war if they were not met. When opponents tried to appease him, he accepted the gains that were offered, then went to the next target. That aggressive strategy worked as Germany pulled out of the

8569:

recognition, and the two signatories mutually cancelled all pre-war debts and renounced war claims. For the next twenty years Russia and Germany would work together helping to re-establish a military build up in Germany, and assist Russia in creating an industrial power under the weight of

6068:

tried to reconcile rationalism and religious belief, individual freedom, and political authority. Kant's work contained basic tensions that would continue to shape German thought – and indeed all of European philosophy – well into the 20th century. The ideas of the Enlightenment and their

7174:

to Austria and Prussia. The subsequent management of the two duchies led to tensions between Austria and Prussia. Austria wanted the duchies to become an independent entity within the German Confederation, while Prussia intended to annex them. The disagreement served as a pretext for the

3077:

rights over ecclesiastical appointments. Otto wrested from the nobles the powers of appointment of the bishops and abbots, who controlled large land holdings. Additionally, Otto revived the old Carolingian program of appointing missionaries in the border lands. Otto continued to support

10914:, which at the time produced a fourth of the electricity supply. In response Merkel announced plans to close down the nuclear power plants over the following decade, and a commitment to rely more heavily on wind and other alternative energy sources, in addition to coal and natural gas. 6108:

was mixed at first. German intellectuals celebrated the outbreak, hoping to see the triumph of Reason and The Enlightenment. The royal courts in Vienna and Berlin denounced the overthrow of the king and the threatened spread of notions of liberty, equality, and fraternity. By 1793, the

7864:. Wilhelm's increasingly erratic and reckless conduct was unmistakably related to character deficits and the lack of diplomatic skills. The foreign office's rather sketchy assessment of the current situation and its recommendations for the empire's most suitable course of action were: 7729:

with Austria-Hungary, an agreement of mutual military assistance in the case of an attack from Russia, which was not satisfied with the agreement of the Congress of Berlin. The establishment of the Dual Alliance led Russia to take a more conciliatory stance and in 1887, the so-called

7616:("culture war") against the power of the pope and the Catholic Church in 1873, but only in the state of Prussia. This gained strong support from German liberals, who saw the Catholic Church as the bastion of reaction and their greatest enemy. The Catholic element, in turn, saw in the 9951:

On 7 October 1949, the Soviet zone became the "Deutsche Demokratische Republik" – "DDR" ("German Democratic Republic" – "GDR", simply often "East Germany"), under control of the Socialist Unity Party. Neither country had a significant army until the 1950s, but East Germany built the

9767:

No one doubted Germany's economic and engineering prowess; the question was how long bitter memories of the war would cause Europeans to distrust Germany, and whether Germany could demonstrate it had rejected totalitarianism and militarism and embraced democracy and human rights.

10248:, argues that "Germany owes its rapid economic advance after World War II to the system of the Social Market Economy, established by Ludwig Erhard." Erhard was politically less successful when he served as the CDU Chancellor from 1963 until 1966. Erhard followed the concept of a 7068:), removed liberal university professors, and expanded the censorship of the press. The decrees began the "persecution of the demagogues", which was directed against individuals who were accused of spreading revolutionary and nationalist ideas. Among the persecuted were the poet 10002:

He was replaced because he failed to solve growing national crises, such as the worsening economy in 1969–1970, the fear of another popular uprising as had occurred in 1953, and the disgruntlement between Moscow and Berlin caused by Ulbricht's détente policies toward the West.

9506:

with Japan – which was joined by Italy a year later in 1937 – Hitler felt able to take the offensive in foreign policy. On 12 March 1938, German troops marched into Austria, where an attempted Nazi coup had been unsuccessful in 1934. When Austrian-born Hitler entered

9630: 9628: 9625: 3313:

joined the union, which resulted in greater diplomatic esteem. Recognized by the various regional princes for the great economic potential, favorable charters for, often exclusive, commercial operations were granted. During its zenith the alliance maintained trading posts and

6144:, imposed French-style reforms, abolished feudalism, established constitutions, promoted freedom of religion, emancipated Jews, opened the bureaucracy to ordinary citizens of talent, and forced the nobility to share power with the rising middle class. Napoleon created the 4520:, 1515, printed 1517–1518 (The Metropolitan Museum of Art). The scene shows "a new coordinated professional military, which features large-scale infantry, complemented by traditional cavalry, but now supplemented with a newer military weapon resource, portable artillery". 3338:

with the sovereign Kingdom of Denmark from 1361 to 1370. Principal city of the Hanseatic League remained Lübeck, where in 1356 the first general diet was held and its official structure was announced. The league declined after 1450 due to a number of factors, such as the

10174:

removed in 1949), and Marshall Plan business reforms opened up a greatly expanded market for German exports. Overnight, consumer goods appeared in the stores, because they could be sold for realistic prices, emphasizing to Germans that their economy had turned a corner.

10040:

Conceptualizing the GDR as a dictatorship has become widely accepted, while the meaning of the concept dictatorship varies. Massive evidence has been collected that proves the repressive, undemocratic, illiberal, nonpluralistic character of the GDR regime and its ruling

9629: 4373: 10081:

and gained full sovereignty over Berlin. At all points West Germany was much larger and richer than East Germany, which became a dictatorship under the control of the Communist Party and was closely monitored by Moscow. Germany, especially Berlin, was a cockpit of the

8396:

was ceded to the Allied and Associated powers, to decide the future of the area. On 9 January 1923, Lithuanian forces invaded the territory. Following negotiations, on 8 May 1924, the League of Nations ratified the annexation on the grounds that Lithuania accepted the

5705:

ruled that Austria and Saxony had to relinquish all claims to Silesia. Prussia, that had nearly doubled its territory was eventually recognized as a great European power with the consequence that the politics of the following century were fundamentally influenced by

4865:

and Austria, was a series of economic and religious revolts of the rural lower classes, encouraged by the rhetoric of various radical religious reformers and Anabaptists against the ruling feudal lords. Although occasionally assisted by war-experienced noblemen like

9743:

in 1947, the country's territory was shrunk and split between the two global blocs in the East and West, a period known as the division of Germany. Millions of refugees from Central and Eastern Europe moved west, most of them to West Germany. Two countries emerged:

1168:

mandible in 1907 affirms archaic human presence in Germany by at least 600,000 years ago, so stone tools were dated as far back as 1.33 million years ago. The oldest complete set of hunting weapons ever found anywhere in the world was excavated from a coal mine in

6852:

Two main developments reshaped religion in Germany. Across the land, there was a movement to unite the larger Lutheran and the smaller Reformed Protestant churches. The churches themselves brought this about in Baden, Nassau, and Bavaria. However, in Prussia King

7860:, "world politics"), as he envisaged a gratuitously aggressive political course to increase the empire's influence in and control over the world. After the removal of Bismarck, foreign policies were tackled with by the Kaiser and the Federal Foreign Office under 3495:, without the consent of duke Konrad. Recognizing only papal authority and based on a solid economy, the order steadily expanded the Teutonic state during the following 150 years, engaging in several land disputes with its neighbors. Permanent conflicts with the 4721:(of German Nation) to the emperor's title appeared first in the 15th century: in a 1486 law decreed by Frederick III and in 1512 in reference to the Imperial Diet in Cologne by Maximilian I. In 1525, the Heilbronn reform plan – the most advanced document of the 5477:, who reigned from 1713 to 1740, established the structures for the highly centralized Prussian state and raised a professional army, that was to play a central role. He also successfully operated a command economy that some historians consider mercantilist. 10496:

which would itself solve both the social problems and the financial problems. As a consequence, the FDP switched allegiance to the CDU and Schmidt lost his parliamentary majority in 1982. For the only time in West Germany's history, the government fell on a

3427:, fortified borderlands with garrisoned troops in strongholds and castles, who were to ensure military control and enforce the exaction of tributes. Contemporary sources do not support the idea of policies or plans for the organized settlement of civilians. 6640:, founded in 1810, became the world's leading university. Von Ranke, for example, professionalized history and set the world standard for historiography. By the 1830s mathematics, physics, chemistry, and biology had emerged with world class science, led by 3297:, guilds cooperated in order to strengthen and combine their economic assets, like securing trading routes and tax privileges, to control prices and better protect and market their local commodities. Important centers of commerce within the empire, such as 7079:

was established, a customs union between Prussia and most other German states, but excluding Austria. As industrialisation developed, the need for a unified German state with a uniform currency, legal system, and government became more and more obvious.

6471:

disunity of three dozen states and a pervasive conservatism made it difficult to build railways in the 1830s. However, by the 1840s, trunk lines did link the major cities; each German state was responsible for the lines within its own borders. Economist

4737:(of German nation). During the fifteen century, the term "German nation" had witness a rise in use due to the growth of a "community of interests". The Estates also increasingly distinguished between their German Reich and the wider, "universal" Reich. 7305:

decided he was basically a traditional Prussian whose highest priorities were to reinforce the monarchy, the Army, and the social and economic dominance of his own Junker class, thereby being responsible for a tragic history after his removal in 1890.

3884:. Estimated to have caused the abrupt death of 30 to 60% of Europe's population, it led to widespread social and economic disruption and deep religious disaffection and fanaticism. Minority groups, and Jews in particular were blamed, singled out and 6599:

University professors developed international reputations, especially in the humanities led by history and philology, which brought a new historical perspective to the study of political history, theology, philosophy, language, and literature. With

9627: 8725:

The Nazi Party was the largest party in the national elections of 1932. On 31 July 1932 it received 37.3% of the votes, and in the election on 6 November 1932 it received less, but still the largest share, 33.1%, making it the biggest party in the

7582:

Bismarck built on a tradition of welfare programs in Prussia and Saxony that began as early as the 1840s. In the 1880s he introduced old age pensions, accident insurance, medical care, and unemployment insurance that formed the basis of the modern

6035:("Weimarer Klassik") was a cultural and literary movement based in Weimar that sought to establish a new humanism by synthesizing Romantic, classical, and Enlightenment ideas. The movement, from 1772 until 1805, involved Herder as well as polymath 5261: 8401:, a power-sharing arrangement to protect non-Lithuanians in the territory and its autonomous status. Until 1929, German-Lithuanian co-operation increased and this power-sharing arrangement worked. Poland was restored and most of the provinces of 8022:

Germany became Europe's leading steel-producing nation in the 1890s, thanks in large part to the protection from American and British competition afforded by tariffs and cartels. The leading firm was "Friedrich Krupp AG Hoesch-Krupp", run by the

7746:

Bismarck had always argued that the acquisition of overseas colonies was impractical and the burden of administration and maintenance would outweigh the benefits. Eventually, Bismarck gave way, and a number of colonies were established in Africa

9482:

and began to re-arm, won back the Saar, remilitarized the Rhineland, formed an alliance with Mussolini's Italy, sent massive military aid to Franco in the Spanish Civil War, annexed Austria, took over Czechoslovakia after the British and French

9421:. As the territory was part of Germany, the British and French governments did not feel that attempting to enforce the treaty was worth the risk of war. The move strengthened Hitler's standing in Germany. His reputation swelled further with the 4009:

Total population estimates of the German territories range around 5 to 6 million by the end of Henry III's reign in 1056 and about 7 to 8 million after Friedrich Barbarossa's rule in 1190. The vast majority were farmers, typically in a state of

10615:

was forced to resign in October, and on 9 November, East German authorities unexpectedly allowed East German citizens to enter West Berlin and West Germany. Hundreds of thousands of people took advantage of the opportunity; new crossing points

6196:

and occupied Berlin. Prussia lost its recently acquired territories in western Germany, its army was reduced to 42,000 men, no trade with Britain was allowed and Berlin had to pay Paris high reparations and fund the French army of occupation.

998:

efforts took place, large populations under former German-occupied territories were displaced, German territories were split up by the victorious powers and in the east annexed by Poland and the Soviet Union. Germany spent the entirety of the

5564:

of 1689 took up arms against France and countered any further military advances of Louis. The conflict ended in 1697 as both parties agreed to peace talks after either side had realized, that a total victory was financially unattainable. The

4980:

from 1635 to 1648. The conflict increasingly evolved into a struggle between the French House of Bourbon and the House of Habsburg for predominance in Europe, for which the central German territories of the empire served as the battleground.

1841:

and led a military contingent across and into the territories of the local Germanic tribes. After several days and having made no contact with Germanic troops (who had retreated inland) Caesar returned to the west of the river. By 60 BC, the

4310: 8360:. Units of the German Navy refused to set sail for a last, large-scale operation in a war which they saw as good as lost, initiating the uprising. On 3 November, the revolt spread to other cities and states of the country, in many of which 6120:

Europe was racked by two decades of war revolving around France's efforts to spread its revolutionary ideals, and the opposition of reactionary royalty. War broke out in 1792 as Austria and Prussia invaded France, but were defeated at the

20462: 8884:, attacked Einstein's theory of relativity as a degenerate example of Jewish materialism in the realm of science. Many scientists and humanists emigrated; Einstein moved permanently to the U.S. but some of the others returned after 1945. 9908:

In 1945, the occupying powers took over all newspapers in Germany and purged them of Nazi influence. The American occupation headquarters, the Office of Military Government, United States (OMGUS) began its own newspaper based in Munich,

2021:, the area north of the Upper Danube and east of the Rhine, attempting to subdue the various tribes. Roman ideas of administration, the imposition of taxes and a legal framework were frustrated by the total absence of an infrastructure. 1252:

include various mammoth ivory sculptures that rank among the oldest uncontested works of art and several flutes, made of bird bone and mammoth ivory that are confirmed to be the oldest musical instruments ever found. The 41,000-year-old

9241:

shortly thereafter. The coalition parliament was rigged by defining the absence of arrested and murdered deputies as voluntary and therefore cause for their exclusion as wilful absentees. The Centre Party was voluntarily dissolved in a

14121: 7504:

Bismarck's domestic policies as Chancellor of Germany were based on his effort to universally adopt the idea of the Protestant Prussian state and achieve the clear separation of church and state in all imperial principalities. In the

7269:

strong influence of the Roman Catholic Church on its adherents. He issued a series of anti-socialist laws in accord with a set of social laws, that included universal health care, pension plans and other social security programs. His

4897:. Its intent was to challenge and contain the Protestant Reformation via apologetic and polemical writings and decrees, ecclesiastical reconfiguration, wars and imperial political maneuverings. In 1547, emperor Charles V defeated the 5795:

Many of the smaller states of Germany were run by bishops, who in reality were from powerful noble families and showed scant interest in religion. While none of the later ecclesial rulers reached the outstanding reputation of Mainz'

6129:, almost two centuries before), but also bringing new ideas of liberty and civil rights for the people. Prussia and Austria ended their failed wars with France but (with Russia) partitioned Poland among themselves in 1793 and 1795. 5733:, who effects his absolute political power for the benefit of the population as a whole. A number of legal reforms (e.g. the abolition of torture and the emancipation of the rural population and the Jews), the reorganization of the 12357:

their openness to Gothic loanword influence. That this may have begun early, before the expansion of the Slavs from their primeval habitat, is implied by the presence of individual loan-words in a wide range of Slavonic languages."

6289:. The victorious members of the Coalition had negotiated a new peaceful balance of powers in Vienna and agreed to maintain a stable German heartland that keeps French imperialism at bay. However, the idea of reforming the defunct 23735: 6364:

extended the loan network to peasants in 1849. When the German Empire was established in 1871, the Junker nobility controlled the army and the navy, the bureaucracy, and the royal court; they generally set governmental policies.

9345:

banned sexual relations between Jews and Germans and only those of German or related blood were eligible to be considered citizens; the remainder were classed as state subjects, without citizenship rights. This stripped Jews,

7450:. The local people, who had benefited from the liberal, civil reforms, that were derived from the ideas of the French Revolution, had only little in common with predominantly rural communities in authoritarian and disjointed 5985:

During the mid-18th century, the recognition and application of Enlightenment cultural, intellectual and spiritual ideals and standards, led to a flourishing of art, music, philosophy, science and literature. The philosopher

4709:, which would serve the purpose of organize imperial armies, collect taxes and enforce orders of the imperial institutions); the Imperial and Court Chanceries were combined to become the decisive government institution; the 9862:

Occupation zone borders, 1947. Berlin, although within the Soviet zone, was also divided among the four occupied powers. The areas in white to the east were transferred to Poland and the Soviet Union under the terms of the

9855:. This figure remained unchallenged until the 1990s, when some historians put the death toll at 500,000–600,000 confirmed deaths. In 2006, the German government reaffirmed its position that 2.0–2.5 million deaths occurred. 10129:, the breaking down of old trade barriers and traditional practices, and the opening of the global market. West Germany gained legitimacy and respect, as it shed the horrible reputation Germany had gained under the Nazis. 9228:

marked the beginning of Nazi Germany, allowing Hitler and his cabinet to enact laws on their own without the President or the Reichstag. The Enabling Act formed the basis for the dictatorship and the dissolution of the

10213:

that dominated West Germany politics for most of its history. During his chancellorship, the West Germany economy grew quickly, and West Germany established friendly relations with France, participated in the emerging

8588:

When Germany defaulted on its reparation payments, French and Belgian troops occupied the heavily industrialised Ruhr district (January 1923). The German government encouraged the population of the Ruhr to engage in

5082:

for pastors. Using the German vernacular they expressed the Apostles' Creed in simpler, more personal, Trinitarian language. Illustrations in the newly translated Bible and in many tracts popularized Luther's ideas.

2827:. Loyal Frankish nobles replaced the old Lombard aristocracy following a rebellion in 776. The next 30 years of his reign were spent ruthlessly strengthening his power in Francia and on the conquest of the Slavs and 8708:

were unable to build a governing majority in the face of escalating extremism from both the far right (the Nazis, NSDAP) and the far left (Communist Party of Germany). In March 1930, President Hindenburg appointed

6432:

estates, the reduction of the power of the guilds in the cities, and the introduction of a new, more efficient commercial law. The idea, that these reforms were beneficial for Industrialization has been contested.

10204:

was the dominant leader in West Germany. He was the first chancellor (top official) of the FRG and until his death was the founder and leader of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), a coalition of conservatives,

7646:

Party won a quarter of the seats in the Imperial Diet. The conflict ended after 1879 because Pope Pius IX died in 1878 and Bismarck broke with the Liberals to put his main emphasis on tariffs, foreign policy, and

4014:

under feudal lords and monasteries. Towns gradually emerged and in the 12th century many new cities were founded along the trading routes and near imperial strongholds and castles. The towns were subjected to the

989:

which killed 17 million people, including 6 million Jews (representing 2/3rds of the European Jewish population). By 1944, the German Army was pushed back on all fronts until finally collapsing in May 1945. Under

11057:, Germany announced a major shift in policy, pledging a €100 billion special fund for the Bundeswehr – to remedy years of underinvestment – along with raising the budget to above 2% 10865:, identifying France, Russia, and Japan as countries that explicitly backed Germany's bid. Germany formally adopted the Euro on 1 January 1999 after permanently fixing the Deutsche Mark rate on 31 December 1998. 9839:

displaced German-speaking refugees from both the eastern provinces and East-Central and Eastern Europe were expelled from their native land and came to the western German lands, often foreign to them. During the

8364:

were established. Meanwhile, Hindenburg and the senior commanders had lost confidence in the Kaiser and his government. The Kaiser and all German ruling princes abdicated. On 9 November 1918, the Social Democrat

8392:, the Danish-speaking population in the north voted for Denmark and the southern, German speaking populace, part voted for Germany. Schleswig was thus partitioned. Holstein remained German without a referendum. 973:, a central tenet of its policies, and became increasingly aggressive with its territorial demands, threatening war if they were not met. Germany quickly remilitarized, annexed its German-speaking neighbors and 12687:, p. 3: "It was plagued by the existence of immensely strong tribal duchies, such as Bavaria, Swabia, Thuringia, and Saxony – often referred to as stem duchies, from the German word Stamm, meaning tribe ." 7571:, SPD), aimed to peacefully establish a socialist order through the transformation of the existing political and social conditions. From 1878, Bismarck tried to oppose the growing social democratic movement by 4948:, that took place almost exclusively in the Holy Roman Empire has its origins, which remain widely debated, in the unsolved and recurring conflicts of the Catholic and Protestant factions. The Catholic emperor 13248: 12898:, p. 74: "The area of Merovingian settlement in southwest Germany was pretty much confined to the so called 'Altsiedelland', those fertile regions which had been under the plough since neolithic times ." 9874:

removed, imprisoned, or executed most top officials of the old regime, but most middle and lower ranks of civilian officialdom were not seriously affected. In accordance with the Allied agreement made at the

7563:

organization, its members working toward equality with men in such areas as education, financial opportunities, and political life. Working-class women were not welcome and were organized by the Socialists.

2029:, for example, were almost exclusively characterized by frequent massacres of villagers and indiscriminate pillaging. The tribes, however maintained their elusive identities. A coalition of tribes under the 1527:, which were then buried in fields. The first usage of the name occurred in publications over grave sites in southern Germany in the late 19th century. Over much of Europe, the Urnfield culture followed the 6885:

were common among Protestants. Among, Catholics there was a sharp increase in popular pilgrimages. In 1844 alone, half a million pilgrims made a pilgrimage to the city of Trier in the Rhineland to view the

1973: 5185:

produced the first planispheres of both southern and northerns hemispheres, also the first printed celestial maps. These maps prompted the revival of interest in the field of uranometry throughout Europe.

4288: 4697:) became the all-important political forum and the supreme legal and constitutional institution, which would act as a guarantee for the preservation of the Empire in the long run; a Permanent Land Piece ( 4351: 4027:, were no longer answerable to the local landlords or bishops, but immediate subjects of the Emperor and enjoyed greater commercial and legal liberties. The towns were ruled by a council of the – usually 2662:

strategic traditions of social and political integration of the newly conquered territories. While allowed to preserve their own legal systems, the conquered Germanic tribes were pressured to abandon the

8713:

Chancellor. To push through a package of austerity measures against a majority of Social Democrats, Communists and the NSDAP (Nazis), Brüning and Hindenburg made use of emergency decrees provided for in

8616:), together with other measures to stop the hyperinflation. In the following six years the economic situation improved. In 1928, Germany's industrial production even regained the pre-war levels of 1913. 7884:

in particular. Holstein's analysis proved to be mistaken on every point and Wilhelm failed too, as he did not adopt a nuanced political dialogue. Germany was left gradually isolated and dependent on the

7697:

were common enemies and that the three powers would discuss any matters concerning foreign policy. Bismarck needed good relations with Russia in order to keep France isolated. Russia fought a victorious

6890:, said to be the robe that Jesus wore on the way to his crucifixion. Catholic bishops in Germany had historically been largely independent of Rome, but now the Vatican exerted increasing control, a new " 4333: 9989:

was based on the benefits of the GDR's social programs and the alleged constant threat of a West German invasion, many of her citizens looked to the West for political freedoms and economic prosperity.

9373:. Between 1941 and 1945 Jews, Gypsies, Slavs, communists, homosexuals, the mentally and physically disabled and members of other groups were targeted and methodically murdered – the origin of the word " 9136:

issues he was passive, simply assenting to pressures from whoever had his ear. All top officials reported to Hitler and followed his basic policies, but they had considerable autonomy on a daily basis.

3082:

for the higher clergy, so ecclesiastical appointments never became hereditary. By granting lands to the abbots and bishops he appointed, Otto actually turned these bishops into "princes of the Empire" (

9654:

in 1942–1943, the Germans were forced into the defensive. By late 1944, the United States, Canada, France, and Great Britain were closing in on Germany in the West, while the Soviets were victoriously

3285:

and along the connected navigable rivers during the Late Middle Ages ( 12th to 15th centuries ). Each of the affiliated cities retained the legal system of its sovereign and, with the exception of the

2041:. Consequently, Rome resolved to permanently establish the Rhine/Danube border and refrain from further territorial advance into Germania. By AD 100 the frontier along the Rhine and the Danube and the 2013:

not only regular foreign policy but also necessary to counter Germanic incursions into a still rebellious Gaul. Forts and commercial centers were established along the rivers. Some tribes, such as the

14122:

https://www.scientificlib.com/en/Mathematics/Biographies/AdamRies.html#:~:text=Adam%20Ries%20is%20generally%20considered%20to%20be%20the,more%20structured%20Arabic%20numerals%20to%20a%20large%20extent

11064:

As of December 2023, Germany is the fourth largest economy in the world after the United States, China and Japan and the largest economy in Europe. It is the third largest export nation in the world.

10772:

became the first female chancellor. In 2009 the German government approved a €50 billion stimulus plan. Among the major German political projects of the early 21st century are the advancement of

7055: 7025: 7012: 6865:

clung tightly to the theological and liturgical forms they had followed since the days of Luther. The government attempted to crack down on them, so they went underground. Tens of thousands migrated,

4814:

after his refusal to repent. The ideas of the reformation spread rapidly, as the new technology of the modern printing press ensured cheap mass copies and distribution of the theses and helped by the

2269: 8752:

and high culture, before the Nazi regime resulted in a decline in the scientific and cultural life in Germany and forced many renowned scientists and writers to flee. German recipients dominated the

10415:

was opposed by the conservative elements in Germany, but won Brandt an international reputation and the Nobel Peace Prize in 1971. In September 1973, both West and East Germany were admitted to the

5556:

as sufficient justification for his boundless annexations. Louis' forces operated inside the Holy Roman Empire largely unopposed, because all available imperial contingents fought in Austria in the

3625:

in the same year. Adalbert began to assert the powers of the Church against secular authorities, that is, the Emperor. This precipitated the "Crisis of 1111" as yet another chapter of the long-term

7530:

put all military affairs under the direct control of the Emperor and beyond control of the Reichstag. With its large corps of reserve officers across Germany, the military strengthened its role as

20469: 7868:

First a long-term coalition between France and Russia had to fall apart, secondly, Russia and Britain would never get together, and finally, Britain would eventually seek an alliance with Germany.

10267:

and the welfare state. Instead it now sought to move beyond its old working class base to appeal the full spectrum of potential voters, including the middle class and professionals. Labor unions

9717:. World War II destroyed Germany's political and economic infrastructure, caused its partition, considerable loss of territory (especially in the East), and historical legacy of guilt and shame. 5990:

was a pioneering author in a vast number of fields of Enlightenment rationality, and established German as the prevailing language of philosophical reasoning, scholarly instruction and research.

3419:

from the 11th to the 14th century. The primary purpose of the early imperial military campaigns into the lands to the east during the 10th and 11th century, was to punish and subjugate the local

6148:

as a model state. These reforms proved largely permanent and modernized the western parts of Germany. When the French tried to impose the French language, German opposition grew in intensity. A

6117:

disillusioned the Bildungsbürgertum (educated middle classes). Reformers said the solution was to have faith in the ability of Germans to reform their laws and institutions in peaceful fashion.

4878:(in Thuringia), the peasant forces lacked military structure, skill, logistics and equipment and as many as 100,000 insurgents were eventually defeated and massacred by the territorial princes. 2952: 18936:

Feldman, Gerald D.; Nocken, Ulrich (Winter 1975). "Trade Associations and Economic Power: Interest Group Development in the German Iron and Steel and Machine Building Industries, 1900–1933".

10161:

market dominated the economy and more than half of all transactions were taking place unofficially. On 21 June 1948, the Western Allies withdrew the old currency and replaced it with the new

9535:. Hitler thereupon declared that all of German Reich's territorial claims had been fulfilled. However, hardly six months after the Munich Agreement Hitler used the smoldering quarrel between 6956: 6389:. Emigration totaled at 480,000 in the 1840s, 1,200,000 in the 1850s, and at 780,000 in the 1860s. The upper and middle classes first practiced birth control, soon to be universally adopted. 6297:

was continued and the remaining princes were allowed to keep their titles. In 1813, in return for guarantees from the Allies that the sovereignty and integrity of the Southern German states (

4458: 9220:

Despite the terror and unprecedented propaganda, the last free General Elections of 5 March 1933, while resulting in 43.9% failed to give the Nazis their desired majority. Together with the

5348: 5298: 10526:

in 1982, and served as Chancellor until 1998. He orchestrated reunification with the approval of all the Four Powers from World War II, who still had a voice in German affairs. He lost in

9901:

plus building the agricultural sector. In the western sectors, most of the industrial plants had minimal bomb damage and the Allies dismantled 5% of the industrial plants for reparations.

7273:

policies were vehemently resisted by Catholics, who organized political opposition in the Center Party (Zentrum). German industrial and economic power had grown to match Britain by 1900.

6228:

in late 1813. The German states of the Confederation of the Rhine defected to the Coalition against Napoleon, who rejected any peace terms. Coalition forces invaded France in early 1814,

3681:(the focus on ducal interests against the central imperial authority). The Waiblings, on the other hand, championed strict control of the church and a strong central imperial government. 1786:(Jastorf culture). From their homes in southern Scandinavia and northern Germany the tribes began expanding south, east and west during the 1st century BC, and came into contact with the 10753:

was subsequently defeated after Schröder urged members not to vote for his government to trigger new elections. In response, a grouping of left-wing SPD dissidents and the neo-communist

8298:

Although war was not expected in 1914, Germany rapidly mobilized its civilian economy for the war effort, the economy was handicapped by the British blockade that cut off food supplies.

5231: 3391:(lit. Eastern settlement) is the term for a process of largely uncoordinated immigration and chartering of settlement structures by ethnic Germans into territories, already inhabited by 10719:

job training; modernizing the welfare state by reducing entitlements; decreasing bureaucratic obstacles for small businesses; and providing new low-interest loans to local governments.

20045: 10332:

With a booming economy short of unskilled workers, especially after the Berlin Wall cut off the steady flow of East Germans, the FRG negotiated migration agreements with Italy (1955),

9997:

deputy prime minister in 1949 and secretary (chief executive) of the Socialist Unity (Communist) party in 1950. Some 2.6 million people had fled East Germany by 1961 when he built the

9620:) executed all Soviet Jews that it located, while the Germans went to Jewish households and forced the families into concentration camps for labor or to extermination camps for death. 10397:. Relations between the two German states had been icy at best, with propaganda barrages in each direction. The heavy outflow of talent from East Germany prompted the building of the 9796:

on 17 December 1947 (joined West Germany on 1 January 1957), pending a final peace conference with Germany, which eventually never took place. Most of the remaining German population

8413:

were reincorporated into the reformed country after plebiscites and independence uprisings. All German colonies were to be handed over to League of Nations, who then assigned them as

4226: 3442:

settlers were generally rather low and, depending on who held a numerical majority, populations usually assimilated into each other. In many regions only enclaves would persist, like

2280:) in Germany refer to the traditional territory of the various Germanic tribes. The concept of such duchies survived especially in the areas which by the 9th century would constitute 21566:

Michael Frank: Paneuropäisches Picknick – Mit dem Picknickkorb in die Freiheit (German: Pan-European picnic – With the picnic basket to freedom), in: Süddeutsche Zeitung 17 May 2010.

11595: 9626: 9283:. Upon Hindenburg's death on 2 August 1934, Hitler's cabinet passed a law proclaiming the presidency to be vacant and transferred the role and powers of the head of state to Hitler. 7127:. The Prussian people once again lost interest in politics. Prussia not only expanded its territory but began to industrialize rapidly, while maintaining a strong agricultural base. 4649:, 1512. The "German woman", wearing her hair loose and a crown, sitting on the Imperial throne, corresponds both to the self-image of Maximilian I as King of Germany and the formula 10456:

After 1973, Germany was hard hit by a worldwide economic crisis, soaring oil prices, and stubbornly high unemployment, which jumped from 300,000 in 1973 to 1.1 million in 1975. The

10121:), which involved a satisfactory grievance resolution system as well as requiring representation of workers on the boards of large corporations. The recovery was accelerated by the 11053:

in 2022, Germany's previous foreign policy towards Russia (traditional Ostpolitik) has been severely criticized for having been too credulous and soft. Following concerns from the

1181:

between 1.82 and 2.25 m (5.97 and 7.38 ft) in length were eventually unearthed. One of the oldest buildings in the world and one of the oldest pieces of art was found in

11383: 4905:

decreed the recognition of the Lutheran Faith and religious division of the empire. It also stipulated the ruler's right to determine the official confession in his principality (

4043:, governed by strict rules, which sought to obtain control of the towns; a few were open to women. Society had diversified, but was divided into sharply demarcated classes of the 21527: 16031:

A Study of the Life and Works of Athanasius Kircher, 'Germanus Incredibilis': With a Selection of his Unpublished Correspondence and an Annotated Translation of his Autobiography

7049:, who had scoffed at liberal student organisations. In one of the few major actions of the German Confederation, Prince Metternich called a conference that issued the repressive 6385:

This allowed people to marry earlier, and have more children. The high birthrate was offset by a very high rate of infant mortality and after 1840, large-scale emigration to the

5279: 18262:

Margaret Lavinia Anderson, and Kenneth Barkin. "The myth of the Puttkamer purge and the reality of the Kulturkampf: Some reflections on the historiography of Imperial Germany".

10715:, a significant downsizing of the welfare state with five goals: tax cuts; labor market deregulation, especially relaxing rules protecting workers from dismissal and setting up 8179: 16318: 4653:(omitting other nations). While usually depicted during the Middle Age as subordinate to both imperial power and Italia or Gallia, she now takes central stage in Maximilian's 20943:

or CSU is the Bavaria branch of the CDU. It has always operated in close collaboration with the CDU, and the CDU/CSU is usually treated as a single party in national affairs.

19052: 7555:

in the cities grew exponentially, although it never acquired the powerful parliamentary representation and legislative rights as in France, Britain or the United States. The

4211: 24769: 17882:"A fistful of Fredericks – He considers the "invention of tradition" in Prussia, and the importance of memorials and ceremonies of remembrance in shaping patriotic identity" 3199:. With the conclusion of the dispute the Roman church and the papacy regained supreme control over all religious affairs. Consequently, the imperial Ottonian church system ( 1854:

tribe to the west of the Rhine. Consequent plans to populate the region with Germanic settlers from the east were vehemently opposed by Caesar, who had already launched his

1746:

Some sources also give a date of 750 BC for the earliest expansion out of southern Scandinavia and northern Germany along the North Sea coast towards the mouth of the Rhine.

4248: 19536: 11663:"Ancient DNA Analysis of 8000 B.C. Near Eastern Farmers Supports an Early Neolithic Pioneer Maritime Colonization of Mainland Europe through Cyprus and the Aegean Islands" 10306:

was Deputy Federal Chancellor and Foreign Minister. The 1966–1969 Grand Coalition reduced tensions with the Soviet bloc nations and establishing diplomatic relations with

9801: 9592:. The unexpectedly swift defeat of France resulted in an upswing in Hitler's popularity and an upsurge in war fever. Hitler made peace overtures to the new British leader 2490:. Afterwards, the Franks, like other post-Roman Western Europeans, emerged as a tribal confederacy in the Middle Rhine-Weser region, among the territory soon to be called 22790:"Non-Germans" under the Third Reich: The Nazi Judicial and Administrative System in Germany and Occupied Eastern Europe, with Special Regard to Occupied Poland, 1939–1945 10891:

that began in 2008, Germany did not experience as much economic hardship as other European nations. Germany later sponsored a massive financial rescue in the wake of the

7293:

Bismarck was the dominant personality not just in Germany but in all of Europe and indeed the entire diplomatic world 1870–1890. Historians continue to debate his goals.

1817:

Factual and detailed knowledge about the early history of the Germanic tribes is rare. Researchers have to be content with the recordings of the tribes' affairs with the

9197: 7824:, open for a more liberal political course, reigned only for ninety-nine days, as he was stricken with throat cancer and died three months after his coronation. His son 5333: 4524:

The early-modern European society gradually developed after the disasters of the 14th century as religious obedience and political loyalties declined in the wake of the

10620:

and along the border with West Germany. This led to the acceleration of the process of reforms in East Germany that ended with the dissolution of East Germany and the

8361: 2323:(reigned 1027–1125) retained the stem duchies as the major divisions of Germany, but they became increasingly obsolete during the early high-medieval period under the 1641:. How and if the Celts are related to the Urnfield culture remains disputed. However, Celtic cultural centres developed in central Europe during the late Bronze Age ( 13252: 9338: 9233:. Trade unions and all political parties other than the Nazi Party were suppressed. A centralised totalitarian state was established, no longer based on the liberal 7053:, designed to suppress liberal agitation against the conservative governments of the German states. The Decrees terminated the fast-fading nationalist fraternities ( 6881:

on the psychology and feeling of the individual, especially in terms of contemplating sinfulness, redemption, and the mysteries and the revelations of Christianity.

4658: 21735: 7143:

served as regent until 1861 when he became King William I. Although conservative, William was very pragmatic. His most significant accomplishment was the naming of

5616:, who served under emperor Leopold I, took supreme command in 1697 and decisively defeated the Ottomans in a series of spectacular battles and manoeuvres. The 1699 1160:, who were present in Germany over 11 million years ago, are theorized to be among the earliest apes to walk on two legs prior to other species and genera such as 21631: 10013:

from 1971 to 1989) led to a change in the direction of national policy and efforts by the Politburo to pay closer attention to the grievances of the proletariat.

7446:

It also faced colossal cultural and economic internal divisions. The Prussian provinces of Westphalia and the Rhineland for example had been under French control

6489:

nerve system, which, on the one hand, strengthens public opinion, and, on the other hand, strengthens the power of the state for police and governmental purposes.

5465:. In order to address the demographic problem of Prussia's largely rural population of about three million, he attracted the immigration and settlement of French 4063:. Political tensions arose from issues of taxation, public spending, regulation of business, and market supervision, as well as the limits of corporate autonomy. 836:

within the Catholic Church after 1517, as the northern and eastern states became Protestant, while most of the southern and western states remained Catholic. The

17770:

Keller, Wolfgang; Shiue, Carol H. (December 2014). "Endogenous Formation of Free Trade Agreements: Evidence from the Zollverein's Impact on Market Integration".

12340:, p. 433: "Baltic territory began to shrink shortly before the dawn of the Christian era due to the Gothic migrations into their southwestern territories ." 10588:

at the Pan-European Picnic in August 1989 then triggered a chain reaction, at the end of which there was no longer a GDR and the Eastern Bloc had disintegrated.

1626:, which had developed from the Urnfield culture, was the predominant Western and Central European culture from the 12th to 8th centuries BC and during the early 21941: 7162:

escalated, which was not part of the German Confederation, and which Danish nationalists wanted to incorporate into the Danish kingdom. The conflict led to the

5737:, the introduction of compulsory education for boys and girls and promotion of religious tolerance, among others, caused rapid social and economic development. 4616: 26696: 23264: 14544: 11931:

Jessica; Talamo, Sahra; Dolfini, Andrea; Miari, Monica; Metspalu, Mait; Benazzi, Stefano; Capelli, Cristian; Pagani, Luca; Scheib, Christiana L. (June 2021).

7783:

of 1885, a formal meeting of the European colonial powers, who sought to "established international guidelines for the acquisition of African territory" (see

5872:

The smaller states failed to form coalitions with each other, and were eventually overwhelmed by Prussia who swallowed up many of them between 1807 and 1871.

2658:

The Merovingians placed the various regions of their Frankish Empire under the control of semi-autonomous dukes – either Franks or local rulers, and followed

27062: 26261: 19796: 17805: 8232:. The stalemate lasted from 1914 until early 1918, with ferocious battles that moved forces a few hundred yards at best along a line that stretched from the 5141:, the first and foremost German cartographic writer and "the greatest lyric genius and certainly the greatest organizer and popularizer of German Humanism"; 4550:, who by 1500 was Emperor Maximilian I's most important financier and also personal friend. Having become a target of envy, he died in 1502, likely poisoned. 15258: 11046:

was elected for a second five-year term as Germany's president. Although largely ceremonial post, he has been seen as a symbol of consensus and continuity.

17082: 8015:

by the late 19th century through strictly organized methodology. In 1913, the German chemical industry produced almost 90 per cent of the global supply of

3818:

during which there was no Emperor (1250–1273). This interregnum came to an end with the election of a small Swabian count, Rudolf of Habsburg, as emperor.

3719:

Having become wealthy through trade, the confident cities of Northern Italy, supported by the Pope, increasingly opposed Barbarossa's claim of feudal rule

679: 2726:, however a lasting and mutually beneficial alliance would only materialize after Charles' death under his successor Duke of the Franks, Pepin the Short. 27198: 10947: 8261: 13595:

A SZÁSZOK BETELEPÜLÉSE ÉS A DÉLI HATÁRVÉDELEM ÁTSZERVEZÉSE In: Erdély története három kötetben. Editor: Köpeczi, Béla. Budapest, 1986, Akadémiai Kiadó.

3112:

from the papal throne and for years controlled the election of the pope, setting a firm precedent for imperial control of the papacy for years to come.

7559:

or BDF was established in 1894 to encompass the proliferating women's organizations that had emerged since the 1860s. From the beginning the BDF was a

6732: 6380:

Between 1815 and 1865 the population of the German Confederation (excluding Austria) grew around 60% from 21 million to 34 million. Simultaneously the

5670:

is best known for his military genius and unique utilisation of the highly organized army to make Prussia one of the great powers in Europe as well as

14135: 8237:

the United States into the war – following Germany's declaration of unrestricted submarine warfare – marked a decisive turning-point against Germany.

7681:

Chancellor Bismarck's imperial foreign policy basically aimed at security and the prevention of a Franco-Russian alliance, in order to avoid a likely

7042:. It was a loose coalition that failed to satisfy most nationalists. The member states largely went their own way, and Austria had its own interests. 4101:

wrote several influential theological, botanical, and medicinal texts, as well as letters, liturgical songs, poems, and arguably the oldest surviving

3088:). In this way, Otto was able to establish a national church. Outside threats to the kingdom were contained with the decisive defeat of the Hungarian 1652:, the oldest city north of the Alps, grew to become important cultural centres of the Iron Age in Central Europe, that maintained trade routes to the 1381:). The oldest traces for the use of wheel and wagon ever found are located at a northern German Funnelbeaker culture site and date to around 3400 BC. 10405:

tensions and prevented East Germans from travel. Although anxious to relieve serious hardships for divided families and to reduce friction, Brandt's

10244:

advocacy of free markets, helped set the Federal Republic on its strong growth from wartime devastation. Norbert Walter, a former chief economist at

9760:

was a totalitarian Communist dictatorship controlled by the Soviet Union as a satellite of Moscow. With the collapse of Communism in Europe in 1989,

9444: 5461:

in 1648. He reorganized his loose and scattered territories and managed to throw off the vassalage of Prussia under the Kingdom of Poland during the

4781:

and clerical offices, the pope's and higher clergy's abuse of power and his doubts of the very idea of the institution of the Church and the papacy.

6568:. In opera, a new Romantic atmosphere combining supernatural terror and melodramatic plot in a folkloric context was first successfully achieved by 2017:

consequently allied with Rome and readily adopted advanced Roman culture. During the 1st century CE Roman legions conducted extended campaigns into

24465:(Berghahn Books) scholarly analysis of treatment of Jehovah's Witnesses, Jews, guest workers from Vietnam and Mozambique, football fans and others. 22431: 21805: 20495: 14434: 10069:(American, British, and French) were combined into the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG, West Germany). The government was formed under Chancellor 9731: 22077:"The Ambush That Changed History: An amateur archaeologist discovers the field where wily Germanic warriors halted the spread of the Roman Empire" 6995:

After the fall of Napoleon, Europe's statesmen convened in Vienna in 1815 for the reorganisation of European affairs, under the leadership of the

4597:

in 1526, managed to permanently occupy the position of the Holy Roman Emperor until 1806 (with the exception of the years between 1742 and 1745).

840:, a civil war from 1618 to 1648 brought tremendous destruction to the Holy Roman Empire. The estates of the empire attained great autonomy in the 24936: 24779: 21653: 10166:

profits and earnings from exports soared and were poured back into the economy. The currency reforms were simultaneous with the $ 1.4 billion in

9600:. Hitler's bombing campaign against Britain (September 1940 – May 1941) failed. Some 43,000 British civilians were killed and 139,000 wounded in 8718:

of Weimar's constitution. They also used the power to prematurely dissolve Parliament. In March and April 1932, Hindenburg was re-elected in the

6019:

co-religionists, who are oppressed and assailed for the sake of the Holy Gospel and its pure doctrine...a secure and free refuge in all Our Lands

4669:, in a combined effort with the Estates (who sometimes acted as opponents and sometimes as cooperators to him), his officials and his humanists, 3203:) declined. It also ended the royal/imperial tradition of appointing selected powerful clerical leaders to counter the Imperial secular princes. 2976: 2026: 1871: 1344: 1291: 1200:. The archaic nature of the fossils, now known to be around 40,000 years old, was recognized and the characteristics published in the first-ever 558: 18597:

he Influence of History on Mahan: Proceedings of a Conference Marking the Centenary of Alfred Thayer Mahan's Influence of Sea Power Upon History

11238: 9932: 9292: 4270: 3073:

after the last imperial coronation in Rome in 1452 until its dissolution in 1806. Otto strengthened the royal authority by re-asserting the old

1227: 26711: 23405: 10424: 8524: 8252:. In the east, there were decisive victories against the Russian army, the trapping and defeat of large parts of the Russian contingent at the 5881: 2916: 12699:, p. 50: "Franz von Lothringen muß sein Stammherzogtum an Stanislaus Leszinski, den französischen Kandidaten für Polen, ueberlassen . .]" 25141: 20741: 20080: 20054: 14517: 13355: 10881: 6788: 5410: 1058:. In the early 2010s, Germany played a critical role in trying to resolve the escalating euro crisis, especially concerning Greece and other 21834: 8704:. This resulted in a disparate and myriad collection of minor parties that struggled to cooperate. The political parties represented in the 7889:, with Austria-Hungary and Italy. This agreement was hampered by differences between Austria and Italy and in 1915 Italy left the alliance. 26788: 11603: 9817: 8665:

thinking Germany would pay much more. The actual total payout from 1920 to 1931 (when payments were suspended indefinitely) was 20 billion

8139: 8131: 7195:

in Germany and Bismarck was deliberately lenient with defeated Austria, that was to play only a subordinate role in future German affairs.

6969: 1761: 16335: 13470: 10441: 6648:

in mathematics. Young intellectuals often turned to politics, but their support for the failed revolution of 1848 forced many into exile.

2087:), were formally established in 85 AD, after long campaigns as lasting military control was confined to the lands surrounding the rivers. 1302:

The first groups of early farmers different from the indigenous hunter-gatherers to migrate into Europe came from a population in western

25688: 22824: 21779: 21094: 19169:

Reflections from the Margins: Complexities, Transitions and Developmental Challenges: The Case of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

16138: 15322:

Wiesinger, Peter (16 August 2018). "Zwei Varietäten der deutschen Schriftsprache durch Konfessionalisierung im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert".

14709: 13948: 9852: 8471: 7339: 23308:

Milestones - Setbacks - Sidetracks: The Path to Parliamentary Democracy in Germany, Historical Exhibition in the Deutscher Dom in Berlin

21889: 10508: 6482:

2. It is a means to the improvement of the culture of the nation. It brings talent, knowledge and skill of every kind readily to market.

5043:

The population of Germany reached about twenty million people by the mid-16th century, the great majority of whom were peasant farmers.

3692:(Barbarossa), an accommodation was reached in 1156 between the two factions. The Duchy of Bavaria was returned to Henry the Proud's son 19568: 18324:"The Political Alignment of the Centre Party in Wilhelmine Germany: A Study of the Party's Emergence in Nineteenth-Century Württemberg" 16375: 15300: 12439: 10562:. Growing numbers of East Germans emigrated to West Germany, many via Hungary after Hungary's reformist government opened its borders. 9417:; Britain, France and Italy formally protested. Hitler had the officers swear their personal allegiance to him. In 1936, German troops 8256:, followed by huge Austrian and German successes. The breakdown of Russian forces – exacerbated by internal turmoil caused by the 1917 7509:(lit.: culture struggle) from 1871 to 1878, he tried to minimize the influence of the Roman Catholic Church and its political arm, the 5105:, and promoted the development of non-local forms of language and exposed all speakers to forms of German from outside their own area. 21908: 21291:

Shonick, Kaja (October 2009). "Politics, Culture, and Economics: Reassessing the West German Guest Worker Agreement with Yugoslavia".

17455:

Christopher Clark, "Confessional policy and the limits of state action: Frederick William III and the Prussian Church Union 1817–40".

9321:

propaganda attacks. The Nazis attempted to convince the German people to view and treat Jews as "subhumans" and immediately after the

8597:, and many who lost all their fortune would become bitter enemies of the Weimar Republic and voters of the anti-democratic right. See 7470:

merchants' overseas economic success corresponded with their globalist mindset. The citizen of Hamburg, whom Bismark characterized as

26254: 18018: 10383:

in 1964–1987 and West German Chancellor in 1969–1974. Under his leadership, the German government sought to reduce tensions with the

10364: 10228:

as well as firm ally of the United States. Adenauer's government also commenced the long process of reconciliation with the Jews and

8115:

in Africa in 1906–1907 led to charges of genocide against the Germans. Historians are examining the links and precedents between the

5994: 5442: 5304: 3334:

in Norway. By the late 14th century the powerful league enforced its interests with military means, if necessary. This culminated in

1249: 16315: 6877:

offered a general amnesty and allowed the Old Lutherans to form a separate church association with only nominal government control.

5397:

possessed the rights to explore, rule and colonize the area, also with the motivation of searching for the legendary golden city of

5000:. It resulted in increased autonomy for the constituent states of the Holy Roman Empire, limiting the power of the emperor. Most of 4933: 25427: 24667: 13721: 12626:, p. 349: "By 469, just sixteen years after death, the last of the Huns were seeking asylum inside the eastern Roman Empire." 10727: 10315: 10279: 9880: 7095: 7089: 7034: 6521:

19th-century artists and intellectuals were greatly inspired by the ideas of the French Revolution and the great poets and writers

6445:

to 826,000 inhabitants in 1870, Hamburg from 130,000 to 290,000, Munich from 40,000 to 269,000 and Dresden from 60,000 to 177,000.

5214: 3423:

tribes. Conquered territories were mostly lost after the troops had retreated, but eventually were incorporated into the empire as

672: 10177:

The success of the currency reform angered the Soviets, who cut off all road, rail, and canal links between the western zones and

9511:, he was greeted by loud cheers and Austrians voted in favour of the annexation of their country. After Austria, Hitler turned to 6485:

3. It secures the community against dearth and famine, and against excessive fluctuation in the prices of the necessaries of life.

3791:(unfree servants of the Emperor) as officials. Chivalry and the court life flowered, as expressed in the scholastic philosophy of 3237:, Holy Roman Empire, were only combined in July 1180 and would never consistently appear on official documents from 1254 onwards. 2416: 1261:

has been asserted as the oldest uncontested object of human figurative art ever discovered. These artefacts are attributed to the

25608: 21169: 13307: 10873: 10872:

has participated in a number of peacekeeping and disaster relief operations abroad. Since 2002, German troops formed part of the

10754: 9797: 8450: 8369: 7999:

The basics of the modern chemical research laboratory layout and the introduction of essential equipment and instruments such as

7913: 7046: 6507: 5828: 5113: 4493: 3677:

House of Hohenstaufen. During this early period, the Welfs generally maintained ecclesiastical independence under the papacy and

231: 22807:

Müller, Jan-Dirk (2003). Gosman, Martin; Alasdair, A.; MacDonald, A.; Macdonald, Alasdair James; Vanderjagt, Arie Johan (eds.).

19543: 16889:

Productive men, reproductive women: the agrarian household and the emergence of separate spheres during the German Enlightenment

15750: 12049:"The results suggest that the Steppe-related ancestry component could have first arrived through Late N/Bell Beaker groups from 11039:

was sworn in as Germany's new chancellor. He formed a coalition government with the Green Party and the liberal Free Democrats.

8527:

joined the party, transforming it into a mass organization. The Communist Party had a following of about 10% of the electorate.

7023:) was founded, a loose union of 39 states (35 ruling princes and 4 free cities) under Austrian leadership, with a Federal Diet ( 892:, grew in power. German universities became world-class centers for science and humanities, while music and art flourished. The 12764:"Gregory of Tours (539–594): The Conversion of Clovis, 42. When they were dead Clovis received all their kingdom and treasures" 10197:

Adenauer in 1952; he forged close ties with France and the U.S. and opposed the Soviet Union and its satellite of East Germany.

9822: 9397: 9392: 7545: 7179:

between Austria and Prussia, that broke out in June 1866. In July, the two armies clashed at Sadowa-Königgrätz (Bohemia) in an

5866: 3000: 22872: 12675:, p. 154: "East Francia consisted of four main principalities, the stem duchies – Saxony, Bavaria, Swabia and Franconia." 7094:

Growing discontent with the political and social order imposed by the Congress of Vienna led to the outbreak, in 1848, of the

4911:). The Counter-Reformation eventually failed to reintegrate the central and northern German Lutheran states. In 1608/1609 the 4701:) was declared in 1495 with regional leagues and unions providing the supporting structure, together with the creation of the 2936: 26666: 24901: 24336: 24298: 24271: 24137: 23903: 23788: 23521: 23463: 23389: 23296: 23229: 23196: 23168: 23140: 23104: 23075: 23040: 23009: 22990: 22936: 22913: 22882: 22851: 22818: 22797: 22778: 22746: 22716: 22695: 22589: 22529: 22498: 22475: 22444: 22419: 22400: 22375: 22348: 22327: 22299: 22255: 22228: 22201: 22168: 22146: 22127: 22099: 22065: 22036: 22014: 21615: 21275: 20924: 20690: 20656: 20559: 20446: 20368: 20348: 20328: 20301: 20252: 19965: 19684: 19450: 19408: 19381: 19354: 19299: 19261: 19177: 19143: 19109: 19075: 18718: 18685: 18474: 18323: 18102: 18075: 17864: 17623: 17322: 16769: 16742: 16709: 16685: 16640: 16591: 16510: 16476: 16349: 16276: 16242: 16196: 16132: 16098: 16039: 16005: 15947: 15913: 15879: 15845: 15811: 15673: 15634: 15592: 15404: 15294: 15174: 15140: 15106: 15072: 15038: 15004: 14970: 14936: 14887: 14853: 14757: 14703: 14645: 14611: 14493: 14459: 14411: 14377: 14343: 14309: 14282: 14105: 14056: 13923: 13816: 13789: 13758: 13626: 13573: 13547: 13520: 13283: 13205: 13178: 13061: 12982: 12943: 12808: 12608: 12298: 12212: 12185: 12158: 11359: 10593: 9890:. The Soviets extracted about 23% of the East German GNP for reparations, while in the West reparations were a minor factor. 9580:

At first Germany was successful in its military operations. In less than three months (April – June 1940), Germany conquered

9354:

of 1938, and about half of Germany's 500,000 Jews fled the country before 1939, after which escape became almost impossible.

8170: 7414: 5454: 612: 543: 476: 22756:

Lee, Loyd E. (1985). "The German Confederation and the Consolidation of State Power in the South German States, 1815–1848".

17933:"Germanization Policy: Speech by Ludwik Jazdzewski in a Session of the Prussian House of Representatives (January 15, 1901)" 10899: 8376: 6937: 5569:

provided for the return of the Lorraine and Luxembourg to the empire and the abandoning of French claims to the Palatinate.

3069:

in the 12th century. The name, that was to identify with Germany continued to be used officially, with the extension added:

26247: 25208: 23730:

Storring, Adam L. (2021) "'Our Age': Frederick the Great, Classical Warfare, and the Uses and Abuses of Military History."

14749:

Ruling the Waves: Emperor Maximilian I, the Search for Islands and the Transformation of the European World Picture c. 1500

10738: 10698: 9080: 6454: 5202: 4623:, caused a military revolution that broke the back of the knight class and spread all over Europe shortly after his death. 3574: 16583:

Eastern Europe!: Everything You Need to Know About the History (and More) of a Region that Shaped Our World and Still Does

15718: 11876:

Breaking and making the ancestors. Piecing together the urnfield mortuary process in the Lower-Rhine-Basin, c. 1300–400 BC

8337: 7710:, that was strongly opposed by France and Britain in particular, as they were long concerned with the preservation of the 6844: 5957:, depicting an elite fellowship of nobles and commoners, courtiers, civil servants, writers, artists and scientists among 5197:

was one of the pioneering minds of empirical and rational research. Through rigorous application of the principles of the

2645: 27122: 27097: 27037: 26203: 25055: 25038: 24871: 24245: 21327: 16912:

Marion W. Gray and June K. Burton, "Bourgeois Values in the Rural Household, 1810–1840: The New Domesticity in Germany",

16865: 9677: 8581: 7743:. In return for German and Austrian support, Italy committed itself to assisting Germany in the case of a French attack. 7003:

included the restoration, legitimacy and solidarity of rulers for the repression of revolutionary and nationalist ideas.

6344: 5942: 5671: 5633: 5561: 5501: 3751: 2757:(who ruled the Franks from 774 to 814) launched a decades-long military campaign against the Franks' heathen rivals, the 2123: 877: 665: 439: 207: 24390:

Main, Steven J. (2014) "The Soviet Occupation of Germany. Hunger, Mass Violence and the Struggle for Peace, 1945–1947".

18146:

Spencer, Elaine Glovka (Spring 1979), "Rules of the Ruhr: Leadership and Authority in German Big Business Before 1914",

17537:"What Killed August von Kotzebue? The Temptations of Virtue and the Political Theology of German Nationalism, 1789–1819" 13381: 12426: 10086:, with NATO and the Warsaw Pact assembling major military forces in west and east. However, there was never any combat. 8462:

provoked bitter indignation throughout Germany, and seriously weakened the new democratic regime. In December 1918, the

7575:, its assemblies and most of its newspapers. Nonetheless, the Social Democrats grew stronger and Bismarck initiated his 6125:(1792). The German lands saw armies marching back and forth, bringing devastation (albeit on a far lower scale than the 4689:

playing a more efficient role during the Early Modern period), together with the formalized Reception of Roman Law; the

3877:

Between 1347 and 1351 Germany and almost the entire European continent were consumed by the most severe outbreak of the

3065:

in 962. The tradition of the German King as protector of the Kingdom of Italy and the Latin Church resulted in the term

2250: 27213: 26389: 26057: 24946: 24911: 24856: 23964: 21922: 21639: 17959: 12091: 11899: 11542:

Conard, Nicholas J. (2009). "A female figurine from the basal Aurignacian of Hohle Fels Cave in southwestern Germany".

10907: 10877: 10380: 10295: 10260: 10073:

and his conservative CDU/CSU coalition. The CDU/CSU was in power during most of the period since 1949. The capital was

9726: 9322: 8693:– one of the biggest German banks – failed. In early 1932, the number of unemployed had soared to more than 6,000,000. 8357: 8328: 8183:

German soldiers on the way to the front in 1914. Awaiting a short war, a message on the car spells out "Trip to Paris".

8174: 7658: 7568: 6870: 6605: 6188:

and reorganisation of the German principalities. Induced by the queen and a pro-war party Frederick William joined the

5745: 5597: 5589: 5577: 5354: 5102: 5071: 3512: 2068: 1984: 938: 578: 372: 227: 24569: 13126:

Reuter, Timothy (25 March 2011). "The "Imperial Church System" of the Ottonian and Salian Rulers: a Reconsideration".

7462:. As advocates of free trade, they objected to Prussian ideas of economic integration and refused to sign the renewed 7314: 6704: 6169:'s weak rule (1786–1797) Prussia had undergone a serious economic, political and military decline. His successor king 27256: 27218: 26748: 26319: 25395: 25299: 25136: 24414: 24357: 24035: 23762: 23437: 20940: 18229:

Douglas W. Hatfield, "Kulturkampf: The Relationship of Church and State and the Failure of German Political Reform",

14202: 13600: 12645: 12265: 12237: 9666: 9581: 9438: 9418: 9326: 9221: 9191: 9038: 8743: 8719: 8624: 8546:

was to be reduced to 100,000 men, in accordance with the Treaty of Versailles. This included the dissolution of many

7699: 7527: 5752:

resolved to acquire the remaining lands with the effect that Poland ceased to exist as a sovereign state until 1918.

4831: 4690: 3743:

eventually settled that the Italian cities remained loyal to the empire but were granted local jurisdiction and full

3496: 2045:

was firmly established. Several Germanic tribes lived under Roman rule south and west of the border, as described in

134: 20268: 18890: 18828: 14551: 10271:

increasingly with industry, achieving labor representation on corporate boards and increases in wages and benefits.

7155:

set the stage for the military victories over Denmark, Austria, and France, that led to the unification of Germany.

5318: 26188: 25783: 24014:(Princeton University Press); scholarly essays on law, culture, politics, philosophy, science, art and architecture 20836:

Granville, Johanna (September 2006). "East Germany in 1956: Walter Ulbricht's Tenacity in the Face of Opposition".

11169: 11117: 11054: 11050: 9974: 9886:

In the East, the Soviets crushed dissent and imposed another police state, often employing ex-Nazis in the dreaded

8715: 7617: 7612:

Bismarck would not tolerate any power outside Germany—as in Rome—having a say in domestic affairs. He launched the

6170: 5857:, elector (ruler) from 1760 to 1820, never once visited Hanover. The local nobility who ran the country opened the 4949: 4666: 4605: 3803: 2967: 1481:

ancestry. The Indo-Europeans had, via mass-migration, arrived into the heartland of Europe around 4,500 years ago.

1182: 1071: 917:

By 1900, Germany was the dominant power on the European continent and its rapidly expanding industry had surpassed

751: 222: 125: 17: 17536: 15098:

Dynastie, Reich und Reformation: die württembergischen Herzöge Ulrich und Christoph, die Habsburger und Frankreich

14400:

Meinrad, Kohler, Alfred; Arnold-Öttl, Herta; Ammann, Gert; Caramelle, Franz; Gürtler, Eleonore; Pizzinini (2016).

13330: 12723:

These stem duchies were: Franconia ; Lorraine (not strictly a stem duchy but with a tradition of unity); Swabia .

10853:

Together with France, Italy, Netherlands, and other EU member nations, Germany has played the leading role in the

10336:(1960), Greece (1960), and Turkey (1961) that brought in hundreds of thousands of temporary guest workers, called 8700:

that the political system operated on meant that for every 60,000 votes a party received, it earned a seat in the

4082:. By 1288 the city had secured its independence from the archbishop (who relocated to Bonn), and was ruled by its 3179:

on absolute papal authority over appointments to ecclesiastical offices. The subsequent conflict in which emperor

273: 26716: 26213: 25816: 25681: 25261: 24861: 21207:

Walter, Norbert. "The Evolving German Economy: Unification, the Social Market, European and Global Integration".

20611: 19761: 18448:

Popularizing the Nation: Audience, Representation, and the Production of Identity in "Die Gartenlaube", 1853–1900

17881: 16562: 11031:

On 8 December 2021 just three months after Germany's centre-left Social Democrats (SPD) narrowly won the federal

10647: 10488: 9848: 9350:

and others of their legal rights. Jews continued to suffer persecution under the Nazi regime, exemplified by the

9145: 8608:

to call an end to the passive resistance in the Ruhr. In November, his government introduced a new currency, the

8220:. But it failed due to Belgian resistance, Berlin's diversion of troops, and very stiff French resistance on the 7136: 7106: 6166: 5379: 4594: 4485: 4481: 3885: 3689: 3230: 2769:

lasted from 772 to 804. The Franks eventually overwhelmed the Saxons and Avars, forcibly converted the people to

2715: 2328: 384: 249: 24499:

McAdams, A. James. (1992 and 1993) "Germany Divided: From the Wall to Reunification". Princeton University Press

23984:

Edexcel GCSE History A : the making of the modern world : Unit 2A, Germany 1918–39 : student book

23160:

Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Volume II: The Peace of Westphalia to the Dissolution of the Reich, 1648-1806

21977: 17086: 13966: 11933:"Ancient genomes reveal structural shifts after the arrival of Steppe-related ancestry in the Italian Peninsula" 10833: 9784:

by the Allies and did not regain independence until 1949. The provinces east of the Oder and Neisse rivers (the

9638:

The tide began to turn in December 1941, when the invasion of the Soviet Union hit determined resistance in the

9178:

were arrested and Communist agitation was banned. Communists and Socialists were brought into hastily prepared

8780:. Chemistry likewise was dominated by German professors and researchers at the great chemical companies such as 5862: 5813: 5797: 5101:

to Modern Standard German. The publication of Luther's Bible was a decisive moment in the spread of literacy in

910:, an elected parliament, had only a limited role in the imperial government. Germany joined the other powers in 27082: 27022: 26994: 26753: 26000: 25833: 25771: 25244: 25060: 24744: 21584:

For primary sources in English translation and a brief survey see Konrad H. Jarausch, and Volker Gransow, eds.

19510: 17723: 11147: 11137: 11127: 10705: 10481: 10024:. The main reasons for its collapse included severe economic problems and growing emigration towards the West. 9706: 9697: 8303: 7955:

affairs. This confirmed French control over Morocco, which became a full protectorate of that country in 1912.

7641:

dissolved, and Catholic civil servants were dismissed merely on the pretence of having Ultramontane sympathies.

7375: 7359: 7302: 6206: 5686: 5656: 5470: 4554:

The commercial enterprises of the mercantile elites in the quickly developing cities in South Germany (such as

3835: 3430: 3340: 2679: 2473: 2038: 1669: 1560: 1283: 1091: 723: 253: 212: 22549:] (in German). Translated from the French. Foreword by Alcide Ebray (3rd ed.). Internationaler Verlag 22076: 20777: 18282:

Anthony J. Steinhoff, "Christianity and the creation of Germany", in Sheridan Gilley and Brian Stanley, eds.,

12861:

Moreland, John; Van de Noort, Robert (1992). "Integration and Social Reproduction in the Carolingian Empire".

10726:

celebration, about more than nearly 540 Germans have died and many more thousands of Germans are missing from

10449: 8040:

associations regulate competition and allowed small firms to function in the shadow of much larger companies.

6069:

implementation received general approval and recognition as principal cause for widespread cultural progress.

5552:(1648) in particular in favor of his policies of conquest. He considered the conclusions of these courts, the 4543: 3649:—that led to war in southern Germany as the empire was divided into two powerful factions. The faction of the 3161:

of priests. Imperial authority over the Pope reached its peak. However, Rome reacted with the creation of the

2902:

served as the official site for all royal coronation ceremonies during the entire Medieval period until 1531.

2878:, all lands east of the Rhine river and to the north of Italy. This encompassed the territories of the German 27168: 26999: 26633: 26526: 26339: 26208: 26117: 25538: 25314: 25176: 25080: 24979: 22313: 21959: 12787:, p. 1159: "From time to time, Austrasia received a son of the Merovingian king as an autonomous ruler." 10633: 10346:

were young men who were paid full-scale wages and benefits, but were expected to return home in a few years.

9835: 9449: 9425:

in Berlin, and proved another great propaganda success for the regime as orchestrated by master propagandist

9310: 9274:

from 30 June to 2 July 1934. As a reward, the SS became an independent organisation under the command of the

8857:(1918–1923) on the inevitable decay of Western Civilization, and influenced intellectuals in Germany such as 7821: 6996: 6746: 6637: 6601: 6209:

was rewarded with the title of king and given a part of Poland taken from Prussia, which became known as the

5987: 5953: 5674:

at the last minute. He was also an artist, author and philosopher, who conceived and promoted the concept of

4815: 4792: 4262: 4032: 3142: 2091:

to Roman controlled western Germania before the Middle Ages, with Christian religious structures such as the

1608: 1054:. Germany remains one of the economic powerhouses of Europe, contributing about 1/4 of the eurozone's annual 18188:

Lambi, Ivo N. (March 1962), "The Protectionist Interests of the German Iron and Steel Industry, 1873–1879",

12380: 10565: 9804:, mostly within previously German lands, and the 3 million in German-settled regions of Czechoslovakia were 6676: 6540:

movement was embraced and emotion was given free expression in reaction to the perceived rationalism of the

6479:

1. As a means of national defence, it facilitates the concentration, distribution and direction of the army.

5152:

Cartography developed strongly, with the center being Nuremberg, at the beginning of the sixteenth century.

4405:

is known as the "father of modern calculating" because of his decisive contribution to the recognition that

3534: 26592: 26364: 25558: 25286: 25156: 24660: 23427: 21047: 20385: 14166: 12422: 11483:

Schüler, Tim; McPherron, Shannon P.; Weiss, Marcel; Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Welker, Frido (31 January 2024).

11351:

Rezension zu: H. Thieme (Hrsg.): Die Schöninger Speere, ...es sind acht Speere...(There are eight javelins)

11122: 11032: 10953: 10935: 10819: 10815: 10811: 10807: 10777: 10765: 10527: 10464:

A spy scandal forced Brandt to step down as Chancellor while remaining as party leader. He was replaced by

10342:. In 1968, the FRG signed a guest worker agreement with Yugoslavia that employed additional guest workers. 9898: 9270:

and Gestapo to purge the entire SA leadership—along with a number of Hitler's political adversaries in the

7939:

battleship concept in 1907. Germany quickly adopted the concept and by 1910 the arms race again escalated.

7930: 7897: 7881: 7556: 7486: 6690: 6503: 6398: 5824: 5801: 5734: 5537: 4961: 3822: 3776: 3610: 3180: 2820: 1043: 922: 245: 16990: 10122: 7657:

Historians have cited the campaign against the Catholic church, as well as a similar campaign against the

7406:

of a federal economic, political and administrative unit. Bismarck, was appointed to serve as Chancellor.

5270:, scientist, inventor and politician, famous for demonstrating the power of atmospheric pressure with the 4810:

was the first successful challenge to the Catholic Church and began in 1521 as Luther was outlawed at the

2890:, who ruled from 919 to 936. The royal court permanently moved in between a series of strongholds, called 1637:

The people who had adopted these cultural characteristics in central and southern Germany are regarded as

27279: 27178: 26167: 26162: 25778: 25353: 25266: 24718: 24522:

The fall: A comparative study of the end of Communism in Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary and Poland

22055: 21373:

Ewing, Katherine Pratt (Spring–Summer 2003). "Living Islam in the Diaspora: Between Turkey and Germany".

19465:

Feldman, Gerald D. "The Political and Social Foundations of Germany's Economic Mobilization, 1914–1916",

11154: 11132: 11107: 10667: 10137: 9170:, Hitler swiftly blamed an alleged Communist uprising, and convinced President Hindenburg to approve the 9124: 8697: 8253: 8249: 8225: 8116: 7430: 7367:

to Germany. This conclusion left the French national psyche deeply humiliated and further aggravated the

7335: 7192: 6273:

In 1815, continental Europe was in a state of overall turbulence and exhaustion, as a consequence of the

6189: 6024: 5850: 5817: 5713:

The concept of enlightened absolutism, although rejected by the nobility and citizenry, was advocated in

5707: 5285: 4973: 4193:

when he was still in his twenties and secured his reputation as one of the most important figures of the

3606: 3492: 3462: 3335: 3192: 2335: 2254:

Depiction of the German stem duchies and principal states in East Francia and the early Holy Roman Empire

2199: 1448: 961:

along with popular resentment over the terms imposed on Germany at the end of World War I to establish a

813: 265: 217: 202: 197: 152: 24005: 23506:

The Narrators of Barbarian History (A.D. 550–800): Jordanes, Gregory of Tours, Bede, and Paul the Deacon

19347:

Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, 4th ed

19021:

Tilman Dedering, "The German-Herero war of 1904: revisionism of genocide or imaginary historiography?".

14819:

Strieder, Peter (8 May 2017). "Zur Entstehungsgeschichte von Dürers Ehrenpforte für Kaiser Maximilian".

13028: 10599: 10193: 8486: 6224:. A series of battles followed and Austria joined the alliance. Napoleon was decisively defeated in the 4078:

was built since 1240. The cathedral houses sacred Christian relics and it has since become a well known

27173: 27163: 27127: 26969: 26871: 26607: 26559: 26451: 26446: 26223: 26218: 25674: 25276: 25188: 25166: 25085: 25070: 24886: 24866: 24708: 22961: 22436: 21686: 21657: 20521: 18734: 18067:

Gender and the Modern Research University: The Admission of Women to German Higher Education, 1865–1914

17932: 17906: 16416:

Hornung, Erik (2014). "Immigration and the Diffusion of Technology: The Huguenot Diaspora in Prussia".

13808:

Knights at Court: Courtliness, Chivalry & Courtesy from Ottonian Germany to the Italian Renaissance

11174: 10960: 10388: 10010: 9944: 9366: 9365:. Under the plan, Jews and other "lesser races" along with political opponents from Germany as well as 9175: 9149: 8753: 8573: 8508: 8463: 8096:, financed by German banks, was designed to eventually connect Germany with the Turkish Empire and the 7844: 7825: 7447: 7245: 7204: 6859: 6839: 6696: 6522: 6352: 6322: 6266: 6221: 6202: 6174: 6154: 6082: 6036: 5970: 5840: 4642: 4232: 4116: 3042: 2596: 2347: 1188:

In 1856, the fossilized bones of an extinct human species were salvaged from a limestone grotto in the

869: 444: 414: 187: 17284:"The French Revolution and German industrialization: The new institutional economics rewrites history" 15259:"Whaley on Silver, "Marketing Maximilian: the Visual Ideology of a Holy Roman Emperor" H-German H-Net" 13512:

The North-Eastern Frontiers of Medieval Europe: The Expansion of Latin Christendom in the Baltic Lands

8898: 7544:

Power increasingly was centralized among the 7000 aristocrats, who resided in the national capital of

7481:

The Prusso-German authorities were aware of necessary integration concepts as the results and the 52%

6803: 5858: 26896: 26659: 26193: 25947: 25908: 25528: 24713: 22220: 21449: 19920: 16837:

Liebel, Helen P. (1965). "Enlightened bureaucracy versus enlightened despotism in Baden, 1750–1792".

15837:

The Orient in Spain: Converted Muslims, the Forged Lead Books of Granada, and the Rise of Orientalism

14603:

Kommunikation und Konfrontation: Diplomatie und Gesandtschaftswesen Kaiser Maximilians I. (1486–1519)

11090: 10823: 10419:. The two countries exchanged permanent representatives in 1974, and, in 1987, East Germany's leader 9963:

state under political and military control of the Soviet Union through her occupation forces and the

9334: 8682: 8414: 7576: 7494: 7180: 7140: 6662: 6274: 6217: 5925:

and divided up feudal land, giving rise to wealthier peasants and paved the way for a more efficient

5910: 5339: 5309: 5146: 5070:

was published in parts and completed in 1534) was a decisive impulse for the increase of literacy in

4968:

and a short-lived peace, the war grew to become a political European conflict by the intervention of

4907: 4202:

Influential German speaking authors, artists and scholars of the Late Middle Ages and the Renaissance

4112: 3591: 3515: 3126: 1834: 906: 261: 257: 192: 24399:

Konrad Adenauer: A German Politician and Statesman in a Period of War, Revolution and Reconstruction

24238:

The German Opposition to Hitler: The Resistance, the Underground, and Assassination Plots, 1938–1945

22240:"Dwellings, Settlements and Settlement Patterns in Merovingian Southwest Germany and adjacent areas" 11892:

Deutschland in der Bronzezeit : Bauern, Bronzegiesser und Burgherren zwischen Nordsee und Alpen

11485:"The ecology, subsistence and diet of ~45,000-year-old Homo sapiens at Ilsenhöhle in Ranis, Germany" 8960: 8761: 6760: 6302: 5853:

did not have to support a lavish court—its rulers were also kings of England and resided in London.

4990: 1917:– settlements and forts accessible via the navigable rivers, as the hinterland escapes Roman control 27147: 26564: 26411: 25505: 25467: 25304: 25075: 22156: 19853: 19641: 19047:

Kirsten Dyck, "Situating the Herero Genocide and the Holocaust among European Colonial Genocides".

18401: 17110:

The Society of the Enlightenment: The Rise of the Middle Class and Enlightenment Culture in Germany

11730: 11317:"Several Lower Palaeolithic Sites along the Rhine Rift Valley, Dated from 1.3 to 0.6 Million Years" 10957: 10911: 10210: 10020:

In 1989, the socialist regime collapsed after 40 years, despite its omnipresent secret police, the

9271: 8630: 7856: 7756: 7707: 7686: 7368: 6682: 6629: 6553: 6526: 5962: 5682: 5414: 4965: 4916: 4515: 4464: 3663:

of Henry the Proud, which was the ruling dynasty in the Duchy of Bavaria. The rival faction of the

3500: 2603:(558 to 561) ruled the greater part of what is now Germany and undertook military expeditions into 2584:. Authority over Austrasia passed back and forth from autonomy to royal subjugation, as successive 1859: 1477:), that had spread all over the fertile plains of Central Europe during the Late Neolithic were of 1039: 269: 22584:. Cultures, Beliefs and Traditions: Medieval and Early Modern Peoples Series. Vol. 1. Brill. 20749: 20088: 16946: 16389: 13618:

Ostsiedlung und Landesausbau in Sachsen: die Kührener Urkunde von 1154 und ihr historisches Umfeld

13441: 13359: 11713:"3400 BC: The oldest evidence for the use of the wheel and wagon originates from Northern Germany" 10830:

as chancellor. From 2009 to 2013, Merkel headed a centre-right government of the CDU/CSU and FDP.

9661: 6459: 4867: 1821:, linguistic conclusions, archaeological discoveries and the rather new yet auspicious results of 1241:, where up to 47,500-year-old remains were discovered, among the oldest in Europe. The remains of 26851: 26821: 26569: 26531: 26198: 25856: 25641: 25515: 25495: 25472: 25452: 25412: 25375: 25324: 25198: 25161: 24931: 24653: 23781:

The Peculiarities of German History: Bourgeois Society and Politics in Nineteenth-Century Germany

22567: 22280: 21709: 20596: 19835:

Forced Migration and Scientific Change: Emigré German-Speaking Scientists and Scholars after 1933

19203:

Koloniale Entwicklung und Ausbeutung: Wirtschaftsu. Sozialgeschichte Deutsch-Ostafrikas 1885-1914

18385:

The failure of Bismarck's Kulturkampf: Catholicism and state power in imperial Germany, 1871–1887

11315:

Fiedler, Lutz; Humburg, Christian; Klingelhöfer, Horst; Stoll, Sebastian; Stoll, Manfred (2019).

11142: 11095: 11043: 10931: 10918: 10617: 10017:'s plans were not successful, however, with the dissent growing among East Germany's population. 9927: 9330: 9179: 8853: 8659: 8562: 8428: 7877: 7214: 7191:

of the Austrians, proved to be elementary for Prussia's victory. The battle had also decided the

7163: 6925:

in 1832, intellectuals with various political backgrounds were among the first to use the future

6055: 5966: 5809: 5726: 5722: 5660: 5084: 4969: 4846: 4722: 3850:– four secular and three clerical – electors. The secular electors were the King of Bohemia, the 3815: 3678: 3669: 3655: 3626: 3582: 3188: 2899: 2796: 2711: 2564:

between 509 and 511. Clovis, unlike most Germanic rulers of the time, was baptized directly into

2454: 2088: 1063: 1031: 991: 821: 759: 536: 237: 69: 61: 22250:. Studies in Historical Archaeoethnology. Vol. 3 (Revised ed.). Boydell & Brewer. 20648: 19291: 19008:(1977) focuses on political and economic history; Perraudin, Michael, and Jürgen Zimmerer, eds. 18777:"Internal migration before and during the Industrial Revolution: the case of France and Germany" 17521: 17283: 15617:

Lobenstein-Reichmann, Anja (2017). "Martin Luther, Bible Translation, and the German Language".

14097: 12763: 11404: 11349: 9596:

in July 1940, but Churchill remained dogged in his defiance with major help from U.S. President

9341:

forced all Jewish civil servants to retire from the legal profession and the civil service. The

8269:

of 1919 was too harsh on them, the Allies responded that it was more benign than Brest-Litovsk.

7601: 6593: 5640:

left Austria to freely establish royal domains in Serbia and the Banat and maintain hegemony in

5153: 3289:, had only a limited degree of political autonomy. Beginning with an agreement of the cities of 2218:. Hunnic hegemony over a vast territory in central and eastern Europe lasted until the death of 1254: 27208: 26964: 26738: 26511: 26022: 25851: 25442: 25417: 25380: 25239: 25171: 25000: 24891: 24881: 22081: 21607: 21100: 20165: 20119: 19253:

Militarism in a Global Age: Naval Ambitions in Germany and the United States before World War I

16960:

Brakensiek, Stefan (April 1994), "Agrarian Individualism in North-Western Germany, 1770–1870",

15584:

Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Volume I: Maximilian I to the Peace of Westphalia, 1493–1648

15130: 13467: 12710: 11998:

Aneli, Serena; Caldon, Matteo; Saupe, Tina; Montinaro, Francesco; Pagani, Luca (October 2021).

10742: 9647: 9643: 9573: 8598: 8282: 8058: 8049: 7886: 7861: 7838: 7784: 7740: 7674: 7621: 7584: 7399: 6984: 6887: 6724: 6641: 6585: 6381: 6372: 6229: 6110: 6006: 5702: 5675: 5613: 5528:(1670) and annexed the remainder of Alsace (1678–1681) that included the free imperial city of 5510: 5047: 4827: 4807: 4601: 4357: 4254: 3796: 3762: 3705: 3150: 2395: 1690: 1314: 1197: 1055: 911: 893: 833: 402: 296: 45: 24544:

Biography between Structure and Agency: Central European Lives in International Historiography

22978: 22808: 21470: 20291: 19819: 19371: 19251: 19226: 19133: 19101:

The Colonial Contest for the Nigerian Region, 1884-1900: A History of the German Participation

19065: 18092: 16875: 16699: 16581: 16500: 16466: 16266: 16124:

Understanding the Middle Ages: The Transformation of Ideas and Attitudes in the Medieval World

16122: 16088: 15937: 15903: 15869: 15835: 15164: 15028: 14994: 14926: 14693: 14635: 14449: 14401: 13748: 13537: 13195: 12972: 12175: 12148: 12131: 10484:. Schmidt supported the deployment but was opposed by the left wing of the SPD and by Brandt. 9052: 8192:

Ethnic demands for nation states upset the balance between the empires that dominated Europe,

8092:) led to frictions with Britain, Russia, Japan and the United States. The construction of the 7409: 5869:

ruled for 73 years and was an enthusiast for the Enlightenment; he abolished serfdom in 1783.

2737:

under the Merovingian king, himself assumed the title of king and was anointed by the Church.

1601: 27027: 26919: 26876: 26481: 26441: 26421: 26401: 26304: 26102: 25967: 25603: 25422: 25407: 25370: 23684:

The Cult of the Virgin Mary in Early Modern Germany: Protestant and Catholic Piety, 1500–1648

23158: 23067: 21835:"Far-right AfD enters German parliament: What it means for German politics | DW | 24.09.2017" 21267: 20914: 20778:"Art is democracy and democracy is art: Culture, propaganda, and the Neue Zeitung in Germany" 20706:

Gareau, Frederick H. (June 1961). "Morgenthau's Plan for Industrial Disarmament in Germany".

19921:"Who voted for the Nazis? (electoral history of the National Socialist German Workers Party)" 19790: 19398: 19167: 19099: 18065: 17799: 16759: 16533: 16531: 16529: 16232: 16186: 16063: 16029: 15995: 15801: 15626: 15062: 14960: 14877: 14843: 14601: 14333: 14246: 13976: 13915: 13806: 13616: 13510: 13170: 12933: 11100: 10930:

Germany as well as within Europe. This was a major factor in the rise of the far-right party

10643: 10497: 10249: 9781: 9597: 9171: 8912: 8904: 8757: 8389: 8193: 7943: 7703: 7510: 7277: 7124: 6854: 6794: 6145: 6047: 5780: 5637: 5271: 5098: 4835: 4646: 4159: 3826: 3685: 3634: 3617:

in 1111. Hoping to gain greater control over the church inside the Empire, Henry V appointed

3562: 3488: 3468: 2816: 2324: 2227: 1875: 1540: 1208: 881: 853: 599: 241: 23986: 21852: 21599: 21443: 20111: 19811: 18675: 18575:

Woodward, David (July 1963). "Admiral Tirpitz, Secretary of State for the Navy, 1897–1916".

17513: 16231:

Lachièze-Rey, Marc; Luminet, Jean-Pierre; France, Bibliothèque nationale de (16 July 2001).

15284: 14845:

The Origins of Nationalism: An Alternative History from Ancient Rome to Early Modern Germany

14272: 13781: 12798: 12601: 11023:

were lifted all COVID-19 restrictions, measures, and state of emergencies up in the future.

9756:

as one of the world's largest economies and under allied military control until 1955, while

9491:'s Soviet Union, and finally invaded Poland. Britain and France declared war on Germany and 6718: 4996:

The war was the last major religious struggle in mainland Europe and ended in 1648 with the

4379: 3451: 3115: 1675: 113: 27246: 27188: 26984: 26891: 26861: 26846: 26652: 26597: 26416: 26157: 26152: 26092: 26027: 25932: 25385: 25329: 25213: 25151: 25146: 25116: 25048: 25026: 24974: 24876: 24482:

Revenge of the Domestic: Women, the Family, and Communism in the German Democratic Republic

23261:

Mass Media and Historical Change: Germany in International Perspective, 1400 to the Present

22464:

The Visigoths from the Migration Period to the Seventh Century: An Ethnographic Perspective

22392: 22024: 21557:(German – Mass exodus of the GDR: A picnic clears the world) in: Die Presse 16 August 2018. 20682: 19135:"Schwarz-weiss-rot über Ostafrika !": deutsche Kolonialpläne und afrikanische Realität 19036:

Germany's Genocide of the Herero: Kaiser Wilhelm II, His General, His Settlers, His Soldier

18993:

The Berlin-Baghdad express: the Ottoman Empire and Germany's bid for world power, 1898–1918

18120:

The Origin of the Welfare State in England and Germany, 1850–1914: Social Policies Compared

16696:"The best introduction to Frederick the Great and indeed to European warfare in his time." 14879:

Germania und ihre Söhne: Repräsentationen von Nation, Geschlecht und Politik in der Moderne

12381:"Caesar's Description of Bridging the Rhine (Bellum Gallicum 4.16–19): A Literary Analysis" 11944: 11829: 11772: 11712: 11553: 11496: 11436: 11269: 10892: 10795: 10791: 10773: 10750: 10694: 10672: 10621: 10559: 10543: 10492: 9986: 9761: 9651: 9609: 9422: 9414: 9402: 9225: 8954: 8459: 8380: 8332: 8266: 8127: 7829:

Regiment", Wilhelm was determined to exercise maximum influence on all government affairs.

7772: 7726: 7391: 7383: 7323: 7188: 7099: 7007: 6941: 6903: 6874: 6766: 6738: 6645: 6569: 6549: 6541: 6475:

summed up the advantages to be derived from the development of the railway system in 1841:

6336: 6318: 6298: 6294: 6254: 6198: 6126: 5938: 5805: 5788: 5741: 5545: 5371: 5170:

marked the climax of a cartography revolution. The emperor himself dabbled in cartography.

4945: 4938: 4928: 4654: 4343: 4280: 4217: 4194: 4098: 3538: 3447: 3433:

re-established feudal sovereignty over Poland, Denmark and Bohemia from 1135 and appointed

3344: 3162: 2963: 2859: 2824: 2203: 2166: 2129: 1367: 1287: 885: 873: 857: 837: 594: 422: 409: 301: 23939: 21575:

Andreas Rödder, Deutschland einig Vaterland – Die Geschichte der Wiedervereinigung (2009).

21328:"The Guests Who Stayed – The Debate on "Foreigners Policy" in the German Federal Republic" 18701:

Buchheim, Christoph (1986). "Germany on the World Market at the End of the 19th Century".

16824:

The Hessian Mercenary State: Ideas, Institutions, and Reform under Frederick II, 1760–1785

16761:

Rebellious Prussians: Urban Political Culture Under Frederick the Great and His Successors

16526: 14451:

The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000-1650: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization

13487: 11643: 10491:

had been in coalition with the SPD, but now it changed direction. Led by Finance Minister

9569: 9119:

The Nazi regime suppressed labor unions and strikes, leading to prosperity which gave the

7338:, leaving the country's throne vacant. When Prussia suggested the Hohenzollern candidate, 5831:, ruled from 1760 to 1785 as an enlightened despot, and raised money by renting soldiers ( 5162: 1329: 1178: 8: 27132: 27112: 27092: 27057: 26989: 26901: 26768: 26617: 26602: 26549: 26496: 26491: 26466: 26324: 26122: 26052: 25995: 25912: 25738: 25568: 25462: 25437: 25432: 25309: 25254: 25193: 25099: 24830: 24764: 23369: 22467: 20463:"Die Arbeit der Suchdienste – 6o Jahre nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg: Narben bleiben – p.13" 19759:

Joll, James (April 1985). "Two Prophets of the Twentieth Century: Spengler and Toynbee".

18635: 18249:

John C.G. Roehl, "Higher civil servants in Germany, 1890–1900" in James J. Sheehan, ed.,

17340:

Banking in the Early Stages of Industrialization: A Study in Comparative Economic History

15394: 11420: 11164: 10862: 10799: 10639: 9655: 9524: 9503: 9370: 9317:

The Nazi regime was particularly hostile towards Jews, who became the target of unending

9301: 8926: 8634: 8620: 8366: 8341: 7909: 7647: 7628:

the only Catholic was a messenger boy. Jews were likewise heavily discriminated against.

7572: 7478:, were particularly appalled by Prussian militarism and its unopposed growing influence. 7347: 6873:, which is still in operation as a conservative denomination. Finally in 1845 a new king 6613: 6609: 6348: 6178: 6086: 6002: 5698: 5667: 5617: 5549: 5541: 5521: 5462: 5458: 5446: 5438:

Prussia became a European great power after 1763 and Austria's greatest rival in Germany.

5182: 5126: 4997: 4898: 4882: 4842:

by the Lutheran princes beginning in 1530, the separate Lutheran church was established.

4839: 4675: 4585:

dynasty, who had acquired control in the south-eastern empire over the Duchy of Austria,

4151: 3967: 3931: 3843: 3784: 3622: 3570: 3566: 3480: 3215: 2762: 2734: 2683: 2538: 1980: 1504: 1463: 1363: 1258: 1204: 1157: 841: 57: 26587: 26239: 24926: 24516:

The East German Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives in the Interpretation of the GDR

23644: 23256:(5th ed.); essays on German literature, music, philosophy, art and, especially, history. 16940: 15571:(2009) p. xix, estimates a 25% decline. Wilson (2009) pp. 780–795 reviews the estimates. 13725: 12719:

An encyclopedia of world history: ancient, medieval and modern, chronologically arranged

11948: 11833: 11776: 11557: 11519: 11500: 11484: 11440: 11273: 10746: 10686: 10531: 9528: 9466: 9066: 8710: 7904:

to build a sizeable naval force. Although basically posing only an indirect threat as a

7183:

involving half a million men. Prussian superior logistics and the modern breech-loading

5847:

plans for central control of the economy, and a militaristic approach toward diplomacy.

5620:

marked the end of the Great Turkish War and Prince Eugene continued his service for the

5584:, that had been founded the following year, embarked on the military containment of the 5012:

were given to Sweden as Imperial fiefs, and the Netherlands officially left the Empire.

4745: 2599:

and the principality of Metz and defeated the Danes, the Saxons and the Visigoths. King

2560:

By 500, Clovis had united all the Frankish tribes, ruled all of Gaul and was proclaimed

1142: 828:, the regional dukes, princes, and bishops gained power at the expense of the emperors. 27236: 27072: 27047: 26949: 26826: 26778: 26773: 26763: 26701: 26521: 26471: 26431: 26384: 26379: 26354: 26349: 26344: 26329: 26314: 26309: 26299: 26294: 26289: 26284: 26228: 26132: 25916: 25868: 25863: 25766: 25756: 25713: 25705: 25634: 25627: 25482: 25447: 25334: 25319: 25249: 25227: 25203: 25131: 25065: 24995: 24906: 24825: 24794: 24680: 24589: 24108: 23859: 23613: 23416: 23399: 23326: 22274: 21390: 21347: 21308: 21189: 21075: 21067: 21013: 21005: 20988:

Fürstenberg, Friedrich (May 1977). "West German Experience with Industrial Democracy".

20723: 20642: 20623: 20590: 20413: 20405: 19778: 19619: 19611: 19440: 19285: 18961: 18953: 18918: 18910: 18856: 18848: 18557: 18354: 18346: 18310:

Fighting for the Soul of Germany: The Catholic Struggle for Inclusion after Unification

18267: 18234: 18213: 18205: 18171: 18163: 17987: 17979: 17787: 17611: 17583: 17564: 17556: 17514: 17460: 17188: 17137: 16854: 15339: 14789: 14428: 14046: 13990: 13870: 13462:

Istvan Szepesi, "Reflecting the Nation: The Historiography of Hanseatic Institutions".

13289: 13143: 12878: 12543: 12400: 12281:

Liebeschuetz, Wolf (2015). "The Debate about the Ethnogenesis of the Germanic Tribes".

12024: 11999: 11980: 11850: 11817: 11793: 11762: 11750: 11689: 11662: 11577: 11292: 11257: 10787: 10268: 9789: 9777: 9685: 9681: 9585: 9543:

as a pretext for taking over the rest of Czechoslovakia. He then secured the return of

9224:(DNVP), however, he was able to form a slim majority government. On 23 March 1933, the 9010: 8968: 8590: 8385: 8257: 7893: 7873: 7813: 7760: 7731: 7719: 7535: 7159: 7069: 7000: 6809: 6710: 6530: 6347:, the rivalry between Prussia and Austria and was finally dissolved in the wake of the 6328: 6306: 6233: 6098: 6040: 5958: 5922: 5764: 5601: 5581: 5533: 5524:

waged a series of successful wars in order to extend the French territory. He occupied

5493: 5383: 5324: 5142: 5024: 4977: 4894: 4754: 4590: 4586: 4575: 4533: 4383: 4294: 4236: 4131: 4124: 4066: 4024: 3740: 3732: 3614: 3542: 3508: 3298: 3294: 3286: 3210:

to the Holy Land took place. Knightly religious orders were established, including the

3196: 3093: 2923: 2774: 2458: 2391: 2351: 2305: 2301: 2297: 1783: 1269: 1102: 1087: 974: 849: 782: 389: 349: 321: 65: 51: 23995: 23814: 23429:

The Course of German History: A Survey of the Development of German History since 1815

21909:"Frank-Walter Steinmeier elected to second term as German president | DW | 13.02.2022" 20244: 13678:

The Investiture Controversy: Church and Monarchy from the Ninth to the Twelfth Century

13276:

The Investiture Controversy: Church and Monarchy from the Ninth to the Twelfth Century

11751:"Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe" 11061:. As of April 2023, over 1.06 million refugees from Ukraine were recorded in Germany. 10132:

West Germany played a central role in the creation of European cooperation; it joined

9544: 9276: 9154: 7240: 7147:

as Prussian minister president in 1862. The cooperation of Bismarck, Defense Minister

3744: 3277:

of towns and cities in northern and central Europe that dominated marine trade in the

2037:, who was familiar with Roman tactical doctrines, defeated a large Roman force in the 1631: 1442: 884:

modernized the German economy, leading to rapid urban growth and the emergence of the

27232: 26974: 26944: 26934: 26924: 26841: 26831: 26816: 26683: 26612: 26554: 26516: 26506: 26486: 26476: 26461: 26456: 26436: 26406: 26374: 26359: 26334: 26270: 26107: 26082: 26062: 26042: 26032: 25922: 25904: 25873: 25806: 25723: 25697: 25588: 25563: 25510: 25457: 25271: 25043: 24835: 24593: 24426: 24410: 24353: 24332: 24294: 24267: 24133: 24031: 23899: 23869: 23784: 23758: 23663: 23630: 23517: 23459: 23433: 23385: 23382:

Germany, a nation in its time : before, during, and after nationalism, 1500–2000

23342: 23292: 23225: 23192: 23164: 23136: 23100: 23071: 23036: 23005: 22986: 22965: 22932: 22909: 22878: 22847: 22814: 22793: 22774: 22742: 22712: 22691: 22664: 22639: 22614: 22585: 22525: 22494: 22471: 22440: 22415: 22396: 22371: 22344: 22338: 22323: 22295: 22261: 22251: 22224: 22197: 22187: 22164: 22142: 22123: 22095: 22061: 22032: 22010: 21673:

Germany After the Grand Coalition: Governance and Politics in a Turbulent Environment

21611: 21600: 21464: 21394: 21355: 21312: 21271: 21261: 21243: 21193: 21079: 21017: 20920: 20849: 20686: 20652: 20555: 20442: 20417: 20364: 20344: 20324: 20297: 20248: 20112: 19961: 19812: 19782: 19680: 19649: 19623: 19446: 19404: 19377: 19350: 19295: 19257: 19173: 19139: 19105: 19071: 18965: 18922: 18860: 18829:"Tariffs, Cartels, Technology, and Growth in the German Steel Industry, 1879 to 1914" 18714: 18681: 18561: 18490:

Kroll, Franz-Lothar (2000), "Wilhelm II. (1888–1918)", in Kroll, Franz-Lothar (ed.),

18470: 18466: 18409: 18217: 18175: 18098: 18071: 17991: 17860: 17791: 17629: 17619: 17568: 17318: 16765: 16738: 16705: 16681: 16674: 16636: 16587: 16506: 16472: 16369: 16272: 16238: 16192: 16128: 16094: 16035: 16001: 15943: 15909: 15875: 15841: 15807: 15669: 15630: 15588: 15400: 15343: 15290: 15170: 15136: 15102: 15068: 15034: 15000: 14966: 14932: 14883: 14849: 14753: 14699: 14641: 14607: 14489: 14455: 14407: 14373: 14339: 14305: 14278: 14198: 14158: 14150: 14101: 14052: 13919: 13812: 13785: 13754: 13622: 13596: 13569: 13543: 13516: 13279: 13201: 13174: 13163: 13147: 13057: 12978: 12939: 12804: 12641: 12604: 12547: 12404: 12294: 12261: 12253: 12233: 12208: 12181: 12154: 12029: 11984: 11972: 11895: 11855: 11798: 11694: 11581: 11569: 11524: 11464: 11459: 11424: 11355: 11297: 11112: 10589: 10569: 10372:

in 1970, the first encounter of a Federal Chancellor with his East German counterpart

10256: 10108: 10099: 9940: 9864: 9593: 9479: 9475: 9238: 9230: 9086: 8940: 8817: 8789: 8777: 8647: 8642: 8613: 8609: 8605: 8577: 8423: 8402: 8316: 8012: 7780: 7768: 7520: 7467: 7265: 7171: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7039: 6988: 6980: 6866: 6633: 6290: 6282: 6225: 6185: 6105: 6032: 5832: 5621: 5605: 5566: 5557: 5514: 5497: 5390: 5387: 5357:, mathematician, physicist, physician, philosopher, co-inventor of European porcelain 5267: 5245: 5198: 5157: 5005: 4902: 4425: 4075: 3767: 3728: 3713: 3618: 3554: 3504: 3487:, succeeded primarily in the conquest of large territories. The order, emboldened by 3424: 3361: 3066: 3007: 2983: 2959: 2943: 2886:, and Bavarians – that were united in a federation under the first non-Frankish king 2754: 2746: 2607:, while the South-east of what is modern Germany remained under the influence of the 2565: 2542: 2387: 2076: 2064: 1914: 1779: 1623: 1612: 1581: 1532: 1519:

had developed in Scandinavia and northern Germany. The name comes from the custom of

1516: 1485: 1398: 1390: 1201: 1138: 1059: 1020: 897: 845: 786: 770: 743: 739: 354: 277: 117: 24640:

British and German Historiography, 1750–1950: Traditions, Perceptions, and Transfers

18358: 14032:

The Growth of the Medieval City: From Late Antiquity to the Early Fourteenth Century

10802:), and high-tech strategies for the transition of the German economy, summarised as 10468:(b. 1918), of the SPD, who served as Chancellor in 1974–1982. Schmidt continued the 9206: 9166:

majority for his party, Hitler called for new elections. After the 27 February 1933

5289: 5178: 4875: 4511: 4339: 4166: 3942: 2858:

Fighting among Charlemagne's three grandsons over the continuation of the custom of

2580:. After the death of Clovis in 511, his four sons partitioned his kingdom including 1359: 1019:. Germans also fled from Communist areas into West Germany, which experienced rapid 27193: 27142: 27137: 27077: 27042: 26954: 26911: 26881: 26803: 26721: 26691: 26501: 26426: 26396: 26097: 26012: 25957: 25927: 25878: 25838: 25821: 25811: 25746: 25718: 25650: 25598: 25593: 25583: 25578: 25573: 25400: 25365: 25339: 25011: 24815: 24784: 24739: 24734: 24581: 24121: 24048:

Imperial Germany 1867–1918: Politics, Culture and Society in an Authoritarian State

23772: 23750: 23694: 23509: 23066:] (in German) (first paperback ed.). Princeton University Press. pp. 23028: 22905: 22868: 22309: 21382: 21339: 21300: 21181: 21059: 20997: 20845: 20789: 20715: 20676: 20397: 19770: 19603: 18945: 18902: 18840: 18706: 18549: 18338: 18197: 18155: 17971: 17852: 17824: 17779: 17548: 17180: 16846: 16730: 16607: 16433: 16425: 15762:

Weimer, Christoph (2004). "Luther and Cranach on Justification in Word and Image".

15712:"Media, Markets and Institutional Change: Evidence from the Protestant Reformation" 15622: 15531: 15444:"Media, Markets and Institutional Change: Evidence from the Protestant Reformation" 15331: 14824: 14093: 13860: 13135: 13053: 13049: 12870: 12392: 12286: 12019: 12011: 12000:"Through 40,000 years of human presence in Southern Europe: the Italian case study" 11962: 11952: 11845: 11837: 11788: 11780: 11684: 11674: 11596:"Ice Age Lion Man is the world's earliest figurative sculpture – The Art Newspaper" 11561: 11544: 11514: 11504: 11454: 11444: 11328: 11287: 11277: 11239:"We Just Found an 11-Million-Year-Old Ancestor That Hints How Humans Began to Walk" 11159: 10846: 10758: 10299: 10114: 9876: 9827: 9805: 9785: 9701: 9693: 9689: 9670: 9639: 9589: 9520: 9499: 9462: 9306: 9280: 9058: 9024: 8866: 8858: 8686: 8666: 8512: 8475: 8240:

Total casualties on the Western Front were 3,528,610 killed and 7,745,920 wounded.

8085: 8008: 7776: 7715: 7631:

Most of the Kulturkampf was fought out in Prussia, but Imperial Germany passed the

7489:

had clearly demonstrated. Historians increasingly argue, that the nation-state was

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In 1180, Henry the Lion was outlawed, Saxony was divided, and Bavaria was given to

3736: 3709: 3646: 3523: 3476: 3472: 3416: 3381: 3343:, the territorial lords' shifting policies towards greater commercial control, the 3270: 3246: 3219: 3170: 3166: 3134: 3119: 2987: 2927: 2895: 2887: 2871: 2867: 2832: 2687: 2367: 2309: 2285: 2215: 2119: 2042: 1960: 1893: 1771: 1751: 1665: 1489: 1452: 1406: 1307: 1161: 1106: 958: 825: 797: 793: 762: 316: 311: 306: 23823:; 133 excerpts from primary sources put in historical context by Professor Hamerow 21414:

Cosmopolitan Anxieties: Turkish Challenges to Citizenship and Belonging in Germany

18756:

Perkins, J. A. (Spring 1981). "The Agricultural Revolution in Germany 1850–1914".

15803:

The Mathematics of Secrets: Cryptography from Caesar Ciphers to Digital Encryption

14214: 13775: 12874: 10921:

in 2015 as it became the final destination of choice for many asylum seekers from

10409:

was intent on holding to its concept of "two German states in one German nation".

8996: 8515:, who had split from the Social Democratic Party during the war. It was headed by 8466:(KPD) was founded, and in 1919 it tried and failed to overthrow the new republic. 8208: 7991: 7816:" – British editorial cartoon depicting Bismarck's dismissal by Wilhelm II in 1890 6817: 4390:

to continue the style of late medieval Central European art into the 16th century.

3993: 3957: 3084: 1664:, that historians attribute to the Heuneburg. Beginning around 700 BC (or later), 1232: 27203: 27117: 27087: 26811: 26728: 26137: 26112: 25900: 25883: 25728: 25553: 25548: 25543: 25490: 24916: 24434: 24401: 24304: 24277: 24143: 23909: 23603: 23443: 23423: 23285: 23213: 23186: 23124: 23094: 23081: 23046: 22924: 22888: 22841: 22734: 22706: 22672: 22647: 22622: 22579: 22540: 22519: 22488: 22455: 22386: 22367: 22361: 22289: 22239: 22213: 22191: 22119: 22113: 22042: 22004: 21870: 21753: 21386: 20549: 20358: 20338: 20318: 19637: 19201: 19166:

Makiwane, Monde; Gumede, Ntombizonke A.; Zembe-Mkabile, Wanga (11 October 2021).

18530:

On the Kaiser's "histrionic personality disorder", see Tipton (2003), pp. 243–245

18397: 17748: 17706: 17637: 17312: 16693: 16630: 16353: 16322: 16161: 15970: 15663: 15582: 15096: 14747: 14483: 14367: 14299: 13929: 13888: 13603: 13474: 12825: 12714: 12651: 12497: 12202: 12114: 12066: 11679: 10888: 10333: 10201: 10182: 10170:

money coming in from the United States, which was used primarily for investment.

10153: 10070: 9993: 9978: 9713:

approximately 6 million Jews and 11 million non-Jews in what became known as the

9458: 9426: 9259: 9234: 9210: 9132: 9044: 8848: 8829: 8765: 8731: 8550:– units made up of volunteers. In an attempt at a coup d'état in March 1920, the 8523:, and rejected the parliamentary system. In 1920, about 300,000 members from the 8520: 8501: 8497: 8490: 8440: 8345: 8217: 8093: 8081: 7792: 7379: 7364: 7355: 7319: 7298: 7256: 7210: 7176: 7072:, the publisher Johann Joseph Görres and the "Father of Gymnastics" Ludwig Jahn. 7059: 7029: 7016: 6930: 6926: 6752: 6565: 6534: 6278: 6210: 6122: 6114: 6028: 6010: 5784: 5645: 5406: 5249: 5237: 5206: 5190: 5094: 5028: 4957: 4953:

stages joined either of the two warring parties in order to gain land and power.

4823: 4670: 4632: 4609: 4537: 4410: 4324: 4276: 4143: 4016: 3921: 3830: 3792: 3731:

in 1176. The following year a reconciliation was reached between the emperor and

3642: 3638: 3586: 3211: 3146: 2828: 2808: 2791: 2738: 2723: 2633: 2627: 2554: 2293: 2289: 2273: 2051: 1822: 1795: 1627: 1556: 1528: 1512: 1508: 1427: 1402: 1394: 1257:

represents the oldest uncontested figurative work of art and the 40,000-year-old

946: 934: 861: 735: 486: 24620:

Paths of Continuity: Central European Historiography from the 1930s to the 1950s

23726:

The Course of German Nationalism: From Frederick the Great to Bismarck 1763–1867

20910: 20436: 18710: 15834:

Rodriquez, Mercedes Garcia-Arenal; Mediano, Fernando Rodríguez (15 April 2013).

15711: 15701:

Rubin, "Printing and Protestants" Review of Economics and Statistics pp. 270–286

15443: 14828: 14406:(in German). Museum With No Frontiers, MWNF (Museum Ohne Grenzen). p. 143. 11258:"Radiometric dating of the type-site for Homo heidelbergensis at Mauer, Germany" 11035:, ending 16 years of conservative-led rule under Angela Merkel, Social Democrat 10941: 10842: 10032: 8982: 6077: 4570:(the wealthiest family in Europe during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries), 4506: 3842:, king of Bohemia, sought to restore imperial authority. The 1356 decree of the 2529:, they absorbed large swaths of former Roman territory as they spread west into 1907: 937:, and stripped of its colonies and significant territory along its borders. The 27107: 27052: 27006: 26959: 26939: 26783: 26706: 26087: 26077: 26072: 26067: 26047: 26037: 25952: 25895: 25788: 25751: 25655: 25533: 25520: 25183: 24941: 24362: 24161: 24017: 23893: 23806:

German History, 1789–1871: From the Holy Roman Empire to the Bismarckian Reich.

23714: 23661:

Germany in the Eighteenth Century The Social Background of the Literary Revival

23498:

Power and Property in Medieval Germany: Economic and Social Change, c. 900–1300

23313: 23064:

Das Heilige Römische Reich Deutscher Nation: Vom Ende des Mittelalters bis 1806

21940:

Sheahan, Maria; Marsh, Sarah; Sheahan, Maria; Marsh, Sarah (27 February 2022).

21810: 21001: 20977:. Central European University Press. pp. 37–60, 103–118, 167–188, 221–264. 20432: 17975: 17403:

The Social Foundations of German Unification, 1858–1871: Ideas and Institutions

16701:

The Age of Battles: The Quest for Decisive Warfare from Breitenfeld to Waterloo

16669: 14545:"The Death of the Knight: Changes in Military Weaponry during the Tudor Period" 13991:"Economic structure and agricultural productivity in Europe, 1300-1800, page 9" 13442:"Medieval Sourcebook: Privileges Granted to German Merchants at Novgorod, 1229" 12734:

Clover, Frank M. (1999), "A Game of Bluff: The Fate of Sicily after A.D. 476",

12050: 12015: 11509: 11416: 11081: 10969: 10854: 10757:

agreed to run on a joint ticket in the general election, with Schröder's rival

10651: 10612: 10523: 10465: 10445: 10420: 10416: 10307: 10291: 10264: 10215: 10206: 10014: 10006: 9936: 9871: 9753: 9613: 9532: 9516: 9512: 9358: 9357:

In 1941, the Nazi leadership decided to implement a plan that they called the "

9342: 9167: 9107: 9072: 8918: 8881: 8877: 8844: 8821: 8749: 8670: 8594: 8516: 8229: 7905: 7711: 7403: 7395: 7064: 6922: 6891: 6780: 6774: 6596:("The German Dictionary"), the most comprehensive work on the German language. 6589: 6581: 6573: 6561: 6557: 6472: 6463: 6193: 5902: 5749: 5628:. He effectively ended Turkish rule over most of the territorial states in the 5585: 5450: 5393:, who was also King of Spain. In 1528, Charles V issued a charter by which the 5253: 5194: 5055: 4819: 4529: 4406: 4320: 4298: 4154:. Cheap printed books and pamphlets played central roles for the spread of the 4147: 3851: 3847: 3724: 3693: 3578: 3557: 3549: 3377: 3175: 3024: 2991: 2719: 2671: 2577: 2331:

finally abolished them in 1180 in favour of more numerous territorial duchies.

2320: 2313: 2164:. By the 3rd century the Germanic speaking peoples began to migrate beyond the 1941: 1937: 1858:

to subjugate all Gaul. Julius Caesar defeated the Suebi forces in 58 BC in the

1826: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1775: 1697: 1536: 1478: 1423: 1047: 995: 926: 918: 697: 652: 638: 379: 22618: 21063: 20401: 19774: 19607: 18906: 18844: 18553: 18342: 18201: 17856: 17783: 17560: 16268:

Scandalous Error: Calendar Reform and Calendrical Astronomy in Medieval Europe

15522:

Wilson, Peter H. (June 2008). "The Causes of the Thirty Years War 1618–1648".

13139: 12290: 11957: 11932: 9377:". In total approximately 11 million people were killed during the Holocaust. 8734:

and other conservatives, President Hindenburg appointed Hitler as Chancellor.

7963: 5760: 4993:

regions were especially hard hit, where it took generations to fully recover.

4784: 1685: 109: 27273: 26866: 26183: 25982: 24896: 23889: 23649: 23538:

State and Society in the Early Middle Ages: The Middle Rhine Valley, 400–1000

23360: 23221: 23128: 22515: 22459: 22319: 22265: 21304: 21247: 21185: 20237: 19925: 17847:

Berger, Stefan (2015). "Building the Nation Among Visions of German Empire".

17633: 17171:

Heyman, Neil M. (1966). "France Against Prussia: The Jena Campaign of 1806".

16390:"Molecular Expressions: Science, Optics and You - Timeline - Johannes Kepler" 15166:

Networked Nation: Mapping German Cities in Sebastian Münster's "Cosmographia"

14154: 12417: 10838: 10827: 10769: 10716: 10245: 10240: 10167: 10162: 10126: 10106:

West Germany enjoyed prolonged economic growth beginning in the early 1950s (

9536: 9488: 9351: 9347: 9296: 9267: 9123:

popularity, with only minor, isolated and subsequently unsuccessful cases of

9115:

at its greatest extent in 1942, Germany (Reich) is shown in the darkest blue.

8974: 8873: 8840: 8813: 8805: 8410: 8398: 8353: 8221: 8144: 8120: 8108: 8054: 8000: 7951: 7876:

with Russia. Russia promptly formed a closer relationship with France in the

7739:

against France's colonial policy, joined the Dual Alliance, which became the

7690: 7682: 7651: 7514: 7482: 7434: 7387: 7249: 7230: 6965: 6668: 6545: 6403: 6386: 6065: 5926: 5890: 5836: 5694: 5481: 5402: 5394: 5149:, one of the greatest, if not the greatest "Universal genius", of all times. 5138: 5130: 5067: 5063: 5032: 5009: 4871: 4811: 4796: 4788: 4765: 4680: 4600:

Some Europe-wide revolutions were born in the Empire: the combination of the

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Mothers in the Fatherland: Women, Family Life, and Nazi Ideology, 1919–1945.

24147: 23962:

From Bismarck to the World War: A History of German Foreign Policy 1870–1914

23799:

From Bismarck to the World War: A History of German Foreign Policy 1870–1914

23085: 22668: 22651: 22643: 22626: 22046: 21942:"Germany to increase defence spending in response to 'Putin's war' - Scholz" 20793: 20551:

Does Conquest Pay?: The Exploitation of Occupied Industrial Societies p. 147

20496:"Die Vertreibung der Deutschen aus den Gebieten jenseits von Oder und Neiße" 17641: 16734: 15482:

The German Reformation and the Peasants' War: A Brief History with Documents

15335: 12655: 11449: 11282: 9956:

into a powerful secret police that infiltrated every aspect of its society.

9739:

As a consequence of the defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945 and the onset of the

8103:

The largest colonial enterprises were in Africa. The harsh treatment of the

7808: 6968:

in the background. Liberal and nationalist pressure led to the unsuccessful

6061: 4637: 4409:

are unpractical and to their replacement by the considerably more practical

2494:(the "eastern land"), the northeastern portion of the future Kingdom of the 2132:

coincided with the emergence of a number of large West Germanic tribes: the

1672:

expanded south and gradually replaced the Celtic peoples in Central Europe.

1343:) of Denmark and northern Germany. The construction of the Central European 1193: 1170: 27032: 26929: 26733: 26142: 25972: 25843: 25761: 25281: 24956: 24951: 24921: 24820: 24774: 24585: 24570:"From the Margins to the Mainstream? Women's and Gender History in Germany" 24438: 24430: 24324: 24308: 24281: 23913: 23709:

A Bitter Living: Women, Markets, and Social Capital in Early Modern Germany

23643:

old; focus on political-military-diplomatic history of Germany and Austria

23447: 23050: 22892: 22711:. Garland Encyclopedias of the Middle Ages. Vol. 2. Psychology Press. 22676: 22606: 22109: 22094:. The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 12. Cambridge University Press. 21400: 21359: 21121: 18677:

Colonialism: An International, Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia

14162: 13933: 13293: 12033: 11976: 11859: 11802: 11698: 11573: 11528: 11468: 11301: 10983:

On 8 April 2022 just after the first two years of pandemic, Germany joined

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Germany was the first state to establish diplomatic relations with the new

8467: 8406: 8154: 8097: 8077: 7972: 7925: 7901: 7736: 7552: 7351: 7343: 6991:, the senior political and military strategists of Prussia during the 1860s 6051: 5771: 5625: 5593: 5210: 5134: 5090: 5059: 5036: 4360:, most accomplished sculptor, woodcarver and master in stone from the late 4316: 4302: 4139: 3846:

stipulated that all future emperors were to be chosen by a college of only

3697: 3630: 3450:

in the medieval Hungarian Kingdom (today in Romania) who were called on by

2879: 2875: 2852: 2800: 2770: 2750: 2686:

renewed the war against the Saxons, who had allied with and aided the duke

2659: 2651: 2383: 2281: 2113: 1898: 1818: 1767: 1544: 1268:

Between 12,900 and 11,700 years ago, north-central Germany was part of the

1245: 1223: 1174: 1035: 1016: 1008: 978: 970: 966: 962: 950: 774: 731: 575: 571: 506: 496: 457: 344: 121: 23883:

Gold and Iron: Bismark, Bleichroder, and the Building of the German Empire

23513: 23116:

Economic and Social History of Europe in the Later Middle Ages (1300–1530)

22248:

Franks and Alamanni in the Merovingian Period: An Ethnographic Perspective

21238:

Mierzejewski, Alfred C. (2004), "1957: Ludwig Erhard's Annus Terribilis",

17829: 16234:

Celestial Treasury: From the Music of the Spheres to the Conquest of Space

11818:"The Beaker Phenomenon and the Genomic Transformation of Northwest Europe" 11625: 10476:

in economics and was more interested in domestic issues, such as reducing

9634:

US Air Force photographs of the destruction in central Berlin in July 1945

9413:(air force) and reintroduced universal military service, in breach of the 8619:

The national elections of 1924 led to a swing to the right. Field Marshal

8216:

In the west, Germany sought a quick victory by encircling Paris using the

7166:

in 1864. Prussia, joined by Austria, easily defeated Denmark and occupied

6046:

German music, sponsored by the upper classes, came of age under composers

5544:

whose sole function was to reinterpret historic decrees and treaties, the

4220:, Benedictine abbess, philosopher, author, artist and visionary naturalist 3261: 3251: 172: 27183: 26886: 26793: 26675: 26127: 26005: 25990: 25962: 25798: 25291: 25005: 24840: 24789: 23833: 23271:

Modern Germany: An Encyclopedia of History, People, and Culture 1871–1990

22575: 22243: 21096:

Airbridge to Berlin: The Berlin Crisis of 1948, Its Origins and Aftermath

20047:

Interpreting the 20th Century: The Struggle Over Democracy, The Holocaust

19848: 19470: 16429: 15535: 15350: 14661: 14335:

The Fuggers of Augsburg: Pursuing Wealth and Honor in Renaissance Germany

13654: 12593: 11036: 11008: 10992: 10926: 10858: 10712: 10604: 10519: 10512: 10398: 10369: 10178: 10148: 9998: 9964: 9943:

celebrate the 40th (and last) anniversary of the socialist regime of the

9844: 9642:

and Hitler declared war on the United States in the wake of the Japanese

9552: 9318: 9214: 9112: 9016: 9002: 8932: 8862: 8836: 8825: 8793: 8551: 8166: 8104: 7935: 7613: 7596: 7560: 7506: 7331: 7294: 7282: 7270: 7120: 6945: 6537: 6286: 6153:

forming new countries under his control. In Germany Napoleon set up the "

5906: 5898: 4778: 4710: 4620: 4525: 4365: 4258: 4240: 4155: 4120: 4094: 4083: 3878: 3859: 3810:. He resumed the conquest of Italy, leading to further conflict with the 3806:

established a modern, professionally administered state from his base in

3755: 3519: 3366: 3356: 3130: 3074: 2812: 2786: 2722:

after his victory in 732 over the forces of the Umayyad Caliphate at the

2699: 2639: 2585: 2518: 2495: 2462: 2343: 2183: 2080: 1929: 1924: 1855: 1838: 1676:

Early history: Germanic tribes, Roman conquests, and the Migration Period

1262: 1242: 1216: 1146: 1027: 1012: 930: 809: 359: 24624:

Perkins, J. A. (April 1986) "Dualism in German Agrarian Historiography,

22983:

The Cambridge Ancient History: X, The Augustan Empire, 43 B.C. – A.D. 69

19067:

Performing Nordic Heritage: Everyday Practices and Institutional Culture

18238: 17708:

The War for the Rhine Frontier, 1870: Its Political and Military History

17418:

The history makers: The press of Europe from its beginnings through 1965

14793: 13335:. Vol. I: The first hundred years. Madison: University of Wisconsin 11967: 11841: 11784: 11565: 11194:"By no means all the Imperial Estates, for example, participated in the 10051: 8604:

In September 1923, the deteriorating economic conditions led Chancellor

8530: 8393: 8100:, but it also collided with British and Russian geopolitical interests. 6232:

and in April Napoleon surrendered. Prussia as one of the winners at the

5947: 5117:

The Northern Hemisphere of the Celestial Globe created by Albrecht Dürer

3978: 2866:

caused the Carolingian empire to be partitioned into three parts by the

1046:

became the basis for the political integration of Western Europe in the

26758: 26644: 25890: 25500: 25121: 24488:

Dictatorship As Experience: Towards a Socio-Cultural History of the GDR

24319: 24317:

Modern Germany: Society, Economy, and Politics in the Twentieth Century

24075:

Scheck, Raffael. (2008) "Lecture Notes, Germany and Europe, 1871–1945"

24057: 24052:

Morrow, Ian F. D. "The Foreign Policy of Prince Von Bulow, 1898–1909".

23948: 23946:

Modern Germany: society, economy, and politics in the twentieth century

23776: 22969: 21890:"'New era': Scholz becomes Germany's new chancellor as Merkel bows out" 21351: 21071: 21009: 20627: 20409: 19615: 18957: 18914: 18852: 18350: 18271: 18209: 18167: 17821:'Gateway to the World': Hamburg and the Global German Empire, 1881-1914 17464: 17314:

The Great Train Race: Railways and the Franco-German Rivalry, 1815–1914

17289:. Leibniz Institute of Agricultural Development in Transition Economies 17192: 16858: 16438: 13874: 13563: 11000: 10869: 10723: 10701: 10393: 10359: 10220: 9612:

in June 1941 swept forward until they reached the gates of Moscow. The

9369:

were systematically murdered at murder sites, and starting in 1942, at

9120: 8988: 8773: 8690: 8541: 8150: 8065: 8032: 8004: 7921: 7632: 7463: 7455: 7442: 7301:

consider Bismarck was a future-oriented modernizer. In sharp contrast,

7184: 7076: 6577: 6516: 6340: 5854: 5844: 5529: 4773: 4758: 4445: 4387: 4361: 4178: 4079: 3984: 3839: 3347:

and marginalization in the wider Eurasian trade network, among others.

3278: 2766: 2730: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2514: 2447: 2264: 2259: 2175: 2022: 1847: 1279: 1273: 1075: 954: 942: 864:, feudalism fell away and the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved in 1806. 801: 429: 24557:

Rereading German History: From Unification to Reunification, 1800–1996

22521:

The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians

20727: 17983: 17338:

Tilly, Richard (1967), "Germany: 1815–1870", in Cameron, Rondo (ed.),

12882: 10263:(SPD) largely abandoned Marxism ideas and embraced the concept of the 9847:

government estimated a death toll of 2.2 million civilians due to the

9293:

History of the Jews in Germany § Jews under the Nazis (1933–1945)

8676: 8384:

territory was allotted to Belgium on 20 September 1920. The future of

8277: 6913: 5710:, the rivalry of Austria and Prussia for supremacy in Central Europe. 5222:

Scientists, scholars and artists of the Early modern period in Germany

1953: 27067: 26836: 25937: 25111: 24759: 24529:

The Plans That Failed: An Economic History of East Germany, 1945–1989

24232:

The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy

21871:"Germany elections: Centre-left claim narrow win over Merkel's party" 21544:

Miklós Németh in Interview, Austrian TV – ORF "Report", 25 June 2019.

21466:

Can Germany be saved?: the malaise of the world's first welfare state

20762:

For US and Allied official policy statements see U.S. Dept. of State

20518:

Historical Memory and the expulsion of ethnic Germans in Europe, 1944

17052:

Owens, Samantha; Reul, Barbara M.; Stockigt, Janice B., eds. (2011).

14788:(3, "The revival of infantry tactics in the Late Middle Ages"): 6–9. 14695:

Mercenaries: A Guide to Private Armies and Private Military Companies

14569: 13221: 13165:

The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare: The Middle Ages, 768–1487

11333: 11316: 10554: 10477: 9969: 9714: 9601: 9551:

to Germany. Chamberlain was forced to acknowledge that his policy of

9548: 9410: 9386: 9362: 9030: 8809: 8769: 8547: 8319:

which struck hard at a population weakened by years of malnutrition.

8233: 8135: 7791:, can be seen as the formalisation of the "Scramble for Africa" and " 7694: 6976: 6949: 6823: 6621: 6617: 6424: 6141: 6014: 5914: 5466: 5398: 5241: 4862: 4858: 4769: 4559: 4441: 4402: 4170: 4048: 3948: 3787:. The power of the feudal lords was undermined by the appointment of 3522:

in 1525 and turned the remaining lands of the order into the secular

3323: 3310: 3282: 3034: 2840: 2815:" ("Charles the Great") consolidated his power over and expanded the 2718:, a Papal envoy for help had already been sent to the de facto ruler 2616: 2592: 2591:

During the 5th and 6th centuries the Merovingian kings conquered the

2581: 2491: 2478: 2223: 2171: 2161: 1680: 1657: 1649: 1585: 1574: 1520: 805: 25666: 23955:

Imperial Germany, 1871–1914: Economy, Society, Culture, and Politics

23458:. 992 pp covers many thinkers, writers, scientists etc. since 1750; 23310:, exhibit catalog; heavily illustrated; political history since 1800 23035:. Oxford History of Modern Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 22490:

The Crown and the Cosmos: Astrology and the Politics of Maximilian I

21343: 20535:

The death and life of Germany: an account of the American occupation

18949: 18159: 17184: 17024:

Katrin Keller, "Saxony: Rétablissement and Enlightened Absolutism".

16850: 15132:

Organisation und innere Ausgestaltung des Deutschen Bundes 1815–1819

14908: 14906: 14673: 14247:"Albrecht Dürer, The Triumphal Arch or Arch of Honor – Smarthistory" 12974:

The Roman Empire in Context: Historical and Comparative Perspectives

11874: 11425:"Hominids and hybrids: The place of Neanderthals in human evolution" 9531:

agreed upon the cession of Sudeten territory to the German Reich by

9337:

and from 1933 to 1935 the Nazi regime consolidated their power. The

7499:

an emperor as head of state and it was to develop imperial ambitions

7342:

as successor, France vehemently objected. The matter evolved into a

7170:. The Danes were forced to cede both the Duchy of Schleswig and the 6419: 6157:", comprising most of the German states except Prussia and Austria. 5779:

The smaller German states were overshadowed by Prussia and Austria.

5506: 5417:. The project failed due to a lack of funds and the outbreak of the 3888:. As a consequence, many Jews fled and resettled in Eastern Europe. 3290: 3255: 27102: 26979: 26856: 26147: 25942: 24645: 24344:

Three Germanies: West Germany, East Germany and the Berlin Republic

24293:. Vol. 2: Democracy and Its Discontents 1963–1991. Blackwell. 23021:

The Rise of the Medieval World, 500–1300: A Biographical Dictionary

22739:

Expansions: Competition and Conquest in Europe Since the Bronze Age

22391:. Blackwell Textbooks in Linguistics. Vol. 30 (2nd ed.). 21033:

The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War, 1945–1968

20719: 17552: 17083:"Immanuel Kant "An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?"" 14637:

The Paper Trail: An Unexpected History of a Revolutionary Invention

13912:

A pest in the land: new world epidemics in a global perspectiveress

13865: 13848: 13228:. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization 13092: 12562: 12396: 11767: 10749:

announced he would call federal elections "as soon as possible". A

10731: 10690: 10402: 10094: 10083: 9858: 9840: 9740: 9374: 9247: 8419: 8070: 7917: 7689:

was signed in 1873 by Russia, Austria, and Germany. It stated that

7045:

In 1819, a student radical assassinated the reactionary playwright

6192:

in October 1806. Napoleon easily defeated the Prussian army at the

6181: 5894: 5525: 5375: 5122: 5051: 4893:, that was founded just five years prior by several clerics around 4582: 4555: 4467:

is considered one of the greatest portraitists of the 16th century.

4190: 4186: 4174: 4052: 4028: 3899:

Towns and cities of the Medieval and Early Modern Holy Roman Empire

3881: 3434: 3420: 3327: 3158: 3079: 2883: 2695: 2675: 2664: 2569: 2546: 2534: 2522: 2431: 2359: 2334:

Successive kings of Germany founded a series of border counties or

2242:

who settled permanently within the crumbling Western Roman Empire.

2187: 2157: 2133: 2034: 2030: 2018: 1998: 1755: 1347:

falls in this time period with the best known and oldest being the

1303: 1123: 1051: 1000: 982: 949:, an ultimately unstable parliamentary democracy. In January 1933, 865: 719: 710: 23618:

Robert A. Kann, (n.d). A HISTORY OF THE HABSBURG EMPIRE 1526–1918.

21994: 18776: 18595: 17239: 16784:

Lucjan R. Lewitter, "The Partitions of Poland" in A. Goodwyn, ed.

14606:(in German). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. pp. 98, 99. 13194:

Ring, Trudy; Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul (28 October 2013).

12260:. Chicago, IL, United States: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 1993. 7669: 7521:

A three-class system: Aristocracy, middle class, and working class

6653:

18th- and 19th-century German artists, scientists and philosophers

6261: 6093: 4757:

of the 15th and early 16th century promoted the excessive sale of

4540:

class eroded the societal, legal and economic order of feudalism.

3373: 3187:

in 1077, after having been excommunicated came to be known as the

26743: 26017: 25828: 25390: 24810: 24754: 24676: 21806:"Merkel Critic Says Chancellor's Refugee Policy Is a 'Time Bomb'" 19400:

The Lights that Failed: European International History, 1919–1933

15362: 14903: 11004: 10996: 10660: 10585: 10581: 10311: 10152:

Berliners watching a transport bringing food and coal during the

10066: 9982: 9183: 9128: 8889:

19th and 20th century German authors, scientists and philosophers

8112: 8076:

By the 1890s, German colonial expansion in Asia and the Pacific (

7764: 7752: 7722:

in 1878, where a more moderate peace settlement was agreed upon.

7418: 7167: 6882: 6257:

1815–1866. Prussia (in blue) considerably expanded its territory.

6249: 5886: 5718: 5714: 5690: 5629: 4986: 4449: 4060: 4056: 4036: 4020: 4011: 3963: 3912: 3871: 3780: 3412: 3408: 3207: 3184: 3089: 3029: 2691: 2510: 2506: 2483: 2406: 2371: 2339: 2231: 2179: 2141: 2072: 2056: 2046: 1988: 1885: 1295: 1189: 1165: 1050:. In 1998–1999, Germany was one of the founding countries of the 824:, the German Emperors resisted Catholic Church authority. In the 817: 766: 693: 524: 326: 24076: 23838:

Blood and Iron: The Rise and Fall of the German Empire 1871–1918

23679:, Yale University Press; political biography by French historian 22981:. In Bowman, Alan K.; Champlin, Edward; Lintott, Andrew (eds.). 22564:

Empires and Barbarians: The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe

18492:

Preussens Herrscher. Von den ersten Hohenzollern bis Wilhelm II.

18134:

Origins of the Authoritarian Welfare State in Prussia, 1815–1870

17430:

Elmer H. Antonsen, James W. Marchand, and Ladislav Zgusta, eds.

16188:

The Mapmakers' Quest: Depicting New Worlds in Renaissance Europe

12067:"Celtic City: Staatliche Schlösser und Gärten Baden-Württemberg" 9519:

minority was demanding equal rights and self-government. At the

6858:

churches. In a series of proclamations over several decades the

5917:

land purchasing rights and freedom of movement, and a series of

5434: 3479:. The campaign, that was supported by the forces of Polish duke 2611:. Saxons controlled the area from the northern sea board to the 800:, dominated by German port cities, established itself along the 24476:

The People's State: East German Society from Hitler to Honecker

24266:. Vol. 1: From Shadow to Substance, 1945–1963. Blackwell. 23844:

Germany: A New Social and Economic History Volume 3: Since 1800

23828:

Otto Von Bismarck and Imperial Germany: A Historical Assessment

22843:

Maximilian I. (1459–1519): Wahrnehmung – Übersetzungen – Gender

21754:"Migrant crisis: Migration to Europe explained in seven charts" 21128:. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008, pp. 1‒5, 125–163. 20823:

The People's State: East German Society from Hitler to Honecker

17660: 17263: 17054:

Music at German Courts, 1715–1760: Changing Artistic Priorities

16310:

Stillman Drake, "Copernicanism in Bruno, Kepler, and Galileo."

13777:

Courtly Culture: Literature and Society in the High Middle Ages

11481: 11314: 11020: 11016: 11012: 10984: 10977: 10965: 10922: 10678: 10229: 9605: 9540: 9508: 9405:

in Berlin – a great propaganda success for the Nazi regime

8737: 7451: 7098:

in the German states. In May the German National Assembly (the

6961: 5001: 4854: 4850: 4567: 4044: 3999: 3927: 3855: 3811: 3807: 3674: 3331: 3319: 3306: 3154: 3046: 2836: 2758: 2550: 2526: 2502: 2498: 2363: 2226:

in 469. Another pivotal moment in the Migration Period was the

2219: 2195: 2191: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2137: 2060: 2010: 1416: 889: 778: 755: 24351:

Germany, America, Europe: Forty Years of German Foreign Policy

20990:

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

20865:

Germany: a reference guide from the Renaissance to the present

18390: 17998: 14034:. Longman. pp. 69–72, 133–142, 202–220, 244–245, 300–307. 13249:"The clerical reform movement and the investiture controversy" 13075: 13073: 10685:

The SPD/Green coalition won the 1998 elections and SPD leader

9676:

In 1944–1945, Soviet forces completely or partially liberated

8696:

On top of the collapsing economy came a political crisis: the

7102:) met in Frankfurt to draw up a national German constitution. 6544:. Philosophical principles and methods were revolutionized by 6027:

broke new ground in philosophy and poetry, as a leader of the

5685:

succeeded in bringing about a favorable conclusion for her in

5020: 24770:

Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples

24749: 23885:

Bismark worked closely with this leading banker and financier

23703:

Germany: A New Social and Economic History, Vol. 2: 1630–1800

23699:

Germany: A New Social and Economic History, Vol. 1: 1450–1630

23530:

Haverkamp, Alfred, Helga Braun, and Richard Mortimer. (1992)

20468:. Volksbund Deutsche Kriegsgräberfürsorge e.V. Archived from 18797: 13438:

Translation of the grant of privileges to merchants in 1229:

12046: 11929: 11747: 11405:

http://stanzon.husemann.net/download.php?id=201533&type=T

10988: 10973: 10942:

German government response to the COVID-19 pandemic (2020-22)

10903: 10021: 9953: 9887: 9523:

of September 1938, Hitler, Mussolini, British Prime Minister

8785: 8756:. Germany dominated the world of physics before 1933, led by 8689:, which hit Germany as hard as any nation. In July 1931, the 8126:

Other claimed territories of the German Colonial Empire are:

8089: 8024: 7567:

The rise of the Socialist Workers' Party (later known as the

6869:, and especially to the United States, where they formed the 6412: 6408: 4777:

received popular support for his condemnation of the sale of

4135: 4070: 4040: 3906: 3867: 3863: 3772: 3609:, great-grandson of Conrad II, who had overthrown his father 3443: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3302: 3274: 3097: 3054: 2819:. Charlemagne ended 200 years of Royal Lombard rule with the 2427: 2239: 2235: 2096: 2084: 2006: 1964: 1933: 1851: 1843: 1799: 1694: 1638: 1564: 1238: 1067: 747: 705: 24633:

Rewriting German history: New Perspectives on Modern Germany

24373:

Aftermath: Life in the Fallout of the Third Reich, 1945-1955

23755:

The Long Nineteenth Century: A History of Germany, 1780–1918

23732:

International Journal of Military History and Historiography

22294:. The Middle Ages Series. University of Pennsylvania Press. 21656:(in German). ARD Tagesschau. 29 January 2014. Archived from 21048:"The Consequences of the Currency Reform in Western Germany" 21035:. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 291–309. 20899:(4 ed.). University of Michigan Press. pp. 37, 59. 20189: 20177: 18094:

Trade Unionism in Germany from Bismarck to Hitler, 1869–1933

18019:"Hans Ulrich Wehler-The German Empire 1871-1918-Berg (1985)" 17585:

Refugees of Revolution: The German Forty-Eighters in America

16725:

Jörg Ulbert (2008). "France and German Dualism, 1756–1871".

15505: 15503: 14195:

Geological Sciences; Geology: Landforms, Minerals, and Rocks

13308:"What is the significance of the "Investiture Controversy?"" 13197:

Northern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places

12512: 10627: 10077:

until it was moved to Berlin in 1990. In 1990, FRG absorbed

8418:

to be permanently demilitarised. The industrially important

7354:'s personal command was finally forced to capitulate in the 7318:

On 18 January 1871, the German Empire was proclaimed in the

3108:

rivers were also subjugated. Otto marched on Rome and drove

2588:

kings alternately united and subdivided the Frankish lands.

1248:

occupation uncovered and documented in several caves in the

24504:

Socialist Modern: East German Everyday Culture and Politics

23291:. Cambridge concise histories. Cambridge University Press. 22985:. Vol. 10 (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 22877:. Translated by Nolan, Daniel. Princeton University Press. 22613:. Vol. 1: The Reformation 1648–1840. Alfred A. Knopf. 22456:"Linguistic evidence for the early migrations of the Goths" 21555:

DDR-Massenflucht: Ein Picknick hebt die Welt aus den Angeln

20897:

Socialist modern: East German everyday culture and politics

20360:

The Oder-Neisse Line: a reappraisal under international law

19937: 19165: 18540:

Röhl, J. C. G. (September 1966). "Friedrich von Holstein".

17648: 17592: 17493: 17469: 17370: 16803: 16791: 16404:

The rise of Prussia: Rethinking Prussian history, 1700–1830

16212: 15781:

Stolt, Birgit (2014). "Luther's Translation of the Bible".

14485:

European History in a World Perspective: Early modern times

13420: 13095:. UNESCO World Heritage Centre, Outstanding Universal Value 13070: 12935:

Encyclopedia of Barbarian Europe: Society in Transformation

12544:"Lecture 23 – Rome of Constantine and a New Rome: Overview" 11217:

lucrative post, were also significant contributory factors.

10457: 10225: 10133: 10074: 9792:) while Saarland separated from Germany to become a French 9749: 9709:

was signed on 8 May 1945, marking the end of Nazi Germany.

8781: 7968: 7748: 5865:

sported perhaps the best government of the smaller states.

5861:

in 1737; it soon became a world-class intellectual center.

4532:

of the Church and prolonged dynastic wars. The rise of the

3708:

was separated from Bavaria and turned into the independent

3438: 3404: 3105: 3101: 3062: 2714:, who posed a permanent threat to the Holy See. Pressed by 2707: 2703: 2612: 2573: 2530: 2207: 2014: 1791: 1787: 1547:

emerged, come from the Urnfield culture of central Europe.

1004: 872:

as a German puppet state, but after the French defeat, the

715: 24243:

Zentner, Christian and Bedürftig, Friedemann, eds. (1991)

24028:

The First World War: Germany and Austria–Hungary 1914–1918

23349:

History of Germany from the Medieval Empire to the Present

21486:

Germany at the polls: the Bundestag elections of the 1980s

19888: 19426:

The First World War: Germany and Austria–Hungary 1914–1918

17229: 17227: 17158:

History of Germany from the Medieval Empire to the Present

16894: 14928:

Popular Sovereignty in Early Modern Constitutional Thought

12478: 12307: 10286:, German Chancellor and Nobel Peace Prize laureate of 1971 9967:. Political power was solely executed by leading members ( 7386:

on 18 January 1871 and announced the establishment of the

5689:

for recognition of her succession to the throne. However,

5386:

or North of South America in return for debts owed by the

4645:, a figure reinvented by Maximilian and his humanists, by 4327:(bankers, merchants, and politicians) who were his patrons 4055:, various guilds of artisans, unskilled day labourers and 3191:. In 1122, a temporary reconciliation was reached between 1778:"it is obvious that a steady process" occurred during the 26269: 24618:

Lehmann, Hartmut, and James Van Horn Melton, eds. (2003)

24563:

Gendering Modern German History: Rewriting Historiography

24091:

Ring of Steel: Germany and Austria-Hungary in World War I

22758:

Consortium on Revolutionary Europe 1750–1850: Proceedings

22193:

Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947

22090:

Bowman, Alan K.; Garnsey, Peter; Cameron, Averil (2005).

20316: 20174:, pp. 618, 623, 632–637, 641, 646–652, 671–674, 683. 20138: 19876: 19868:

Williamson, David (2002). "Was Hitler a Weak Dictator?".

19718: 19693: 19571:[The "Ruhrkampf" ruined the German bourgeoisie]. 18365: 18045: 17481: 17437: 17382: 17346: 16230: 15500: 15420: 15374: 15286:

The Habsburg Chancery Language in Perspective, Volume 114

15190: 14134:

Marshall, James L.; Marshall, Virginia R. (Autumn 2005).

13635: 13107: 12971:

Arnason, Johann P.; Kurt A. Raaflaub (23 December 2010).

11997: 11058: 10952:

In January 2020, Germany has confirmed the first case of

10473: 9720: 9339:

Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service

8016: 7636:

Historian Anthony Steinhoff reports the casualty totals:

6897: 5843:. He combined Enlightenment ideas with Christian values, 5469:

in urban areas. Many became craftsmen and entrepreneurs.

4937:

Population decline in the empire as a consequence of the

4165:

Around the transition from the 15th to the 16th century,

1524: 24602:

German History in Modern Times: Four Lives of the Nation

24385:

The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War

21939: 19737: 19012:(2010) focuses on cultural impact in Africa and Germany. 18891:"International Competition in Iron and Steel, 1850–1913" 18433:

Dangerous alliances: proponents of peace, weapons of war

17358: 17251: 15997:

Cartographic Humanism: The Making of Early Modern Europe

15612: 15610: 15608: 15606: 15604: 14780:

Brunner, Jean-Claude (2012). "Historical Introduction".

14274:

Class, Culture, and Race in American Schools: A Handbook

13689: 13687: 12690: 12524: 12343: 12180:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 363–. 10055:

Flag of West Germany and unified Germany, 1949 – present

7900:

devised his initially rather practical, yet nonetheless

7540:"it became an almost separate, self-perpetuating caste". 7493:. National identity was expressed in bombastic imperial 7198: 7158:

In 1863–1864, disputes between Prussia and Denmark over

5693:

was permanently lost to Prussia as a consequence of the

5129:, one of the founder of modern cryptography, founder of 4838:

in 1529 and the acceptance and adoption of the Lutheran

3273:

was a commercial and defensive alliance of the merchant

2230:

in December of 406 by a large group of tribes including

2114:

Migration Period and decline of the Western Roman Empire

23587:

Martin Luther: Exploring His Life and Times, 1483–1546.

21514:

Kohl: Genius of the Present: A Biography of Helmut Kohl

20916:

Civil Society and Dictatorship in Modern German History

20201: 19998: 19854:

The "Hitler Myth": Image and Reality in the Third Reich

19317:

Capital Cities at War: Paris, London, Berlin, 1914–1919

18673: 18463:

Die Hohenzollern. Band 2 – Dynastie im säkularen Wandel

17224: 16446: 14518:"So wurde Fugger zum reichsten Menschen der Geschichte" 14189: 14187: 13222:"Collegiate Church, Castle and Old Town of Quedlinburg" 13003: 12970: 12889: 12746: 12744: 12666: 10572:, who played a leading role in opening the Iron Curtain 9186:, the newly established secret police force. Communist 7105:

But the 1848 revolution turned out to be unsuccessful:

3458:, having arrived there and founding the city in 1147 . 2501:. As a whole, Austrasia comprised parts of present-day 727: 23719:

Flesh and Spirit: Private Life in Early Modern Germany

23552:

The Northern Lands: Germanic Europe, c. 1270 – c. 1500

23492:

Medieval Germany, 500–1300: A Political Interpretation

23376:, 862 pp; 35 essays by specialists; Germany since 1760 22581:

Culture and Religion in Merovingian Gaul: A.D. 481–751

22139:

German Histories in the Age of Reformations, 1400–1650

21853:"Germany COVID – Coronavirus Statistics – Worldometer" 20320:

The Politics Today Companion to West European Politics

18284:

Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 8: 1814–1914

18033: 17907:"A German Voice of Opposition to Germanization (1914)" 16543: 15643: 15567:(1997) p. 178 has 15–20% decline; Tryntje Helfferich, 15238: 15202: 14197:. New York: Britannica Educational Publishing, p. 10. 13750:

Communes and Despots in Medieval and Renaissance Italy

13161:

Hooper, Nicholas; Bennett, Matthew (26 January 1996).

12842: 12778: 12617: 12498:"The Journal of the Anthropological Society of Bombay" 12466: 12331: 10656: 6848:

King Frederick William III ruled Prussia 1797 to 1840.

5205:. His ideas influenced contemporary Italian scientist 2780: 2745:

as protector of Rome and St. Peter in response to the

24492:

Jarausch, Konrad H., and Volker Gransow, eds. (1994)

24077:

Pressrsonal/r/rmscheck/Contents.html full text online

24010:

Gordon, Peter E., and John P. McCormick, eds. (2013)

22902:

A Mighty Fortress: A New History of the German People

22792:. Baltimore; London: Johns Hopkins University Press. 21602:

Joschka Fischer and the making of the Berlin Republic

20126: 20010: 19974: 19900: 18519:

Wilhelm II: the Kaiser's personal monarchy, 1888–1900

17108:

Van Dulmen, Richard; Williams, Anthony, eds. (1992).

16697: 16292: 15751:

Project Wittenberg: "Selected Hymns of Martin Luther"

15601: 15587:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 623–631. 15226: 15214: 15030:

The Historical and Institutional Context of Roman Law

14882:(in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 37. 14581: 13889:"The Golden Bull of the Emperor Charles IV 1356 A.D." 13684: 13273: 13193: 12454: 12360: 11914: 8212:

Entrenched German troops fighting off a French attack

8157:) (failed attempt in 1884), and the Farasan Islands. 8019:

and sold about 80 per cent of its production abroad.

7650:. Bismarck negotiated with the conciliatory new pope 6552:

was the most influential composer of the period from

4964:' succession policies. After imperial triumph at the 4901:, a military alliance of Protestant rulers. The 1555 2894:, that developed into economic and cultural centers. 2210:

invaded eastern and central Europe, establishing the

1023:, and became the dominant economy in Western Europe. 981:. During the war, the Nazis established a systematic 24606:

Jarausch, Konrad H., and Michael Geyer, eds. (2003)

24542:

Berghahn, Volker R., and Simone Lassig, eds. (2008)

24470:

Anatomy of a Dictatorship: Inside the GDR, 1949–1989

24213:

Hitler's Germany: Origins, Interpretations, Legacies

23711:

DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205548.001.0001 online

22089: 21736:"Germany to close all of its nuclear plants by 2022" 21707: 21429:

Ostpolitik, 1969–1974: European and Global Responses

20574:

2.3 million units out of 9.5 million were destroyed.

20336: 19986: 19642:"The Weimar Republic and the Rise of the Nazi Party" 17212: 17085:. Internet Modern History Sourcebook. Archived from 17011:

Charles W. Ingrao, "A Pre-Revolutionary Sonderweg".

16468:

Pietism and the Making of Eighteenth-Century Prussia

15871:

White Magic, Black Magic in the European Renaissance

15616: 15289:. University of California Press. pp. 1, 3, 9. 15135:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 1549. 14800: 14184: 14074:

Family, Commerce, and Religion in London and Cologne

13396: 12991: 12952: 12860: 12741: 12568: 12502:

The Journal of the Anthropological Society of Bombay

11828:(7695). National Center for Biotechnology: 190–196. 11071: 7130: 6517:

Science and culture during the 18th and 19th century

5370:

German Colonies in the Americas existed because the

4753:

In order to manage their ever growing expenses, the

2170:

and the Danube frontier. Several large tribes – the

1313:

Central Germany was one of the primary areas of the

896:

was achieved under the leadership of the Chancellor

24614:

The Divided Past: Rewriting Post-War German History

24561:Hagemann, Karen, and Jean H. Quataert, eds. (2008) 24199:

The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia

23547:, 650 articles by 200 scholars cover AD 500 to 1500 23218:

Heart of Europe: A History of the Holy Roman Empire

22388:

Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction

22141:. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. 20956:(Budapest, Central European University Press, 2004) 18815:

The chemical industry during the nineteenth century

18667: 14962:

German Political Philosophy: The Metaphysics of Law

14217:. University of California - Museum of Paleontology 12964: 12901: 12574: 12352:, pp. 172–173: "Jordanes mentions the Slavs ( 12319: 10948:

German government response to the COVID-19 pandemic

9981:was set up; later the GDR became the most advanced 9752:member, a founding member of what since became the 9139: 8677:

Economic collapse and political problems, 1929–1933

7497:and was to be achieved as an imperial people, with 5893:between the mid-17th and mid-18th centuries as the 5744:by occupying the western territories of the former 5209:and provided fundamental mechanical principles for 5121:Notable late fifteenth to early eighteenth-century 4386:painter of religious works who ignored Renaissance 3206:Between 1095 and 1291 the various campaigns of the 1862:and forced Ariovistus to retreat across the Rhine. 933:, but was defeated, partly occupied, forced to pay 704:, who referred to the unconquered area east of the 23783:. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press. 23340:A history of modern Germany : 1871 to present 23284: 23057: 22212: 20386:"Postwar Population Transfers in Europe: A Survey" 20236: 20033:. Vol. 1: The Years of Persecution 1933–1939. 19569:"Der "Ruhrkampf" ruinierte das deutsche Bürgertum" 19287:The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, 1860–1914 18661:Theodore Roosevelt and the International Rivalries 17107: 16839:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 16729:. Springer Nature Switzerland AG. pp. 39–48. 16673: 16540:, pp. 75, 207–291, 291–323, 324–371, 802–820. 15368: 14912: 14679: 14575: 14369:The ABC-CLIO World History Companion to Capitalism 13539:The Expansion of Central Europe in the Middle Ages 13408: 13162: 12678: 12200: 11415: 10548:During the summer of 1989, rapid changes known as 9883:by the Soviet Union and other European countries. 9487:of the Munich Agreement, formed a peace pact with 9465:draping the facade of the Embassy of Japan on the 6508:History of newspapers and magazines § Germany 5725:defended the idea in an essay and argued that the 5091:Luther's translation of the Bible into High German 5078:, for use of parents teaching their children, and 5060:Luther's translation of the Bible into High German 4428:was the first to drop the Arabic definite article 3629:. In 1137, the prince-electors turned back to the 3511:and containment by the mid-15th century. The last 1681:Early migrations, the Suebi and the Roman Republic 1630:(8th to 6th centuries BC). It was followed by the 816:along the Baltic coast in what would later become 808:. The growth of a crusading element within German 24638:Stuchtey, Benedikt, and Peter Wende, eds. (2000) 24494:Uniting Germany: Documents and Debates, 1944–1993 24387:, 150 short essays by scholars covering 1945–1990 23135:. Vol. 1, C.500–700. Cambridge University Press. 21780:"Chancellor Running Out of Time on Refugee Issue" 21671:Bolgherini, Silvia; Grotz, Florian, eds. (2010). 21632:"Germany agrees on 50-billion-euro stimulus plan" 21586:Uniting Germany: Documents and Debates, 1944–1993 21445:History of Germany, 1918–2000: the divided nation 20356: 19960:. McGill-Queen's Press — MQUP. p. 195. 19795:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 19594:Marks, Sally (1978). "The Myths of Reparations". 19542:. Deutscher Bundestag. March 2006. Archived from 18674:Page, Melvin Eugene; Penny M. Sonnenburg (2003). 17804:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 17588:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 17051: 16942:Stein and the era of reform in Prussia, 1807–1815 16914:The Consortium on Revolutionary Europe, 1750–1850 16764:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 92–. 16622: 16166:. Junta de Investigações do Ultramar. p. 124 14640:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 239. 14270: 12913: 12150:Bronze Age cultures in Central and Eastern Europe 11915:Chadwick and Corcoran, Nora and J.X.W.P. (1970). 11026: 10558:took place in East Germany, which quickly led to 10113:for technological modernization, and a policy of 9445:Relations between Nazi Germany and the Arab world 9286: 7664: 7437:, the main residence of the House of Hohenzollern 7346:and in July 1870, France resolved to end it in a 7213:, the German Confederation was dissolved and the 6201:changed sides to support Napoleon and joined the 4673:the empire. A dual system of Supreme Courts (the 3157:(the purchase of clerical offices), and required 1096: 104:contains too many pictures for its overall length 27271: 24631:Rüger, Jan, and Nikolaus Wachsmann, eds. (2015) 24423:Documents on Germany under Occupation, 1945–1954 24204:Spielvogel, Jackson J. and David Redles. (2009) 23191:(in German). Verlag für Geschichte und Politik. 23125:"8: Merovingian Gaul and the Frankish conquests" 22432:Language and history in the early Germanic world 21528:"SCHROEDER DEFEATS KOHL IN HISTORIC GERMAN VOTE" 21092: 19833:Ash, Mitchell G.; Söllner, Alfons, eds. (1996). 18800:A History of the International Chemical Industry 18621:Luxury Fleet: The Imperial German Navy 1888–1918 17306: 17304: 16993:. Deutsche Geschichte in Quellen und Darstellung 15833: 15283:Tennant, Elaine C.; Johnson, Carroll B. (1985). 14133: 13811:. University of California Press. pp. 17–. 13154: 13044:Benham, Jenny (2018). "Treaty of Verdun (843)". 12640:. Amsterdam: Time-Life Books. 1988. p. 38. 12629: 12598:Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West, 376–568 12194: 9788:) were transferred to Poland and Soviet Russia ( 9201:Key leaders of the Nazi regime (left to right): 9111:European territory occupied by Nazi Germany and 8356:, in northern Germany, saw the beginning of the 8031:(United Steel Works) in 1926 was modeled on the 7916:. In exchange for the eastern African island of 5943:Hymnody of continental Europe § Rationalism 3862:, the clerical electors were the Archbishops of 3483:, initially intended to Christianize the Baltic 1865: 24608:Shattered Past: Reconstructing German Histories 24550:Imperial Germany: A Historiographical Companion 23163:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 74. 21670: 20890: 20888: 20520:(PhD. Diss. University of Hertfordshire, 2009) 20317:Roberts, Patricia Hogwood, Geoffrey K. (2013). 20271:. A&E Television Networks. 13 November 2009 20219: 16786:The New Cambridge Modern History: vol 8 1763–93 16191:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 54. 15963: 15905:Reformations: The Early Modern World, 1450–1650 15163:Putten, Jasper Cornelis van (6 November 2017). 14996:John Selden and the Western Political Tradition 12824:Thompson, James Westfall (1928). "Old Saxony". 12167: 11435:(13). National Academy of Sciences: 7117–7119. 11429:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 11262:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 10910:, German public opinion turned sharply against 10794:for balanced budgets, measures to increase the 10728:Indian Ocean tsunami from Indonesian earthquake 10522:brought the conservatives back to power with a 10515:became first chancellor of a reunified Germany. 10046: 8431:for all civilian damage caused during the war. 7798: 7735:Italy, seeking supporters for its interests in 7608:, Bismarck (left) confronts Pope Pius IX, 1875. 7579:in 1883 in order to appease the working class. 6999:. The political principles agreed upon at this 6423:Many companies, such as steam-machine producer 6072: 5137:and literary studies as branches of knowledge; 4922: 4444:. He is generally referred to as the father of 3491:, quickly resolved to establish an independent 2690:. The Catholic Franks, who by 750 controlled a 2674:waged war against the Saxons in support of the 941:ended the German Empire with the abdication of 876:was established under Austrian presidency. The 24502:Pence, Katherine, and Paul Betts, eds. (2008) 24463:State and Minorities in Communist East Germany 23830:, excerpts from historians and primary sources 23821:Age of Bismarck: Documents and Interpretations 23771: 21906: 21832: 21140:Konrad Adenauer: The Father of the New Germany 19537:"The political parties in the Weimar Republic" 19138:(in German). LIT Verlag Münster. p. 232. 18980:Germany in the Pacific and Far East, 1870–1914 16727:A History of Franco-German Relations in Europe 16573: 15282: 14731:Kersken, Uwe (2014). "Die letzten ihrer Art". 14264: 14051:. Gainesville, University Presses of Florida. 13798: 13621:. Leipziger Universitätsverlag. pp. 17–. 13604:http://mek.oszk.hu/02100/02109/html/59.html#67 13187: 10218:, established the country's armed forces (the 9735:Territorial losses of modern Germany 1920–1945 9409:In 1935, Hitler officially re-established the 8525:Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany 6309:) would be preserved, they broke with France. 6132: 5882:Social changes in 18th to 19th-century Prussia 5672:escaping from almost certain national disaster 5608:had joined the league under the leadership of 4562:), with the most prominent families being the 3033:Equestrian monument, probably Otto the Great, 2572:. His successors would cooperate closely with 2472:The Western Roman Empire fell in 476 with the 26660: 26255: 25682: 24661: 24379:After Hitler: Recivilizing Germans, 1945–1995 23842:Ogilvie, Sheilagh, and Richard Overy. (2004) 23559:Germany in the Early Middle Ages, c. 800–1056 23477:Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History 22922: 22773:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. 22524:(Reprint ed.). Oxford University Press. 21093:Giangreco, D. M.; Griffin, Robert E. (1988). 20644:The Reconstruction of Western Europe: 1945–51 20541: 20296:. University of Illinois Press. p. 176. 19673:Antifaschisten in "antifaschistischer" Gewalt 19484:Imperial Germany and the Great War, 1914–1918 18935: 18876:Krupp: A History of the Legendary German Firm 17960:"Higher Civil Servants in Germany, 1890–1900" 17725:History of the war between Germany and France 17301: 17207:The Cambridge companion to German romanticism 16927:An introduction to Nineteenth century Germany 15994:Piechocki, Katharina N. (13 September 2021). 15682: 13909: 13565:Ostsiedlung – ein gesamteuropäisches Phänomen 13160: 13033:, vol. 48, History Today, pp. 62–64 13022: 13020: 13018: 12925: 12830:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 167ff 12518: 12232:, vol. I, London: Penguin, p. 108, 12123: 12106: 10125:, U.S. gifts of $ 1.4 billion as part of the 9897:Allied economic policy originally was one of 9498:Having established a "Rome-Berlin axis" with 9309:views the bodies of prisoners at a liberated 8869:, as well as intellectuals around the world. 8835:Among the most important German writers were 8434: 8153:), Southwestern Madagascar, Santa Lucia Bay ( 8027:. The merger of several major firms into the 6588:and are ranked among the founding fathers of 6466:'s concept for a German railway net from 1833 6160: 5775:Karl Friedrich ruled Baden from 1738 to 1811. 5411:Friedrich Casimir, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg 5039:helped establish modern Standard High German. 4342:, one of the most influential artists of the 2874:received the Eastern portion of the kingdom, 1328:), which was partially contemporary with the 673: 68:. Please discuss this issue on the article's 24132:] (in German). New York: Penguin Press. 24084:German Economy, 1870–1940: Issues and Trends 23419:. 167 primary sources in English translation 23374:The Oxford Handbook of Modern German History 23096:German Economy, 1870-1940: Issues and Trends 23058:Stollberg-Rilinger, Barbara (11 May 2021) . 22874:Germany from Napoleon to Bismarck: 1800–1866 22412:Germany in the High Middle Ages: C.1050–1200 21687:"Determination of the euro conversion rates" 21427:Fink, Carole; Schaefer, Bernd, eds. (2009). 21426: 21237: 21222: 20885: 20775: 19949: 19630: 18798:Aftalion, Otto Theodor Benfey, Fred (1991), 18494:(in German), Munich: C. H. Beck, p. 290 17666: 17610: 16964:, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 137–179 16680:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 16628: 16120: 15569:The Thirty Years' War: A Documentary History 15324:Jahrbuch für Germanistische Sprachgeschichte 15067:(in German). Walter de Gruyter. p. 48. 14745: 14433:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 14338:. University of Virginia Press. p. 59. 14127: 13382:"The Official Name of the Holy Roman Empire" 12817: 12790: 12437: 12280: 12254:"Languages of the World: Germanic languages" 12140: 11815: 11381: 10781: 10528:the left's biggest landslide victory in 1998 10350:either low-skilled jobs or were unemployed. 10298:alliance combining the two largest parties. 9818:Office of Military Government, United States 9174:, rescinding civil liberties. Four thousand 8738:Science and culture in 19th and 20th century 8539: 6376:Population of German territories 1800 – 2000 6218:Napoleon's military fiasco in Russia in 1812 5240:, one of the founders and fathers of modern 4958:revolt of the Protestant nobility of Bohemia 4496:for subdivisions and the political structure 4173:established his reputation across Europe as 3821:The failure of negotiations between Emperor 1762:List of Roman governors of Germania Inferior 1656:. In the 5th century BC the Greek historian 1070:and other troubled regions. Germany opposed 1066:as the main receiver of asylum seekers from 912:colonial expansion in Africa and the Pacific 541: 427: 24780:Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16) 24626:Comparative Studies in Society and History, 24486:Jarausch, Konrad H.. and Eve Duffy. (1999) 23635:Frederick the Great: The Magnificent Enigma 23184: 22839: 22732: 22663:. Vol. 3: 1840–1945. Alfred A. Knopf. 22638:. Vol. 2: 1648–1840. Alfred A. Knopf. 22115:The Routledge Companion to Medieval Warfare 22023: 20987: 20880:The Berlin Wall: A World Divided, 1961–1989 20647:. University of California Press. pp. 20028: 19809: 19206:(in German). Duncker u. Humblot. p. 27 17769: 17698: 17618:(2nd ed.). Routledge. pp. 83–98. 17342:, Oxford University Press, pp. 151–182 17281: 16724: 16471:. Cambridge University Press. p. 266. 16218: 16000:. University of Chicago Press. p. 26. 15026: 14999:. Cambridge University Press. p. 118. 14454:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 332. 14297: 14277:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 9–. 13831: 13780:. University of California Press. pp. 13113: 12586: 12313: 12173: 11872: 10681:– the seat of German parliament since 1999. 10430: 10294:was elected as Chancellor by a new CDU/CSU- 9782:divided into four military occupation zones 8570:centralised planning of Lenin's communism. 8228:became an extremely bloody battleground of 8036:market, as Britain slipped to third place. 7872:Subsequently, Wilhelm refused to renew the 7557:Association of German Women's Organizations 7224: 6497: 6009:, that decreed the abolishment of the 1598 5740:During 1772 to 1795 Prussia instigated the 5576:from a siege and the imminent seizure by a 5540:(1688–1697). Louis established a number of 5037:Bible translated into High German by Luther 4889:was spearheaded by the scholarly religious 4761:and offices and titles of the Roman Curia. 4074:archbishop, under whose patronage the vast 3265:Main trading routes of the Hanseatic League 3229:(Holy Empire) was first used officially by 2245: 1872:Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16) 1310:period between 10,000 and 8,000 years ago. 26667: 26653: 26262: 26248: 25689: 25675: 24668: 24654: 23749: 23572:Bainton, Roland H. (1978; reprinted 1995) 23404:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 22538: 20894: 20838:Australian Journal of Politics and History 20764:Germany, 1947–1949: The Story in Documents 20670: 20668: 20584: 20582: 20580: 20493: 20383: 20293:Demilitarization in the Contemporary World 19867: 19832: 19481: 19344: 19131: 18593: 18460: 18321: 18299:, Vol. 43, No. 3 (Oct. 1957), pp. 328–330. 18051: 17534: 16959: 16751: 16629:Hochedlinger, Michael (22 December 2015). 16502:Man The Measure: A New Approach To History 16265:Nothaft, C. Philipp E. (9 February 2018). 16237:. Cambridge University Press. p. 86. 15935: 15441: 15392: 14848:. Cambridge University Press. p. 45. 14403:Tiroler Ausstellungsstrassen: Maximilian I 13767: 13708:A History of the Habsburg Empire 1526–1918 13675: 13529: 13502: 13488:"The Great Depression of the 14th Century" 13015: 12800:Merovingian Military Organization, 481–751 12696: 10102:was an icon of West German reconstruction. 9667:raising the Soviet flag over the Reichstag 9096: 8669:, worth about US$ 5 billion or £1 billion 7929:British, however, resolved to keep up the 7847:set out to apply his imperialist ideas of 7832: 5721:and implemented since 1763. Prussian king 2541:conquered northern Gaul in 486 and in the 2338:in the east and the north. These included 2055:. Austria formed the regular provinces of 680: 666: 24461:Dennis, Mike, and Norman LaPorte. (2011) 24420: 24288: 24262:Bark, Dennis L.; Gress, David R. (1992). 24261: 23972:Wilhelm II: Prince and Emperor, 1859–1900 23004:(2002 ed.). Transaction Publishers. 22867: 22846:(in German). StudienVerlag. p. 245. 22768: 22735:"Germanic expansion and the fall of Rome" 22237: 22074: 21887: 21689:. European Central Bank. 31 December 1998 21654:"Government declaration by Angela Merkel" 21606:. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 21498:For a primary source see Helmut Schmidt, 21045: 20968: 20966: 20964: 20962: 20862: 20835: 20343:. Harvard University Press. p. 303. 20220:Axelrod, Alan; Kingston, Jack A. (2007). 19679:] (in German). A. Peter. p. 21. 19646:A History of Hitler's Empire, 2nd Edition 19442:The defeat of imperial Germany, 1917–1918 19256:. Cornell University Press. p. 123. 18406:A History of Hitler's Empire, 2nd Edition 18097:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 149. 17842: 17840: 17828: 17388: 17376: 17352: 17269: 17257: 16974: 16900: 16676:Frederick the Great: A Historical Profile 16579: 16437: 16184: 15993: 15975:. Heldref Publications. 1951. p. 148 15695: 15530:(502). Oxford University Press: 554–586. 15321: 14958: 14821:Anzeiger des Germanischen Nationalmuseums 14365: 14331: 14098:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t056734 14014: 13864: 13804: 13246: 12931: 12895: 12738:, 48 (1): 235–244, JSTOR 4436542, p. 237. 12736:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 12460: 12129: 12112: 12023: 11966: 11956: 11849: 11792: 11766: 11688: 11678: 11660: 11518: 11508: 11458: 11448: 11332: 11291: 11281: 10628:Federal Republic of Germany, 1990–present 10611:Unable to stop the growing civil unrest, 10136:in 1955 and was a founding member of the 8816:were pivotal figures of engineering, and 6797:, physicist and optical lens manufacturer 6427:, modeled themselves on English industry. 5651: 5305:Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen 5035:(1534). The widespread popularity of the 4740: 3145:(1039 to 1056), the empire supported the 3071:Nationis Germanicæ (of the German nation) 2962:at its greatest territorial extent under 2765:. The campaigns and insurrections of the 2749:, that guaranteed the sovereignty of the 1670:southern Scandinavia and northern Germany 773:'s heirs in 843, the eastern part became 135:Learn how and when to remove this message 26674: 24567: 24331:. New York: Cambridge University Press, 24158:abridged version of the standard history 23978:Wilhelm II: Emperor and Exile, 1900–1941 23282: 23113: 23018: 22690:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. 22409: 22359: 22279:. Longmans, Green, and Company. p. 22108: 21597: 21500:Men and Power: A Political Retrospective 21441: 21167: 21152: 21137: 20820: 20547: 20363:. East European Monographs. p. 33. 19636: 19438: 19329: 19199: 19097: 19010:German Colonialism and National Identity 18978:John Anthony Moses and Paul M. Kennedy, 18703:German Yearbook on Business History 1985 18700: 18574: 18430: 18396: 18196:(1), Cambridge University Press: 59–70, 17818: 17749:"Bismarck's Domestic Polices 1871 -1890" 17432:The Grimm brothers and the Germanic past 17310: 17209:(Cambridge University Press, 2009) ch 1. 17151: 17149: 17135: 16465:Gawthrop, Richard L. (2 November 2006). 16464: 16271:. Oxford University Press. p. 278. 16159: 16086: 16028:Fletcher, John Edward (26 August 2011). 16027: 15867: 15655: 15619:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion 15128: 15101:(in German). W. Kohlhammer. p. 54. 14931:. Oxford University Press. p. 243. 14818: 14301:Österreich, Reich und Europa 1502 – 1504 14029: 13972: 13849:"Emperor Frederick II., The Hohenstaufe" 13740: 13693: 13608: 13486:Rothbard, Murray N. (23 November 2009). 13485: 13426: 13079: 12977:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 212–. 12823: 12796: 12672: 12484: 12146: 12061: 12059: 11908: 11894:. München: C. Bertelsmann. p. 258. 10832: 10666: 10655: 10624:that came into force on 3 October 1990. 10598: 10564: 10507: 10440: 10363: 10353: 10278: 10192: 10147: 10093: 10050: 9931: 9857: 9821: 9730: 9660: 9622: 9568: 9448: 9419:marched into the demilitarised Rhineland 9396: 9300: 9237:constitution. Germany withdrew from the 9196: 9153: 9106: 8832:were three key figures in microbiology. 8629: 8572: 8529: 8485: 8472:National Socialist German Workers' Party 8449: 8388:was to be decided by plebiscite. In the 8336: 8276: 8207: 8178: 8064: 8053: 7990: 7962: 7820:Emperor William I died in 1888. His son 7807: 7779:). Consequently, Bismarck initiated the 7668: 7600: 7466:(Custom Union) treaties until 1888. The 7429: 7408: 7313: 7276:In 1888, the young and ambitious Kaiser 7255: 7239: 7090:Revolutions of 1848 in the German states 6975: 6955: 6936: 6912: 6843: 6584:collected folk stories into the popular 6458: 6418: 6402: 6371: 6260: 6248: 6092: 6076: 5946: 5770: 5759: 5655: 5517:commander during the Austro-Turkish wars 5505: 5480:The total population of Germany (in its 5433: 5405:. A never realized colonial project was 5112: 5019: 4932: 4783: 4744: 4636: 4542: 4505: 4111:, while supervising brilliant miniature 4059:. Full citizenship was not available to 3758:, which was to rule Bavaria until 1918. 3548: 3533: 3437:to turn the borderlands into hereditary 3415:, modern Hungary and Romania during the 3372: 3360: 3260: 3250: 3125: 3114: 3028: 2790: 2694:in Gaul, north-western Germany, Swabia, 2621: 2249: 2198:– migrated and played their part in the 1923: 1684: 1660:mentioned a Celtic city at the Danube – 1278: 108:Relevant discussion may be found on the 24219:The Routledge Companion to Nazi Germany 23857:Germany, 1789–1919: a political history 23623: 23503: 23122: 23092: 23027: 22999: 22948:Faust's Metropolis. A History of Berlin 22810:Princes and Princely Culture: 1450–1650 22685: 22658: 22633: 22605: 22561: 22514: 22384: 22210: 22177: 22075:Bordewich, Fergus M. (September 2005). 22031:(1st paperback ed.). W.W. Norton. 21325: 21290: 21240:Essays in Economic and Business History 20809:The Firm: The Inside Story of the Stasi 20665: 20640: 20577: 20498:. Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung 20323:. Oxford University Press. p. 50. 20289: 20269:"Allies end occupation of West Germany" 20207: 20156: 20109: 20004: 19955: 19943: 19847: 19814:The Routledge companion to Nazi Germany 19396: 19283: 18755: 18637:The Influence of Sea Power Upon History 18145: 18117: 17970:(3). Sage Publications, Ltd.: 101–121. 17654: 17598: 17535:Williamson, George S. (December 2000). 17499: 17475: 17400: 17364: 17245: 17037: 16977:Germany under the Old Regime, 1600–1790 16945:. Princeton University Press. pp. 16871: 16809: 16797: 16657:Frederick the Great: A Military History 16549: 16537: 16415: 16264: 16061: 15737:Printing, Propaganda, and Martin Luther 15734: 15661: 15649: 15437: 15435: 15129:Treichel, Eckhardt (14 December 2015). 15094: 15060: 14841: 14779: 14730: 14691: 14399: 14136:"Rediscovery of the Elements: Agricola" 14088:Vos, Dirk de (2003). "Memling , Hans". 14071: 13753:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 162–. 13641: 13542:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 194–. 13328: 13169:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 12848: 12623: 12600:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 12592: 12580: 12366: 12337: 12092:"Heuneburg (Herbertingen-Hundersingen)" 10884:in combat missions since World War II. 10874:International Security Assistance Force 10857:. Germany (especially under Chancellor 10143: 9800:. Around 6.7 million Germans living in 8248:More wide open was the fighting on the 7933:and introduced the highly advanced new 7914:The Influence of Sea Power upon History 7474:and the German ambassador in London as 6970:Revolution of 1848 in the German states 6312: 5177:(court astronomer under Maximilian I), 5015: 4494:List of states in the Holy Roman Empire 4475: 4089: 3727:and finally defeated Barbarossa in the 3673:(in Italian) pledged allegiance to the 3183:was compelled to submit to the Pope at 2795:Charlemagne surveying the works of the 14: 27272: 24367:A History of Twentieth-Century Germany 24166:A History of Twentieth-Century Germany 24022:A History of Twentieth-Century Germany 23888: 23671:Germany under the Old Regime 1600–1790 23602:792 pp; by Germany's foremost scholar 23422: 23363:, and Deborah Lucas Schneider. (2001) 23324:A history of modern Germany, 1800–2000 23318:A History of Twentieth-Century Germany 23254:Germany: A Companion to German Studies 23212: 23156: 23060:The Holy Roman Empire: A Short History 22945: 22899: 22806: 22704: 22486: 22053: 21888:Crowcroft, Orlando (8 December 2021). 21733: 21411: 21259: 21030: 20959: 20954:Germany, 1945–1990: A Parallel History 20895:Pence, Katherine; Betts, Paul (2011). 20877: 20705: 20674: 20609: 20592:A History of Modern Germany since 1815 20588: 20431: 20222:Encyclopedia of World War II, Volume 1 20195: 20183: 19677:Antifascists in "antifascist" violence 19670: 19513:[Establishment of Nazi Rule]. 19423: 19369: 19314: 19249: 19225:Office, Great Britain Foreign (1927). 19224: 19063: 19006:The Rulers of German Africa, 1884–1914 18658: 18618: 18445: 18039: 17937:German History in Documents and Images 17911:German History in Documents and Images 17879: 17846: 17837: 17721: 17704: 17581: 17511: 17282:Kopsidis, Michael; Bromley, Daniel W. 17170: 16836: 16821: 16668: 16632:Austria's Wars of Emergence, 1683–1797 16498: 16374:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 16298: 15942:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 174. 15939:A Companion to the Classical Tradition 15936:Kallendorf, Craig W. (15 April 2008). 15908:. Yale University Press. p. 223. 15799: 15761: 15627:10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.382 15580: 15551:The Thirty Years War: Europe's Tragedy 15548: 15521: 15426: 15380: 15356: 15303:from the original on 27 September 2021 15244: 15232: 15208: 15196: 15162: 14992: 14875: 14806: 14712:from the original on 26 September 2021 14667: 14599: 14587: 14515: 14481: 14366:Belt, Forest H.; Allen, Larry (1998). 14044: 13914:. University of New Mexico P. p. 13846: 13535: 13515:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 23–. 13508: 13402: 13214: 13125: 13043: 13026: 13009: 12997: 12958: 12784: 12750: 12709: 12472: 12227: 11889: 11541: 11255: 10980:), out of 2 million deaths in Europe. 9721:Germany during the Cold War, 1945–1990 9608:was destroyed. Germany's armed forces 9393:Military Administration (Nazi Germany) 9182:, where they were at the mercy of the 9125:resistance among the German population 8812:, the inventor of the automobile, and 8685:marked the beginning of the worldwide 8534:Flag of the Weimar Republic, 1919–1933 8130:(occupied in 1899), Togo-Hinterlands, 7920:, Germany had bargained the island of 7718:and the Black Sea. Germany hosted the 7378:, the German princes assembled in the 6898:Politics of restoration and revolution 6358: 6285:and Revolutionary era diverged toward 5449:since 1640 and later called the Great 4651:Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation 4319:'s religious works often incorporated 3454:to repopulate the area as part of the 1358:. Afterwards, Germany was part of the 1179:eight 380,000-year-old wooden javelins 26648: 26271:History of current European countries 26243: 25696: 25670: 24649: 24186:The Longman Companion to Nazi Germany 24120: 24002:German Diplomatic Documents 1871–1914 23850:The Unification of Germany, 1848–1871 23757:. New York: Oxford University Press. 23600:History of the Reformation in Germany 23574:Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther 23379: 23002:A Social History of Germany 1648–1914 22976: 22955: 22929:Concise Encyclopedia of World History 22787: 22453: 22428: 22336: 22308: 22186: 22136: 22002: 21511: 21483: 21372: 20972: 20909: 20806: 20234: 20171: 20144: 20132: 20078: 20016: 19992: 19980: 19918: 19906: 19894: 19882: 19724: 19699: 19593: 18888: 18873: 18812: 18774: 18633: 18489: 18371: 18187: 18090: 18063: 18057: 18004: 17746: 17487: 17443: 17415: 17337: 17146: 17066: 16757: 16452: 15780: 15509: 15442:Dittmar, Jeremiah; Seabold, Skipper. 15220: 14633: 14447: 14207: 13949:"Jews in the Medieval German Kingdom" 13946: 13805:Scaglione, Aldo D. (1 January 1991). 13773: 13128:The Journal of Ecclesiastical History 12803:. U of Minnesota Press. pp. 9–. 12684: 12530: 12378: 12349: 12325: 12174:Milisauskas, Sarunas (30 June 2002). 12056: 11723: 11535: 11382:Kleinhubbert, Guido (20 April 2020). 11347: 11236: 10594:mass demonstrations in several cities 8171:History of Germany during World War I 8069:A colonial lord in the German colony 7855: 7677:of Germany, Austria and Italy in 1913 7415:Monument to the Battle of the Nations 7402:with the exception of Austria in the 7199:North German Confederation, 1866–1871 5901:struggled to compete with the rising 4772:that he posted in the town square of 3723:over Italy. The cities united in the 3350: 3141:During the reign of Conrad II's son, 2823:, and in 774 he installed himself as 2741:bestowed him the hereditary title of 2358:. In the south, the marches included 1774:remains debated. However, for author 957:, used the economic hardships of the 24675: 24156:Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1933–1945 23654:Frederick the Great: King of Prussia 23157:Whaley, Joachim (24 November 2011). 22827:from the original on 24 October 2021 22287: 22155: 21960:"Ukrainian refugees by country 2023" 21462: 21174:Journal of Interdisciplinary History 20532: 20384:Schechtman, Joseph B. (April 1953). 20043: 19758: 19231:. H.M. Stationery Office. p. 32 18826: 18758:Journal of European Economic History 18594:Hattendorf, John B. (January 1991). 18539: 18402:"The First World War and Its Legacy" 18131: 17957: 17880:Wright, Patrick (9 September 2006). 17218: 17155: 16991:"Edict of Potsdam, October 29, 1685" 16938: 16141:from the original on 29 October 2021 15901: 15724:from the original on 9 October 2022. 15432: 15027:Mousourakis, George (2 March 2017). 14959:Thornhill, Chris (24 January 2007). 14081: 13705: 13614: 13356:"The Military OrdersL Intrioduction" 13353: 13278:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 12907: 12201:Rankin, David; H. D. Rankin (1996). 12153:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 100–. 11051:Russia's Feb. 24 invasion of Ukraine 8748:The Weimar years saw a flowering of 8720:German presidential election of 1932 8565:, Germany accorded the Soviet Union 8500:constitution came into effect, with 7789:General Act of the Berlin Conference 7532:"The estate which upheld the nation" 7358:. Napoleon was taken prisoner and a 7107:King Frederick William IV of Prussia 6960:Cheering the Revolutions of 1848 in 6455:History of rail transport in Germany 6392: 6220:, Prussia allied with Russia in the 5808:like the benevolent and progressive 5580:in 1683, the combined troops of the 4665:During his reign from 1493 to 1519, 4619:, especially his development of the 4257:was regarded as one of the greatest 4146:. He was the global inventor of the 3761:From 1184 to 1186, the empire under 2898:played a central role, as the local 2434:constructed during the reign of the 2206:. By the end of the 4th century the 1850:, had conquered lands of the Gallic 1835:first known bridges across the Rhine 1523:the dead and placing their ashes in 1062:nations. In 2015, Germany faced the 118:indiscriminate collections of images 88: 28: 27252: 26697:Decline of the Western Roman Empire 26204:History of the Mediterranean region 24449:(Central European University Press) 24421:Von Oppen, Beate Ruhm, ed. (1955). 24246:The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich 24004:(1928–31), in English translation. 23895:Bismarck: the Man and the Statesman 23801:; an old standard scholarly history 22755: 22574: 22272: 22118:. Routledge Companions to History. 21708:Bertaut, Murat F. Iyigun, Carol C. 20776:Gienow-Hecht, Jessica C.E. (1999). 19023:Journal of Southern African Studies 18322:Blackbourn, David (December 1975). 17747:Tonge, Stephen (11 November 2013). 17233: 17040:The Literature of Weimar Classicism 16586:. Steerforth Press. pp. 274–. 16580:Jankowski, Tomek E. (20 May 2014). 16093:. Andrews UK Limited. p. 236. 15902:Eire, Carlos M. N. (28 June 2016). 15704: 15668:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 14924: 14842:Hirschi, Caspar (8 December 2011). 14752:. Antiquariaat Forum. p. 162. 14735:. Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen(zdf). 14600:Metzig, Gregor (21 November 2016). 14542: 14271:William Rothstein, Stanley (1995). 14087: 13746: 13439: 13414: 13251:. University Passau. Archived from 12919: 12721:(4 ed.). Harrap. p. 174. 12147:Gimbutas, Marija (25 August 2011). 10934:which entered the Bundestag in the 10895:which affected the German economy. 10737:In 2005, after the SPD lost to the 10089: 9158:National flag of Germany, 1935–1945 8458:The humiliating peace terms in the 7702:from 1877 to 1878 and attempted to 7425: 6295:reorganization of the German states 6173:tried to remain neutral during the 5875: 5661:Frederick II, the Great, of Prussia 4976:from 1630 to 1648 and France under 4323:of the clergymen, aristocrats, and 4279:, bishop, philosopher, theologian, 3891: 3765:reached its cultural peak with the 3637:. Conrad tried to divest his rival 3529: 3240: 2851:(Emperor of the Romans) in Rome by 2781:Foundation of the Holy Roman Empire 2124:Decline of the Western Roman Empire 1727: New settlements by 250 1716: New settlements by 500 1705: Settlements before 750 1595:, the oldest city north of the Alps 1040:East and West Germany were reunited 24: 26789:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire 24496:, primary sources on reunification 24417:, broad survey of reunified nation 24217:Stackelberg, Roderick, ed. (2007) 24012:Weimar Thought: A Contested Legacy 23240: 23133:The New Cambridge Medieval History 22493:. University of Pittsburgh Press. 22466:. Vol. 4 (Revised ed.). 22092:The Crisis of Empire, A.D. 193–337 21266:. Yale University Press. pp. 21206: 20766:(1950); these are primary sources. 20612:"The Future of the German Economy" 20548:Liberman, Peter (23 August 1998). 20494:Faulenbach, Bernd (6 April 2005). 20053:. pp. 104–107. Archived from 19104:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 97. 18889:Allen, Robert C. (December 1979). 18802:, University of Pennsylvania Press 18266:(1982): 647–686. esp. pp. 657–662 18016: 17434:(John Benjamins Publishing, 1990). 15359:, pp. 12, 39, 40, 50, 72, 80. 15256: 15061:Neuhaus, Helmut (1 October 2010). 14670:, pp. ii, 260, 266, 277, 419. 14634:Monro, Alexander (22 March 2016). 14304:(in German). Böhlau. p. 694. 14244: 13589: 13358:. ORB Encyclopedia. Archived from 13329:Baldwin, Marshall W., ed. (1969). 12569:Bowman, Garnsey & Cameron 2005 12246: 11644:"Earliest music instruments found" 10274: 10261:Social Democratic Party of Germany 10209:, and adherents of Protestant and 8876:", led by the Nobel Prize-winners 8481: 8322: 7573:outlawing the party's organisation 7569:Social Democratic Party of Germany 7326:. Bismarck in the center in white. 7139:suffered a stroke and his brother 6606:Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling 6085:, a union of client states of the 5921:in northwestern Germany abolished 5429: 5355:Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus 4874:(in Franconia) and the theologian 4849:, which began in the southwest in 4626: 4119:became the most celebrated of the 4023:, that had acquired the status of 3407:rivers, such as modern Poland and 3133:, a center of influence under the 2847:, 800 AD, Charlemagne was crowned 2400: 2202:and the transformation of the old 2069:Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium 1825:study. In the mid-1st century BC, 1226:in Germany were found in the cave 25: 27291: 27219:Historiography in the Middle Ages 24535: 23580:Martin Luther and the Reformation 23545:Medieval Germany: An Encyclopedia 23468:Winkler, Heinrich August. (2006) 23335:; focus on politics and diplomacy 23114:Thompson, James Westfall (1931). 21211:(15 (Special Issue 1995)): 55–81. 16163:History of Portuguese Cartography 16087:Blumenau, Ralph (30 April 2014). 15800:Holden, Joshua (2 October 2018). 15396:Germany and the Holy Roman Empire 13988: 13774:Bumke, Joachim (1 January 1991). 13724:. Yale Law School. Archived from 10530:, and was succeeded by the SPD's 10290:In 1966, Erhard lost support and 9853:forced labour in the Soviet Union 9811: 9748:was a parliamentary democracy, a 9439:Foreign relations of Nazi Germany 9432: 8744:Science and technology in Germany 8538:In the first months of 1920, the 8059:German colonies and protectorates 7501:– domestic, European and global. 7413:The 91 m (299 ft) high 7390:and proclaimed the Prussian King 7309: 7131:Bismarck takes charge (1862–1866) 6908: 5755: 4501: 3018: 2807:After the death of Frankish king 2773:, and annexed their lands to the 2005:, considered conquest beyond the 1072:Russia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine 27251: 27242: 27241: 27231: 26189:Bibliography of European history 25784:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 23826:Hamerow, Theodore S. ed. (1993) 23819:Hamerow, Theodore S. ed. (1974) 23384:(First ed.). New York, NY. 23093:Stolper, Gustav (14 June 2017). 22708:Medieval France: An Encyclopedia 22705:Kibler, William W., ed. (1995). 22363:Historical Dictionary of Austria 22288:Drew, Katherine Fischer (2011). 21970: 21952: 21933: 21915: 21900: 21881: 21863: 21845: 21826: 21798: 21772: 21746: 21727: 21701: 21679: 21664: 21646: 21638:. 6 January 2009. Archived from 21624: 21591: 21578: 21569: 21560: 21547: 21538: 21520: 21505: 21492: 21477: 21456: 21435: 21420: 21405: 21366: 21319: 21284: 21253: 21242:, vol. 22, pp. 17–27, 21231: 21223:Mierzejewski, Alfred C. (2004). 21216: 21200: 21161: 21146: 21131: 21115: 21099:. Presidio Press. Archived from 21086: 21039: 21024: 20981: 20946: 20933: 20903: 20871: 20856: 20850:10.1111/j.1467-8497.2006.00427.x 20829: 20814: 20800: 20769: 20756: 20734: 20699: 20634: 20603: 20568: 20526: 20510: 20487: 20455: 20425: 20377: 20310: 20283: 20261: 20228: 20213: 20150: 20103: 20072: 20037: 20022: 19912: 19861: 19841: 19826: 19803: 19752: 19730: 19705: 19664: 19587: 19561: 19529: 19503: 19490: 19475: 19459: 19432: 19417: 19390: 19363: 19338: 19323: 19308: 19277: 19243: 19218: 19193: 19159: 19125: 19091: 19057: 19041: 19028: 19015: 18998: 18985: 18972: 18929: 18882: 18867: 18820: 18806: 18791: 18768: 18749: 18727: 18694: 18652: 18627: 18612: 18587: 18568: 18533: 18524: 18511: 18498: 18483: 18454: 18439: 18424: 18377: 18315: 18302: 18289: 18276: 18256: 18243: 18223: 18181: 18139: 18125: 18111: 18084: 18010: 17951: 17925: 17899: 17873: 17812: 17763: 17740: 17715: 17685: 17672: 17604: 17575: 17528: 17505: 17449: 17424: 17409: 17394: 17331: 17275: 17199: 17164: 17129: 17116: 17101: 17075: 17060: 17045: 17031: 17018: 17005: 16983: 16968: 16953: 16932: 16919: 16906: 16881: 16830: 16815: 16778: 16758:Schui, Florian (14 March 2013). 16718: 16662: 16649: 16600: 16555: 16492: 16458: 16409: 16396: 16382: 16342: 16328: 16304: 16258: 16224: 16185:Buisseret, David (22 May 2003). 16178: 16153: 16114: 16080: 16055: 16021: 15987: 15929: 15895: 15861: 15827: 15793: 15774: 15755: 15743: 15728: 15574: 15557: 15542: 15515: 15487: 15474: 15461: 15386: 15315: 15276: 15250: 15156: 15122: 15088: 15054: 15020: 14986: 14952: 14925:Lee, Daniel (19 February 2016). 14918: 14869: 14835: 14812: 14773: 14739: 14724: 14685: 14627: 14593: 14550:. Academic Forum. Archived from 14536: 14509: 14475: 14441: 14393: 14359: 14332:Häberlein, Mark (29 June 2012). 14325: 14291: 14238: 14229: 14114: 14065: 14038: 14023: 14008: 13996:. University of British Columbia 13982: 13940: 13903: 13881: 13853:The American Journal of Theology 13840: 13825: 13747:Law, John E. (5 December 2016). 13714: 13699: 13669: 13647: 13247:Dirscherl, Simon (23 May 2005). 11919:. Penguin Books. pp. 28–29. 11735:Halle State Museum of Prehistory 11210: 11201: 11188: 11170:Territorial evolution of Germany 11118:History of German foreign policy 11074: 11055:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 10880:, resulting in the first German 10739:Christian Democratic Union (CDU) 10537: 10321: 9879:, millions of POWs were used as 9826:Devastation in Berlin after the 9361:" which came to be known as the 9140:Establishment of the Nazi regime 9079: 9065: 9051: 9037: 9023: 9009: 8995: 8981: 8967: 8953: 8939: 8925: 8911: 8897: 8872:After 1933, Nazi proponents of " 8580:, German Chancellor in 1923 and 8470:in 1919 took control of the new 8379:was signed, ending the war. The 8315:1918 was the year of the deadly 8243: 8203: 7400:unified all ethnic German states 6816: 6802: 6787: 6773: 6759: 6745: 6731: 6717: 6703: 6689: 6675: 6661: 6592:, who initiated the work on the 6017:. Frederick William offered his 6001:within a week after French king 5932: 5347: 5332: 5317: 5297: 5278: 5260: 5230: 4956:The conflict was sparked by the 4641:Personification of the Reich as 4457: 4418: 4395: 4372: 4350: 4332: 4309: 4287: 4269: 4247: 4225: 4210: 3992: 3977: 3956: 3941: 3920: 3905: 3318:in virtually all cities between 2999: 2975: 2951: 2935: 2915: 2706:passes allied with the Curia in 2457:, built during the reign of the 2446: 2415: 1972: 1952: 1906: 1884: 1600: 1573: 1441: 1415: 1131: 1115: 752:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 646: 632: 171: 126:Manual of Style on use of images 93: 48:to read and navigate comfortably 33: 26717:Christianity in the Middle Ages 26712:Decline of Hellenistic religion 26214:History of Western civilization 25817:Christianity in the Middle Ages 24872:German revolutions of 1848–1849 24841:Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation) 24408:Developments in German Politics 24115:The Third Reich: A New History. 23690:Early Modern Germany, 1477–1806 23656:, major new scholarly biography 23641:A history of Germany, 1715–1815 23333:Germany in Western Civilization 23303:This text has updated editions. 22542:Frankreichs 33 Eroberungskriege 22366:. Vol. 70 (2nd ed.). 22161:A History of Germany: 1815-1990 21293:Journal of Contemporary History 20742:"Conferences: Pas de Pagaille!" 20438:Germany 1945: From War to Peace 20159:Joseph Goebbels: Life and Death 19762:Review of International Studies 19511:"Etablierung der NS-Herrschaft" 19064:Gradén, Lizette (13 May 2016). 18735:"Industrial Growth (1870–1914)" 17964:Journal of Contemporary History 17819:Guenther, Jack Harrold (2018). 17772:The Journal of Economic History 17038:Richter, Simon J., ed. (2005), 15393:Friedeburg, Robert von (2012). 15064:Das Reich in der Frühen Neuzeit 13910:Austin Alchon, Suzanne (2003). 13834:Frederick the Second, 1194–1250 13676:Blumenthal, Uta-Renate (1991). 13556: 13509:Murray, Alan V. (15 May 2017). 13479: 13456: 13432: 13384:. Holy Roman Empire Association 13374: 13347: 13322: 13300: 13267: 13240: 13134:(3). Cambridge Press: 347–374. 13119: 13085: 13037: 12854: 12756: 12728: 12702: 12536: 12490: 12431: 12411: 12372: 12283:East and West in Late Antiquity 12274: 12258:The New Encyclopædia Britannica 12221: 12084: 12040: 11991: 11923: 11883: 11866: 11809: 11741: 11705: 11654: 11636: 11618: 11588: 11384:"Vogelkiller aus der Steinzeit" 11237:McRae, Mike (6 November 2019). 10482:medium-range ballistic missiles 10472:with less enthusiasm. He had a 10387:and improve relations with the 9917: 9849:flight and expulsion of Germans 9558: 9325:the Nazis imposed a nationwide 8637:, German President in 1925–1934 8362:workers' and soldiers' councils 7714:and Russian containment at the 7620:the worst enemy and formed the 7460:so-called contract with Prussia 7363:5 billion francs and cede 7288: 6439: 6351:of 1866, to be replaced by the 6031:movement of proto-Romanticism. 6013:to free religious practice for 5634:Austro-Turkish War of 1716–1718 5502:Austro-Turkish War of 1716–1718 5342:, philosopher and mathematician 4830:of the Lutheran princes at the 4608:(with the management under the 4486:18th century history of Germany 4482:Early Modern history of Germany 3825:and the papacy led to the 1338 3173:. Pope Gregory insisted in his 2716:Liutprand, King of the Lombards 2105: 878:German revolutions of 1848–1849 730:9) prevented annexation by the 440:German revolutions of 1848–1849 50:. When this tag was added, its 26995:Crisis of the late Middle Ages 26058:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 26001:Christianity in the modern era 25772:Christianity in late antiquity 24857:Early modern period, 1500–1800 24745:List of early Germanic peoples 24548:Chickering, Roger, ed. (1996) 24510:The Making of the GDR, 1945–53 24315:Berghahn, Volker Rolf. (1987) 24211:Stackelberg, Roderick. (1999) 23953:Berghahn, Volker Rolf. (2005) 23944:Berghahn, Volker Rolf. (1987) 23868:, the major survey in English 23565: 23508:. Princeton University Press. 23475:Zabecki, David T., ed. (2015) 23331:Maehl, William Harvey. (1979) 22923:Ramirez-Faria, Carlos (2007). 22414:. Cambridge University Press. 21987: 21907:Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. 21833:Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. 21734:Mufson, Steven (30 May 2011). 21332:International Migration Review 20748:. 28 July 1947. Archived from 20610:Hoover, Calvin B. (May 1946). 20554:. Princeton University Press. 19810:Stackelberg, Roderick (2007). 19777:(inactive 24 September 2024). 19290:. Allen & Unwin. pp. 19250:Bönker, Dirk (15 March 2012). 18431:Weitsman, Patricia A. (2004), 18412:. Event occurs at 06:37-11:02 18297:The Catholic Historical Review 17786:(inactive 24 September 2024). 16698:Russell Frank Weigley (2004). 16499:Kahler, Erich (5 March 2019). 15806:. Princeton University Press. 15662:Cameron, Euan (1 March 2012). 14516:Eckert, Daniel (6 June 2016). 14048:Cologne in the Twelfth Century 13274:Uta-Renate Blumenthal (1988). 13054:10.1002/9781118885154.dipl0494 13030:Charlemagne's church at Aachen 12440:"C. Julius Caesar, Gallic War" 12230:Penguin Atlas of World History 12136:. G. Fr. Meyer. pp. 110–. 11661:Fernández, Eva (5 June 2014). 11489:Nature Ecology & Evolution 11475: 11409: 11398: 11375: 11341: 11308: 11249: 11230: 11148:Family tree of German monarchs 11138:List of chancellors of Germany 11128:History of the Jews in Germany 11027:Post-COVID period (Since 2022) 10730:while vacationing in Southern 10618:were opened in the Berlin Wall 10448:, left, with French President 10067:three western occupation zones 10031:According to German historian 9973:) of the communist-controlled 9727:History of Germany (1945–1990) 9707:German Instrument of Surrender 9287:Antisemitism and the Holocaust 9222:German National People's Party 8653: 8358:German Revolution of 1918–1919 8329:German Revolution of 1918–1919 8175:German Revolution of 1918–1919 8160: 7982:Kaiserliches Statistisches Amt 7700:war against the Ottoman Empire 7665:Foreign policies and relations 7590: 7546:Berlin and neighboring Potsdam 6636:in history became famous. The 6236:, gained extensive territory. 5746:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 5598:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 3137:in the 10th and 11th centuries 2553:, which eventually became the 2474:deposition of Romulus Augustus 2377: 2067:(with the capital situated at 2039:Battle of the Teutoburg Forest 1782:, or at the latest during the 1648:until 700 BC). Some, like the 1561:Archaeology of Northern Europe 1515:in central Europe, whilst the 1284:Stroke-ornamented ware culture 1124:Lion-Man of Hohlenstein-Stadel 1097:Paleolithic and Neolithic ages 1092:Archaeology of Northern Europe 939:German Revolution of 1918–1919 724:Battle of the Teutoburg Forest 714:, thus distinguishing it from 13: 1: 27169:Disability in the Middle Ages 26842:Rise of the Republic of Genoa 26774:Rise of the Venetian Republic 26209:History of the European Union 24980:History of Germany since 1990 24612:Klessmann, Christoph. (2001) 24402:excerpt and text search vol 2 24349:Hanrieder, Wolfram F. (1989) 24254: 23878:, a major scholarly biography 23591:MacCulloch, Diarmaid. (2005) 23380:Smith, Helmut Walser (2020). 23185:Wiesflecker, Hermann (1991). 22385:Fortson, Benjamin W. (2011). 22315:The Coming of the Third Reich 22291:The Laws of the Salian Franks 22215:Medieval Experience: 300–1400 22137:Brady, Thomas A. Jr. (2009). 22029:The Origins of Modern Germany 21999:Knowledge maps; not copyright 20863:Biesinger, Joseph A. (2006), 20681:. Harper & Row. pp. 20441:. Harper Collins Publishers. 20337:Piotr Stefan Wandycz (1980). 20118:. Harper Torchbooks. p. 19956:Marchak, M. Patricia (2003). 19515:Deutsches Historisches Museum 19004:Gann, L., and Peter Duignan, 18878:. Princeton University Press. 18827:Webb, Steven B. (June 1980). 18634:Mahan, Alfred Thayer (1890). 18461:Neugebauer, Wolfgang (2003). 17939:. German Historical Institute 17913:. German Historical Institute 17616:Bismarck: A Political History 17420:. LSU Press. pp. 99–134. 17401:Hamerow, Theodore S. (1969). 17139:Napoleon's satellite kingdoms 16336:"DPMA | Johannes Kepler" 16121:Kleinschmidt, Harald (2000). 15735:Edwards, Mark U. Jr. (1994). 15524:The English Historical Review 14993:Haivry, Ofir (29 June 2017). 14746:Kleinschmidt, Harald (2008). 14298:Wiesflecker, Hermann (2004). 13046:The Encyclopedia of Diplomacy 12875:10.1080/00438243.1992.9980183 12797:Bachrach, Bernard S. (1972). 12661:barbarians who meant to stay. 12204:Celts and the Classical World 12177:European Prehistory: A Survey 12133:Herodoti historiarum libri IX 11816:Iñigo Olalde (8 March 2018). 11224: 10755:Party of Democratic Socialism 10634:History of Germany since 1990 9311:Buchenwald concentration camp 8800:. Theoretical mathematicians 8445: 8043: 7803: 7235: 6602:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel 6367: 5954:Weimar courtyard of the muses 5905:, which developed into a new 5596:, the Holy Roman Empire, the 5401:. Their principal colony was 4857:and spread further east into 4536:and the emergence of the new 3596: 2994:rule, 10th and 11th centuries 2942:Territorial evolution of the 1866:Roman settlement of the Rhine 1642: 1589: 1493: 1467: 1431: 1384: 1371: 1352: 1345:Neolithic circular enclosures 1333: 1318: 1081: 789:, the medieval German state. 120:or adjusting images that are 24628:Vol. 28 Issue 2, pp 287–330, 24397:Schwarz, Hans-Peter. (1995) 24236:Thomsett, Michael C. (2007) 24106:Hitler: A Study in Tyranny, 24054:Cambridge Historical Journal 24046:Mommsen, Wolfgang J. (1995) 23928: 23920:Wehler, Hans-Ulrich. (1984) 23898:. New York: Alfred A Knopf. 23874:Steinberg, Jonathan. (2011) 23742: 23540:(Cambridge University Press) 23287:A Concise History of Germany 23252:Bithell, Jethro, ed. (1955) 22547:France's 33 wars of conquest 22196:. Harvard University Press. 21978:"Economic Key Facts Germany" 21387:10.1215/00382876-102-2-3-405 21263:The two Germanies since 1945 21260:Turner, Henry Ashby (1987). 21168:Granieri, Ronald J. (2005). 21031:Junker, Detlef, ed. (2004). 20340:The United States and Poland 19919:Geary, Dick (October 1998). 19652:. Event occurs at 7:00-7:30 19575:(in German). 11 January 2013 19345:Clodfelter, Micheal (2017). 19228:The end of British isolation 18813:Haber, Ludwig Fritz (1958), 18705:. Springer. pp. 41–55. 18091:Moses, John Anthony (1982). 18070:. Stanford U.P. p. 53. 17728:. HathiTrust Digital Library 17691:Jonathan Sperber, "Review," 17516:The Course of German History 17136:Connelly, Owen (1966). "6". 16979:. pp. 217–234, 375–395. 16704:. Indiana U.P. p. 550. 16672:(1974) . Peter Peret (ed.). 13655:"Staat des Deutschen Ordens" 13536:Berend, Nora (15 May 2017). 13226:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 13200:. Routledge. pp. 124–. 12423:Commentarii de Bello Gallico 11680:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004401 11123:History of German journalism 10917:Germany was affected by the 10123:currency reform of June 1948 10047:West Germany (Bonn Republic) 9771: 9700:. Nazi Germany collapsed as 9327:boycott of Jewish businesses 9146:Adolf Hitler's rise to power 8847:. The reactionary historian 8352:The end of October 1918, in 8293: 7898:German Imperial Naval Office 7799:Wilhelminian Era (1888–1918) 7725:In 1879, Germany formed the 6861:Church of the Prussian Union 6504:History of German journalism 6399:Industrialization in Germany 6331:the 39 former states of the 6281:. The liberal spirit of the 6239: 6111:execution of the French king 6073:French Revolution, 1789–1815 5897:declined as the traditional 5802:Christoph Bernhard von Galen 5798:Johann Philipp von Schönborn 5735:Prussian Academy of Sciences 5538:Electorate of the Palatinate 5424: 4970:King Christian IV of Denmark 4923:Thirty Years' War, 1618–1648 4818:'s wars with France and the 4685:) was established (with the 4657:, being carried in front of 3775:and the marriage of his son 2350:and the heart of the future 945:in 1918 and established the 888:. Prussia, with its capital 7: 26168:Russian invasion of Ukraine 25779:Crisis of the Third Century 24552:; 18 essays by specialists; 24425:. Oxford University Press. 24383:Junker, Detlef, ed. (2004) 24377:Jarausch, Konrad H. (2008) 24179:Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis. 24097: 24070:Imperial Germany, 1871–1918 23976:Cecil, Lamar. (1989) vol2: 23960:Brandenburg, Erich. (1927) 23922:The German Empire 1871–1918 23797:Brandenburg, Erich. (1933) 23598:Ranke, Leopold von. (1905) 23595:, influential recent survey 23504:Goffart, Walter A. (1988). 23483: 23470:Germany: The Long Road West 23414:Documents of German history 23275:Detwiler, Donald S. (1999) 23269:Buse, Dieter K. ed. (1998) 22840:Noflatscher, Heinz (2011). 22661:A History of Modern Germany 22636:A History of Modern Germany 22611:A History of Modern Germany 22360:Fichtner, Paula S. (2009). 22060:. New York: Little, Brown. 20708:Western Political Quarterly 19370:Tucker, Spencer C. (2005). 18895:Journal of Economic History 18833:Journal of Economic History 18711:10.1007/978-3-642-71196-1_3 18659:Esthus, Raymond A. (1970). 18231:Journal of Church and State 18190:Journal of Economic History 18064:Mazón, Patricia M. (2003). 17459:39.04 (1996) pp. 985–1004. 16975:Gagliardo, John G. (1991). 16822:Ingrao, Charles W. (2003). 16068:. Claes Johnson. p. 68 15399:. Oxford University Press. 14829:10.11588/azgnm.1954.0.38143 14092:. Oxford University Press. 14078:– covers from 1000 to 1300. 14072:Huffman, Joseph P. (1998). 14017:Medieval Germany, 1056–1273 13891:Lillian Goldman Law Library 13832:Kantorowicz, Ernst (1957). 13722:"The Peace of Venice; 1177" 12932:Frassetto, Michael (2003). 11256:Wagner, Günther A. (2010). 11155:Military history of Germany 11133:History of women in Germany 11108:Economic history of Germany 11067: 10900:2011 earthquake and tsunami 10722:On 26 December 2004 during 10697:" candidate in the mold of 10489:Free Democratic Party (FDP) 10255:Meanwhile, in adopting the 10188: 10138:European Economic Community 9555:towards Hitler had failed. 9380: 8698:proportional representation 8474:(NSDAP), which failed in a 8117:Herero and Namaqua Genocide 7448:during the previous decades 7330:In 1868, the Spanish queen 7135:In 1857, the Prussian king 6833: 6448: 6244: 6133:French consulate suzerainty 6025:Johann Gottfried von Herder 5382:got colonial rights in the 5365: 5286:Elisabeth of the Palatinate 5066:was published in 1522; the 5031:by the Protestant reformer 4974:Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden 4885:, initiated in 1545 at the 4452:as a scientific discipline. 3659:(in Italian) supported the 3463:State of the Teutonic Order 3045:was crowned German king at 2907:The Holy Roman Empire, maps 2200:decline of the Roman Empire 2089:Christianity was introduced 1634:(5th to 1st centuries BC). 1550: 1449:Golden Hat of Schifferstadt 844:, the most important being 814:State of the Teutonic Order 746:were established along the 60:content into sub-articles, 10: 27296: 26970:Rise of the Ottoman Empire 26224:Military history of Europe 26219:Maritime history of Europe 24887:North German Confederation 24867:Confederation of the Rhine 24574:Journal of Women's History 24520:Saxonberg, Steven. (2013) 24508:Pritchard, Gareth. (2004) 24406:Smith, Gordon, ed, (1992) 24172:Hitler, 1889–1936: Hubris. 24154:Friedlander, Saul. (2009) 24113:Burleigh, Michael. (2000) 24089:Watson, Alexander. (2014) 23707:Ogilvie, Sheilagh. (2003) 23669:Gagliardo, John G. (1991) 23659:Bruford W.H. (1935, 1971) 23610:The Age of the Reformation 23532:Medieval Germany 1056–1273 23412:Snyder, Louis, ed. (1958) 23353:Reinhardt, Kurt F. (1961) 23245: 23019:Schulman, Jana K. (2002). 22962:Holt, Rinehart and Winston 22952:; emphasis on 20th century 22946:Richie, Alexandra (1998). 22733:Kristinsson, Axel (2010). 22437:Cambridge University Press 21463:Sinn, Hans-Werner (2007). 21225:Ludwig Erhard: a biography 21153:Hiscocks, Richard (1975). 21138:Williams, Charles (2000). 21002:10.1177/000271627743100106 20878:Taylor, Frederick (2008), 20422:"Most had left" is p. 158. 20357:Phillip A. Bühler (1990). 20235:Large, David Clay (2001). 20224:. H W Fowler. p. 165. 20114:Hitler: a study in tyranny 20029:Friedlander, Saul (1998). 19482:Chickering, Roger (2004). 19467:Armed Forces & Society 19424:Herwig, Holger H. (1996). 19403:. Oxford U.P. p. 68. 19349:. McFarland. p. 407. 19132:Bückendorf, Jutta (1997). 19098:Akinwumi, Olayemi (2002). 19070:. Routledge. p. 223. 19051:(2014) No. 1 pp: 153–172. 17976:10.1177/002200946700200306 17416:Olson, Kenneth E. (1966). 17248:, pp. 37–55, 183–202. 16939:Ford, Guy Stanton (1922). 16505:. Routledge. p. 279. 16160:Cortesão, Armando (1969). 15033:. Routledge. p. 435. 14193:Rafferty, John P. (2012). 14149:(3). Alpha Chi Sigma: 59. 14019:. Oxford University Press. 14015:Haverkamp, Alfred (1988). 13464:Waterloo Historical Review 12938:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 90–. 12119:. in bibliopolio Hahniano. 12016:10.1007/s00439-021-02328-6 11510:10.1038/s41559-023-02303-6 11175:Timeline of German history 10945: 10908:Fukushima nuclear disaster 10887:In light of the worldwide 10637: 10631: 10541: 10434: 10389:German Democratic Republic 10357: 10325: 10224:), and became a pillar of 10058: 9945:German Democratic Republic 9921: 9815: 9724: 9562: 9527:and French Prime Minister 9469:in Berlin (September 1940) 9442: 9436: 9390: 9384: 9329:. In March 1933 the first 9290: 9190:deputies were taken into " 9150:Government of Nazi Germany 9143: 9100: 8741: 8657: 8582:Nobel Peace Prize laureate 8509:Communist Party of Germany 8464:Communist Party of Germany 8438: 8435:Weimar Republic, 1918–1933 8422:was to be governed by the 8326: 8164: 8047: 7958: 7836: 7594: 7260:Imperial Germany 1871–1918 7246:North German Confederation 7228: 7205:North German Confederation 7202: 7187:superiority over the slow 7087: 6997:Austrian Prince Metternich 6901: 6840:Prussian Union of churches 6837: 6697:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 6523:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 6501: 6452: 6396: 6353:North German Confederation 6333:Confederation of the Rhine 6323:North German Confederation 6316: 6293:was discarded. Napoleon's 6267:North German Confederation 6203:Confederation of the Rhine 6175:War of the Third Coalition 6161:Imperial French suzerainty 6155:Confederation of the Rhine 6083:Confederation of the Rhine 6037:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 5936: 5879: 5841:American Revolutionary War 5731:first servant of the state 5663:reigned from 1740 to 1786. 5491: 5108: 5093:was also decisive for the 4926: 4768:published a pamphlet with 4630: 4602:first modern postal system 4479: 4263:medieval German literature 4233:Walther von der Vogelweide 4117:Walther von der Vogelweide 3854:of the Rhine, the Duke of 3460: 3354: 3244: 3214:, the Knights of St John ( 3171:series of clerical reforms 3022: 2784: 2597:Kingdom of the Burgundians 2404: 2381: 2304:, unlike further west the 2257: 2214:. The event triggered the 2117: 2099:built during the reign of 1959:Modern miniature model of 1869: 1759: 1749: 1738: New settlements by 1609:Hochdorf Chieftain's Grave 1554: 1388: 1100: 1085: 1074:and decided to strengthen 900:with the formation of the 870:Confederation of the Rhine 445:North German Confederation 415:Confederation of the Rhine 27227: 27156: 27015: 26910: 26897:Mongol invasion of Europe 26802: 26682: 26626: 26578: 26540: 26277: 26194:Genetic history of Europe 26176: 25981: 25797: 25737: 25704: 25621: 25481: 25361: 25352: 25235: 25226: 25107: 25098: 25034: 25025: 24988: 24967: 24849: 24803: 24727: 24696: 24687: 24600:Hagen, William W. (2012) 24555:Evans, Richard J. (1997) 24291:A History of West Germany 24289:—; — (1992). 24264:A History of West Germany 24225:Women in the Third Reich, 24117:. Stress on antisemitism; 24072:(Oxford University Press) 24068:Retallack, James. (2008) 24026:Herwig, Holger H. (1996) 23935:Balfour, Michael. (1972) 23866:German History, 1770–1866 23864:Sheehan, James J. (1993) 23848:Pflanze Otto, ed. (1979) 23804:Brose, Eric Dorn. (1997) 23614:complete text online free 23608:Smith, Preserved. (1920) 23604:complete text online free 23585:Junghans, Helmar. (1998) 23500:(Oxford University Press) 23496:Arnold, Benjamin. (2004) 23490:Arnold, Benjamin. (1998) 23357:stress on cultural topics 23123:Van Dam, Raymond (1995). 22769:Longerich, Peter (2012). 22429:Green, Dennis H. (2000). 22238:Damminger, Folke (2003). 22221:New York University Press 22211:Claster, Jill N. (1982). 22178:Carsten, Francis (1958). 22163:(4 ed.). Routledge. 21923:"The ruins of Ostpolitik" 21326:Castles, Stephen (1985). 21064:10.1017/s0034670500045009 21046:Sauermann, Heinz (1950). 20641:Milward, Alan S. (1984). 20589:Tipton, Frank B. (2003). 20402:10.1017/s0034670500008081 20031:Nazi Germany and the Jews 19775:10.1017/s026021050011424x 19608:10.1017/s0008938900018707 19517:(in German). 22 June 2015 19397:Steiner, Zara S. (2005). 19376:. ABC-CLIO. p. 225. 19284:Kennedy, Paul M. (1980). 19200:Tetzlaff, Rainer (1970). 18907:10.1017/s0022050700098673 18845:10.1017/s0022050700108228 18680:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 8–. 18554:10.1017/s0018246x00026716 18343:10.1017/s0018246x00008906 18264:Journal of Modern History 18202:10.1017/S0022050700102347 17857:10.1515/9789633860175-007 17784:10.1017/S0022050714000898 17722:McCabe, James D. (1871). 17695:85#3 (2012), pp. 768–769. 17693:Journal of Modern History 17541:Journal of Modern History 17160:, pp. 34–55, 202–206 17124:German History, 1770–1866 17015:20#3 (2002), pp. 279–286. 16608:"Eugen Prinz von Savoyen" 15549:Wilson, Peter H. (2009). 14965:. Routledge. p. 12. 14698:. CQ Press. p. 124. 14448:Nolan, Cathal J. (2006). 14372:. ABC-CLIO. p. 134. 13332:A History of the Crusades 13140:10.1017/S0022046900026245 13027:Nelson, Janet L. (1998), 12379:Brown, Robert D. (2013). 12291:10.1163/9789004289529_007 11958:10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.022 11879:(PhD). Leiden University. 11626:"The Venus of Hohle Fels" 11091:Historiography of Germany 10822:, Germany was ruled by a 10235: 9939:and guests of honor like 9588:, the Low Countries, and 8683:Wall Street Crash of 1929 8507:On 30 December 1918, the 8317:1918 Spanish Flu pandemic 8187: 7896:, state secretary of the 7476:the worst Germans we have 5911:emancipation of the serfs 5340:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 5310:Simplicius Simplicissimus 5288:, philosopher, critic of 5147:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 4908:Cuius regio, eius religio 4297:, pioneering user of the 4115:. About 100 years later, 3592:Codex Balduini Trevirorum 2638:Orange = expansion under 2576:missionaries, among them 1531:and was succeeded by the 1177:. Between 1994 and 1998, 921:'s while provoking it in 25039:Administrative divisions 24568:Hagemann, Karen (2007). 24342:Gehler, Michael. (2013) 24223:Stibbe, Matthew. (2003) 24082:Stolper, Gustav. (2017) 24062:Peukert, Detlev. (1993) 23991:Craig, Gordon A. (1978) 23937:The Kaiser and his Times 23810:Craig, Gordon A. (1978) 23688:Hughes, Michael. (1992) 23675:Gaxotte, Pierre. (1942) 23557:Reuter, Timothy. (1991) 23550:Nicholas, David. (2009) 23338:Orlow, Dietrich. (2002) 23322:Kitchen, Martin. (2006) 23277:Germany: A Short History 23033:German History 1770–1866 22771:Heinrich Himmler: A Life 22741:. ReykjavíkurAkademían. 22410:Fuhrmann, Horst (1986). 22340:The Third Reich in Power 21710:"The Launch of the Euro" 21416:. Duke University Press. 21375:South Atlantic Quarterly 21305:10.1177/0022009409340648 21186:10.1162/0022195054741190 20616:American Economic Review 19596:Central European History 18465:(in German). Stuttgart: 18446:Belgum, Kirsten (1998). 18308:Rebecca Ayako Bennette, 18233:(1981) 23#3 pp. 465–484 18007:, pp. 158, 603–623. 17705:Rüstow, Wilhelm (1872). 17311:Mitchell, Allan (2006). 16418:American Economic Review 16127:. Boydell & Brewer. 15868:Zambelli, Paola (2007). 15665:The European Reformation 15581:Whaley, Joachim (2012). 14876:Brandt, Bettina (2010). 14030:Nicholas, David (1997). 13847:Köhler, Walther (1903). 13706:Kahn, Robert A. (1974). 13473:5 September 2017 at the 12228:Kinder, Hermann (1988), 11181: 10912:nuclear power in Germany 10689:positioned himself as a 10450:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing 10431:Economic crisis of 1970s 10401:in 1961, which worsened 10391:, a policy known as the 10211:Catholic social teaching 9610:invaded the Soviet Union 9272:Night of the Long Knives 9180:Nazi concentration camps 8804:in the 19th century and 7857:[ˈvɛltpoliˌtiːk] 7757:German South-West Africa 7708:Principality of Bulgaria 7687:League of Three Emperors 7487:first imperial elections 7225:German Empire, 1871–1918 7125:absolute divine monarchy 7113: 6683:Gotthold Ephraim Lessing 6630:Friedrich Schleiermacher 6527:Gotthold Ephraim Lessing 6498:Newspapers and magazines 5909:middle class, while the 5804:, some of them promoted 5668:Frederick II "the Great" 5471:King Frederick William I 5415:Dutch West India Company 5203:laws of planetary motion 5166:and the 1513 edition of 5163:Universalis Cosmographia 4966:Battle of White Mountain 4593:after the death of King 4465:Hans Holbein the Younger 4142:printing and issued the 4069:central location on the 3684:During the reign of the 3633:family for a candidate, 3501:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 3367:German eastern expansion 2811:in 768, his oldest son " 2246:Stem duchies and marches 1306:at the beginning of the 1211:. The species was named 1044:Franco-German friendship 992:occupation by the Allies 969:made racism, especially 696:as a distinct region in 26852:Investiture Controversy 26822:Second Bulgarian Empire 26199:History of Christianity 24527:Steiner, André. (2010) 24474:Fulbrook, Mary. (2008) 24468:Fulbrook, Mary. (1998) 24371:Jähner, Harald. (2022) 24206:Hitler and Nazi Germany 24197:Overy, Richard. (2004) 24191:Koonz, Claudia. (1986) 24130:Das Dritte Reich. Krieg 24040:Kolb, Eberhard. (2005) 23724:Schulze, Hagen. (1991) 23666:, covers social history 23536:Innes; Matthew. (2000) 23283:Fulbrook, Mary (1990). 22956:Rodes, John E. (1964). 22931:. Atlantic Publishers. 22900:Ozment, Steven (2004). 22568:Oxford University Press 22562:Heather, Peter (2010). 22054:Beevor, Antony (2012). 21598:Hockenos, Paul (2008). 21484:Cerny, Karl H. (1990). 21442:Fulbrook, Mary (2002). 20821:Fulbrook, Mary (2008). 20794:10.1111/0145-2096.00150 20678:Germany and the Germans 20290:Stearns, Peter (2013). 20243:. Basic Books. p. 19671:Fippel, Günter (2003). 19469:(1976) 3#1 pp 121–145. 18938:Business History Review 18619:Herwig, Holger (1980). 18148:Business History Review 18118:Hennock, E. P. (2007), 17958:Röhl, J. C. G. (1967). 17512:Taylor, A.J.P. (2001). 17156:Raff, Diethher (1988), 17142:. New York, Free Press. 17067:Kuehn, Manfred (2001). 16735:10.1057/9780230616639_4 16321:15 October 2021 at the 16062:Johnson, Claes (2011). 15495:The Counter-Reformation 15369:Stollberg-Rilinger 2021 15336:10.1515/jbgsg-2018-0014 15095:Brendle, Franz (1998). 14913:Stollberg-Rilinger 2021 14680:Stollberg-Rilinger 2021 14576:Stollberg-Rilinger 2021 12711:Langer, William Leonard 12071:www.heuneburg-pyrene.de 11450:10.1073/pnas.96.13.7117 11348:Trnka, Gerhard (2007). 11283:10.1073/pnas.1012722107 11143:List of German monarchs 11096:Conservatism in Germany 11044:Frank-Walter Steinmeier 10964:mortality toll (Behind 10932:Alternative for Germany 10919:European migrant crisis 10761:leading the new group. 10503: 10381:Social Democratic Party 9928:History of East Germany 9914:international affairs. 9331:Nazi concentration camp 9097:Nazi Germany, 1933–1945 8854:The Decline of the West 8754:Nobel prizes in science 8660:World War I reparations 8496:On 11 August 1919, the 8377:the Compiègne armistice 8281:Painting depicting the 8272: 8262:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 8134:, Katanga Territories, 7833:Alliances and diplomacy 7659:Social Democratic Party 7606:Between Berlin and Rome 7215:North German Federation 7164:Second War of Schleswig 7083: 6644:in natural science and 6104:German reaction to the 6056:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 5859:University of Göttingen 5810:Franz Ludwig von Erthal 5487: 5482:1914 territorial extent 5292:' dualistic metaphysics 5097:and its evolution from 5085:Lucas Cranach the Elder 4150:, thereby starting the 3802:Between 1212 and 1250, 3679:political particularism 3627:Investiture Controversy 3619:Adalbert of Saarbrücken 3583:Margrave of Brandenburg 3235:Sacrum Romanum Imperium 3233:in 1157, but the words 3189:Investiture Controversy 3057:and crowned emperor by 2862:or the introduction of 2797:Palatine Chapel, Aachen 2486:, who became the first 2455:Palatine Chapel, Aachen 1967:) in the 4th century CE 1944:, constructed in 170 AD 1693:into previously mostly 1668:(Germanic tribes) from 1164:. The discovery of the 1156:Pre-human apes such as 1064:European migrant crisis 822:Investiture Controversy 124:in accordance with the 27209:Post-classical history 26965:Fall of Constantinople 26872:Capet–Plantagenet feud 26739:First Bulgarian Empire 26320:Bosnia and Herzegovina 26023:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 25300:Science and technology 25001:History of Brandenburg 24892:Unification of Germany 24882:Frankfurt Constitution 24586:10.1353/jowh.2007.0014 24480:Harsch, Donna. (2008) 24454: 24445:Weber, Jurgen. (2004) 24126:The Third Reich at War 24104:Bullock, Alan. (1962) 23852:, essays by historians 23682:Heal, Bridget. (2007) 23639:Atkinson, C.T. (1908) 23578:Dickens, A. G. (1969) 23454:Watson, Peter. (2010) 23365:Germany: A New History 23347:Raff, Diether. (1988) 22813:. BRILL. p. 298. 22788:Majer, Diemut (2003). 22487:Hayton, Darin (2015). 22180:The Origins of Prussia 20973:Weber, Jurgen (2004). 20941:Christian Social Union 20157:Thacker, Toby (2009). 20110:Bullock, Alan (1991). 19500:(1991 edition) p. 742. 19439:Paschall, Rod (1994). 19330:Strachan, Hew (2004). 19025:(1993) 19#1 pp: 80–88. 18874:James, Harold (2012). 18132:Beck, Hermann (1995), 17582:Wittke, C. F. (1952). 15874:. BRILL. p. 251. 15840:. BRILL. p. 383. 15469:The German Reformation 15169:. BRILL. p. 256. 14692:Axelrod, Alan (2013). 14488:. Heath. p. 479. 14482:Clough, S. B. (1975). 11890:Probst, Ernst (1996). 10850: 10845:in 2007 promoting the 10782: 10743:North Rhine-Westphalia 10682: 10664: 10608: 10573: 10516: 10453: 10379:was the leader of the 10373: 10287: 10198: 10157: 10103: 10056: 9987:East German propaganda 9977:(SED). A Soviet-style 9948: 9899:industrial disarmament 9868: 9831: 9736: 9673: 9635: 9577: 9574:German-occupied Europe 9470: 9406: 9323:1933 federal elections 9314: 9217: 9159: 9116: 8961:Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen 8762:Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen 8638: 8599:1920s German inflation 8585: 8540: 8535: 8493: 8476:coup in Munich in 1923 8455: 8349: 8286: 8283:Armistice with Germany 8224:, north of Paris. The 8213: 8194:leading to World War I 8184: 8073: 8062: 8050:German colonial empire 7996: 7976: 7971:chemical factories in 7952:Second Moroccan Crisis 7870: 7862:Friedrich von Holstein 7839:Triple Alliance (1882) 7817: 7785:Colonisation of Africa 7678: 7643: 7609: 7585:European welfare state 7577:social welfare program 7438: 7422: 7404:Little German solution 7360:provisional government 7327: 7261: 7253: 7063: 7033: 7020: 6992: 6985:Albrecht Graf von Roon 6973: 6953: 6934: 6888:Seamless robe of Jesus 6849: 6725:Alexander von Humboldt 6642:Alexander von Humboldt 6467: 6428: 6416: 6382:Demographic Transition 6377: 6355:during the same year. 6270: 6258: 6184:'s dissolution of the 6101: 6090: 6007:Edict of Fontainebleau 5997:of Prussia issued the 5982: 5776: 5768: 5703:Treaty of Hubertusburg 5676:enlightened absolutism 5664: 5652:Enlightened absolutism 5644:, on which the future 5614:Prince Eugene of Savoy 5572:After the last-minute 5536:, he also invaded the 5532:. At the start of the 5518: 5511:Prince Eugene of Savoy 5439: 5307:, author of the novel 5118: 5048:Protestant Reformation 5040: 4941: 4808:Protestant Reformation 4803: 4750: 4741:Protestant Reformation 4662: 4551: 4521: 4432:, exclusively writing 4358:Tilman Riemenschneider 4255:Wolfram von Eschenbach 4080:pilgrimage destination 4017:municipal legal system 3858:, and the Margrave of 3829:by six princes of the 3797:Wolfram von Eschenbach 3795:and the literature of 3763:Frederick I Barbarossa 3747:in their territories. 3706:Margraviate of Austria 3700:, who represented the 3603: 3546: 3467:In 1230, the Catholic 3411:and to the south into 3384: 3370: 3266: 3258: 3195:and the Pope with the 3138: 3123: 3038: 2804: 2655: 2396:Brunhilda of Austrasia 2277: 2255: 1945: 1846:tribe under chieftain 1747: 1315:Linear Pottery culture 1299: 1198:North Rhine-Westphalia 1056:gross domestic product 894:unification of Germany 834:Protestant Reformation 542: 428: 297:Linear Pottery culture 26103:Industrial Revolution 24937:Flight and expulsions 24635:(Palgrave Macmillan). 24201:; comparative history 24177:Kershaw, Ian. (2000) 24170:Kershaw, Ian. (1999) 23970:Cecil, Lamar. (1996) 23881:Stern, Fritz. (1979) 23860:online free to borrow 23855:Ramm, Agatha. (1967) 23664:online free to borrow 23543:Jeep, John M. (2001) 23306:Gall, Lothar. (2003) 23259:Bösch, Frank. (2015) 23000:Sagarra, Eda (1977). 22686:Kershaw, Ian (2008). 22393:John Wiley & Sons 22343:. New York: Penguin. 22276:A History of Commerce 22025:Barraclough, Geoffrey 22006:The Thirty Years' War 22003:Adams, Simon (1997). 21857:www.worldometers.info 21675:. Palgrave Macmillan. 21469:. MIT Press. p. 21412:Mandel, Ruth (2008). 20675:Ardagh, John (1987). 20198:, pp. 70–71, 79. 20186:, pp. 22, 27–28. 20079:Rosenberg, Jennifer. 19713:Who Voted for Hitler? 19711:Richard F. Hamilton, 19315:Winter, J.M. (1999). 19172:. African Sun Media. 18737:. German History Docs 18021:. Scribd. p. 157 18017:Wehler, Hans-Ulrich. 17849:Nationalizing Empires 17830:10.14418/wes01.1.1723 17272:, pp. 87–92, 99. 17028:20.3 (2002): 309–331. 16610:. Deutsche Biographie 16402:Philip G. Dwyer, ed. 16090:Philosophy and Living 16065:Many Minds Relativity 16034:. BRILL. p. 21. 15565:The Thirty Years' War 14045:Strait, Paul (1974). 13954:. University of Trier 13568:. GRIN Verlag. 2002. 12636:"The Roman Decline". 11943:(12): 2576–2591.e12. 11101:Liberalism in Germany 10946:Further information: 10936:2017 federal election 10836: 10670: 10663:in its modern borders 10659: 10644:New states of Germany 10638:Further information: 10602: 10568: 10524:CDU/CSU-FDP coalition 10511: 10498:vote of no confidence 10444: 10367: 10354:Brandt and Ostpolitik 10282: 10250:social market economy 10232:after the Holocaust. 10196: 10151: 10097: 10054: 9975:Socialist Unity Party 9935: 9861: 9825: 9816:Further information: 9802:"west-shifted" Poland 9734: 9664: 9656:advancing in the East 9646:. After surrender in 9633: 9598:Franklin D. Roosevelt 9572: 9452: 9400: 9304: 9200: 9172:Reichstag Fire Decree 9157: 9127:over their rule. The 9110: 8905:Hermann von Helmholtz 8808:in the 20th century. 8758:Hermann von Helmholtz 8641:In October 1925, the 8633: 8576: 8533: 8489: 8453: 8390:Schleswig Plebiscites 8370:proclaimed a Republic 8340: 8280: 8211: 8182: 8068: 8057: 8029:Vereinigte Stahlwerke 7994: 7966: 7944:First Moroccan Crisis 7878:Dual Alliance of 1894 7866: 7811: 7672: 7638: 7604: 7511:Catholic Centre Party 7491:forged through empire 7441:The new empire was a 7433: 7412: 7317: 7259: 7243: 7193:struggle for hegemony 7189:muzzle-loading rifles 6979: 6959: 6940: 6931:unified German nation 6916: 6855:Frederick William III 6847: 6795:Joseph von Fraunhofer 6462: 6422: 6406: 6375: 6264: 6252: 6171:Frederick William III 6146:Kingdom of Westphalia 6097:The delegates of the 6096: 6080: 6048:Johann Sebastian Bach 5950: 5937:Further information: 5774: 5763: 5659: 5638:Treaty of Passarowitz 5509: 5437: 5384:Province of Venezuela 5272:Magdeburg hemispheres 5215:universal gravitation 5116: 5099:Early New High German 5023: 5004:was ceded to France, 4936: 4868:Götz von Berlichingen 4787: 4748: 4727:Deutscher Bauernkrieg 4640: 4546: 4509: 4160:Scientific Revolution 3827:Declaration at Rhense 3563:Archbishop of Cologne 3552: 3537: 3516:Albert of Brandenburg 3376: 3364: 3264: 3254: 3129: 3122:, consecrated in 1061 3118: 3032: 2794: 2625: 2382:Further information: 2284:, which included the 2253: 2228:Crossing of the Rhine 2079:(with its capital at 1927: 1901:and modern boundaries 1876:Crossing of the Rhine 1870:Further information: 1760:Further information: 1691:early Germanic tribes 1688: 1282: 1222:The oldest traces of 1213:Homo neanderthalensis 1209:Hermann Schaaffhausen 1101:Further information: 1003:era divided into the 882:Industrial Revolution 718:. The victory of the 223:Territorial evolution 27189:Medieval reenactment 26985:Renaissance Humanism 26892:Medieval Warm Period 26862:Republic of Florence 26676:European Middle Ages 26158:European debt crisis 26153:European integration 26093:Age of Enlightenment 25933:Republic of Florence 25609:World Heritage Sites 25287:German states by GDP 24877:German Confederation 24514:Ross, Corey. (2002) 24230:Tooze, Adam. (2007) 24000:Dugdale, E.T.S. ed. 23982:Child, John. (2009) 23624:Early Modern to 1815 23582:, basic introduction 23370:Smith, Helmut Walser 22468:Boydell & Brewer 22435:(Revised ed.). 22057:The Second World War 22009:. Psychology Press. 21877:. 27 September 2021. 21512:Pruys, Karl (1996). 20919:. UPNE. p. 37. 20807:Bruce, Gary (2010), 19498:The Rise of the West 19496:William H. McNeill, 18469:. pp. 174–175. 17851:. pp. 247–308. 16430:10.1257/aer.104.1.84 12596:(20 December 2007). 12207:. Psychology Press. 12094:. Landeskunde Online 11873:Louwen, A.J (2021). 11421:Schwartz, Jeffrey H. 10774:European integration 10751:motion of confidence 10711:. Schröder proposed 10622:German reunification 10560:German reunification 10544:German reunification 10493:Otto Graf Lambsdorff 10425:official state visit 10144:1948 currency reform 10065:On 23 May 1949, the 9959:East Germany was an 9652:Battle of Stalingrad 9423:1936 Summer Olympics 9415:Treaty of Versailles 9403:1936 Summer Olympics 9352:Kristallnacht pogrom 8504:as first President. 8460:Treaty of Versailles 8409:, and some areas of 8381:Treaty of Versailles 8333:Treaty of Versailles 8267:Treaty of Versailles 8254:Battle of Tannenberg 7787:). Its outcome, the 7773:Bismarck Archipelago 7648:attacking socialists 7472:extremely irritating 7417:under construction, 7384:Palace of Versailles 7369:French–German enmity 7324:Palace of Versailles 7248:(1866–1871) and the 7151:, and Field Marshal 7137:Frederick William IV 7100:Frankfurt Parliament 7008:German Confederation 6942:Frankfurt Parliament 6904:German Confederation 6875:Frederick William IV 6767:Carl Friedrich Gauss 6739:Ludwig van Beethoven 6646:Carl Friedrich Gauss 6638:University of Berlin 6594:Deutsches Wörterbuch 6570:Carl Maria von Weber 6550:Ludwig van Beethoven 6337:German Confederation 6319:German Confederation 6313:German Confederation 6275:French Revolutionary 6255:German Confederation 6207:Frederick Augustus I 6167:Frederick William II 6140:took control of the 5939:Age of Enlightenment 5742:partitions of Poland 5687:the 1740 to 1748 war 5624:as president of the 5546:Treaties of Nijmegen 5372:Free Imperial Cities 5154:Martin Waldseemüller 5103:early modern Germany 5072:early modern Germany 5016:Culture and literacy 4847:German Peasants' War 4735:von Teutscher Nation 4729:) – referred to the 4723:German Peasants' War 4655:Triumphal Procession 4476:Early modern Germany 4344:Northern Renaissance 4281:Doctor of the Church 4218:Hildegard von Bingen 4195:Northern Renaissance 4099:Hildegard von Bingen 4090:Learning and culture 4025:Imperial Free Cities 3704:party. However, the 3539:Friedrich Barbarossa 3507:, eventually led to 3448:Transylvanian Saxons 3287:Free imperial cities 3163:College of Cardinals 3010:around the year 1700 2922:The division of the 2860:partible inheritance 2831:in the east and all 2825:King of the Lombards 2702:, that included the 2533:, beginning in 250. 2346:(which would become 2329:Frederick Barbarossa 2204:Western Roman Empire 2130:Third Century Crisis 1462:The settlers of the 1368:Funnelbeaker culture 1255:Löwenmensch figurine 1166:Homo heidelbergensis 874:German Confederation 758:conquered the other 559:Expulsion of Germans 525:Contemporary Germany 423:German Confederation 114:improve this article 26902:Kingdom of Portugal 26769:Old Church Slavonic 26754:Anglo-Saxon England 26541:States with limited 26123:Revolutions of 1848 26053:Early modern France 25834:Anglo-Saxon England 25739:Classical antiquity 25245:Automobile industry 24831:Carolingian dynasty 24765:History of the Huns 24394:66#8 pp: 1380–1382. 24392:Europe-Asia Studies 24064:The Weimar Republic 24056:4#1 (1932): 63–93. 24042:The Weimar Republic 23677:Frederick the Great 23355:Germany: 2000 Years 22977:Rüger, C. (2004) . 22688:Hitler: A Biography 22539:Historicus (1935). 22273:Day, Clive (1914). 21929:. 23 February 2022. 21532:The Washington Post 20752:on 14 October 2007. 20161:. pp. 182–184. 20147:, pp. 632–637. 20091:on 19 February 2017 20085:About.com Education 19946:, pp. 309–314. 19897:, p. 354, 336. 19885:, pp. 329–334. 19727:, pp. 283–308. 19702:, pp. 247–283. 19549:on 25 November 2011 19486:. pp. 141–142. 19332:The First World War 18775:Page Moch, Leslie. 18504:Christopher Clark, 18374:, pp. 568–576. 18312:(Harvard U.P. 2012) 18295:John K. Zeender in 17657:, pp. 167–188. 17612:Feuchtwanger, Edgar 17601:, pp. 131–167. 17502:, pp. 498–509. 17490:, pp. 419–421. 17478:, pp. 485–491. 17446:, pp. 412–419. 17405:. pp. 284–291. 17236:, pp. 332–346. 17205:Nicholas Saul, ed. 17089:on 17 February 2020 16929:(1980) pp. 231–233. 16916:23 (1994): 449–456. 16812:, pp. 299–302. 16800:, pp. 291–299. 16563:"treaty of Ryswick" 16314:17 (1975): 177–192 16312:Vistas in Astronomy 15972:The Germanic Review 15512:, pp. 138–191. 15493:John Lotherington, 15480:Michael G. Baylor, 15467:John Lotherington, 14733:Die Welt der Ritter 14557:on 28 November 2015 14215:"Georgius Agricola" 13947:Haverkamp, Alfred. 13680:. pp. 159–173. 13615:Bünz, Enno (2008). 13429:, pp. 146–179. 13082:, pp. 325–327. 12533:, pp. 527–528. 12385:Classical Philology 12285:. pp. 85–100. 11949:2021CBio...31E2576S 11842:10.1038/nature25738 11834:2018Natur.555..190O 11785:10.1038/nature14317 11777:2015Natur.522..207H 11566:10.1038/nature07995 11558:2009Natur.459..248C 11501:2024NatEE...8..564S 11441:1999PNAS...96.7117T 11274:2010PNAS..10719726W 11268:(46): 19726–19730. 11165:Politics of Germany 10906:, which led to the 10868:Since 1990, German 10863:UN Security Council 10699:U.K. Prime Minister 10640:Politics of Germany 10596:continued to grow. 10576:The opening of the 10550:peaceful revolution 9644:Pearl Harbor attack 9525:Neville Chamberlain 9504:Anti-Comintern Pact 9371:extermination camps 9333:was established at 8820:, rocket engineer. 8635:Paul von Hindenburg 8627:President in 1925. 8621:Paul von Hindenburg 8511:was founded by the 8367:Philipp Scheidemann 8348:on 9 November 1918. 8342:Philipp Scheidemann 8138:(failed attempt by 8132:German Somali Coast 7910:Alfred Thayer Mahan 7336:Glorious Revolution 7334:was deposed in the 7047:August von Kotzebue 6614:Friedrich Nietzsche 6610:Arthur Schopenhauer 6586:Grimm's Fairy Tales 6548:'s paradigm shift. 6359:Society and economy 6349:Austro-Prussian War 6087:First French Empire 5618:Treaty of Karlowitz 5554:Chambres de réunion 5550:Peace of Westphalia 5522:Louis XIV of France 5463:Second Northern War 5459:Peace of Westphalia 5447:Brandenburg-Prussia 5181:and the astronomer 5127:Johannes Trithemius 5027:translation of the 4998:Peace of Westphalia 4972:from 1625 to 1630, 4899:Schmalkaldic League 4883:Counter-Reformation 4840:Augsburg Confession 4676:Reichskammergericht 4448:and the founder of 4152:Printing Revolution 3968:Nuremberg Chronicle 3932:Nuremberg Chronicle 3785:Constance of Sicily 3756:Wittelsbach dynasty 3752:Otto of Wittelsbach 3641:of his two duchies— 3623:archbishop of Mainz 3571:Archbishop of Trier 3567:Archbishop of Mainz 3481:Konrad I of Masovia 3341:15th-century crisis 3216:Knights Hospitaller 3149:of the Church, the 2849:Imperator Romanorum 2743:Patricius Romanorum 2735:Mayor of the Palace 2684:Mayor of the Palace 2539:Merovingian dynasty 1503:) had replaced the 1464:Corded Ware culture 1435: 1800–1600 BC 1364:Michelsberg culture 1292:circular enclosures 1259:Venus of Hohle Fels 1205:species description 1158:Danuvius guggenmosi 1147:Aurignacian culture 842:Peace of Westphalia 373:Early Modern period 360:Eastward settlement 52:readable prose size 27280:History of Germany 27083:In popular culture 27048:Crusading movement 26920:Hundred Years' War 26779:Civitas Schinesghe 26764:Carolingian Empire 26749:Kingdom of Croatia 26702:Barbarian kingdoms 26229:Crusading movement 26133:Russian Revolution 25968:Hundred Years' War 25864:Maritime republics 25767:Early Christianity 25757:Hellenistic period 25714:Paleolithic Europe 25315:Telecommunications 24996:History of Prussia 24912:Revolution of 1918 24907:War guilt question 24826:Carolingian Empire 24795:Sack of Rome (410) 24704:History of Germany 24447:Germany, 1945–1990 24320:ACLS E-book online 24184:Kirk, Tim. (2017) 24079:, a brief textbook 23993:Germany, 1866–1945 23812:Germany, 1866–1945 23554:(Wiley-Blackwell). 23023:. Greenwood Press. 22958:Germany: A History 22188:Clark, Christopher 21980:. 5 December 2023. 21660:on 1 January 2015. 21213:. Quote from p. 64 21052:Review of Politics 20975:Germany, 1945–1990 20782:Diplomatic History 20533:Davidson, Eugene. 20390:Review of Politics 20044:Radcliff, Pamela. 19445:. Hachette Books. 18663:. pp. 66–111. 18542:Historical Journal 18331:Historical Journal 18253:(1976) pp. 128–151 17680:Germany, 1866–1945 17669:, pp. 99–147. 17457:Historical Journal 17317:. Berghahn Books. 17126:(1993) pp. 207–288 17122:James J. Sheehan, 16788:(1965) pp. 333–359 16655:Dennis Showalter, 15783:Lutheran Quarterly 15764:Lutheran Quarterly 15536:10.1093/ehr/cen160 15263:networks.h-net.org 15199:, pp. 76, 77. 14823:: 128–142 Seiten. 14578:, pp. 46, 47. 13093:"Aachen Cathedral" 12519:Ramirez-Faria 2007 12438:C. Julius Caesar. 12130:Herodotus (1829). 12113:Herodotus (1857). 11386:. SPIEGEL Akademie 11042:In February 2022, 10878:War in Afghanistan 10851: 10837:German chancellor 10788:sustainable energy 10683: 10665: 10609: 10574: 10517: 10454: 10374: 10368:Brandt (left) and 10288: 10199: 10158: 10104: 10057: 10005:The transition to 9949: 9947:on 7 October 1989. 9869: 9832: 9790:Kaliningrad oblast 9778:Potsdam Conference 9737: 9674: 9665:A Russian soldier 9636: 9578: 9502:, and signing the 9471: 9407: 9367:occupied countries 9315: 9218: 9192:protective custody 9160: 9117: 8639: 8591:passive resistance 8586: 8536: 8494: 8456: 8350: 8304:William H. MacNeil 8287: 8285:in Compiègne, 1918 8258:Russian Revolution 8214: 8185: 8074: 8063: 7997: 7977: 7894:Alfred von Tirpitz 7874:Reinsurance Treaty 7818: 7814:Dropping the Pilot 7761:German East Africa 7732:Reinsurance Treaty 7720:Congress of Berlin 7679: 7610: 7536:Hans-Ulrich Wehler 7439: 7423: 7344:diplomatic scandal 7328: 7303:Jonathan Steinberg 7262: 7254: 7219:Norddeutscher Bund 7070:Ernst Moritz Arndt 7001:Congress of Vienna 6993: 6974: 6954: 6935: 6883:Pietistic revivals 6867:to South Australia 6850: 6810:Werner von Siemens 6711:Friedrich Schiller 6531:Friedrich Schiller 6468: 6429: 6417: 6378: 6329:Congress of Vienna 6271: 6259: 6234:Congress of Vienna 6102: 6099:Congress of Vienna 6091: 6041:Friedrich Schiller 5993:In 1685, Margrave 5983: 5923:feudal obligations 5913:granted the rural 5839:to help fight the 5777: 5769: 5765:Ludwigsburg Palace 5727:benevolent monarch 5665: 5602:Republic of Venice 5519: 5440: 5325:Athanasius Kircher 5143:Athanasius Kircher 5119: 5050:was a triumph for 5041: 5025:Modern High German 4978:Cardinal Richelieu 4942: 4895:Ignatius of Loyola 4804: 4764:In 1517, the monk 4751: 4749:The empire in 1512 4719:Nationis Germanicæ 4663: 4552: 4522: 4384:German Renaissance 4380:Matthias Grünewald 4295:Johannes Gutenberg 4237:Middle High German 4235:, most celebrated 4132:Johannes Gutenberg 4125:Middle High German 3836:Emperor Charles IV 3754:, who founded the 3741:Peace of Constance 3733:Pope Alexander III 3615:Holy Roman Emperor 3604: 3547: 3545:from 1155 to 1190. 3543:Holy Roman Emperor 3431:Emperor Lothair II 3385: 3371: 3351:Eastward expansion 3267: 3259: 3197:Concordat of Worms 3139: 3124: 3094:Battle of Lechfeld 3039: 2924:Carolingian Empire 2882:– Franks, Saxons, 2805: 2775:Carolingian Empire 2656: 2595:(531 to 532), the 2562:King of the Franks 2525:to their south in 2392:Kingdom of Germany 2370:that would become 2306:County of Burgundy 2302:Duchy of Thuringia 2298:Duchy of Franconia 2278:Stammesherzogtümer 2256: 1961:Augusta Treverorum 1946: 1856:ambitious campaign 1794:, as well as with 1784:Pre-Roman Iron Age 1748: 1300: 1270:Ahrensburg culture 1246:early modern human 1202:paleoanthropologic 1149:, 43,000–35,000 BC 1103:Paleolithic Europe 1088:Prehistoric Europe 1021:economic expansion 925:. Germany led the 886:socialist movement 783:Holy Roman Emperor 769:was divided among 653:History portal 639:Germany portal 390:Kingdom of Prussia 350:Kingdom of Germany 322:Barbarian kingdoms 27265: 27264: 27174:Basic topics list 26975:Swiss mercenaries 26925:Wars of the Roses 26832:Kingdom of Poland 26817:Holy Roman Empire 26684:Early Middle Ages 26642: 26641: 26237: 26236: 26163:COVID-19 pandemic 26108:French Revolution 26083:Habsburg monarchy 26063:Cossack Hetmanate 26043:Portuguese Empire 26033:Absolute monarchy 26028:Thirty Years' War 25923:Holy Roman Empire 25848:Bulgarian Empire 25807:Early Middle Ages 25724:Bronze Age Europe 25698:History of Europe 25664: 25663: 25617: 25616: 25348: 25347: 25262:Chemical Triangle 25222: 25221: 25209:Political parties 25157:Foreign relations 25094: 25093: 25021: 25020: 24932:Allied occupation 24836:Holy Roman Empire 24346:(Reaktion Books). 24337:978-0-5218-5824-3 24329:Kennedy in Berlin 24300:978-1-5578-6322-5 24273:978-0-6311-6787-7 24139:978-1-5942-0206-3 24122:Evans, Richard J. 23905:978-0-3947-0387-9 23790:978-0-1987-3057-6 23773:Blackbourn, David 23751:Blackbourn, David 23695:Ogilvie, Sheilagh 23631:Asprey, Robert B. 23523:978-0-6910-5514-5 23464:978-0-7432-8553-7 23456:The German Genius 23391:978-0-8714-0466-4 23298:978-0-5213-6836-0 23231:978-0-6740-5809-5 23198:978-3-7028-0308-7 23170:978-0-1916-2822-1 23142:978-0-5218-5360-6 23106:978-1-351-84711-7 23077:978-0-6912-1731-4 23042:978-0-1982-0432-9 23029:Sheehan, James J. 23011:978-1-4128-3431-5 22992:978-0-5212-6430-3 22938:978-8-1269-0775-5 22915:978-0-0609-3483-5 22884:978-0-6916-0755-9 22869:Nipperdey, Thomas 22853:978-3-7065-4951-6 22820:978-9-0041-3572-7 22799:978-0-8018-6493-3 22780:978-0-1995-9232-6 22748:978-9-9799-9221-9 22718:978-0-8240-4444-2 22697:978-0-3930-6757-6 22591:978-9-0041-0347-4 22531:978-0-1951-5954-7 22516:Heather, Peter J. 22500:978-0-8229-8113-8 22477:978-1-8438-3033-7 22446:978-0-5217-9423-7 22421:978-0-5213-1980-5 22402:978-1-4443-5968-8 22377:978-0-8108-6310-1 22350:978-0-1430-3790-3 22329:978-0-1430-3469-8 22310:Evans, Richard J. 22301:978-0-8122-0050-8 22257:978-1-8438-3035-1 22230:978-0-8147-1381-5 22203:978-0-6740-2385-7 22170:978-0-3405-5930-7 22148:978-0-5218-8909-4 22129:978-1-1345-9847-2 22101:978-0-5213-0199-2 22067:978-0-3160-2374-0 22038:978-0-3933-0153-3 22016:978-0-4151-2883-4 21786:. 19 January 2016 21760:. 28 January 2016 21715:. Federal Reserve 21617:978-0-1951-8183-8 21277:978-0-3000-4415-7 21126:Kennedy in Berlin 20926:978-1-5846-5866-5 20692:978-0-0601-5839-2 20658:978-0-5200-5206-2 20561:978-0-6910-0242-2 20448:978-0-0605-4036-4 20370:978-0-8803-3174-6 20350:978-0-6749-2685-1 20330:978-1-8477-9032-3 20303:978-0-2520-9515-3 20254:978-0-4650-2632-6 20081:"Holocaust Facts" 19967:978-0-7735-2642-6 19686:978-3-9358-8112-8 19650:The Great Courses 19452:978-0-3068-0585-1 19410:978-0-1982-2114-2 19383:978-1-8510-9420-2 19356:978-0-7864-7470-7 19301:978-0-0494-0060-3 19263:978-0-8014-6388-4 19179:978-1-9912-0113-3 19145:978-3-8258-2755-7 19111:978-3-8258-6197-1 19077:978-1-3170-8235-4 19049:Przegląd Zachodni 18720:978-3-6427-1198-5 18687:978-1-5760-7335-3 18506:Kaiser Wilhelm II 18476:978-3-1701-2097-6 18467:Kohlhammer Verlag 18410:The Great Courses 18104:978-0-8604-3450-4 18077:978-0-8047-4641-0 17866:978-963-386-017-5 17682:(1978) pp. 11–22. 17678:Gordon A. Craig, 17667:Feuchtwanger 2014 17625:978-0-4157-2477-7 17379:, pp. 96–97. 17324:978-1-8454-5136-3 17069:Kant: A Biography 16771:978-0-1995-9396-5 16744:978-1-3493-7221-8 16711:978-0-2532-1707-3 16687:978-0-5200-2775-6 16642:978-1-3178-8793-5 16593:978-0-9850-6233-0 16512:978-0-4297-0934-0 16478:978-0-5210-3012-0 16455:, pp. 78–94. 16278:978-0-1925-2018-0 16244:978-0-5218-0040-2 16198:978-0-1915-0090-9 16134:978-0-8511-5770-2 16100:978-1-8454-0649-3 16041:978-9-0042-1632-7 16007:978-0-2268-1681-4 15949:978-1-4051-7202-8 15915:978-0-3002-2068-1 15881:978-9-0041-6098-9 15847:978-9-0042-5029-1 15813:978-0-6911-8331-2 15690:Reformation World 15675:978-0-1995-4785-2 15636:978-0-19-934037-8 15594:978-0-1987-3101-6 15563:Geoffrey Parker, 15429:, p. 17, 73. 15406:978-0-1987-3101-6 15383:, p. 27, 75. 15296:978-0-5200-9694-3 15257:Whaley, Joachim. 15176:978-9-0043-5396-1 15142:978-3-1104-2400-3 15108:978-3-1701-5563-3 15074:978-3-4867-0179-1 15040:978-1-3518-8840-0 15006:978-1-1070-1134-2 14972:978-1-1343-8280-4 14938:978-0-1910-6244-5 14889:978-3-5253-6710-0 14855:978-1-1395-0230-6 14759:978-9-0619-4020-3 14705:978-1-4833-6467-4 14682:, pp. 46–53. 14647:978-0-3079-6230-0 14613:978-3-1104-5673-8 14495:978-0-6698-5555-5 14461:978-0-3133-3733-8 14413:978-3-9029-6603-2 14379:978-0-8743-6944-1 14345:978-0-8139-3258-3 14311:978-3-2057-7305-4 14284:978-0-3132-9102-9 14235:Zwingenberger, 9. 14107:978-1-884446-05-4 14090:Oxford Art Online 14058:978-0-8130-0448-8 13989:Allen, Robert C. 13925:978-0-8263-2871-7 13818:978-0-5200-7270-1 13791:978-0-5200-6634-2 13760:978-1-3519-5035-0 13728:on 25 August 2006 13644:, pp. 52–68. 13628:978-3-8658-3165-1 13575:978-3-6400-4806-9 13549:978-1-3518-9008-3 13522:978-1-3518-8483-9 13490:. Mises Institute 13362:on 6 October 2014 13285:978-0-8122-1386-7 13207:978-1-1366-3944-9 13180:978-0-5214-4049-3 13063:978-1-118-88791-2 13012:, pp. 26–27. 12984:978-1-4443-9020-9 12945:978-1-5760-7263-9 12863:World Archaeology 12810:978-0-8166-5700-1 12715:"ANCIENT HISTORY" 12610:978-0-5214-3491-1 12550:. Yale University 12548:Open Yale Courses 12487:, p. xlviii. 12442:. Perseus Project 12300:978-90-04-28952-9 12214:978-0-4151-5090-3 12187:978-0-3064-7257-2 12160:978-3-1116-6814-7 12047:Saupe et al. 2021 12010:(10): 1417–1431. 11761:(7555): 207–211. 11606:on 10 August 2014 11600:The Art Newspaper 11552:(7244): 248–252. 11361:978-3-8062-2164-0 11113:History of Berlin 10954:novel coronavirus 10826:led by the CDU's 10778:energy transition 10590:Otto von Habsburg 10570:Otto von Habsburg 10487:The pro-business 10427:to West Germany. 10300:Social democratic 10257:Godesberg Program 10109:Wirtschaftswunder 10100:Volkswagen Beetle 10011:General Secretary 9941:Mikhail Gorbachev 9911:Die Neue Zeitung. 9865:Potsdam Agreement 9631: 9594:Winston Churchill 9521:Munich Conference 9495:in Europe began. 9480:Versailles Treaty 9476:League of Nations 9239:League of Nations 9087:Werner Heisenberg 8818:Wernher von Braun 8790:Justus von Liebig 8788:and persons like 8778:Werner Heisenberg 8667:German gold marks 8648:League of Nations 8643:Treaty of Locarno 8606:Gustav Stresemann 8578:Gustav Stresemann 8563:Treaty of Rapallo 8454:Germany 1920–1938 8424:League of Nations 8013:chemical industry 7892:In 1897, Admiral 7781:Berlin Conference 7769:German New Guinea 7618:National-Liberals 7495:stone iconography 7356:fortress of Sedan 7266:Otto von Bismarck 7172:Duchy of Holstein 7153:Helmut von Moltke 7149:Albrecht von Roon 7145:Otto von Bismarck 7040:Frankfurt am Main 6989:Helmut von Moltke 6981:Otto von Bismarck 6929:and called for a 6634:Leopold von Ranke 6572:and perfected by 6393:Industrialization 6291:Holy Roman Empire 6226:Battle of Leipzig 6186:Holy Roman Empire 6127:Thirty Years' War 6113:and the onset of 6106:French Revolution 6033:Weimar Classicism 5995:Frederick William 5833:called "Hessians" 5681:Austrian empress 5622:Habsburg monarchy 5567:Treaty of Ryswick 5558:Great Turkish War 5498:Great Turkish War 5443:Frederick William 5413:as a fief of the 5388:Holy Roman Empire 5268:Otto von Guericke 5246:scientific method 5201:he construed his 5199:Scientific method 5158:Matthias Ringmann 5080:Larger Catechism, 5006:Western Pomerania 4946:Thirty Years' War 4944:The 1618 to 1648 4939:Thirty Years' War 4929:Thirty Years' War 4903:Peace of Augsburg 4816:Emperor Charles V 4793:emperor Charles V 4755:Renaissance Popes 4699:Ewiger Landfriede 4426:Georgius Agricola 4076:Cologne Cathedral 4019:. Cities such as 3768:Diet of Pentecost 3729:Battle of Legnano 3714:Privilegium Minus 3712:by virtue of the 3505:Novgorod Republic 3497:Kingdom of Poland 3489:imperial approval 3446:, founded by the 3378:Marienburg Castle 3153:, prohibition of 3067:Holy Roman Empire 3008:Holy Roman Empire 2984:Holy Roman Empire 2960:Holy Roman Empire 2944:Holy Roman Empire 2755:Charles the Great 2747:Donation of Pepin 2678:. In 743 his son 2667:Christian faith. 2648:and dependencies; 2626:Expansion of the 2566:Roman Catholicism 2543:Battle of Tolbiac 2388:Holy Roman Empire 2077:Germania Superior 2065:Germania Inferior 1991:), 3rd century CE 1936:, capital of the 1915:Germania Inferior 1780:Nordic Bronze Age 1624:Hallstatt culture 1613:Hallstatt culture 1543:, from which the 1533:Hallstatt culture 1517:Nordic Bronze Age 1399:Nordic Bronze Age 1391:Bronze Age Europe 1330:Ertebølle culture 1060:Southern European 985:program known as 923:a naval arms race 904:in 1871. The new 898:Otto von Bismarck 838:Thirty Years' War 787:Holy Roman Empire 781:became the first 771:Charles the Great 744:Germania Inferior 740:Germania Superior 700:can be traced to 690: 689: 621: 620: 515: 514: 355:Holy Roman Empire 232:Holy Roman Empire 145: 144: 137: 87: 86: 54:was 26,000 words. 16:(Redirected from 27287: 27255: 27254: 27245: 27244: 27235: 27194:Medieval studies 27038:Church and State 26912:Late Middle Ages 26804:High Middle Ages 26722:Christianization 26692:Migration Period 26669: 26662: 26655: 26646: 26645: 26579:Dependencies and 26278:Sovereign states 26264: 26257: 26250: 26241: 26240: 26098:Great Divergence 26013:Age of Discovery 25958:Late Middle Ages 25928:High Middle Ages 25839:Byzantine Empire 25822:Christianization 25812:Migration Period 25747:Classical Greece 25719:Neolithic Europe 25691: 25684: 25677: 25668: 25667: 25644: 25637: 25630: 25594:Prussian virtues 25359: 25358: 25267:Economic history 25233: 25232: 25127: 25105: 25104: 25056:Cities and towns 25032: 25031: 25012:Baden Revolution 24816:Treaty of Verdun 24785:Marcomannic Wars 24740:Migration Period 24735:Germanic peoples 24719:Military history 24694: 24693: 24670: 24663: 24656: 24647: 24646: 24597: 24442: 24363:Herbert, Ulrich. 24312: 24285: 24162:Herbert, Ulrich. 24151: 24018:Herbert, Ulrich. 23917: 23876:Bismarck: A Life 23794: 23768: 23527: 23451: 23409: 23403: 23395: 23314:Herbert, Ulrich. 23302: 23290: 23235: 23214:Wilson, Peter H. 23209: 23207: 23205: 23181: 23179: 23177: 23153: 23151: 23149: 23119: 23110: 23089: 23054: 23024: 23015: 22996: 22973: 22951: 22942: 22919: 22906:Harper Perennial 22896: 22864: 22862: 22860: 22836: 22834: 22832: 22803: 22784: 22765: 22752: 22729: 22727: 22725: 22701: 22680: 22659:— (1969). 22655: 22634:— (1964). 22630: 22602: 22600: 22598: 22571: 22558: 22556: 22554: 22535: 22511: 22509: 22507: 22481: 22454:— (2003). 22450: 22425: 22406: 22381: 22354: 22337:— (2005). 22333: 22305: 22284: 22269: 22234: 22218: 22207: 22183: 22174: 22152: 22133: 22105: 22086: 22071: 22050: 22020: 21996:Atlas of Germany 21982: 21981: 21974: 21968: 21967: 21956: 21950: 21949: 21937: 21931: 21930: 21927:www.eurozine.com 21919: 21913: 21912: 21904: 21898: 21897: 21885: 21879: 21878: 21867: 21861: 21860: 21849: 21843: 21842: 21830: 21824: 21823: 21821: 21819: 21802: 21796: 21795: 21793: 21791: 21776: 21770: 21769: 21767: 21765: 21750: 21744: 21743: 21731: 21725: 21724: 21722: 21720: 21714: 21705: 21699: 21698: 21696: 21694: 21683: 21677: 21676: 21668: 21662: 21661: 21650: 21644: 21643: 21628: 21622: 21621: 21605: 21595: 21589: 21582: 21576: 21573: 21567: 21564: 21558: 21551: 21545: 21542: 21536: 21535: 21524: 21518: 21517: 21509: 21503: 21496: 21490: 21489: 21481: 21475: 21474: 21460: 21454: 21453: 21439: 21433: 21432: 21424: 21418: 21417: 21409: 21403: 21398: 21381:(2/3): 405–431. 21370: 21364: 21363: 21323: 21317: 21316: 21288: 21282: 21281: 21257: 21251: 21250: 21235: 21229: 21228: 21220: 21214: 21212: 21204: 21198: 21197: 21165: 21159: 21158: 21155:The Adenauer era 21150: 21144: 21143: 21135: 21129: 21119: 21113: 21112: 21110: 21108: 21090: 21084: 21083: 21043: 21037: 21036: 21028: 21022: 21021: 20985: 20979: 20978: 20970: 20957: 20950: 20944: 20937: 20931: 20930: 20907: 20901: 20900: 20892: 20883: 20882: 20875: 20869: 20868: 20860: 20854: 20853: 20833: 20827: 20826: 20818: 20812: 20811: 20804: 20798: 20797: 20773: 20767: 20760: 20754: 20753: 20738: 20732: 20731: 20703: 20697: 20696: 20672: 20663: 20662: 20638: 20632: 20631: 20607: 20601: 20600: 20586: 20575: 20572: 20566: 20565: 20545: 20539: 20538: 20530: 20524: 20514: 20508: 20507: 20505: 20503: 20491: 20485: 20484: 20482: 20480: 20474: 20467: 20459: 20453: 20452: 20429: 20423: 20421: 20381: 20375: 20374: 20354: 20334: 20314: 20308: 20307: 20287: 20281: 20280: 20278: 20276: 20265: 20259: 20258: 20242: 20232: 20226: 20225: 20217: 20211: 20205: 20199: 20193: 20187: 20181: 20175: 20169: 20163: 20162: 20154: 20148: 20142: 20136: 20130: 20124: 20123: 20117: 20107: 20101: 20100: 20098: 20096: 20087:. 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Nobelprize.org 19734: 19728: 19722: 19716: 19709: 19703: 19697: 19691: 19690: 19668: 19662: 19661: 19659: 19657: 19638:Childers, Thomas 19634: 19628: 19627: 19591: 19585: 19584: 19582: 19580: 19565: 19559: 19558: 19556: 19554: 19548: 19541: 19533: 19527: 19526: 19524: 19522: 19507: 19501: 19494: 19488: 19487: 19479: 19473: 19463: 19457: 19456: 19436: 19430: 19429: 19421: 19415: 19414: 19394: 19388: 19387: 19367: 19361: 19360: 19342: 19336: 19335: 19327: 19321: 19320: 19312: 19306: 19305: 19281: 19275: 19274: 19272: 19270: 19247: 19241: 19240: 19238: 19236: 19222: 19216: 19215: 19213: 19211: 19197: 19191: 19190: 19188: 19186: 19163: 19157: 19156: 19154: 19152: 19129: 19123: 19122: 19120: 19118: 19095: 19089: 19088: 19086: 19084: 19061: 19055: 19045: 19039: 19032: 19026: 19019: 19013: 19002: 18996: 18989: 18983: 18976: 18970: 18969: 18933: 18927: 18926: 18886: 18880: 18879: 18871: 18865: 18864: 18824: 18818: 18817: 18810: 18804: 18803: 18795: 18789: 18788: 18786: 18784: 18772: 18766: 18765: 18753: 18747: 18746: 18744: 18742: 18731: 18725: 18724: 18698: 18692: 18691: 18671: 18665: 18664: 18656: 18650: 18649: 18647: 18645: 18631: 18625: 18624: 18616: 18610: 18609: 18607: 18605: 18591: 18585: 18584: 18572: 18566: 18565: 18537: 18531: 18528: 18522: 18515: 18509: 18508:(2000) pp. 35–47 18502: 18496: 18495: 18487: 18481: 18480: 18458: 18452: 18451: 18443: 18437: 18436: 18428: 18422: 18421: 18419: 18417: 18398:Childers, Thomas 18394: 18388: 18383:Ronald J. Ross, 18381: 18375: 18369: 18363: 18362: 18328: 18319: 18313: 18306: 18300: 18293: 18287: 18280: 18274: 18260: 18254: 18251:Imperial Germany 18247: 18241: 18227: 18221: 18220: 18185: 18179: 18178: 18143: 18137: 18136: 18129: 18123: 18122: 18115: 18109: 18108: 18088: 18082: 18081: 18061: 18055: 18049: 18043: 18037: 18031: 18030: 18028: 18026: 18014: 18008: 18002: 17996: 17995: 17955: 17949: 17948: 17946: 17944: 17929: 17923: 17922: 17920: 17918: 17903: 17897: 17896: 17894: 17892: 17877: 17871: 17870: 17844: 17835: 17834: 17832: 17816: 17810: 17809: 17803: 17795: 17778:(4): 1168–1204. 17767: 17761: 17760: 17758: 17756: 17744: 17738: 17737: 17735: 17733: 17719: 17713: 17712: 17702: 17696: 17689: 17683: 17676: 17670: 17664: 17658: 17652: 17646: 17645: 17608: 17602: 17596: 17590: 17589: 17579: 17573: 17572: 17532: 17526: 17525: 17519: 17509: 17503: 17497: 17491: 17485: 17479: 17473: 17467: 17453: 17447: 17441: 17435: 17428: 17422: 17421: 17413: 17407: 17406: 17398: 17392: 17386: 17380: 17374: 17368: 17362: 17356: 17350: 17344: 17343: 17335: 17329: 17328: 17308: 17299: 17298: 17296: 17294: 17288: 17279: 17273: 17267: 17261: 17255: 17249: 17243: 17237: 17231: 17222: 17216: 17210: 17203: 17197: 17196: 17173:Military Affairs 17168: 17162: 17161: 17153: 17144: 17143: 17133: 17127: 17120: 17114: 17113: 17105: 17099: 17098: 17096: 17094: 17079: 17073: 17072: 17064: 17058: 17057: 17049: 17043: 17042: 17035: 17029: 17022: 17016: 17009: 17003: 17002: 17000: 16998: 16987: 16981: 16980: 16972: 16966: 16965: 16957: 16951: 16950: 16936: 16930: 16923: 16917: 16910: 16904: 16898: 16892: 16887:Marion W. Gray, 16885: 16879: 16869: 16863: 16862: 16834: 16828: 16827: 16819: 16813: 16807: 16801: 16795: 16789: 16782: 16776: 16775: 16755: 16749: 16748: 16722: 16716: 16715: 16691: 16679: 16666: 16660: 16653: 16647: 16646: 16626: 16620: 16619: 16617: 16615: 16604: 16598: 16597: 16577: 16571: 16570: 16567:Oxford Reference 16559: 16553: 16547: 16541: 16535: 16524: 16523: 16521: 16519: 16496: 16490: 16489: 16487: 16485: 16462: 16456: 16450: 16444: 16443: 16441: 16413: 16407: 16400: 16394: 16393: 16386: 16380: 16379: 16373: 16365: 16363: 16361: 16352:. Archived from 16346: 16340: 16339: 16332: 16326: 16308: 16302: 16296: 16290: 16289: 16287: 16285: 16262: 16256: 16255: 16253: 16251: 16228: 16222: 16219:Noflatscher 2011 16216: 16210: 16209: 16207: 16205: 16182: 16176: 16175: 16173: 16171: 16157: 16151: 16150: 16148: 16146: 16118: 16112: 16111: 16109: 16107: 16084: 16078: 16077: 16075: 16073: 16059: 16053: 16052: 16050: 16048: 16025: 16019: 16018: 16016: 16014: 15991: 15985: 15984: 15982: 15980: 15967: 15961: 15960: 15958: 15956: 15933: 15927: 15926: 15924: 15922: 15899: 15893: 15892: 15890: 15888: 15865: 15859: 15858: 15856: 15854: 15831: 15825: 15824: 15822: 15820: 15797: 15791: 15790: 15778: 15772: 15771: 15759: 15753: 15747: 15741: 15740: 15732: 15726: 15725: 15723: 15716: 15708: 15702: 15699: 15693: 15686: 15680: 15679: 15659: 15653: 15647: 15641: 15640: 15614: 15599: 15598: 15578: 15572: 15561: 15555: 15554: 15546: 15540: 15539: 15519: 15513: 15507: 15498: 15491: 15485: 15478: 15472: 15465: 15459: 15458: 15456: 15454: 15448: 15439: 15430: 15424: 15418: 15417: 15415: 15413: 15390: 15384: 15378: 15372: 15366: 15360: 15354: 15348: 15347: 15319: 15313: 15312: 15310: 15308: 15280: 15274: 15273: 15271: 15269: 15254: 15248: 15242: 15236: 15230: 15224: 15218: 15212: 15206: 15200: 15194: 15188: 15187: 15185: 15183: 15160: 15154: 15153: 15151: 15149: 15126: 15120: 15119: 15117: 15115: 15092: 15086: 15085: 15083: 15081: 15058: 15052: 15051: 15049: 15047: 15024: 15018: 15017: 15015: 15013: 14990: 14984: 14983: 14981: 14979: 14956: 14950: 14949: 14947: 14945: 14922: 14916: 14910: 14901: 14900: 14898: 14896: 14873: 14867: 14866: 14864: 14862: 14839: 14833: 14832: 14816: 14810: 14804: 14798: 14797: 14782:Medieval Warfare 14777: 14771: 14770: 14768: 14766: 14743: 14737: 14736: 14728: 14722: 14721: 14719: 14717: 14689: 14683: 14677: 14671: 14665: 14659: 14658: 14656: 14654: 14631: 14625: 14624: 14622: 14620: 14597: 14591: 14585: 14579: 14573: 14567: 14566: 14564: 14562: 14556: 14549: 14543:Schwope, David. 14540: 14534: 14533: 14531: 14529: 14513: 14507: 14506: 14504: 14502: 14479: 14473: 14472: 14470: 14468: 14445: 14439: 14438: 14432: 14424: 14422: 14420: 14397: 14391: 14390: 14388: 14386: 14363: 14357: 14356: 14354: 14352: 14329: 14323: 14322: 14320: 14318: 14295: 14289: 14288: 14268: 14262: 14261: 14259: 14257: 14251:smarthistory.org 14242: 14236: 14233: 14227: 14226: 14224: 14222: 14211: 14205: 14191: 14182: 14181: 14179: 14177: 14172:on 25 April 2024 14171: 14165:. Archived from 14140: 14131: 14125: 14118: 14112: 14111: 14085: 14079: 14077: 14069: 14063: 14062: 14042: 14036: 14035: 14027: 14021: 14020: 14012: 14006: 14005: 14003: 14001: 13995: 13986: 13980: 13970: 13964: 13963: 13961: 13959: 13953: 13944: 13938: 13937: 13907: 13901: 13900: 13898: 13896: 13885: 13879: 13878: 13868: 13844: 13838: 13837: 13829: 13823: 13822: 13802: 13796: 13795: 13771: 13765: 13764: 13744: 13738: 13737: 13735: 13733: 13718: 13712: 13711: 13703: 13697: 13691: 13682: 13681: 13673: 13667: 13666: 13664: 13662: 13657:. Ordensstaat de 13651: 13645: 13639: 13633: 13632: 13612: 13606: 13593: 13587: 13586: 13584: 13582: 13560: 13554: 13553: 13533: 13527: 13526: 13506: 13500: 13499: 13497: 13495: 13483: 13477: 13460: 13454: 13453: 13451: 13449: 13436: 13430: 13424: 13418: 13412: 13406: 13400: 13394: 13393: 13391: 13389: 13378: 13372: 13371: 13369: 13367: 13354:Crawford, Paul. 13351: 13345: 13344: 13342: 13340: 13326: 13320: 13319: 13317: 13315: 13304: 13298: 13297: 13271: 13265: 13264: 13262: 13260: 13244: 13238: 13237: 13235: 13233: 13218: 13212: 13211: 13191: 13185: 13184: 13168: 13158: 13152: 13151: 13123: 13117: 13114:Barraclough 1984 13111: 13105: 13104: 13102: 13100: 13089: 13083: 13077: 13068: 13067: 13048:. pp. 1–5. 13041: 13035: 13034: 13024: 13013: 13007: 13001: 12995: 12989: 12988: 12968: 12962: 12956: 12950: 12949: 12929: 12923: 12917: 12911: 12905: 12899: 12893: 12887: 12886: 12858: 12852: 12846: 12840: 12839: 12837: 12835: 12821: 12815: 12814: 12794: 12788: 12782: 12776: 12775: 12773: 12771: 12760: 12754: 12748: 12739: 12732: 12726: 12725: 12706: 12700: 12694: 12688: 12682: 12676: 12670: 12664: 12663: 12638:Empires Besieged 12633: 12627: 12621: 12615: 12614: 12590: 12584: 12578: 12572: 12566: 12560: 12559: 12557: 12555: 12540: 12534: 12528: 12522: 12516: 12510: 12509: 12494: 12488: 12482: 12476: 12475:, pp. 2–21. 12470: 12464: 12458: 12452: 12451: 12449: 12447: 12435: 12429: 12415: 12409: 12408: 12376: 12370: 12364: 12358: 12347: 12341: 12335: 12329: 12323: 12317: 12314:Kristinsson 2010 12311: 12305: 12304: 12278: 12272: 12271: 12250: 12244: 12242: 12225: 12219: 12218: 12198: 12192: 12191: 12171: 12165: 12164: 12144: 12138: 12137: 12127: 12121: 12120: 12110: 12104: 12103: 12101: 12099: 12088: 12082: 12081: 12079: 12077: 12063: 12054: 12044: 12038: 12037: 12027: 11995: 11989: 11988: 11970: 11960: 11927: 11921: 11920: 11912: 11906: 11905: 11887: 11881: 11880: 11870: 11864: 11863: 11853: 11813: 11807: 11806: 11796: 11770: 11745: 11739: 11738: 11731:"Nebra Sky Disc" 11727: 11721: 11720: 11709: 11703: 11702: 11692: 11682: 11658: 11652: 11651: 11640: 11634: 11633: 11622: 11616: 11615: 11613: 11611: 11602:. Archived from 11592: 11586: 11585: 11539: 11533: 11532: 11522: 11512: 11479: 11473: 11472: 11462: 11452: 11423:(22 June 1999). 11413: 11407: 11402: 11396: 11395: 11393: 11391: 11379: 11373: 11372: 11370: 11368: 11345: 11339: 11338: 11336: 11334:10.3390/h8030129 11312: 11306: 11305: 11295: 11285: 11253: 11247: 11246: 11234: 11218: 11214: 11208: 11205: 11199: 11192: 11160:Names of Germany 11084: 11079: 11078: 11077: 10849:to reform the EU 10847:Treaty of Lisbon 10785: 10759:Oskar Lafontaine 10747:Gerhard Schröder 10687:Gerhard Schröder 10603:The fall of the 10532:Gerhard Schröder 10115:co-determination 10090:Economic miracle 9877:Yalta Conference 9828:Second World War 9786:Oder-Neisse line 9762:reunion followed 9702:Berlin was taken 9671:Battle of Berlin 9640:Battle of Moscow 9632: 9576:, September 1943 9529:Édouard Daladier 9500:Benito Mussolini 9467:Tiergartenstraße 9307:Alben W. Barkley 9281:Heinrich Himmler 9266:Hitler used the 9083: 9069: 9059:Martin Heidegger 9055: 9041: 9027: 9013: 8999: 8985: 8971: 8957: 8943: 8929: 8915: 8901: 8867:Frankfurt School 8859:Martin Heidegger 8711:Heinrich Brüning 8687:Great Depression 8545: 8513:Spartacus League 8375:On 11 November, 8148: 8086:Caroline Islands 8009:Erlenmeyer flask 7859: 7854: 7777:Marshall Islands 7716:Bosphorus Strait 7534:, and historian 7426:A federal empire 7096:March Revolution 7065:Burschenschaften 7058: 7051:Carlsbad Decrees 7028: 7015: 6919:Hambach Festival 6820: 6806: 6791: 6777: 6763: 6749: 6735: 6721: 6707: 6693: 6679: 6665: 6632:in theology and 6626:Friedrich Engels 6345:1848 revolutions 6327:During the 1815 6190:Fourth Coalition 6150:Second Coalition 5999:Edict of Potsdam 5979:Theobald von Oer 5975:Classical Weimar 5951:Painting of the 5919:agrarian reforms 5889:underwent major 5827:, the Landgrave 5699:Seven Years' War 5642:Southeast Europe 5610:Pope Innocent XI 5588:and reconquered 5574:relief of Vienna 5419:Franco-Dutch War 5351: 5336: 5321: 5301: 5282: 5264: 5234: 5183:Konrad Heinfogel 5175:Johannes Stabius 4960:against emperor 4913:Protestant Union 4887:Council of Trent 4822:. Hiding in the 4801:Anton von Werner 4707:Imperial Circles 4617:military reforms 4548:Georg Gossembrot 4461: 4422: 4399: 4376: 4354: 4336: 4313: 4291: 4273: 4251: 4229: 4214: 3996: 3981: 3960: 3945: 3924: 3909: 3892:Towns and cities 3779:in Milan to the 3737:Treaty of Venice 3710:Duchy of Austria 3621:as the powerful 3601: 3598: 3530:Church and state 3524:Duchy of Prussia 3477:Prussian Crusade 3473:Teutonic Knights 3417:High Middle Ages 3382:Teutonic Knights 3330:in the east and 3271:Hanseatic League 3247:Hanseatic League 3241:Hanseatic League 3167:Pope Gregory VII 3135:Ottonian dynasty 3120:Speyer Cathedral 3003: 2979: 2955: 2946:from 962 to 1806 2939: 2928:Treaty of Verdun 2919: 2888:Henry the Fowler 2872:Louis the German 2868:Treaty of Verdun 2688:Odilo of Bavaria 2632:Blue = realm of 2476:by the Germanic 2450: 2419: 2368:March of Austria 2286:Duchy of Bavaria 2272: 2216:Migration Period 2120:Migration Period 2109: 2107: 2063:. The provinces 2043:Limes Germanicus 1981:Dionysian scenes 1976: 1956: 1910: 1894:Limes Germanicus 1888: 1860:Battle of Vosges 1839:campaign in Gaul 1827:Republican Roman 1752:Germanic peoples 1743: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1709: 1704: 1666:Germanic peoples 1647: 1644: 1604: 1594: 1591: 1577: 1539:, including the 1513:Tumulus cultures 1502: 1498: 1495: 1490:Urnfield culture 1476: 1472: 1469: 1453:Urnfield culture 1445: 1436: 1433: 1419: 1407:Urnfield culture 1380: 1376: 1373: 1357: 1354: 1342: 1338: 1335: 1327: 1323: 1320: 1286:settlement with 1236: 1162:Australopithecus 1135: 1134: 1119: 1118: 1107:Neolithic Europe 1076:its armed forces 959:Great Depression 953:, leader of the 868:established the 826:Late Middle Ages 798:Hanseatic League 794:High Middle Ages 750:. Following the 682: 675: 668: 655: 651: 650: 649: 641: 637: 636: 635: 547: 530: 529: 463: 462: 433: 317:Migration Period 312:Germanic peoples 307:Urnfield culture 175: 165: 147: 146: 140: 133: 129: 122:sandwiching text 97: 96: 89: 82: 79: 73: 37: 36: 29: 21: 18:Medieval Germany 27295: 27294: 27290: 27289: 27288: 27286: 27285: 27284: 27270: 27269: 27266: 27261: 27223: 27204:Neo-medievalism 27152: 27088:Itinerant court 27011: 26906: 26827:Georgian Empire 26812:Norman Conquest 26798: 26744:Frankish Empire 26678: 26673: 26643: 26638: 26622: 26580: 26574: 26560:Northern Cyprus 26542: 26536: 26452:North Macedonia 26273: 26268: 26238: 26233: 26172: 26138:Interwar period 26113:Napoleonic Wars 25977: 25948:Mongol invasion 25901:Crown of Aragon 25793: 25733: 25729:Iron Age Europe 25700: 25695: 25665: 25660: 25647: 25640: 25633: 25626: 25613: 25477: 25428:Life expectancy 25344: 25218: 25189:Law enforcement 25125: 25090: 25017: 24984: 24963: 24947:Divided Germany 24917:Weimar Republic 24845: 24811:Frankish Empire 24799: 24723: 24689: 24683: 24674: 24644: 24538: 24533: 24457: 24452: 24301: 24274: 24257: 24252: 24140: 24100: 24095: 23931: 23926: 23906: 23791: 23765: 23745: 23740: 23626: 23621: 23593:The Reformation 23568: 23563: 23524: 23486: 23481: 23440: 23397: 23396: 23392: 23299: 23248: 23243: 23241:Further reading 23238: 23232: 23203: 23201: 23199: 23175: 23173: 23171: 23147: 23145: 23143: 23107: 23078: 23043: 23012: 22993: 22939: 22916: 22885: 22858: 22856: 22854: 22830: 22828: 22821: 22800: 22781: 22749: 22723: 22721: 22719: 22698: 22596: 22594: 22592: 22552: 22550: 22532: 22505: 22503: 22501: 22478: 22447: 22422: 22403: 22378: 22368:Scarecrow Press 22351: 22330: 22302: 22258: 22231: 22204: 22171: 22149: 22130: 22102: 22068: 22039: 22017: 21990: 21985: 21976: 21975: 21971: 21958: 21957: 21953: 21938: 21934: 21921: 21920: 21916: 21905: 21901: 21886: 21882: 21869: 21868: 21864: 21851: 21850: 21846: 21831: 21827: 21817: 21815: 21814:. 9 August 2016 21804: 21803: 21799: 21789: 21787: 21778: 21777: 21773: 21763: 21761: 21752: 21751: 21747: 21740:Washington Post 21732: 21728: 21718: 21716: 21712: 21706: 21702: 21692: 21690: 21685: 21684: 21680: 21669: 21665: 21652: 21651: 21647: 21642:on 13 May 2011. 21630: 21629: 21625: 21618: 21596: 21592: 21583: 21579: 21574: 21570: 21565: 21561: 21552: 21548: 21543: 21539: 21526: 21525: 21521: 21510: 21506: 21497: 21493: 21482: 21478: 21461: 21457: 21440: 21436: 21425: 21421: 21410: 21406: 21371: 21367: 21344:10.2307/2545854 21324: 21320: 21289: 21285: 21278: 21258: 21254: 21236: 21232: 21221: 21217: 21205: 21201: 21166: 21162: 21151: 21147: 21136: 21132: 21120: 21116: 21106: 21104: 21103:on 6 March 2002 21091: 21087: 21044: 21040: 21029: 21025: 20986: 20982: 20971: 20960: 20951: 20947: 20938: 20934: 20927: 20908: 20904: 20893: 20886: 20876: 20872: 20861: 20857: 20834: 20830: 20819: 20815: 20805: 20801: 20774: 20770: 20761: 20757: 20740: 20739: 20735: 20704: 20700: 20693: 20673: 20666: 20659: 20639: 20635: 20608: 20604: 20587: 20578: 20573: 20569: 20562: 20546: 20542: 20531: 20527: 20515: 20511: 20501: 20499: 20492: 20488: 20478: 20476: 20475:on 11 June 2017 20472: 20465: 20461: 20460: 20456: 20449: 20433:Bessel, Richard 20430: 20426: 20382: 20378: 20371: 20351: 20331: 20315: 20311: 20304: 20288: 20284: 20274: 20272: 20267: 20266: 20262: 20255: 20233: 20229: 20218: 20214: 20206: 20202: 20194: 20190: 20182: 20178: 20170: 20166: 20155: 20151: 20143: 20139: 20131: 20127: 20108: 20104: 20094: 20092: 20077: 20073: 20063: 20061: 20060:on 14 July 2014 20057: 20050: 20042: 20038: 20027: 20023: 20015: 20011: 20003: 19999: 19991: 19987: 19979: 19975: 19968: 19954: 19950: 19942: 19938: 19917: 19913: 19905: 19901: 19893: 19889: 19881: 19877: 19866: 19862: 19846: 19842: 19831: 19827: 19808: 19804: 19788: 19787: 19757: 19753: 19743: 19741: 19736: 19735: 19731: 19723: 19719: 19710: 19706: 19698: 19694: 19687: 19669: 19665: 19655: 19653: 19635: 19631: 19592: 19588: 19578: 19576: 19567: 19566: 19562: 19552: 19550: 19546: 19539: 19535: 19534: 19530: 19520: 19518: 19509: 19508: 19504: 19495: 19491: 19480: 19476: 19464: 19460: 19453: 19437: 19433: 19422: 19418: 19411: 19395: 19391: 19384: 19368: 19364: 19357: 19343: 19339: 19328: 19324: 19313: 19309: 19302: 19282: 19278: 19268: 19266: 19264: 19248: 19244: 19234: 19232: 19223: 19219: 19209: 19207: 19198: 19194: 19184: 19182: 19180: 19164: 19160: 19150: 19148: 19146: 19130: 19126: 19116: 19114: 19112: 19096: 19092: 19082: 19080: 19078: 19062: 19058: 19046: 19042: 19034:Jeremy Sarkin, 19033: 19029: 19020: 19016: 19003: 18999: 18995:(Penguin, 2011) 18991:sean McMeekin, 18990: 18986: 18977: 18973: 18950:10.2307/3113169 18934: 18930: 18887: 18883: 18872: 18868: 18825: 18821: 18811: 18807: 18796: 18792: 18782: 18780: 18773: 18769: 18754: 18750: 18740: 18738: 18733: 18732: 18728: 18721: 18699: 18695: 18688: 18672: 18668: 18657: 18653: 18643: 18641: 18632: 18628: 18617: 18613: 18603: 18601: 18592: 18588: 18573: 18569: 18538: 18534: 18529: 18525: 18516: 18512: 18503: 18499: 18488: 18484: 18477: 18459: 18455: 18444: 18440: 18429: 18425: 18415: 18413: 18395: 18391: 18382: 18378: 18370: 18366: 18326: 18320: 18316: 18307: 18303: 18294: 18290: 18281: 18277: 18261: 18257: 18248: 18244: 18228: 18224: 18186: 18182: 18160:10.2307/3114686 18144: 18140: 18130: 18126: 18116: 18112: 18105: 18089: 18085: 18078: 18062: 18058: 18052:Blackbourn 1998 18050: 18046: 18038: 18034: 18024: 18022: 18015: 18011: 18003: 17999: 17956: 17952: 17942: 17940: 17931: 17930: 17926: 17916: 17914: 17905: 17904: 17900: 17890: 17888: 17878: 17874: 17867: 17845: 17838: 17817: 17813: 17797: 17796: 17768: 17764: 17754: 17752: 17745: 17741: 17731: 17729: 17720: 17716: 17703: 17699: 17690: 17686: 17677: 17673: 17665: 17661: 17653: 17649: 17626: 17609: 17605: 17597: 17593: 17580: 17576: 17533: 17529: 17510: 17506: 17498: 17494: 17486: 17482: 17474: 17470: 17454: 17450: 17442: 17438: 17429: 17425: 17414: 17410: 17399: 17395: 17387: 17383: 17375: 17371: 17363: 17359: 17351: 17347: 17336: 17332: 17325: 17309: 17302: 17292: 17290: 17286: 17280: 17276: 17268: 17264: 17256: 17252: 17244: 17240: 17232: 17225: 17221:, pp. 1–2. 17217: 17213: 17204: 17200: 17185:10.2307/1985399 17169: 17165: 17154: 17147: 17134: 17130: 17121: 17117: 17106: 17102: 17092: 17090: 17081: 17080: 17076: 17065: 17061: 17050: 17046: 17036: 17032: 17023: 17019: 17010: 17006: 16996: 16994: 16989: 16988: 16984: 16973: 16969: 16958: 16954: 16937: 16933: 16924: 16920: 16911: 16907: 16899: 16895: 16886: 16882: 16870: 16866: 16851:10.2307/1005911 16835: 16831: 16820: 16816: 16808: 16804: 16796: 16792: 16783: 16779: 16772: 16756: 16752: 16745: 16723: 16719: 16712: 16694:Russell Weigley 16688: 16670:Ritter, Gerhard 16667: 16663: 16654: 16650: 16643: 16627: 16623: 16613: 16611: 16606: 16605: 16601: 16594: 16578: 16574: 16561: 16560: 16556: 16548: 16544: 16536: 16527: 16517: 16515: 16513: 16497: 16493: 16483: 16481: 16479: 16463: 16459: 16451: 16447: 16414: 16410: 16401: 16397: 16388: 16387: 16383: 16367: 16366: 16359: 16357: 16356:on 24 June 2021 16350:"Archived copy" 16348: 16347: 16343: 16334: 16333: 16329: 16323:Wayback Machine 16309: 16305: 16297: 16293: 16283: 16281: 16279: 16263: 16259: 16249: 16247: 16245: 16229: 16225: 16217: 16213: 16203: 16201: 16199: 16183: 16179: 16169: 16167: 16158: 16154: 16144: 16142: 16135: 16119: 16115: 16105: 16103: 16101: 16085: 16081: 16071: 16069: 16060: 16056: 16046: 16044: 16042: 16026: 16022: 16012: 16010: 16008: 15992: 15988: 15978: 15976: 15969: 15968: 15964: 15954: 15952: 15950: 15934: 15930: 15920: 15918: 15916: 15900: 15896: 15886: 15884: 15882: 15866: 15862: 15852: 15850: 15848: 15832: 15828: 15818: 15816: 15814: 15798: 15794: 15779: 15775: 15760: 15756: 15748: 15744: 15733: 15729: 15721: 15714: 15710: 15709: 15705: 15700: 15696: 15687: 15683: 15676: 15660: 15656: 15648: 15644: 15637: 15615: 15602: 15595: 15579: 15575: 15562: 15558: 15547: 15543: 15520: 15516: 15508: 15501: 15492: 15488: 15479: 15475: 15466: 15462: 15452: 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14462: 14446: 14442: 14426: 14425: 14418: 14416: 14414: 14398: 14394: 14384: 14382: 14380: 14364: 14360: 14350: 14348: 14346: 14330: 14326: 14316: 14314: 14312: 14296: 14292: 14285: 14269: 14265: 14255: 14253: 14245:Silver, Larry. 14243: 14239: 14234: 14230: 14220: 14218: 14213: 14212: 14208: 14192: 14185: 14175: 14173: 14169: 14138: 14132: 14128: 14119: 14115: 14108: 14086: 14082: 14070: 14066: 14059: 14043: 14039: 14028: 14024: 14013: 14009: 13999: 13997: 13993: 13987: 13983: 13971: 13967: 13957: 13955: 13951: 13945: 13941: 13926: 13908: 13904: 13894: 13892: 13887: 13886: 13882: 13845: 13841: 13830: 13826: 13819: 13803: 13799: 13792: 13772: 13768: 13761: 13745: 13741: 13731: 13729: 13720: 13719: 13715: 13704: 13700: 13692: 13685: 13674: 13670: 13660: 13658: 13653: 13652: 13648: 13640: 13636: 13629: 13613: 13609: 13594: 13590: 13580: 13578: 13576: 13562: 13561: 13557: 13550: 13534: 13530: 13523: 13507: 13503: 13493: 13491: 13484: 13480: 13475:Wayback Machine 13461: 13457: 13447: 13445: 13440:Halsall, Paul. 13437: 13433: 13425: 13421: 13413: 13409: 13401: 13397: 13387: 13385: 13380: 13379: 13375: 13365: 13363: 13352: 13348: 13338: 13336: 13327: 13323: 13313: 13311: 13306: 13305: 13301: 13286: 13272: 13268: 13258: 13256: 13255:on 7 March 2019 13245: 13241: 13231: 13229: 13220: 13219: 13215: 13208: 13192: 13188: 13181: 13159: 13155: 13124: 13120: 13112: 13108: 13098: 13096: 13091: 13090: 13086: 13078: 13071: 13064: 13042: 13038: 13025: 13016: 13008: 13004: 12996: 12992: 12985: 12969: 12965: 12957: 12953: 12946: 12930: 12926: 12918: 12914: 12906: 12902: 12894: 12890: 12859: 12855: 12847: 12843: 12833: 12831: 12822: 12818: 12811: 12795: 12791: 12783: 12779: 12769: 12767: 12762: 12761: 12757: 12749: 12742: 12733: 12729: 12707: 12703: 12697:Historicus 1935 12695: 12691: 12683: 12679: 12671: 12667: 12648: 12635: 12634: 12630: 12622: 12618: 12611: 12591: 12587: 12579: 12575: 12567: 12563: 12553: 12551: 12542: 12541: 12537: 12529: 12525: 12517: 12513: 12496: 12495: 12491: 12483: 12479: 12471: 12467: 12459: 12455: 12445: 12443: 12436: 12432: 12416: 12412: 12377: 12373: 12365: 12361: 12348: 12344: 12336: 12332: 12324: 12320: 12312: 12308: 12301: 12279: 12275: 12268: 12252: 12251: 12247: 12240: 12226: 12222: 12215: 12199: 12195: 12188: 12172: 12168: 12161: 12145: 12141: 12128: 12124: 12111: 12107: 12097: 12095: 12090: 12089: 12085: 12075: 12073: 12065: 12064: 12057: 12045: 12041: 11996: 11992: 11937:Current Biology 11928: 11924: 11913: 11909: 11902: 11888: 11884: 11871: 11867: 11814: 11810: 11746: 11742: 11729: 11728: 11724: 11717:Kiel University 11711: 11710: 11706: 11673:(6): e1004401. 11659: 11655: 11642: 11641: 11637: 11624: 11623: 11619: 11609: 11607: 11594: 11593: 11589: 11540: 11536: 11480: 11476: 11417:Tattersall, Ian 11414: 11410: 11403: 11399: 11389: 11387: 11380: 11376: 11366: 11364: 11362: 11346: 11342: 11313: 11309: 11254: 11250: 11235: 11231: 11227: 11222: 11221: 11215: 11211: 11206: 11202: 11193: 11189: 11184: 11179: 11080: 11075: 11073: 11070: 11029: 10950: 10944: 10893:Eurozone crisis 10889:Great Recession 10824:grand coalition 10654: 10648:Merkel cabinets 10636: 10630: 10607:, November 1989 10546: 10540: 10506: 10439: 10433: 10362: 10356: 10330: 10324: 10277: 10275:Grand coalition 10238: 10202:Konrad Adenauer 10191: 10183:Berlin Blockade 10181:. This was the 10154:Berlin Blockade 10146: 10092: 10071:Konrad Adenauer 10063: 10049: 9994:Walter Ulbricht 9979:command economy 9930: 9922:Main articles: 9920: 9836:German war dead 9820: 9814: 9774: 9729: 9723: 9696:, Denmark, and 9650:and losing the 9623: 9567: 9561: 9478:, rejected the 9447: 9441: 9435: 9427:Joseph Goebbels 9395: 9389: 9383: 9299: 9291:Main articles: 9289: 9277:Reichsführer-SS 9260:Reichskonkordat 9211:Joseph Goebbels 9152: 9144:Main articles: 9142: 9133:Nazi propaganda 9105: 9099: 9094: 9093: 9092: 9089: 9084: 9075: 9070: 9061: 9056: 9047: 9045:Albert Einstein 9042: 9033: 9028: 9019: 9014: 9005: 9000: 8991: 8986: 8977: 8972: 8963: 8958: 8949: 8944: 8935: 8930: 8921: 8916: 8907: 8902: 8891: 8890: 8849:Oswald Spengler 8830:Rudolph Virchow 8766:Albert Einstein 8746: 8740: 8732:Franz von Papen 8679: 8662: 8656: 8521:Karl Liebknecht 8502:Friedrich Ebert 8491:Friedrich Ebert 8484: 8482:The early years 8448: 8443: 8441:Weimar Republic 8437: 8386:North Schleswig 8346:German Republic 8335: 8327:Main articles: 8325: 8323:Revolution 1918 8296: 8275: 8246: 8218:Schlieffen Plan 8206: 8190: 8177: 8165:Main articles: 8163: 8149:), Nyassaland ( 8142: 8111:in what is now 8094:Baghdad Railway 8052: 8046: 7961: 7931:naval arms race 7887:Triple Alliance 7882:naval arms race 7852: 7841: 7835: 7806: 7801: 7793:New Imperialism 7741:Triple Alliance 7675:Triple Alliance 7667: 7599: 7593: 7523: 7428: 7380:Hall of Mirrors 7365:Alsace-Lorraine 7320:Hall of Mirrors 7312: 7299:Ernst Engelberg 7291: 7238: 7233: 7227: 7211:Seven Weeks War 7207: 7201: 7181:enormous battle 7177:Seven Weeks War 7133: 7116: 7092: 7086: 7054: 7024: 7011: 6927:Flag of Germany 6911: 6906: 6900: 6842: 6836: 6831: 6830: 6829: 6826: 6821: 6812: 6807: 6798: 6792: 6783: 6778: 6769: 6764: 6755: 6753:Friedrich Hegel 6750: 6741: 6736: 6727: 6722: 6713: 6708: 6699: 6694: 6685: 6680: 6671: 6666: 6655: 6654: 6628:in philosophy, 6566:Robert Schumann 6535:Sturm und Drang 6519: 6510: 6502:Main articles: 6500: 6457: 6451: 6442: 6401: 6395: 6370: 6361: 6325: 6317:Main articles: 6315: 6279:Napoleonic Wars 6247: 6242: 6222:Sixth Coalition 6211:Duchy of Warsaw 6163: 6135: 6123:Battle of Valmy 6075: 6029:Sturm und Drang 5988:Christian Wolff 5945: 5935: 5884: 5878: 5758: 5654: 5646:Austrian Empire 5604:and since 1686 5548:(1678) and the 5534:Nine Years' War 5504: 5494:Nine Years' War 5492:Main articles: 5490: 5473:, known as the 5432: 5430:Rise of Prussia 5427: 5407:Hanauish-Indies 5368: 5363: 5362: 5361: 5358: 5352: 5343: 5337: 5328: 5322: 5313: 5302: 5293: 5283: 5274: 5265: 5256: 5238:Johannes Kepler 5235: 5224: 5223: 5207:Galileo Galilei 5191:Johannes Kepler 5111: 5095:German language 5076:Small Catechism 5029:Christian Bible 5018: 4931: 4925: 4917:Catholic League 4824:Wartburg Castle 4743: 4635: 4633:Imperial Reform 4629: 4627:Imperial reform 4604:established by 4504: 4488: 4480:Main articles: 4478: 4473: 4472: 4471: 4468: 4462: 4453: 4423: 4414: 4411:Arabic numerals 4400: 4391: 4377: 4368: 4355: 4346: 4337: 4328: 4321:donor portraits 4314: 4305: 4292: 4283: 4277:Albertus Magnus 4274: 4265: 4252: 4243: 4230: 4221: 4215: 4204: 4203: 4144:Gutenberg Bible 4092: 4007: 4006: 4005: 4004: 4003: 3997: 3989: 3988: 3982: 3973: 3972: 3971: 3961: 3953: 3952: 3946: 3937: 3936: 3935: 3925: 3917: 3916: 3910: 3901: 3900: 3894: 3831:Imperial Estate 3793:Albertus Magnus 3721:(Honor Imperii) 3639:Henry the Proud 3599: 3587:King of Bohemia 3561:left to right: 3560: 3558:prince-electors 3532: 3509:military defeat 3465: 3359: 3353: 3326:in the west to 3249: 3243: 3227:sacrum imperium 3212:Knights Templar 3147:Cluniac reforms 3027: 3021: 3016: 3015: 3014: 3011: 3004: 2995: 2980: 2971: 2956: 2947: 2940: 2931: 2920: 2909: 2908: 2900:Palatine Chapel 2829:Pannonian Avars 2809:Pepin the Short 2789: 2783: 2739:Pope Stephen II 2724:Battle of Tours 2682:in his role as 2649: 2643: 2637: 2634:Pepin the Short 2631: 2628:Frankish Empire 2555:Duchy of Swabia 2470: 2469: 2468: 2467: 2466: 2465:(r. 800–814 AD) 2451: 2443: 2442: 2441:(r. 306–337 AD) 2420: 2409: 2403: 2401:Frankish Empire 2398: 2380: 2321:Salian emperors 2294:Duchy of Saxony 2290:Duchy of Swabia 2268: 2262: 2248: 2126: 2118:Main articles: 2116: 2104: 1996: 1995: 1994: 1993: 1992: 1977: 1969: 1968: 1957: 1922: 1921: 1920: 1919: 1918: 1911: 1903: 1902: 1889: 1878: 1868: 1772:Germanic tribes 1764: 1758: 1750:Main articles: 1745: 1740: 1739: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1728: 1724: 1722: 1718: 1717: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1706: 1702: 1683: 1678: 1645: 1632:La Tène culture 1620: 1619: 1618: 1617: 1616: 1605: 1597: 1596: 1592: 1588:by the Danube, 1578: 1567: 1557:Iron Age Europe 1553: 1529:Tumulus culture 1500: 1496: 1474: 1470: 1460: 1459: 1458: 1457: 1456: 1446: 1438: 1437: 1434: 1428:Unetice culture 1420: 1409: 1403:Tumulus culture 1395:Unetice culture 1387: 1378: 1374: 1355: 1340: 1336: 1325: 1321: 1230: 1154: 1153: 1152: 1151: 1150: 1143:Geißenklösterle 1136: 1132: 1128: 1127: 1120: 1116: 1109: 1099: 1094: 1084: 1038:collapsed, and 947:Weimar Republic 935:war reparations 880:failed but the 862:Napoleonic Wars 767:Frankish Empire 763:Germanic tribes 736:Roman provinces 734:, although the 720:Germanic tribes 692:The concept of 686: 647: 645: 644: 633: 631: 630: 623: 622: 604: 583: 550: 527: 517: 516: 487:Weimar Republic 460: 450: 449: 436: 405: 395: 394: 375: 365: 364: 340: 332: 331: 327:Frankish Empire 302:Únětice culture 292: 284: 283: 228:Historic states 183: 163: 156: 141: 130: 107: 98: 94: 83: 77: 74: 55: 38: 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 27293: 27283: 27282: 27263: 27262: 27260: 27259: 27249: 27239: 27228: 27225: 27224: 27222: 27221: 27216: 27211: 27206: 27201: 27199:Misconceptions 27196: 27191: 27186: 27181: 27176: 27171: 27166: 27160: 27158: 27154: 27153: 27151: 27150: 27145: 27140: 27135: 27130: 27125: 27120: 27115: 27110: 27105: 27100: 27095: 27090: 27085: 27080: 27075: 27070: 27065: 27060: 27055: 27050: 27045: 27040: 27035: 27030: 27025: 27019: 27017: 27013: 27012: 27010: 27009: 27007:Little Ice Age 27004: 27003: 27002: 26992: 26987: 26982: 26977: 26972: 26967: 26962: 26960:Western Schism 26957: 26952: 26947: 26942: 26937: 26932: 26927: 26922: 26916: 26914: 26908: 26907: 26905: 26904: 26899: 26894: 26889: 26884: 26879: 26874: 26869: 26864: 26859: 26854: 26849: 26844: 26839: 26834: 26829: 26824: 26819: 26814: 26808: 26806: 26800: 26799: 26797: 26796: 26791: 26786: 26781: 26776: 26771: 26766: 26761: 26756: 26751: 26746: 26741: 26736: 26731: 26726: 26725: 26724: 26714: 26709: 26707:Late antiquity 26704: 26699: 26694: 26688: 26686: 26680: 26679: 26672: 26671: 26664: 26657: 26649: 26640: 26639: 26637: 26636: 26634:European Union 26630: 26628: 26627:Other entities 26624: 26623: 26621: 26620: 26615: 26610: 26605: 26600: 26595: 26590: 26584: 26582: 26581:other entities 26576: 26575: 26573: 26572: 26567: 26562: 26557: 26552: 26546: 26544: 26538: 26537: 26535: 26534: 26529: 26527:United Kingdom 26524: 26519: 26514: 26509: 26504: 26499: 26494: 26489: 26484: 26479: 26474: 26469: 26464: 26459: 26454: 26449: 26444: 26439: 26434: 26429: 26424: 26419: 26414: 26409: 26404: 26399: 26394: 26392: 26387: 26382: 26377: 26372: 26367: 26362: 26357: 26352: 26347: 26342: 26340:Czech Republic 26337: 26332: 26327: 26322: 26317: 26312: 26307: 26302: 26297: 26292: 26287: 26281: 26279: 26275: 26274: 26267: 26266: 26259: 26252: 26244: 26235: 26234: 26232: 26231: 26226: 26221: 26216: 26211: 26206: 26201: 26196: 26191: 26186: 26180: 26178: 26174: 26173: 26171: 26170: 26165: 26160: 26155: 26150: 26145: 26140: 26135: 26130: 26125: 26120: 26115: 26110: 26105: 26100: 26095: 26090: 26088:Russian Empire 26085: 26080: 26078:British Empire 26075: 26073:Dutch Republic 26070: 26068:Swedish Empire 26065: 26060: 26055: 26050: 26048:Spanish Empire 26045: 26040: 26038:Ottoman Empire 26035: 26030: 26025: 26020: 26015: 26010: 26009: 26008: 25998: 25993: 25987: 25985: 25979: 25978: 25976: 25975: 25970: 25965: 25960: 25955: 25953:Serbian Empire 25950: 25945: 25940: 25935: 25930: 25925: 25920: 25898: 25893: 25888: 25887: 25886: 25881: 25876: 25871: 25861: 25860: 25859: 25854: 25846: 25841: 25836: 25831: 25826: 25825: 25824: 25814: 25809: 25803: 25801: 25795: 25794: 25792: 25791: 25789:Late antiquity 25786: 25781: 25776: 25775: 25774: 25764: 25759: 25754: 25752:Roman Republic 25749: 25743: 25741: 25735: 25734: 25732: 25731: 25726: 25721: 25716: 25710: 25708: 25702: 25701: 25694: 25693: 25686: 25679: 25671: 25662: 25661: 25659: 25658: 25653: 25646: 25645: 25638: 25631: 25623: 25622: 25619: 25618: 25615: 25614: 25612: 25611: 25606: 25601: 25596: 25591: 25586: 25581: 25576: 25571: 25566: 25561: 25556: 25551: 25546: 25541: 25536: 25531: 25526: 25525:Cultural icons 25523: 25518: 25513: 25508: 25503: 25498: 25493: 25487: 25485: 25479: 25478: 25476: 25475: 25470: 25465: 25460: 25455: 25450: 25445: 25440: 25435: 25430: 25425: 25420: 25415: 25410: 25405: 25404: 25403: 25398: 25388: 25383: 25378: 25373: 25368: 25362: 25356: 25350: 25349: 25346: 25345: 25343: 25342: 25337: 25332: 25327: 25322: 25317: 25312: 25307: 25305:Stock exchange 25302: 25297: 25289: 25284: 25279: 25274: 25269: 25264: 25259: 25258: 25257: 25247: 25242: 25236: 25230: 25224: 25223: 25220: 25219: 25217: 25216: 25211: 25206: 25201: 25196: 25191: 25186: 25181: 25180: 25179: 25174: 25169: 25159: 25154: 25149: 25144: 25139: 25134: 25129: 25119: 25114: 25108: 25102: 25096: 25095: 25092: 25091: 25089: 25088: 25083: 25078: 25073: 25068: 25063: 25058: 25053: 25052: 25051: 25046: 25035: 25029: 25023: 25022: 25019: 25018: 25016: 25015: 25009: 25003: 24998: 24992: 24990: 24986: 24985: 24983: 24982: 24977: 24971: 24969: 24965: 24964: 24962: 24961: 24960: 24959: 24954: 24944: 24942:Denazification 24939: 24934: 24929: 24924: 24919: 24914: 24909: 24904: 24899: 24894: 24889: 24884: 24879: 24874: 24869: 24864: 24859: 24853: 24851: 24847: 24846: 24844: 24843: 24838: 24833: 24828: 24823: 24818: 24813: 24807: 24805: 24801: 24800: 24798: 24797: 24792: 24787: 24782: 24777: 24772: 24767: 24762: 24757: 24752: 24747: 24742: 24737: 24731: 24729: 24725: 24724: 24722: 24721: 24716: 24714:Historiography 24711: 24706: 24700: 24698: 24691: 24685: 24684: 24673: 24672: 24665: 24658: 24650: 24643: 24642: 24636: 24629: 24622: 24616: 24610: 24604: 24598: 24580:(1): 193–199. 24565: 24559: 24553: 24546: 24539: 24537: 24536:Historiography 24534: 24532: 24531: 24525: 24518: 24512: 24506: 24500: 24497: 24490: 24484: 24478: 24472: 24466: 24458: 24456: 24453: 24451: 24450: 24443: 24418: 24404: 24395: 24388: 24381: 24375: 24369: 24360: 24347: 24340: 24322: 24313: 24299: 24286: 24272: 24258: 24256: 24253: 24251: 24250: 24241: 24234: 24228: 24221: 24215: 24209: 24202: 24195: 24189: 24182: 24175: 24168: 24159: 24152: 24138: 24118: 24111: 24101: 24099: 24096: 24094: 24093: 24087: 24080: 24073: 24066: 24060: 24050: 24044: 24038: 24024: 24015: 24008: 23998: 23989: 23980: 23974: 23968: 23958: 23951: 23942: 23932: 23930: 23927: 23925: 23924: 23918: 23904: 23890:Taylor, A.J.P. 23886: 23879: 23872: 23862: 23853: 23846: 23840: 23831: 23824: 23817: 23808: 23802: 23795: 23789: 23769: 23763: 23746: 23744: 23741: 23739: 23738: 23728: 23722: 23715:Ozment, Steven 23712: 23705: 23692: 23686: 23680: 23673: 23667: 23657: 23647: 23645:online edition 23637: 23627: 23625: 23622: 23620: 23619: 23616: 23606: 23596: 23589: 23583: 23576: 23569: 23567: 23564: 23562: 23561: 23555: 23548: 23541: 23534: 23528: 23522: 23514:2027/heb.01027 23501: 23494: 23487: 23485: 23482: 23480: 23479: 23473: 23466: 23452: 23438: 23424:Taylor, A.J.P. 23420: 23410: 23390: 23377: 23367: 23361:Schulze, Hagen 23358: 23351: 23345: 23336: 23329: 23320: 23311: 23304: 23297: 23280: 23273: 23267: 23257: 23249: 23247: 23244: 23242: 23239: 23237: 23236: 23230: 23210: 23197: 23182: 23169: 23154: 23141: 23129:Fouracre, Paul 23120: 23111: 23105: 23090: 23076: 23055: 23041: 23025: 23016: 23010: 22997: 22991: 22974: 22953: 22950:. p. 207. 22943: 22937: 22920: 22914: 22897: 22883: 22865: 22852: 22837: 22819: 22804: 22798: 22785: 22779: 22766: 22753: 22747: 22730: 22717: 22702: 22696: 22683: 22682: 22681: 22656: 22603: 22590: 22572: 22559: 22536: 22530: 22512: 22499: 22484: 22483: 22482: 22476: 22460:Heather, Peter 22445: 22426: 22420: 22407: 22401: 22382: 22376: 22357: 22356: 22355: 22349: 22328: 22306: 22300: 22285: 22270: 22256: 22235: 22229: 22208: 22202: 22184: 22175: 22169: 22153: 22147: 22134: 22128: 22106: 22100: 22087: 22072: 22066: 22051: 22037: 22021: 22015: 22000: 21991: 21989: 21986: 21984: 21983: 21969: 21951: 21932: 21914: 21899: 21880: 21862: 21844: 21825: 21811:Bloomberg News 21797: 21784:Spiegel Online 21771: 21745: 21726: 21700: 21678: 21663: 21645: 21623: 21616: 21590: 21577: 21568: 21559: 21553:Thomas Roser: 21546: 21537: 21519: 21504: 21491: 21488:. p. 113. 21476: 21455: 21434: 21419: 21404: 21365: 21338:(3): 517–534. 21318: 21299:(4): 719–736. 21283: 21276: 21252: 21230: 21215: 21199: 21180:(2): 262–263. 21160: 21157:. p. 290. 21145: 21130: 21114: 21085: 21058:(2): 175–196. 21038: 21023: 20980: 20958: 20952:Jürgen Weber, 20945: 20932: 20925: 20902: 20884: 20870: 20855: 20844:(3): 417–438. 20828: 20813: 20799: 20768: 20755: 20733: 20720:10.2307/443604 20714:(2): 517–534. 20698: 20691: 20664: 20657: 20633: 20622:(2): 642–649. 20602: 20599:–513, 596–599. 20576: 20567: 20560: 20540: 20537:. p. 121. 20525: 20509: 20486: 20454: 20447: 20424: 20396:(2): 151–178. 20376: 20369: 20349: 20329: 20309: 20302: 20282: 20260: 20253: 20227: 20212: 20210:, p. 562. 20200: 20188: 20176: 20164: 20149: 20137: 20135:, p. 633. 20125: 20102: 20071: 20036: 20021: 20019:, p. 544. 20009: 20007:, p. 345. 19997: 19985: 19983:, p. 344. 19973: 19966: 19948: 19936: 19911: 19909:, p. 351. 19899: 19887: 19875: 19870:History Review 19860: 19840: 19825: 19802: 19751: 19729: 19717: 19704: 19692: 19685: 19663: 19629: 19602:(3): 231–255. 19586: 19560: 19528: 19502: 19489: 19474: 19458: 19451: 19431: 19416: 19409: 19389: 19382: 19362: 19355: 19337: 19322: 19307: 19300: 19276: 19262: 19242: 19217: 19192: 19178: 19158: 19144: 19124: 19110: 19090: 19076: 19056: 19040: 19027: 19014: 18997: 18984: 18971: 18944:(4): 413–445. 18928: 18901:(4): 911–937. 18881: 18866: 18839:(2): 309–330. 18819: 18805: 18790: 18767: 18748: 18726: 18719: 18693: 18686: 18666: 18651: 18626: 18611: 18586: 18567: 18548:(3): 379–388. 18532: 18523: 18510: 18497: 18482: 18475: 18453: 18450:. p. 149. 18438: 18423: 18389: 18376: 18364: 18337:(4): 821–850. 18314: 18301: 18288: 18275: 18255: 18242: 18222: 18180: 18154:(1), : 40–64, 18138: 18124: 18110: 18103: 18083: 18076: 18056: 18044: 18042:, p. 207. 18032: 18009: 17997: 17950: 17924: 17898: 17872: 17865: 17836: 17811: 17762: 17751:. History Home 17739: 17714: 17697: 17684: 17671: 17659: 17647: 17624: 17603: 17591: 17574: 17561:10.1086/318549 17553:10.1086/318549 17547:(4): 890–943. 17527: 17504: 17492: 17480: 17468: 17448: 17436: 17423: 17408: 17393: 17391:, p. 165. 17389:Nipperdey 1996 17381: 17377:Nipperdey 1996 17369: 17357: 17353:Nipperdey 1996 17345: 17330: 17323: 17300: 17274: 17270:Nipperdey 1996 17262: 17258:Nipperdey 1996 17250: 17238: 17223: 17211: 17198: 17179:(4): 186–198. 17163: 17145: 17128: 17115: 17100: 17074: 17059: 17044: 17030: 17026:German History 17017: 17013:German History 17004: 16982: 16967: 16962:German History 16952: 16931: 16918: 16905: 16901:Nipperdey 1996 16893: 16880: 16864: 16829: 16814: 16802: 16790: 16777: 16770: 16750: 16743: 16717: 16710: 16686: 16661: 16648: 16641: 16621: 16599: 16592: 16572: 16554: 16542: 16525: 16511: 16491: 16477: 16457: 16445: 16408: 16395: 16381: 16341: 16327: 16303: 16291: 16277: 16257: 16243: 16223: 16221:, p. 245. 16211: 16197: 16177: 16152: 16133: 16113: 16099: 16079: 16054: 16040: 16020: 16006: 15986: 15962: 15948: 15928: 15914: 15894: 15880: 15860: 15846: 15826: 15812: 15792: 15773: 15754: 15742: 15727: 15703: 15694: 15681: 15674: 15654: 15642: 15635: 15600: 15593: 15573: 15556: 15541: 15514: 15499: 15486: 15473: 15460: 15431: 15419: 15405: 15385: 15373: 15361: 15349: 15330:(1): 213–234. 15314: 15295: 15275: 15249: 15247:, p. 115. 15237: 15225: 15223:, p. 111. 15213: 15211:, p. 298. 15201: 15189: 15175: 15155: 15141: 15121: 15107: 15087: 15073: 15053: 15039: 15019: 15005: 14985: 14971: 14951: 14937: 14917: 14902: 14888: 14868: 14854: 14834: 14811: 14799: 14772: 14758: 14738: 14723: 14704: 14684: 14672: 14660: 14646: 14626: 14612: 14592: 14580: 14568: 14535: 14508: 14494: 14474: 14460: 14440: 14412: 14392: 14378: 14358: 14344: 14324: 14310: 14290: 14283: 14263: 14237: 14228: 14206: 14183: 14126: 14113: 14106: 14080: 14064: 14057: 14037: 14022: 14007: 13981: 13965: 13939: 13924: 13902: 13880: 13866:10.1086/478355 13859:(2): 225–248. 13839: 13824: 13817: 13797: 13790: 13766: 13759: 13739: 13713: 13698: 13683: 13668: 13646: 13634: 13627: 13607: 13588: 13574: 13555: 13548: 13528: 13521: 13501: 13478: 13455: 13431: 13419: 13417:, p. 252. 13407: 13395: 13373: 13346: 13321: 13299: 13284: 13266: 13239: 13213: 13206: 13186: 13179: 13153: 13118: 13106: 13084: 13069: 13062: 13036: 13014: 13002: 12990: 12983: 12963: 12951: 12944: 12924: 12912: 12900: 12896:Damminger 2003 12888: 12869:(3): 320–334. 12853: 12841: 12827:Feudal Germany 12816: 12809: 12789: 12777: 12755: 12740: 12727: 12713:, ed. (1968). 12701: 12689: 12677: 12665: 12646: 12628: 12616: 12609: 12585: 12573: 12571:, p. 442. 12561: 12535: 12523: 12521:, p. 267. 12511: 12489: 12477: 12465: 12461:Bordewich 2005 12453: 12430: 12410: 12397:10.1086/669789 12371: 12359: 12342: 12330: 12318: 12306: 12299: 12273: 12266: 12245: 12238: 12220: 12213: 12193: 12186: 12166: 12159: 12139: 12122: 12116:Herodoti Musae 12105: 12083: 12055: 12051:Central Europe 12039: 12004:Human Genetics 11990: 11922: 11907: 11901:978-3570022375 11900: 11882: 11865: 11808: 11740: 11722: 11704: 11653: 11650:. 25 May 2012. 11635: 11617: 11587: 11534: 11495:(3): 564–577. 11474: 11408: 11397: 11374: 11360: 11354:. H-Soz-Kult. 11340: 11307: 11248: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11220: 11219: 11209: 11200: 11186: 11185: 11183: 11180: 11178: 11177: 11172: 11167: 11162: 11157: 11152: 11151: 11150: 11140: 11135: 11130: 11125: 11120: 11115: 11110: 11105: 11104: 11103: 11093: 11087: 11086: 11085: 11082:Germany portal 11069: 11066: 11028: 11025: 10970:United Kingdom 10943: 10940: 10898:Following the 10855:European Union 10796:fertility rate 10766:2005 elections 10706:U.S. President 10652:Scholz cabinet 10632:Main article: 10629: 10626: 10613:Erich Honecker 10542:Main article: 10539: 10536: 10505: 10502: 10466:Helmut Schmidt 10446:Helmut Schmidt 10432: 10429: 10421:Erich Honecker 10417:United Nations 10358:Main article: 10355: 10352: 10326:Main article: 10323: 10320: 10308:Czechoslovakia 10292:Kurt Kiesinger 10276: 10273: 10265:market economy 10237: 10234: 10216:European Union 10190: 10187: 10145: 10142: 10091: 10088: 10059:Main article: 10048: 10045: 10044: 10043: 10007:Erich Honecker 9937:Erich Honecker 9919: 9916: 9872:Denazification 9813: 9812:Post-war chaos 9810: 9780:, Germany was 9773: 9770: 9754:European Union 9725:Main article: 9722: 9719: 9690:Czechoslovakia 9614:Einsatzgruppen 9563:Main article: 9560: 9557: 9533:Czechoslovakia 9517:Sudeten German 9513:Czechoslovakia 9437:Main article: 9434: 9433:Foreign policy 9431: 9385:Main article: 9382: 9379: 9359:Final Solution 9343:Nuremberg Laws 9313:in April 1945. 9288: 9285: 9252:anti-communist 9207:Hermann Göring 9168:Reichstag fire 9141: 9138: 9101:Main article: 9098: 9095: 9091: 9090: 9085: 9078: 9076: 9073:Bertolt Brecht 9071: 9064: 9062: 9057: 9050: 9048: 9043: 9036: 9034: 9029: 9022: 9020: 9015: 9008: 9006: 9001: 8994: 8992: 8987: 8980: 8978: 8973: 8966: 8964: 8959: 8952: 8950: 8945: 8938: 8936: 8931: 8924: 8922: 8919:Rudolf Virchow 8917: 8910: 8908: 8903: 8896: 8893: 8892: 8888: 8887: 8886: 8882:Philipp Lenard 8878:Johannes Stark 8845:Bertolt Brecht 8822:Ferdinand Cohn 8750:German science 8742:Main article: 8739: 8736: 8678: 8675: 8658:Main article: 8655: 8652: 8595:hyperinflation 8517:Rosa Luxemburg 8483: 8480: 8447: 8444: 8439:Main article: 8436: 8433: 8324: 8321: 8313: 8312: 8295: 8292: 8274: 8271: 8245: 8242: 8230:trench warfare 8205: 8202: 8189: 8186: 8162: 8159: 8123:of the 1940s. 8080:in China, the 8048:Main article: 8045: 8042: 8001:Bunsen burners 7995:Berlin in 1912 7960: 7957: 7906:Fleet in being 7902:ambitious plan 7845:Kaiser Wilhelm 7837:Main article: 7834: 7831: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7712:Ottoman Empire 7666: 7663: 7595:Main article: 7592: 7589: 7522: 7519: 7427: 7424: 7396:German Emperor 7376:Siege of Paris 7348:full-scale war 7340:Prince Leopold 7311: 7310:The new empire 7308: 7290: 7287: 7237: 7234: 7229:Main article: 7226: 7223: 7203:Main article: 7200: 7197: 7132: 7129: 7115: 7112: 7088:Main article: 7085: 7082: 7021:Deutscher Bund 6923:Hambach Castle 6910: 6909:After Napoleon 6907: 6902:Main article: 6899: 6896: 6892:ultramontanism 6871:Missouri Synod 6838:Main article: 6835: 6832: 6828: 6827: 6822: 6815: 6813: 6808: 6801: 6799: 6793: 6786: 6784: 6781:Brothers Grimm 6779: 6772: 6770: 6765: 6758: 6756: 6751: 6744: 6742: 6737: 6730: 6728: 6723: 6716: 6714: 6709: 6702: 6700: 6695: 6688: 6686: 6681: 6674: 6672: 6667: 6660: 6657: 6656: 6652: 6651: 6650: 6590:German studies 6582:Brothers Grimm 6574:Richard Wagner 6562:Franz Schubert 6558:Romantic music 6518: 6515: 6499: 6496: 6491: 6490: 6486: 6483: 6480: 6473:Friedrich List 6464:Friedrich List 6453:Main article: 6450: 6447: 6441: 6438: 6397:Main article: 6394: 6391: 6369: 6366: 6360: 6357: 6314: 6311: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6194:Battle of Jena 6179:French emperor 6162: 6159: 6134: 6131: 6089:(1806 to 1813) 6074: 6071: 5934: 5931: 5903:merchant class 5880:Main article: 5877: 5876:Social changes 5874: 5867:Karl Friedrich 5767:in Württemberg 5757: 5756:Smaller states 5754: 5748:. Austria and 5729:simply is the 5708:German dualism 5653: 5650: 5586:Ottoman Empire 5562:Grand Alliance 5489: 5486: 5455:East Pomerania 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5367: 5364: 5360: 5359: 5353: 5346: 5344: 5338: 5331: 5329: 5323: 5316: 5314: 5303: 5296: 5294: 5290:René Descartes 5284: 5277: 5275: 5266: 5259: 5257: 5254:modern science 5236: 5229: 5226: 5225: 5221: 5220: 5219: 5195:Weil der Stadt 5179:Albrecht Dürer 5110: 5107: 5056:printing press 5017: 5014: 4927:Main article: 4924: 4921: 4876:Thomas Müntzer 4799:, painting by 4742: 4739: 4631:Main article: 4628: 4625: 4581:From 1438 the 4517:Arch of Honour 4512:Albrecht Dürer 4503: 4502:Social changes 4500: 4499: 4498: 4477: 4474: 4470: 4469: 4463: 4456: 4454: 4424: 4417: 4415: 4407:Roman numerals 4401: 4394: 4392: 4378: 4371: 4369: 4356: 4349: 4347: 4340:Albrecht Dürer 4338: 4331: 4329: 4315: 4308: 4306: 4299:printing press 4293: 4286: 4284: 4275: 4268: 4266: 4253: 4246: 4244: 4231: 4224: 4222: 4216: 4209: 4206: 4205: 4201: 4200: 4199: 4167:Albrecht Dürer 4148:printing press 4091: 4088: 3998: 3991: 3990: 3983: 3976: 3975: 3974: 3962: 3955: 3954: 3947: 3940: 3939: 3938: 3926: 3919: 3918: 3911: 3904: 3903: 3902: 3898: 3897: 3896: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3852:Count Palatine 3834:1346 and 1378 3725:Lombard League 3694:Henry the Lion 3579:Duke of Saxony 3575:Count Palatine 3531: 3528: 3461:Main article: 3365:Stages of the 3355:Main article: 3352: 3349: 3245:Main article: 3242: 3239: 3220:Teutonic Order 3176:Dictatus Papae 3025:Otto the Great 3020: 3019:Otto the Great 3017: 3013: 3012: 3005: 2998: 2996: 2981: 2974: 2972: 2970:, 13th century 2957: 2950: 2948: 2941: 2934: 2932: 2921: 2914: 2911: 2910: 2906: 2905: 2904: 2835:, such as the 2821:Siege of Pavia 2782: 2779: 2720:Charles Martel 2692:vast territory 2672:Charles Martel 2660:imperial Roman 2619:in the south. 2613:Harz Mountains 2578:Saint Boniface 2452: 2445: 2444: 2421: 2414: 2413: 2412: 2411: 2410: 2405:Main article: 2402: 2399: 2379: 2376: 2314:Middle Francia 2258:Main article: 2247: 2244: 2115: 2112: 2108: 306–337 2019:Germania magna 1978: 1971: 1970: 1958: 1951: 1950: 1949: 1948: 1947: 1942:Gallia Belgica 1938:Roman province 1912: 1905: 1904: 1897:border of the 1890: 1883: 1882: 1881: 1880: 1879: 1867: 1864: 1823:archaeogenetic 1812:Eastern Europe 1776:Averil Cameron 1734: 1723: 1712: 1701: 1698:Central Europe 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1646: 1200 BC 1606: 1599: 1598: 1579: 1572: 1571: 1570: 1569: 1568: 1552: 1549: 1537:Italic peoples 1497: 1300 BC 1475: 2350 BC 1471: 2900 BC 1447: 1440: 1439: 1424:Nebra sky disc 1421: 1414: 1413: 1412: 1411: 1410: 1386: 1383: 1379: 2800 BC 1375: 4600 BC 1360:Rössen culture 1356: 4900 BC 1351:, constructed 1341: 3950 BC 1337: 5300 BC 1326: 4500 BC 1322: 5500 BC 1137: 1130: 1129: 1121: 1114: 1113: 1112: 1111: 1110: 1098: 1095: 1083: 1080: 1048:European Union 996:denazification 975:invaded Poland 927:Central Powers 698:Central Europe 688: 687: 685: 684: 677: 670: 662: 659: 658: 657: 656: 642: 625: 624: 619: 618: 615: 613:Modern history 609: 608: 605: 603: 602: 597: 591: 588: 587: 584: 582: 581: 568: 565: 564: 561: 555: 554: 553:1945–1949/1952 551: 549: 548: 539: 533: 528: 523: 522: 519: 518: 513: 512: 509: 503: 502: 499: 493: 492: 489: 483: 482: 479: 473: 472: 469: 461: 456: 455: 452: 451: 448: 447: 442: 437: 435: 434: 425: 419: 417: 412: 406: 401: 400: 397: 396: 393: 392: 387: 382: 376: 371: 370: 367: 366: 363: 362: 357: 352: 347: 341: 338: 337: 334: 333: 330: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 293: 290: 289: 286: 285: 282: 281: 235: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 193:Historiography 190: 184: 181: 180: 177: 176: 168: 167: 158: 157: 150: 143: 142: 101: 99: 92: 85: 84: 64:it, or adding 41: 39: 32: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 27292: 27281: 27278: 27277: 27275: 27268: 27258: 27250: 27248: 27240: 27238: 27234: 27230: 27229: 27226: 27220: 27217: 27215: 27212: 27210: 27207: 27205: 27202: 27200: 27197: 27195: 27192: 27190: 27187: 27185: 27182: 27180: 27177: 27175: 27172: 27170: 27167: 27165: 27162: 27161: 27159: 27155: 27149: 27146: 27144: 27141: 27139: 27136: 27134: 27131: 27129: 27126: 27124: 27121: 27119: 27116: 27114: 27111: 27109: 27106: 27104: 27101: 27099: 27096: 27094: 27091: 27089: 27086: 27084: 27081: 27079: 27076: 27074: 27071: 27069: 27066: 27064: 27061: 27059: 27056: 27054: 27051: 27049: 27046: 27044: 27041: 27039: 27036: 27034: 27031: 27029: 27026: 27024: 27021: 27020: 27018: 27014: 27008: 27005: 27001: 26998: 26997: 26996: 26993: 26991: 26988: 26986: 26983: 26981: 26978: 26976: 26973: 26971: 26968: 26966: 26963: 26961: 26958: 26956: 26953: 26951: 26948: 26946: 26943: 26941: 26938: 26936: 26933: 26931: 26928: 26926: 26923: 26921: 26918: 26917: 26915: 26913: 26909: 26903: 26900: 26898: 26895: 26893: 26890: 26888: 26885: 26883: 26880: 26878: 26875: 26873: 26870: 26868: 26867:Scholasticism 26865: 26863: 26860: 26858: 26855: 26853: 26850: 26848: 26845: 26843: 26840: 26838: 26835: 26833: 26830: 26828: 26825: 26823: 26820: 26818: 26815: 26813: 26810: 26809: 26807: 26805: 26801: 26795: 26792: 26790: 26787: 26785: 26782: 26780: 26777: 26775: 26772: 26770: 26767: 26765: 26762: 26760: 26757: 26755: 26752: 26750: 26747: 26745: 26742: 26740: 26737: 26735: 26732: 26730: 26729:Rise of Islam 26727: 26723: 26720: 26719: 26718: 26715: 26713: 26710: 26708: 26705: 26703: 26700: 26698: 26695: 26693: 26690: 26689: 26687: 26685: 26681: 26677: 26670: 26665: 26663: 26658: 26656: 26651: 26650: 26647: 26635: 26632: 26631: 26629: 26625: 26619: 26616: 26614: 26611: 26609: 26606: 26604: 26601: 26599: 26596: 26594: 26593:Faroe Islands 26591: 26589: 26586: 26585: 26583: 26577: 26571: 26568: 26566: 26565:South Ossetia 26563: 26561: 26558: 26556: 26553: 26551: 26548: 26547: 26545: 26539: 26533: 26530: 26528: 26525: 26523: 26520: 26518: 26515: 26513: 26510: 26508: 26505: 26503: 26500: 26498: 26495: 26493: 26490: 26488: 26485: 26483: 26480: 26478: 26475: 26473: 26470: 26468: 26465: 26463: 26460: 26458: 26455: 26453: 26450: 26448: 26445: 26443: 26440: 26438: 26435: 26433: 26430: 26428: 26425: 26423: 26420: 26418: 26415: 26413: 26412:Liechtenstein 26410: 26408: 26405: 26403: 26400: 26398: 26395: 26393: 26391: 26388: 26386: 26383: 26381: 26378: 26376: 26373: 26371: 26368: 26366: 26363: 26361: 26358: 26356: 26353: 26351: 26348: 26346: 26343: 26341: 26338: 26336: 26333: 26331: 26328: 26326: 26323: 26321: 26318: 26316: 26313: 26311: 26308: 26306: 26303: 26301: 26298: 26296: 26293: 26291: 26288: 26286: 26283: 26282: 26280: 26276: 26272: 26265: 26260: 26258: 26253: 26251: 26246: 26245: 26242: 26230: 26227: 26225: 26222: 26220: 26217: 26215: 26212: 26210: 26207: 26205: 26202: 26200: 26197: 26195: 26192: 26190: 26187: 26185: 26184:Art of Europe 26182: 26181: 26179: 26175: 26169: 26166: 26164: 26161: 26159: 26156: 26154: 26151: 26149: 26146: 26144: 26141: 26139: 26136: 26134: 26131: 26129: 26126: 26124: 26121: 26119: 26116: 26114: 26111: 26109: 26106: 26104: 26101: 26099: 26096: 26094: 26091: 26089: 26086: 26084: 26081: 26079: 26076: 26074: 26071: 26069: 26066: 26064: 26061: 26059: 26056: 26054: 26051: 26049: 26046: 26044: 26041: 26039: 26036: 26034: 26031: 26029: 26026: 26024: 26021: 26019: 26016: 26014: 26011: 26007: 26004: 26003: 26002: 25999: 25997: 25994: 25992: 25989: 25988: 25986: 25984: 25983:Modern period 25980: 25974: 25971: 25969: 25966: 25964: 25961: 25959: 25956: 25954: 25951: 25949: 25946: 25944: 25941: 25939: 25936: 25934: 25931: 25929: 25926: 25924: 25921: 25918: 25914: 25910: 25906: 25902: 25899: 25897: 25894: 25892: 25889: 25885: 25882: 25880: 25877: 25875: 25872: 25870: 25867: 25866: 25865: 25862: 25858: 25855: 25853: 25850: 25849: 25847: 25845: 25842: 25840: 25837: 25835: 25832: 25830: 25827: 25823: 25820: 25819: 25818: 25815: 25813: 25810: 25808: 25805: 25804: 25802: 25800: 25796: 25790: 25787: 25785: 25782: 25780: 25777: 25773: 25770: 25769: 25768: 25765: 25763: 25760: 25758: 25755: 25753: 25750: 25748: 25745: 25744: 25742: 25740: 25736: 25730: 25727: 25725: 25722: 25720: 25717: 25715: 25712: 25711: 25709: 25707: 25703: 25699: 25692: 25687: 25685: 25680: 25678: 25673: 25672: 25669: 25657: 25654: 25652: 25649: 25648: 25643: 25639: 25636: 25632: 25629: 25625: 25624: 25620: 25610: 25607: 25605: 25602: 25600: 25597: 25595: 25592: 25590: 25587: 25585: 25582: 25580: 25577: 25575: 25572: 25570: 25567: 25565: 25562: 25560: 25557: 25555: 25552: 25550: 25547: 25545: 25542: 25540: 25537: 25535: 25532: 25530: 25527: 25524: 25522: 25519: 25517: 25514: 25512: 25509: 25507: 25504: 25502: 25499: 25497: 25494: 25492: 25489: 25488: 25486: 25484: 25480: 25474: 25471: 25469: 25468:Social issues 25466: 25464: 25461: 25459: 25456: 25454: 25451: 25449: 25446: 25444: 25441: 25439: 25436: 25434: 25431: 25429: 25426: 25424: 25421: 25419: 25416: 25414: 25411: 25409: 25406: 25402: 25399: 25397: 25396:Ethnic groups 25394: 25393: 25392: 25389: 25387: 25384: 25382: 25379: 25377: 25374: 25372: 25369: 25367: 25364: 25363: 25360: 25357: 25355: 25351: 25341: 25338: 25336: 25333: 25331: 25328: 25326: 25323: 25321: 25318: 25316: 25313: 25311: 25308: 25306: 25303: 25301: 25298: 25296: 25294: 25290: 25288: 25285: 25283: 25280: 25278: 25275: 25273: 25270: 25268: 25265: 25263: 25260: 25256: 25253: 25252: 25251: 25248: 25246: 25243: 25241: 25238: 25237: 25234: 25231: 25229: 25225: 25215: 25212: 25210: 25207: 25205: 25202: 25200: 25197: 25195: 25192: 25190: 25187: 25185: 25182: 25178: 25175: 25173: 25170: 25168: 25165: 25164: 25163: 25160: 25158: 25155: 25153: 25150: 25148: 25145: 25143: 25140: 25138: 25135: 25133: 25130: 25128: 25124: 25120: 25118: 25115: 25113: 25110: 25109: 25106: 25103: 25101: 25097: 25087: 25084: 25082: 25079: 25077: 25074: 25072: 25069: 25067: 25064: 25062: 25059: 25057: 25054: 25050: 25047: 25045: 25042: 25041: 25040: 25037: 25036: 25033: 25030: 25028: 25024: 25013: 25010: 25007: 25004: 25002: 24999: 24997: 24994: 24993: 24991: 24987: 24981: 24978: 24976: 24975:Reunification 24973: 24972: 24970: 24966: 24958: 24955: 24953: 24950: 24949: 24948: 24945: 24943: 24940: 24938: 24935: 24933: 24930: 24928: 24925: 24923: 24920: 24918: 24915: 24913: 24910: 24908: 24905: 24903: 24900: 24898: 24897:German Empire 24895: 24893: 24890: 24888: 24885: 24883: 24880: 24878: 24875: 24873: 24870: 24868: 24865: 24863: 24860: 24858: 24855: 24854: 24852: 24848: 24842: 24839: 24837: 24834: 24832: 24829: 24827: 24824: 24822: 24819: 24817: 24814: 24812: 24809: 24808: 24806: 24802: 24796: 24793: 24791: 24788: 24786: 24783: 24781: 24778: 24776: 24773: 24771: 24768: 24766: 24763: 24761: 24758: 24756: 24753: 24751: 24748: 24746: 24743: 24741: 24738: 24736: 24733: 24732: 24730: 24726: 24720: 24717: 24715: 24712: 24710: 24707: 24705: 24702: 24701: 24699: 24695: 24692: 24686: 24682: 24678: 24671: 24666: 24664: 24659: 24657: 24652: 24651: 24648: 24641: 24637: 24634: 24630: 24627: 24623: 24621: 24617: 24615: 24611: 24609: 24605: 24603: 24599: 24595: 24591: 24587: 24583: 24579: 24575: 24571: 24566: 24564: 24560: 24558: 24554: 24551: 24547: 24545: 24541: 24540: 24530: 24526: 24523: 24519: 24517: 24513: 24511: 24507: 24505: 24501: 24498: 24495: 24491: 24489: 24485: 24483: 24479: 24477: 24473: 24471: 24467: 24464: 24460: 24459: 24448: 24444: 24440: 24436: 24432: 24428: 24424: 24419: 24416: 24415:0-8223-1266-2 24412: 24409: 24405: 24403: 24400: 24396: 24393: 24389: 24386: 24382: 24380: 24376: 24374: 24370: 24368: 24364: 24361: 24359: 24358:0-3000-4022-9 24355: 24352: 24348: 24345: 24341: 24338: 24334: 24330: 24326: 24325:Daum, Andreas 24323: 24321: 24318: 24314: 24310: 24306: 24302: 24296: 24292: 24287: 24283: 24279: 24275: 24269: 24265: 24260: 24259: 24248: 24247: 24242: 24239: 24235: 24233: 24229: 24226: 24222: 24220: 24216: 24214: 24210: 24207: 24203: 24200: 24196: 24194: 24190: 24187: 24183: 24180: 24176: 24173: 24169: 24167: 24163: 24160: 24157: 24153: 24149: 24145: 24141: 24135: 24131: 24127: 24123: 24119: 24116: 24112: 24110: 24107: 24103: 24102: 24092: 24088: 24085: 24081: 24078: 24074: 24071: 24067: 24065: 24061: 24059: 24055: 24051: 24049: 24045: 24043: 24039: 24037: 24036:0-3405-7348-1 24033: 24029: 24025: 24023: 24019: 24016: 24013: 24009: 24007: 24003: 23999: 23997: 23994: 23990: 23988: 23985: 23981: 23979: 23975: 23973: 23969: 23966: 23963: 23959: 23956: 23952: 23950: 23947: 23943: 23941: 23938: 23934: 23933: 23923: 23919: 23915: 23911: 23907: 23901: 23897: 23896: 23891: 23887: 23884: 23880: 23877: 23873: 23871: 23867: 23863: 23861: 23858: 23854: 23851: 23847: 23845: 23841: 23839: 23835: 23832: 23829: 23825: 23822: 23818: 23816: 23813: 23809: 23807: 23803: 23800: 23796: 23792: 23786: 23782: 23778: 23774: 23770: 23766: 23764:0-1950-7672-9 23760: 23756: 23752: 23748: 23747: 23737: 23733: 23729: 23727: 23723: 23720: 23716: 23713: 23710: 23706: 23704: 23700: 23696: 23693: 23691: 23687: 23685: 23681: 23678: 23674: 23672: 23668: 23665: 23662: 23658: 23655: 23651: 23650:Blanning, Tim 23648: 23646: 23642: 23638: 23636: 23632: 23629: 23628: 23617: 23615: 23611: 23607: 23605: 23601: 23597: 23594: 23590: 23588: 23584: 23581: 23577: 23575: 23571: 23570: 23560: 23556: 23553: 23549: 23546: 23542: 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Routledge. 23431: 23430: 23425: 23421: 23418: 23415: 23411: 23407: 23401: 23393: 23387: 23383: 23378: 23375: 23372:, ed. (2011) 23371: 23368: 23366: 23362: 23359: 23356: 23352: 23350: 23346: 23344: 23341: 23337: 23334: 23330: 23328: 23325: 23321: 23319: 23315: 23312: 23309: 23305: 23300: 23294: 23289: 23288: 23281: 23278: 23274: 23272: 23268: 23266: 23265:online review 23262: 23258: 23255: 23251: 23250: 23233: 23227: 23223: 23222:Belknap Press 23219: 23215: 23211: 23200: 23194: 23190: 23189: 23188:Maximilian I. 23183: 23172: 23166: 23162: 23161: 23155: 23144: 23138: 23134: 23130: 23126: 23121: 23117: 23112: 23108: 23102: 23099:. Routledge. 23098: 23097: 23091: 23087: 23083: 23079: 23073: 23069: 23065: 23061: 23056: 23052: 23048: 23044: 23038: 23034: 23030: 23026: 23022: 23017: 23013: 23007: 23003: 22998: 22994: 22988: 22984: 22980: 22975: 22971: 22967: 22963: 22959: 22954: 22949: 22944: 22940: 22934: 22930: 22926: 22921: 22917: 22911: 22907: 22903: 22898: 22894: 22890: 22886: 22880: 22876: 22875: 22870: 22866: 22855: 22849: 22845: 22844: 22838: 22826: 22822: 22816: 22812: 22811: 22805: 22801: 22795: 22791: 22786: 22782: 22776: 22772: 22767: 22763: 22759: 22754: 22750: 22744: 22740: 22736: 22731: 22720: 22714: 22710: 22709: 22703: 22699: 22693: 22689: 22684: 22678: 22674: 22670: 22666: 22662: 22657: 22653: 22649: 22645: 22641: 22637: 22632: 22631: 22628: 22624: 22620: 22616: 22612: 22608: 22607:Holborn, Hajo 22604: 22593: 22587: 22583: 22582: 22577: 22573: 22569: 22565: 22560: 22548: 22544: 22543: 22537: 22533: 22527: 22523: 22522: 22517: 22513: 22502: 22496: 22492: 22491: 22485: 22479: 22473: 22469: 22465: 22461: 22457: 22452: 22451: 22448: 22442: 22438: 22434: 22433: 22427: 22423: 22417: 22413: 22408: 22404: 22398: 22394: 22390: 22389: 22383: 22379: 22373: 22369: 22365: 22364: 22358: 22352: 22346: 22342: 22341: 22335: 22334: 22331: 22325: 22321: 22320:Penguin Books 22317: 22316: 22311: 22307: 22303: 22297: 22293: 22292: 22286: 22282: 22278: 22277: 22271: 22267: 22263: 22259: 22253: 22249: 22245: 22241: 22236: 22232: 22226: 22222: 22217: 22216: 22209: 22205: 22199: 22195: 22194: 22189: 22185: 22181: 22176: 22172: 22166: 22162: 22158: 22157:Carr, William 22154: 22150: 22144: 22140: 22135: 22131: 22125: 22121: 22117: 22116: 22111: 22110:Bradbury, Jim 22107: 22103: 22097: 22093: 22088: 22084: 22083: 22078: 22073: 22069: 22063: 22059: 22058: 22052: 22048: 22044: 22040: 22034: 22030: 22026: 22022: 22018: 22012: 22008: 22007: 22001: 21998: 21997: 21993: 21992: 21979: 21973: 21965: 21961: 21955: 21947: 21943: 21936: 21928: 21924: 21918: 21910: 21903: 21895: 21891: 21884: 21876: 21872: 21866: 21858: 21854: 21848: 21840: 21836: 21829: 21813: 21812: 21807: 21801: 21785: 21781: 21775: 21759: 21755: 21749: 21741: 21737: 21730: 21711: 21704: 21688: 21682: 21674: 21667: 21659: 21655: 21649: 21641: 21637: 21633: 21627: 21619: 21613: 21609: 21604: 21603: 21594: 21587: 21581: 21572: 21563: 21556: 21550: 21541: 21533: 21529: 21523: 21515: 21508: 21501: 21495: 21487: 21480: 21472: 21468: 21467: 21459: 21451: 21447: 21446: 21438: 21430: 21423: 21415: 21408: 21402: 21396: 21392: 21388: 21384: 21380: 21376: 21369: 21361: 21357: 21353: 21349: 21345: 21341: 21337: 21333: 21329: 21322: 21314: 21310: 21306: 21302: 21298: 21294: 21287: 21279: 21273: 21269: 21265: 21264: 21256: 21249: 21245: 21241: 21234: 21226: 21219: 21210: 21203: 21195: 21191: 21187: 21183: 21179: 21175: 21171: 21164: 21156: 21149: 21141: 21134: 21127: 21123: 21118: 21102: 21098: 21097: 21089: 21081: 21077: 21073: 21069: 21065: 21061: 21057: 21053: 21049: 21042: 21034: 21027: 21019: 21015: 21011: 21007: 21003: 20999: 20995: 20991: 20984: 20976: 20969: 20967: 20965: 20963: 20955: 20949: 20942: 20936: 20928: 20922: 20918: 20917: 20912: 20911:Kocka, Jürgen 20906: 20898: 20891: 20889: 20881: 20874: 20867:, p. 270 20866: 20859: 20851: 20847: 20843: 20839: 20832: 20824: 20817: 20810: 20803: 20795: 20791: 20787: 20783: 20779: 20772: 20765: 20759: 20751: 20747: 20743: 20737: 20729: 20725: 20721: 20717: 20713: 20709: 20702: 20694: 20688: 20684: 20680: 20679: 20671: 20669: 20660: 20654: 20650: 20646: 20645: 20637: 20629: 20625: 20621: 20617: 20613: 20606: 20598: 20594: 20593: 20585: 20583: 20581: 20571: 20563: 20557: 20553: 20552: 20544: 20536: 20529: 20523: 20519: 20516:Robert Bard, 20513: 20497: 20490: 20471: 20464: 20458: 20450: 20444: 20440: 20439: 20434: 20428: 20419: 20415: 20411: 20407: 20403: 20399: 20395: 20391: 20387: 20380: 20372: 20366: 20362: 20361: 20352: 20346: 20342: 20341: 20332: 20326: 20322: 20321: 20313: 20305: 20299: 20295: 20294: 20286: 20270: 20264: 20256: 20250: 20246: 20241: 20240: 20231: 20223: 20216: 20209: 20204: 20197: 20192: 20185: 20180: 20173: 20168: 20160: 20153: 20146: 20141: 20134: 20129: 20121: 20116: 20115: 20106: 20090: 20086: 20082: 20075: 20056: 20049: 20048: 20040: 20032: 20025: 20018: 20013: 20006: 20001: 19995:, p. 92. 19994: 19989: 19982: 19977: 19969: 19963: 19959: 19952: 19945: 19940: 19932: 19928: 19927: 19926:History Today 19922: 19915: 19908: 19903: 19896: 19891: 19884: 19879: 19871: 19864: 19856: 19855: 19850: 19844: 19836: 19829: 19821: 19816: 19815: 19806: 19798: 19792: 19784: 19780: 19776: 19772: 19769:(2): 91–104. 19768: 19764: 19763: 19755: 19739: 19738:"Nobel Prize" 19733: 19726: 19721: 19714: 19708: 19701: 19696: 19688: 19682: 19678: 19674: 19667: 19651: 19648:. Episode 3. 19647: 19643: 19639: 19633: 19625: 19621: 19617: 19613: 19609: 19605: 19601: 19597: 19590: 19574: 19570: 19564: 19545: 19538: 19532: 19516: 19512: 19506: 19499: 19493: 19485: 19478: 19472: 19468: 19462: 19454: 19448: 19444: 19443: 19435: 19427: 19420: 19412: 19406: 19402: 19401: 19393: 19385: 19379: 19375: 19374: 19373:World War One 19366: 19358: 19352: 19348: 19341: 19333: 19326: 19318: 19311: 19303: 19297: 19293: 19289: 19288: 19280: 19265: 19259: 19255: 19254: 19246: 19230: 19229: 19221: 19205: 19204: 19196: 19181: 19175: 19171: 19170: 19162: 19147: 19141: 19137: 19136: 19128: 19113: 19107: 19103: 19102: 19094: 19079: 19073: 19069: 19068: 19060: 19054: 19050: 19044: 19037: 19031: 19024: 19018: 19011: 19007: 19001: 18994: 18988: 18981: 18975: 18967: 18963: 18959: 18955: 18951: 18947: 18943: 18939: 18932: 18924: 18920: 18916: 18912: 18908: 18904: 18900: 18896: 18892: 18885: 18877: 18870: 18862: 18858: 18854: 18850: 18846: 18842: 18838: 18834: 18830: 18823: 18816: 18809: 18801: 18794: 18778: 18771: 18763: 18759: 18752: 18736: 18730: 18722: 18716: 18712: 18708: 18704: 18697: 18689: 18683: 18679: 18678: 18670: 18662: 18655: 18640:. Archive Org 18639: 18638: 18630: 18622: 18615: 18599: 18598: 18590: 18583:(8): 548–555. 18582: 18578: 18577:History Today 18571: 18563: 18559: 18555: 18551: 18547: 18543: 18536: 18527: 18520: 18514: 18507: 18501: 18493: 18486: 18478: 18472: 18468: 18464: 18457: 18449: 18442: 18434: 18427: 18411: 18408:. Episode 2. 18407: 18403: 18399: 18393: 18386: 18380: 18373: 18368: 18360: 18356: 18352: 18348: 18344: 18340: 18336: 18332: 18325: 18318: 18311: 18305: 18298: 18292: 18286:(2008) p. 295 18285: 18279: 18273: 18269: 18265: 18259: 18252: 18246: 18240: 18236: 18232: 18226: 18219: 18215: 18211: 18207: 18203: 18199: 18195: 18191: 18184: 18177: 18173: 18169: 18165: 18161: 18157: 18153: 18149: 18142: 18135: 18128: 18121: 18114: 18106: 18100: 18096: 18095: 18087: 18079: 18073: 18069: 18068: 18060: 18054:, p. 32. 18053: 18048: 18041: 18036: 18020: 18013: 18006: 18001: 17993: 17989: 17985: 17981: 17977: 17973: 17969: 17965: 17961: 17954: 17938: 17934: 17928: 17912: 17908: 17902: 17887: 17883: 17876: 17868: 17862: 17858: 17854: 17850: 17843: 17841: 17831: 17826: 17822: 17815: 17807: 17801: 17793: 17789: 17785: 17781: 17777: 17773: 17766: 17750: 17743: 17727: 17726: 17718: 17710: 17709: 17701: 17694: 17688: 17681: 17675: 17668: 17663: 17656: 17651: 17643: 17639: 17635: 17631: 17627: 17621: 17617: 17613: 17607: 17600: 17595: 17587: 17586: 17578: 17570: 17566: 17562: 17558: 17554: 17550: 17546: 17542: 17538: 17531: 17523: 17518: 17517: 17508: 17501: 17496: 17489: 17484: 17477: 17472: 17466: 17462: 17458: 17452: 17445: 17440: 17433: 17427: 17419: 17412: 17404: 17397: 17390: 17385: 17378: 17373: 17366: 17361: 17354: 17349: 17341: 17334: 17326: 17320: 17316: 17315: 17307: 17305: 17285: 17278: 17271: 17266: 17260:, p. 86. 17259: 17254: 17247: 17242: 17235: 17230: 17228: 17220: 17215: 17208: 17202: 17194: 17190: 17186: 17182: 17178: 17174: 17167: 17159: 17152: 17150: 17141: 17140: 17132: 17125: 17119: 17111: 17104: 17088: 17084: 17078: 17070: 17063: 17055: 17048: 17041: 17034: 17027: 17021: 17014: 17008: 16992: 16986: 16978: 16971: 16963: 16956: 16948: 16944: 16943: 16935: 16928: 16925:Eda Sagarra, 16922: 16915: 16909: 16902: 16897: 16890: 16884: 16877: 16873: 16868: 16860: 16856: 16852: 16848: 16844: 16840: 16833: 16825: 16818: 16811: 16806: 16799: 16794: 16787: 16781: 16773: 16767: 16763: 16762: 16754: 16746: 16740: 16736: 16732: 16728: 16721: 16713: 16707: 16703: 16702: 16695: 16689: 16683: 16678: 16677: 16671: 16665: 16658: 16652: 16644: 16638: 16635:. Routledge. 16634: 16633: 16625: 16609: 16603: 16595: 16589: 16585: 16584: 16576: 16568: 16564: 16558: 16552:, p. 22. 16551: 16546: 16539: 16534: 16532: 16530: 16514: 16508: 16504: 16503: 16495: 16480: 16474: 16470: 16469: 16461: 16454: 16449: 16440: 16435: 16431: 16427: 16424:(1): 84–122. 16423: 16419: 16412: 16405: 16399: 16391: 16385: 16377: 16371: 16355: 16351: 16345: 16337: 16331: 16324: 16320: 16317: 16313: 16307: 16301:, p. 92. 16300: 16295: 16280: 16274: 16270: 16269: 16261: 16246: 16240: 16236: 16235: 16227: 16220: 16215: 16200: 16194: 16190: 16189: 16181: 16165: 16164: 16156: 16140: 16136: 16130: 16126: 16125: 16117: 16102: 16096: 16092: 16091: 16083: 16067: 16066: 16058: 16043: 16037: 16033: 16032: 16024: 16009: 16003: 15999: 15998: 15990: 15974: 15973: 15966: 15951: 15945: 15941: 15940: 15932: 15917: 15911: 15907: 15906: 15898: 15883: 15877: 15873: 15872: 15864: 15849: 15843: 15839: 15838: 15830: 15815: 15809: 15805: 15804: 15796: 15789:(4): 373–400. 15788: 15784: 15777: 15770:(4): 387–405. 15769: 15765: 15758: 15752: 15749:See texts at 15746: 15738: 15731: 15720: 15713: 15707: 15698: 15691: 15685: 15677: 15671: 15667: 15666: 15658: 15652:, p. 37. 15651: 15646: 15638: 15632: 15628: 15624: 15620: 15613: 15611: 15609: 15607: 15605: 15596: 15590: 15586: 15585: 15577: 15570: 15566: 15560: 15552: 15545: 15537: 15533: 15529: 15525: 15518: 15511: 15506: 15504: 15496: 15490: 15483: 15477: 15470: 15464: 15445: 15438: 15436: 15428: 15423: 15408: 15402: 15398: 15397: 15389: 15382: 15377: 15371:, p. 47. 15370: 15365: 15358: 15353: 15345: 15341: 15337: 15333: 15329: 15325: 15318: 15302: 15298: 15292: 15288: 15287: 15279: 15264: 15260: 15253: 15246: 15241: 15235:, p. 74. 15234: 15229: 15222: 15217: 15210: 15205: 15198: 15193: 15178: 15172: 15168: 15167: 15159: 15144: 15138: 15134: 15133: 15125: 15110: 15104: 15100: 15099: 15091: 15076: 15070: 15066: 15065: 15057: 15042: 15036: 15032: 15031: 15023: 15008: 15002: 14998: 14997: 14989: 14974: 14968: 14964: 14963: 14955: 14940: 14934: 14930: 14929: 14921: 14915:, p. 52. 14914: 14909: 14907: 14891: 14885: 14881: 14880: 14872: 14857: 14851: 14847: 14846: 14838: 14830: 14826: 14822: 14815: 14808: 14803: 14795: 14791: 14787: 14783: 14776: 14761: 14755: 14751: 14750: 14742: 14734: 14727: 14711: 14707: 14701: 14697: 14696: 14688: 14681: 14676: 14669: 14664: 14649: 14643: 14639: 14638: 14630: 14615: 14609: 14605: 14604: 14596: 14590:, p. ii. 14589: 14584: 14577: 14572: 14553: 14546: 14539: 14523: 14519: 14512: 14497: 14491: 14487: 14486: 14478: 14463: 14457: 14453: 14452: 14444: 14436: 14430: 14415: 14409: 14405: 14404: 14396: 14381: 14375: 14371: 14370: 14362: 14347: 14341: 14337: 14336: 14328: 14313: 14307: 14303: 14302: 14294: 14286: 14280: 14276: 14275: 14267: 14252: 14248: 14241: 14232: 14216: 14210: 14204: 14203:9781615305445 14200: 14196: 14190: 14188: 14168: 14164: 14160: 14156: 14152: 14148: 14144: 14137: 14130: 14123: 14117: 14109: 14103: 14099: 14095: 14091: 14084: 14075: 14068: 14060: 14054: 14050: 14049: 14041: 14033: 14026: 14018: 14011: 13992: 13985: 13978: 13974: 13973:Fuhrmann 1986 13969: 13950: 13943: 13935: 13931: 13927: 13921: 13917: 13913: 13906: 13890: 13884: 13876: 13872: 13867: 13862: 13858: 13854: 13850: 13843: 13835: 13828: 13820: 13814: 13810: 13809: 13801: 13793: 13787: 13783: 13779: 13778: 13770: 13762: 13756: 13752: 13751: 13743: 13727: 13723: 13717: 13709: 13702: 13695: 13694:Fuhrmann 1986 13690: 13688: 13679: 13672: 13656: 13650: 13643: 13638: 13630: 13624: 13620: 13619: 13611: 13605: 13602: 13601:9-6305-4203-X 13598: 13592: 13577: 13571: 13567: 13566: 13559: 13551: 13545: 13541: 13540: 13532: 13524: 13518: 13514: 13513: 13505: 13489: 13482: 13476: 13472: 13469: 13465: 13459: 13444:. Fordham.edu 13443: 13435: 13428: 13427:Thompson 1931 13423: 13416: 13411: 13405:, p. 19. 13404: 13399: 13383: 13377: 13361: 13357: 13350: 13334: 13333: 13325: 13309: 13303: 13295: 13291: 13287: 13281: 13277: 13270: 13254: 13250: 13243: 13227: 13223: 13217: 13209: 13203: 13199: 13198: 13190: 13182: 13176: 13172: 13167: 13166: 13157: 13149: 13145: 13141: 13137: 13133: 13129: 13122: 13116:, p. 59. 13115: 13110: 13094: 13088: 13081: 13080:Schulman 2002 13076: 13074: 13065: 13059: 13055: 13051: 13047: 13040: 13032: 13031: 13023: 13021: 13019: 13011: 13006: 13000:, p. 26. 12999: 12994: 12986: 12980: 12976: 12975: 12967: 12961:, p. 25. 12960: 12955: 12947: 12941: 12937: 12936: 12928: 12921: 12916: 12909: 12904: 12897: 12892: 12884: 12880: 12876: 12872: 12868: 12864: 12857: 12850: 12845: 12829: 12828: 12820: 12812: 12806: 12802: 12801: 12793: 12786: 12781: 12766:. Sourcebooks 12765: 12759: 12753:, p. 24. 12752: 12747: 12745: 12737: 12731: 12724: 12720: 12716: 12712: 12705: 12698: 12693: 12686: 12681: 12674: 12673:Bradbury 2004 12669: 12662: 12657: 12653: 12649: 12647:0-7054-0974-0 12643: 12639: 12632: 12625: 12620: 12612: 12606: 12603: 12599: 12595: 12589: 12582: 12577: 12570: 12565: 12549: 12545: 12539: 12532: 12527: 12520: 12515: 12507: 12503: 12499: 12493: 12486: 12485:Fichtner 2009 12481: 12474: 12469: 12462: 12457: 12441: 12434: 12428: 12425: 12424: 12419: 12418:Julius Caesar 12414: 12406: 12402: 12398: 12394: 12390: 12386: 12382: 12375: 12369:, p. 35. 12368: 12363: 12355: 12351: 12346: 12339: 12334: 12327: 12322: 12315: 12310: 12302: 12296: 12292: 12288: 12284: 12277: 12269: 12267:0-85229-571-5 12263: 12259: 12255: 12249: 12241: 12239:0-14-051054-0 12235: 12231: 12224: 12216: 12210: 12206: 12205: 12197: 12189: 12183: 12179: 12178: 12170: 12162: 12156: 12152: 12151: 12143: 12135: 12134: 12126: 12118: 12117: 12109: 12093: 12087: 12072: 12068: 12062: 12060: 12052: 12048: 12043: 12035: 12031: 12026: 12021: 12017: 12013: 12009: 12005: 12001: 11994: 11986: 11982: 11978: 11974: 11969: 11964: 11959: 11954: 11950: 11946: 11942: 11938: 11934: 11926: 11918: 11911: 11903: 11897: 11893: 11886: 11878: 11877: 11869: 11861: 11857: 11852: 11847: 11843: 11839: 11835: 11831: 11827: 11823: 11819: 11812: 11804: 11800: 11795: 11790: 11786: 11782: 11778: 11774: 11769: 11764: 11760: 11756: 11752: 11744: 11736: 11732: 11726: 11718: 11714: 11708: 11700: 11696: 11691: 11686: 11681: 11676: 11672: 11668: 11667:PLOS Genetics 11664: 11657: 11649: 11645: 11639: 11631: 11627: 11621: 11605: 11601: 11597: 11591: 11583: 11579: 11575: 11571: 11567: 11563: 11559: 11555: 11551: 11547: 11546: 11538: 11530: 11526: 11521: 11516: 11511: 11506: 11502: 11498: 11494: 11490: 11486: 11478: 11470: 11466: 11461: 11456: 11451: 11446: 11442: 11438: 11434: 11430: 11426: 11422: 11418: 11412: 11406: 11401: 11385: 11378: 11363: 11357: 11353: 11352: 11344: 11335: 11330: 11326: 11322: 11318: 11311: 11303: 11299: 11294: 11289: 11284: 11279: 11275: 11271: 11267: 11263: 11259: 11252: 11244: 11240: 11233: 11229: 11213: 11204: 11197: 11191: 11187: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11163: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11149: 11146: 11145: 11144: 11141: 11139: 11136: 11134: 11131: 11129: 11126: 11124: 11121: 11119: 11116: 11114: 11111: 11109: 11106: 11102: 11099: 11098: 11097: 11094: 11092: 11089: 11088: 11083: 11072: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11056: 11052: 11047: 11045: 11040: 11038: 11034: 11024: 11022: 11018: 11014: 11010: 11006: 11002: 10998: 10994: 10990: 10986: 10981: 10979: 10975: 10971: 10967: 10962: 10959: 10955: 10949: 10939: 10937: 10933: 10928: 10924: 10920: 10915: 10913: 10909: 10905: 10901: 10896: 10894: 10890: 10885: 10883: 10879: 10875: 10871: 10866: 10864: 10860: 10856: 10848: 10844: 10840: 10839:Angela Merkel 10835: 10831: 10829: 10828:Angela Merkel 10825: 10821: 10817: 10813: 10809: 10805: 10801: 10797: 10793: 10789: 10784: 10779: 10775: 10771: 10770:Angela Merkel 10767: 10762: 10760: 10756: 10752: 10748: 10744: 10740: 10735: 10733: 10729: 10725: 10720: 10718: 10717:Hartz concept 10714: 10710: 10707: 10703: 10700: 10696: 10692: 10688: 10680: 10676: 10675: 10669: 10662: 10658: 10653: 10649: 10645: 10641: 10635: 10625: 10623: 10619: 10614: 10606: 10601: 10597: 10595: 10591: 10587: 10583: 10579: 10571: 10567: 10563: 10561: 10557: 10556: 10551: 10545: 10538:Reunification 10535: 10533: 10529: 10525: 10521: 10514: 10510: 10501: 10499: 10494: 10490: 10485: 10483: 10479: 10475: 10471: 10467: 10462: 10459: 10451: 10447: 10443: 10438: 10428: 10426: 10422: 10418: 10414: 10410: 10408: 10404: 10400: 10396: 10395: 10390: 10386: 10382: 10378: 10371: 10366: 10361: 10351: 10347: 10345: 10341: 10340: 10335: 10329: 10322:Guest workers 10319: 10317: 10313: 10309: 10305: 10302:(SPD) leader 10301: 10297: 10293: 10285: 10281: 10272: 10270: 10266: 10262: 10259:in 1959, the 10258: 10253: 10251: 10247: 10246:Deutsche Bank 10242: 10241:Ludwig Erhard 10233: 10231: 10227: 10223: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10208: 10203: 10195: 10186: 10184: 10180: 10175: 10171: 10169: 10168:Marshall Plan 10164: 10163:Deutsche Mark 10155: 10150: 10141: 10139: 10135: 10130: 10128: 10127:Marshall Plan 10124: 10120: 10119:Mitbestimmung 10116: 10111: 10110: 10101: 10096: 10087: 10085: 10080: 10076: 10072: 10068: 10062: 10053: 10042: 10038: 10037: 10036: 10034: 10029: 10025: 10023: 10018: 10016: 10012: 10008: 10003: 10000: 9995: 9991: 9988: 9985:state. While 9984: 9980: 9976: 9972: 9971: 9966: 9965:Warsaw Treaty 9962: 9957: 9955: 9946: 9942: 9938: 9934: 9929: 9925: 9915: 9912: 9906: 9902: 9900: 9895: 9891: 9889: 9884: 9882: 9878: 9873: 9866: 9860: 9856: 9854: 9850: 9846: 9842: 9837: 9834:The total of 9829: 9824: 9819: 9809: 9807: 9806:deported west 9803: 9799: 9795: 9791: 9787: 9783: 9779: 9769: 9765: 9763: 9759: 9755: 9751: 9747: 9742: 9733: 9728: 9718: 9716: 9710: 9708: 9703: 9699: 9695: 9691: 9687: 9683: 9679: 9672: 9668: 9663: 9659: 9657: 9653: 9649: 9645: 9641: 9621: 9619: 9616:(Nazi mobile 9615: 9611: 9607: 9603: 9599: 9595: 9591: 9587: 9583: 9575: 9571: 9566: 9556: 9554: 9550: 9546: 9542: 9538: 9534: 9530: 9526: 9522: 9518: 9514: 9510: 9505: 9501: 9496: 9494: 9490: 9489:Joseph Stalin 9486: 9481: 9477: 9468: 9464: 9460: 9456: 9451: 9446: 9440: 9430: 9428: 9424: 9420: 9416: 9412: 9404: 9399: 9394: 9388: 9378: 9376: 9372: 9368: 9364: 9360: 9355: 9353: 9349: 9344: 9340: 9336: 9332: 9328: 9324: 9320: 9312: 9308: 9305:U.S. Senator 9303: 9298: 9297:The Holocaust 9294: 9284: 9282: 9279: 9278: 9273: 9269: 9264: 9262: 9261: 9256: 9253: 9249: 9245: 9240: 9236: 9232: 9227: 9223: 9216: 9212: 9208: 9204: 9199: 9195: 9193: 9189: 9185: 9181: 9177: 9173: 9169: 9165: 9156: 9151: 9147: 9137: 9134: 9130: 9126: 9122: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9088: 9082: 9077: 9074: 9068: 9063: 9060: 9054: 9049: 9046: 9040: 9035: 9032: 9026: 9021: 9018: 9012: 9007: 9004: 8998: 8993: 8990: 8984: 8979: 8976: 8975:Rudolf Diesel 8970: 8965: 8962: 8956: 8951: 8948: 8942: 8937: 8934: 8928: 8923: 8920: 8914: 8909: 8906: 8900: 8895: 8894: 8885: 8883: 8879: 8875: 8874:Aryan physics 8870: 8868: 8864: 8860: 8856: 8855: 8850: 8846: 8842: 8841:Hermann Hesse 8838: 8833: 8831: 8827: 8823: 8819: 8815: 8814:Rudolf Diesel 8811: 8807: 8806:David Hilbert 8803: 8799: 8795: 8791: 8787: 8783: 8779: 8775: 8771: 8767: 8763: 8759: 8755: 8751: 8745: 8735: 8733: 8729: 8723: 8721: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8703: 8699: 8694: 8692: 8688: 8684: 8674: 8672: 8668: 8661: 8651: 8649: 8644: 8636: 8632: 8628: 8626: 8622: 8617: 8615: 8611: 8607: 8602: 8600: 8596: 8592: 8583: 8579: 8575: 8571: 8568: 8564: 8560: 8555: 8553: 8549: 8544: 8543: 8532: 8528: 8526: 8522: 8518: 8514: 8510: 8505: 8503: 8499: 8492: 8488: 8479: 8477: 8473: 8469: 8465: 8461: 8452: 8442: 8432: 8430: 8425: 8421: 8416: 8412: 8411:Upper Silesia 8408: 8404: 8400: 8399:Memel Statute 8395: 8391: 8387: 8382: 8378: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8363: 8359: 8355: 8354:Wilhelmshaven 8347: 8343: 8339: 8334: 8330: 8320: 8318: 8309: 8308: 8307: 8305: 8299: 8291: 8284: 8279: 8270: 8268: 8263: 8260:– led to the 8259: 8255: 8251: 8250:Eastern Front 8244:Eastern Front 8241: 8238: 8235: 8231: 8227: 8226:Western Front 8223: 8219: 8210: 8204:Western Front 8201: 8197: 8195: 8181: 8176: 8172: 8168: 8158: 8156: 8152: 8146: 8141: 8137: 8133: 8129: 8124: 8122: 8118: 8114: 8110: 8106: 8101: 8099: 8095: 8091: 8087: 8083: 8079: 8072: 8067: 8060: 8056: 8051: 8041: 8037: 8034: 8030: 8026: 8020: 8018: 8014: 8010: 8006: 8002: 7993: 7989: 7985: 7983: 7974: 7970: 7965: 7956: 7953: 7948: 7945: 7940: 7938: 7937: 7932: 7927: 7923: 7919: 7915: 7911: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7895: 7890: 7888: 7883: 7879: 7875: 7869: 7865: 7863: 7858: 7850: 7846: 7840: 7830: 7827: 7823: 7822:Frederick III 7815: 7810: 7796: 7794: 7790: 7786: 7782: 7778: 7774: 7770: 7766: 7762: 7758: 7754: 7750: 7744: 7742: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7727:Dual Alliance 7723: 7721: 7717: 7713: 7709: 7705: 7701: 7696: 7692: 7691:republicanism 7688: 7684: 7683:Two-front war 7676: 7671: 7662: 7660: 7655: 7653: 7649: 7642: 7637: 7634: 7629: 7625: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7607: 7603: 7598: 7588: 7586: 7580: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7565: 7562: 7558: 7554: 7549: 7547: 7542: 7541: 7537: 7533: 7529: 7518: 7516: 7515:Germanisation 7512: 7508: 7502: 7500: 7496: 7492: 7488: 7484: 7483:voter turnout 7479: 7477: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7461: 7457: 7453: 7449: 7444: 7436: 7435:Berlin Palace 7432: 7420: 7416: 7411: 7407: 7405: 7401: 7397: 7393: 7389: 7388:German Empire 7385: 7381: 7377: 7372: 7370: 7366: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7349: 7345: 7341: 7337: 7333: 7325: 7321: 7316: 7307: 7304: 7300: 7296: 7286: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7272: 7267: 7258: 7251: 7250:German Empire 7247: 7242: 7232: 7231:German Empire 7222: 7220: 7216: 7212: 7206: 7196: 7194: 7190: 7186: 7182: 7178: 7173: 7169: 7165: 7161: 7156: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7128: 7126: 7122: 7111: 7108: 7103: 7101: 7097: 7091: 7081: 7078: 7075:In 1834, the 7073: 7071: 7067: 7066: 7061: 7057: 7052: 7048: 7043: 7041: 7038:) meeting in 7037: 7036: 7031: 7027: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7009: 7004: 7002: 6998: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6971: 6967: 6966:Berlin Palace 6963: 6958: 6951: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6915: 6905: 6895: 6893: 6889: 6884: 6878: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6863: 6862: 6856: 6846: 6841: 6825: 6819: 6814: 6811: 6805: 6800: 6796: 6790: 6785: 6782: 6776: 6771: 6768: 6762: 6757: 6754: 6748: 6743: 6740: 6734: 6729: 6726: 6720: 6715: 6712: 6706: 6701: 6698: 6692: 6687: 6684: 6678: 6673: 6670: 6669:Immanuel Kant 6664: 6659: 6658: 6649: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6597: 6595: 6591: 6587: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6546:Immanuel Kant 6543: 6542:Enlightenment 6539: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6514: 6509: 6505: 6495: 6487: 6484: 6481: 6478: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6465: 6461: 6456: 6446: 6437: 6433: 6426: 6421: 6414: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6390: 6388: 6387:United States 6383: 6374: 6365: 6356: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6343:in 1834, the 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6324: 6320: 6310: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6283:Enlightenment 6280: 6276: 6268: 6263: 6256: 6251: 6237: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6214: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6158: 6156: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6130: 6128: 6124: 6118: 6116: 6112: 6107: 6100: 6095: 6088: 6084: 6079: 6070: 6067: 6066:Immanuel Kant 6063: 6059: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6044: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5991: 5989: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5955: 5949: 5944: 5940: 5933:Enlightenment 5930: 5928: 5927:rural economy 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5891:social change 5888: 5883: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5837:Great Britain 5834: 5830: 5826: 5821: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5806:Enlightenment 5803: 5800:or Münster's 5799: 5793: 5790: 5786: 5785:rural economy 5782: 5773: 5766: 5762: 5753: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5738: 5736: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5711: 5709: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5695:Silesian Wars 5692: 5688: 5684: 5683:Maria Theresa 5679: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5662: 5658: 5649: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5592:in 1687. The 5591: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5578:Turkish force 5575: 5570: 5568: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5485: 5483: 5478: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5436: 5422: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5403:Klein-Venedig 5400: 5396: 5395:Welser family 5392: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5356: 5350: 5345: 5341: 5335: 5330: 5326: 5320: 5315: 5312: 5311: 5306: 5300: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5281: 5276: 5273: 5269: 5263: 5258: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5233: 5228: 5227: 5218: 5216: 5213:'s theory of 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5187: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5171: 5169: 5165: 5164: 5159: 5155: 5150: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5139:Conrad Celtes 5136: 5133:, as well as 5132: 5131:steganography 5128: 5124: 5115: 5106: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5086: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5068:Old Testament 5065: 5064:New Testament 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5044: 5038: 5034: 5033:Martin Luther 5030: 5026: 5022: 5013: 5011: 5010:Bremen-Verden 5007: 5003: 4999: 4994: 4992: 4988: 4982: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4954: 4951: 4947: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4920: 4919:were formed. 4918: 4914: 4910: 4909: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4881:The Catholic 4879: 4877: 4873: 4872:Florian Geyer 4869: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4843: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4832:Imperial Diet 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4812:Diet of Worms 4809: 4802: 4798: 4797:Diet of Worms 4794: 4790: 4789:Martin Luther 4786: 4782: 4780: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4766:Martin Luther 4762: 4760: 4756: 4747: 4738: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4717:The addition 4715: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4691:Imperial Diet 4688: 4684: 4683: 4678: 4677: 4672: 4668: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4647:Jörg Kölderer 4644: 4639: 4634: 4624: 4622: 4618: 4615:Maximilian's 4613: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4598: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4579: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4519: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4497: 4495: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4483: 4466: 4460: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4421: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4398: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4375: 4370: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4353: 4348: 4345: 4341: 4335: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4312: 4307: 4304: 4303:movable types 4300: 4296: 4290: 4285: 4282: 4278: 4272: 4267: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4250: 4245: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4228: 4223: 4219: 4213: 4208: 4207: 4198: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4183:mathematician 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4163: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4130:Around 1439, 4128: 4127:lyric poets. 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4113:Illuminations 4110: 4109: 4108:Ordo Virtutum 4104: 4103:morality play 4100: 4096: 4087: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4031:– elite, the 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4013: 4001: 3995: 3986: 3980: 3969: 3965: 3959: 3950: 3944: 3933: 3929: 3923: 3915:, around 1411 3914: 3908: 3889: 3887: 3883: 3880: 3875: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3819: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3800: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3757: 3753: 3748: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3717: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3682: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3671: 3666: 3662: 3661:House of Welf 3658: 3657: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3594: 3593: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3559: 3556: 3551: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3527: 3525: 3521: 3518:converted to 3517: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3485:Old Prussians 3482: 3478: 3475:launched the 3474: 3471:order of the 3470: 3464: 3459: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3348: 3346: 3345:silver crisis 3342: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3263: 3257: 3253: 3248: 3238: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3223: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3204: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3177: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3086: 3085:Reichsfürsten 3081: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3059:Pope John XII 3056: 3052: 3051:King of Italy 3048: 3044: 3037:, around 1240 3036: 3031: 3026: 3009: 3002: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2978: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2954: 2949: 2945: 2938: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2918: 2913: 2912: 2903: 2901: 2897: 2896:Aachen Palace 2893: 2892:Kaiserpfalzen 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2864:primogeniture 2861: 2856: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2845:Christmas Day 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2788: 2778: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2727: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2668: 2666: 2661: 2653: 2647: 2641: 2635: 2629: 2624: 2620: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2589: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2558: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2521:. Unlike the 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2488:King of Italy 2485: 2481: 2480: 2475: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2449: 2440: 2439:Constantine I 2437: 2436:Roman emperor 2433: 2429: 2425: 2424:Aula Palatina 2418: 2408: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2375: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2356:Billung March 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2332: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2252: 2243: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2212:Hunnic Empire 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2168: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2125: 2121: 2111: 2102: 2101:Constantine I 2098: 2094: 2093:Aula Palatina 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2053: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2003:Roman emperor 2000: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1975: 1966: 1962: 1955: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1926: 1916: 1909: 1900: 1896: 1895: 1887: 1877: 1873: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1831:Julius Caesar 1828: 1824: 1820: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1763: 1757: 1753: 1699: 1696: 1692: 1689:Expansion of 1687: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1654:Mediterranean 1651: 1640: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1614: 1610: 1603: 1593: 600 BC 1587: 1583: 1576: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1501: 750 BC 1491: 1487: 1482: 1480: 1479:Indo-European 1465: 1454: 1450: 1444: 1429: 1425: 1418: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1382: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1350: 1349:Goseck circle 1346: 1331: 1316: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1251: 1247: 1244: 1240: 1234: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1219:man in 1864. 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1186: 1184: 1183:Bilzingsleben 1180: 1176: 1172: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1125: 1108: 1104: 1093: 1089: 1079: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1042:in 1990. The 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1026:In 1989, the 1024: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 997: 993: 988: 987:the Holocaust 984: 980: 977:, triggering 976: 972: 968: 965:regime. This 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 915: 913: 909: 908: 903: 902:German Empire 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 830:Martin Luther 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 790: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 712: 707: 703: 702:Julius Caesar 699: 695: 683: 678: 676: 671: 669: 664: 663: 661: 660: 654: 643: 640: 629: 628: 627: 626: 616: 614: 611: 610: 606: 601: 598: 596: 595:Reunification 593: 592: 590: 589: 585: 580: 577: 573: 570: 569: 567: 566: 562: 560: 557: 556: 552: 546: 545: 540: 538: 535: 534: 532: 531: 526: 521: 520: 510: 508: 505: 504: 500: 498: 495: 494: 490: 488: 485: 484: 480: 478: 475: 474: 470: 468: 467:German Empire 465: 464: 459: 454: 453: 446: 443: 441: 438: 432: 431: 426: 424: 421: 420: 418: 416: 413: 411: 410:Mediatisation 408: 407: 404: 399: 398: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 377: 374: 369: 368: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 342: 336: 335: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 294: 291:Early history 288: 287: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 236: 233: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 185: 179: 178: 174: 170: 169: 166: 160: 159: 154: 149: 148: 139: 136: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 105: 102:This article 100: 91: 90: 81: 71: 67: 63: 59: 53: 49: 47: 42:This article 40: 31: 30: 27: 19: 27267: 27028:Architecture 27000:Great Famine 26990:Universities 26930:Hussite Wars 26847:Great Schism 26734:Papal States 26570:Transnistria 26532:Vatican City 26369: 26143:World War II 25996:Early modern 25973:Kalmar Union 25844:Papal States 25762:Roman Empire 25642:Bibliography 25516:Coat of arms 25496:Architecture 25473:Trade unions 25453:Prostitution 25413:Homelessness 25376:Demographics 25325:Trade unions 25292: 25282:German model 25255:Central bank 25199:Conservatism 25162:Human rights 25147:Court system 25142:Constitution 25122: 24968:Contemporary 24957:West Germany 24952:East Germany 24927:World War II 24922:Nazi Germany 24862:18th-century 24821:East Francia 24775:Cimbrian War 24703: 24639: 24632: 24625: 24619: 24613: 24607: 24601: 24577: 24573: 24562: 24556: 24549: 24543: 24528: 24524:(Routledge). 24521: 24515: 24509: 24503: 24493: 24487: 24481: 24475: 24469: 24462: 24446: 24422: 24407: 24398: 24391: 24384: 24378: 24372: 24366: 24350: 24343: 24328: 24316: 24290: 24263: 24244: 24237: 24231: 24224: 24218: 24212: 24205: 24198: 24192: 24185: 24178: 24171: 24165: 24155: 24129: 24125: 24114: 24105: 24090: 24086:(Routledge). 24083: 24069: 24063: 24053: 24047: 24041: 24027: 24021: 24011: 24001: 23992: 23983: 23977: 23971: 23961: 23954: 23945: 23936: 23921: 23894: 23882: 23875: 23865: 23856: 23849: 23843: 23837: 23834:Hoyer, Katja 23827: 23820: 23811: 23805: 23798: 23780: 23754: 23734:1.aop: 1–33. 23731: 23725: 23718: 23708: 23702: 23698: 23689: 23683: 23676: 23670: 23660: 23653: 23640: 23634: 23609: 23599: 23592: 23586: 23579: 23573: 23558: 23551: 23544: 23537: 23531: 23505: 23497: 23491: 23476: 23472:, since 1789 23469: 23455: 23428: 23413: 23381: 23373: 23364: 23354: 23348: 23339: 23332: 23323: 23317: 23307: 23286: 23276: 23270: 23263:(Berghahn). 23260: 23253: 23217: 23202:. 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Retrieved 12758: 12735: 12730: 12722: 12718: 12704: 12692: 12680: 12668: 12659: 12637: 12631: 12624:Heather 2006 12619: 12597: 12594:Halsall, Guy 12588: 12581:Heather 2010 12576: 12564: 12552:. Retrieved 12538: 12526: 12514: 12508:: 647. 1917. 12505: 12501: 12492: 12480: 12468: 12456: 12444:. Retrieved 12433: 12421: 12413: 12388: 12384: 12374: 12367:Claster 1982 12362: 12353: 12345: 12338:Fortson 2011 12333: 12321: 12309: 12282: 12276: 12257: 12248: 12229: 12223: 12203: 12196: 12176: 12169: 12149: 12142: 12132: 12125: 12115: 12108: 12096:. Retrieved 12086: 12074:. Retrieved 12070: 12042: 12007: 12003: 11993: 11968:11585/827581 11940: 11936: 11925: 11916: 11910: 11891: 11885: 11875: 11868: 11825: 11821: 11811: 11758: 11754: 11743: 11734: 11725: 11716: 11707: 11670: 11666: 11656: 11647: 11638: 11630:donsmaps.com 11629: 11620: 11608:. Retrieved 11604:the original 11599: 11590: 11549: 11543: 11537: 11492: 11488: 11477: 11432: 11428: 11411: 11400: 11388:. Retrieved 11377: 11365:. Retrieved 11350: 11343: 11324: 11320: 11310: 11265: 11261: 11251: 11243:ScienceAlert 11242: 11232: 11212: 11203: 11195: 11190: 11063: 11048: 11041: 11030: 10982: 10951: 10916: 10897: 10886: 10867: 10852: 10843:José Barroso 10804:Industry 4.0 10790:supply, the 10783:Energiewende 10763: 10736: 10721: 10709:Bill Clinton 10684: 10673: 10610: 10578:Iron Curtain 10575: 10553: 10549: 10547: 10518: 10486: 10469: 10463: 10455: 10437:Steel crisis 10412: 10411: 10406: 10392: 10385:Soviet Union 10377:Willy Brandt 10375: 10348: 10344:Gastarbeiter 10343: 10339:Gastarbeiter 10337: 10331: 10328:Gastarbeiter 10304:Willy Brandt 10289: 10284:Willy Brandt 10254: 10239: 10219: 10207:ordoliberals 10200: 10176: 10172: 10159: 10156:of 1948–1949 10131: 10118: 10107: 10105: 10079:East Germany 10064: 10061:West Germany 10039: 10033:Jürgen Kocka 10030: 10026: 10019: 10004: 9992: 9968: 9961:Eastern bloc 9958: 9950: 9924:East Germany 9918:East Germany 9910: 9907: 9903: 9896: 9892: 9885: 9881:forced labor 9870: 9851:and through 9833: 9798:was expelled 9794:protectorate 9775: 9766: 9758:East Germany 9746:West Germany 9738: 9711: 9680:, Bulgaria, 9675: 9648:North Africa 9637: 9618:death squads 9579: 9565:World War II 9559:World War II 9515:, where the 9497: 9493:World War II 9484: 9472: 9408: 9356: 9316: 9275: 9265: 9258: 9255:Pope Pius XI 9251: 9244:quid pro quo 9243: 9226:Enabling Act 9219: 9203:Adolf Hitler 9187: 9163: 9162:To secure a 9161: 9118: 9103:Nazi Germany 8947:Georg Cantor 8871: 8852: 8834: 8802:Georg Cantor 8798:Emil Fischer 8747: 8727: 8724: 8705: 8701: 8695: 8680: 8663: 8640: 8618: 8603: 8587: 8566: 8561:. Under the 8559:Soviet Union 8556: 8537: 8506: 8495: 8468:Adolf Hitler 8457: 8407:West Prussia 8374: 8351: 8344:proclaims a 8314: 8300: 8297: 8288: 8247: 8239: 8215: 8198: 8191: 8155:South Africa 8125: 8102: 8098:Persian Gulf 8075: 8038: 8028: 8025:Krupp family 8021: 7998: 7986: 7981: 7978: 7973:Ludwigshafen 7949: 7941: 7934: 7926:German Bight 7891: 7871: 7867: 7848: 7842: 7819: 7788: 7745: 7737:North Africa 7724: 7680: 7656: 7644: 7639: 7630: 7626: 7622:Center Party 7611: 7605: 7581: 7566: 7553:middle class 7550: 7543: 7539: 7531: 7528:constitution 7524: 7503: 7498: 7490: 7480: 7475: 7471: 7459: 7440: 7373: 7352:Napoleon III 7329: 7292: 7289:Bismarck era 7275: 7263: 7244:Flag of the 7218: 7208: 7157: 7134: 7117: 7104: 7093: 7074: 7044: 7005: 6994: 6879: 6860: 6851: 6598: 6520: 6511: 6492: 6469: 6443: 6440:Urbanization 6434: 6430: 6379: 6362: 6332: 6326: 6272: 6215: 6164: 6136: 6119: 6103: 6064:philosopher 6060: 6052:Joseph Haydn 6045: 6023: 6018: 5992: 5984: 5952: 5885: 5871: 5849: 5829:Frederick II 5825:Hesse-Kassel 5822: 5794: 5778: 5739: 5730: 5723:Frederick II 5712: 5680: 5666: 5594:Papal States 5571: 5553: 5520: 5479: 5475:Soldier King 5474: 5441: 5409:intended by 5369: 5308: 5211:Isaac Newton 5188: 5172: 5167: 5161: 5151: 5135:bibliography 5120: 5089: 5079: 5075: 5054:and the new 5045: 5042: 4995: 4983: 4955: 4950:Ferdinand II 4943: 4906: 4891:Jesuit order 4880: 4844: 4828:protestation 4805: 4791:confronting 4763: 4752: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4718: 4716: 4711:Landsknechte 4706: 4703:Reichskreise 4702: 4698: 4694: 4687:Reichshofrat 4686: 4682:Reichshofrat 4681: 4674: 4667:Maximilian I 4664: 4650: 4621:Landsknechte 4614: 4610:Taxis family 4599: 4580: 4576:Hochstetters 4553: 4526:Great Plague 4523: 4516: 4491: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4317:Hans Memling 4164: 4140:movable type 4129: 4106: 4093: 4065: 4008: 3876: 3820: 3804:Frederick II 3801: 3789:ministerials 3766: 3760: 3749: 3745:regal rights 3720: 3718: 3686:Hohenstaufen 3683: 3668: 3664: 3654: 3650: 3631:Hohenstaufen 3605: 3590: 3513:Grand Master 3466: 3455: 3444:Hermannstadt 3429: 3399:east of the 3388: 3386: 3315: 3268: 3234: 3226: 3224: 3205: 3201:Reichskirche 3200: 3174: 3151:Peace of God 3140: 3100:between the 3096:in 955. The 3083: 3070: 3050: 3040: 2968:Frederick II 2964:Hohenstaufen 2891: 2880:stem duchies 2876:East Francia 2857: 2853:Pope Leo III 2848: 2806: 2801:Jean Fouquet 2771:Christianity 2751:Papal States 2742: 2728: 2710:against the 2698:and western 2669: 2657: 2652:Papal States 2590: 2561: 2559: 2477: 2471: 2384:East Francia 2333: 2325:Hohenstaufen 2318: 2282:East Francia 2265:Stem duchies 2263: 2165: 2127: 2050: 1997: 1979:Fresco with 1899:Roman Empire 1892: 1833:erected the 1816: 1806:cultures in 1768:ethnogenesis 1765: 1661: 1636: 1621: 1484:By the late 1483: 1461: 1455:, c. 1400 BC 1312: 1301: 1298:, c. 4700 BC 1267: 1250:Swabian Jura 1224:homo sapiens 1221: 1212: 1192:valley near 1187: 1175:Lower Saxony 1155: 1036:Eastern Bloc 1025: 1017:East Germany 1009:West Germany 979:World War II 971:antisemitism 967:Nazi Germany 963:totalitarian 951:Adolf Hitler 916: 905: 791: 775:East Francia 732:Roman Empire 709: 691: 507:World War II 497:Nazi Germany 458:German Reich 385:18th century 380:Sectionalism 345:East Francia 161: 131: 116:by removing 103: 75: 43: 26: 27257:WikiProject 27184:Medievalism 27023:Agriculture 26887:Manorialism 26882:Communalism 26877:Monasticism 26794:Reconquista 26784:Kievan Rus' 26608:Isle of Man 26543:recognition 26512:Switzerland 26447:Netherlands 26128:World War I 26118:Nationalism 26006:Reformation 25991:Renaissance 25963:Black Death 25896:Kievan Rus' 25799:Middle Ages 25443:Pornography 25418:Immigration 25381:Drug policy 25293:Mittelstand 25240:Agriculture 25204:Nationalism 25177:Transgender 25061:Earthquakes 25008:, 1583-1588 25006:Cologne War 24902:World War I 24804:Middle Ages 24790:Gothic Wars 23949:ACLS E-book 23777:Eley, Geoff 23566:Reformation 23204:21 November 23148:23 November 22724:26 November 22597:26 November 22553:21 November 22506:25 December 22082:Smithsonian 21988:Works cited 21209:SAIS Review 21107:10 February 20595:. pp. 20196:Beevor 2012 20184:Beevor 2012 19933:(10): 8–14. 19744:19 November 18517:John C. G. 18040:Richie 1998 16874:, pp. 16439:10419/37227 16360:1 September 16299:Hayton 2015 16170:13 November 15887:20 February 15853:20 February 15819:20 February 15692:p. 543 15427:Whaley 2011 15412:26 February 15381:Whaley 2011 15357:Whaley 2011 15245:Whaley 2011 15233:Whaley 2011 15209:Müller 2003 15197:Whaley 2011 15182:14 February 15148:14 February 15114:14 February 15080:14 February 15046:20 November 15012:20 November 14978:20 November 14944:20 November 14807:Wilson 2016 14668:Wilson 2016 14619:15 February 14588:Wilson 2016 14143:The Hexagon 13975:, pp. 13403:Wilson 2016 13294:j.ctt3fht77 13010:Wilson 2016 12998:Wilson 2016 12959:Wilson 2016 12785:Kibler 1995 12751:Wilson 2016 12554:22 November 12473:Ozment 2004 11610:24 November 11037:Olaf Scholz 11009:Switzerland 10993:Netherlands 10927:Middle East 10859:Helmut Kohl 10800:pronatalism 10713:Agenda 2010 10605:Berlin Wall 10520:Helmut Kohl 10513:Helmut Kohl 10399:Berlin Wall 10370:Willi Stoph 10179:West Berlin 9999:Berlin Wall 9845:West German 9669:during the 9553:appeasement 9485:appeasement 9319:antisemitic 9215:Rudolf Hess 9017:Thomas Mann 9003:Fritz Haber 8933:Robert Koch 8863:Max Scheler 8837:Thomas Mann 8826:Robert Koch 8794:Fritz Haber 8654:Reparations 8552:Kapp Putsch 8429:reparations 8167:World War I 8161:World War I 8143: [ 8128:Bear Island 7936:Dreadnought 7849:Weltpolitik 7614:Kulturkampf 7597:Kulturkampf 7591:Kulturkampf 7507:Kulturkampf 7454:estates of 7374:During the 7332:Isabella II 7295:Lothar Gall 7283:World War I 7271:Kulturkampf 7264:Chancellor 7252:(1871–1918) 7185:needle guns 7121:clericalism 6946:Paulskirche 6409:Krupp-Works 6335:joined the 6303:Württemberg 6287:Romanticism 6269:, 1866–1871 6015:Protestants 5907:Bourgeoisie 5899:aristocracy 5701:. The 1763 5648:was based. 5632:during the 5626:War Council 5582:Holy League 5453:, acquired 5445:, ruler of 5189:Astronomer 4991:Württemberg 4779:indulgences 4759:indulgences 4564:Gossembrots 4440:describing 4366:Renaissance 4241:Minnesänger 4156:Reformation 4123:, who were 4121:Minnesänger 4095:Benedictine 3879:Black Death 3860:Brandenburg 3844:Golden Bull 3816:interregnum 3739:. The 1183 3690:Frederick I 3670:Ghibellines 3600: 1340 3520:Lutheranism 3456:Ostsiedlung 3389:Ostsiedlung 3357:Ostsiedlung 3231:Friedrich I 3218:), and the 3131:Quedlinburg 3075:Carolingian 2813:Charlemagne 2787:Charlemagne 2700:Switzerland 2640:Charlemagne 2586:Merovingian 2568:instead of 2545:in 496 the 2519:Netherlands 2496:Merovingian 2463:Charlemagne 2459:Carolingian 2378:Middle Ages 2354:), and the 2348:Brandenburg 2344:North March 2184:Burgundians 2081:Mogontiacum 1930:Porta Nigra 1837:during his 1505:Bell Beaker 1288:long houses 1272:(named for 1263:Aurignacian 1243:Paleolithic 1231: [ 1217:Neanderthal 1207:in 1858 by 1126:, 41.000 BP 1028:Berlin Wall 1013:Warsaw Pact 931:World War I 860:. With the 812:led to the 810:Christendom 792:During the 765:. When the 477:World War I 403:Unification 339:Middle Ages 274:Württemberg 254:Family tree 162:History of 66:subheadings 27179:Land terms 27133:Technology 27113:Philosophy 27093:Literature 27058:Demography 26759:Viking Age 26482:San Marino 26442:Montenegro 26422:Luxembourg 26402:Kazakhstan 26305:Azerbaijan 25891:Viking Age 25706:Prehistory 25604:Television 25589:Philosophy 25564:Literature 25423:Irreligion 25408:Healthcare 25371:Corruption 25137:Chancellor 25126:(military) 25123:Bundeswehr 24255:Since 1945 22970:B0000CM7NW 22859:7 November 22831:24 October 22619:1035596914 21764:31 January 21448:. p. 20172:Evans 2005 20145:Evans 2005 20133:Evans 2005 20017:Evans 2005 19993:Majer 2003 19981:Evans 2003 19907:Evans 2003 19895:Evans 2003 19883:Evans 2003 19818:. p. 19725:Evans 2003 19700:Evans 2003 19269:15 October 19235:15 October 19210:15 October 19185:15 October 19151:15 October 19117:15 October 19083:15 October 18600:. Academia 18372:Clark 2006 18005:Clark 2006 17823:(Thesis). 17520:. p. 17488:Clark 2006 17444:Clark 2006 16453:Clark 2006 16284:7 November 16250:7 November 16204:8 November 16145:29 October 15688:Pettegree 15510:Adams 1997 15221:Brady 2009 14895:8 February 14861:7 February 14419:18 January 14351:18 January 14317:18 January 13466:7 (2015). 12685:Rodes 1964 12531:Rüger 2004 12350:Green 2000 12326:Green 2003 11768:1502.02783 11327:(3): 129. 11321:Humanities 11225:References 11001:Luxembourg 10882:casualties 10870:Bundeswehr 10792:debt brake 10724:Boxing Day 10702:Tony Blair 10470:Ostpolitik 10435:See also: 10413:Ostpolitik 10407:Ostpolitik 10394:Ostpolitik 10360:Ostpolitik 10316:Yugoslavia 10269:cooperated 10221:Bundeswehr 9705:The final 9688:, Poland, 9686:Yugoslavia 9604:; much of 9443:See also: 9391:See also: 9250:under the 9176:communists 9121:Nazi Party 9113:its allies 8989:Max Planck 8865:, and the 8774:Max Planck 8716:article 48 8691:Danat-Bank 8614:Reichsmark 8610:Rentenmark 8542:Reichswehr 8151:Mozambique 8140:Emil Nagel 8033:U.S. Steel 8005:Petri dish 7922:Heligoland 7843:The young 7826:Wilhelm II 7804:Wilhelm II 7775:, and the 7633:Pulpit Law 7464:Zollverein 7456:Pommerania 7398:. The act 7278:Wilhelm II 7209:After the 7077:Zollverein 6578:Ring Cycle 6368:Population 6341:Zollverein 6230:Paris fell 6115:the Terror 6062:Königsberg 6011:concession 5855:George III 5845:cameralist 5327:, polymath 4774:Wittenberg 4606:Maximilian 4510:Detail of 4446:mineralogy 4388:classicism 4259:epic poets 4179:printmaker 4049:physicians 4033:patricians 4029:mercantile 3985:Regensburg 3840:Luxembourg 3696:, duke of 3635:Conrad III 3503:, and the 3369:, 700–1400 3305:river and 3279:Baltic Sea 3023:See also: 2785:See also: 2767:Saxon Wars 2731:Pippin III 2676:Neustrians 2642:until 814; 2609:Ostrogoths 2601:Chlothar I 2515:Luxembourg 2366:, and the 2260:Stem duchy 2176:Ostrogoths 2033:chieftain 2023:Germanicus 1848:Ariovistus 1829:statesman 1790:tribes of 1555:See also: 1499: – c. 1486:Bronze Age 1473: – c. 1389:See also: 1385:Bronze Age 1377: – c. 1339: – c. 1324: – c. 1274:Ahrensburg 1228:Ilsenhöhle 1194:Düsseldorf 1171:Schöningen 1139:Bone flute 1086:See also: 1082:Prehistory 955:Nazi Party 943:Wilhelm II 806:North Seas 777:. In 962, 617:since 1990 600:New states 544:Ostgebiete 537:Occupation 430:Zollverein 278:Mediatised 188:Chronology 62:condensing 27164:Dark Ages 27073:Household 27068:Hastilude 26837:Feudalism 26598:Gibraltar 26417:Lithuania 25938:Feudalism 25909:Catalonia 25559:Libraries 25539:Festivals 25386:Education 25330:Transport 25295:companies 25214:President 25152:Elections 25117:Bundesrat 25112:Bundestag 25081:Mountains 25049:Districts 25027:Geography 24760:Visigoths 24697:Overviews 24594:143068850 24327:. (2008) 24227:, 208 pp. 24208:(6th ed.) 24148:22665338M 24124:(2008) . 23957:(2nd ed.) 23929:1890–1933 23892:(1969) . 23836:. (2021) 23743:1815–1890 23717:. (2001) 23697:. (1996) 23652:. (2016) 23426:(2001) . 23400:cite book 23279:(3rd ed.) 23086:34693404M 22979:"Germany" 22925:"Germany" 22652:24953951M 22627:21270043M 22266:1560-3687 22244:Wood, Ian 22120:Routledge 22047:18327036M 22027:(1984) . 21636:France 24 21395:162029927 21313:145180949 21248:0896-226X 21194:142774747 21080:145428438 21018:154284862 20996:: 44–53. 20685:–82, 84. 20418:144307581 19783:145705005 19624:144072556 18966:153420481 18923:154582825 18861:154281603 18562:163767674 18218:154067344 18176:154458964 17992:160827181 17792:154596279 17642:26785882M 17634:863633117 17569:144652797 17219:Carr 1991 16518:30 August 16484:30 August 16406:pp. 1–26. 16013:6 January 15979:6 January 15955:6 January 15921:6 January 15344:186566355 14429:cite book 14176:7 January 14155:0164-6109 13310:. E Notes 13148:159994750 12908:Drew 2011 12708:Compare: 12656:11194180M 12405:162278924 12391:: 41–53. 11985:234471370 11917:The Celts 11582:205216692 11196:Reichstag 10695:Third Way 10674:Reichstag 10555:Die Wende 10478:inflation 10140:in 1958. 9970:Politburo 9772:Expulsion 9715:Holocaust 9602:the Blitz 9549:Lithuania 9453:Flags of 9411:Luftwaffe 9387:Wehrmacht 9363:Holocaust 9246:with the 9188:Reichstag 9164:Reichstag 9031:Otto Hahn 8810:Karl Benz 8770:Otto Hahn 8728:Reichstag 8706:Reichstag 8702:Reichstag 8650:in 1926. 8548:Freikorps 8294:Homefront 8234:North Sea 8136:Pondoland 8121:Holocaust 8017:dyestuffs 7763:) and in 7753:Cameroons 7704:establish 7695:socialism 7561:bourgeois 7468:Hanseatic 7392:Wilhelm I 7160:Schleswig 7056:‹See Tfd› 7035:Bundestag 7026:‹See Tfd› 7013:‹See Tfd› 6950:Frankfurt 6824:Karl Marx 6622:Karl Marx 6618:Max Weber 6554:classical 6240:1815–1871 6142:Rhineland 6003:Louis XIV 5915:peasantry 5530:Straßburg 5467:Huguenots 5425:1648–1815 5421:in 1672. 5399:El Dorado 5391:Charles V 5380:Nuremberg 5242:astronomy 5173:In 1515, 5168:Geography 5125:include: 5123:polymaths 4863:Thuringia 4859:Franconia 4770:95 Theses 4695:Reichstag 4560:Nuremberg 4442:chemistry 4403:Adam Ries 4239:language 4171:Nuremberg 4067:Cologne's 4053:merchants 4037:Craftsmen 4002:, in 1493 3987:, in 1572 3951:, in 1493 3949:Nuremberg 3783:princess 3716:in 1156. 3665:Waiblings 3435:margraves 3324:Edinburgh 3311:North Sea 3283:North Sea 3225:The term 3143:Henry III 3049:, in 961 3035:Magdeburg 2841:Bavarians 2644:Yellow = 2617:Eichsfeld 2593:Thuringii 2582:Austrasia 2549:tribe in 2492:Austrasia 2479:foederati 2270:‹See Tfd› 2224:Dengizich 2172:Visigoths 2162:Thuringii 2083:, modern 2071:, modern 2027:campaigns 1658:Herodotus 1650:Heuneburg 1586:Heuneburg 1521:cremating 1308:Neolithic 1265:culture. 1015:-aligned 1007:-aligned 907:Reichstag 820:. In the 586:1949–1990 563:1944–1950 511:1939–1945 501:1933–1945 491:1918–1933 481:1914–1918 471:1871–1918 246:Empresses 112:. Please 110:talk page 70:talk page 58:splitting 56:Consider 27274:Category 27247:Category 27214:Timeline 27103:Minstrel 27098:Medicine 26980:Chivalry 26935:Burgundy 26857:Crusades 26618:Svalbard 26603:Guernsey 26550:Abkhazia 26497:Slovenia 26492:Slovakia 26467:Portugal 26325:Bulgaria 26177:See also 26148:Cold War 25943:Crusades 25913:Valencia 25651:Category 25569:Internet 25554:Language 25544:Folklore 25463:Religion 25438:Pensions 25433:Naturism 25310:Taxation 25194:Lobbying 25167:Intersex 25100:Politics 24709:Timeline 24688:General 24681:articles 24439:7206115W 24309:8602440M 24282:2058977M 24240:(2nd ed) 24098:Nazi era 23914:7461954M 23779:(1984). 23753:(1998). 23701:(1995); 23484:Medieval 23448:3949947M 23216:(2016). 23051:7397485M 23031:(1989). 22893:1273142M 22871:(1996). 22825:Archived 22677:6269387M 22669:23101189 22644:25222664 22609:(1959). 22578:(1995). 22518:(2006). 22312:(2003). 22190:(2006). 22159:(1991). 22112:(2004). 21964:Statista 21894:euronews 21875:BBC News 21758:BBC News 21360:12341062 21170:"Review" 20913:(2010). 20435:(2009). 19851:(2001). 19656:27 March 19640:(2001). 19579:27 March 19521:27 March 19053:abstract 18416:27 March 18400:(2001). 18359:39447688 18239:23916757 18025:31 March 17891:23 March 17886:Guardian 17755:22 March 17732:23 March 17614:(2014). 17293:13 April 17234:Lee 1985 17093:26 March 16997:26 March 16614:21 March 16370:cite web 16319:Archived 16139:Archived 15719:Archived 15453:19 March 15301:Archived 14794:48578016 14710:Archived 14561:18 March 14528:18 March 14522:Die Welt 14000:19 March 13958:19 March 13934:8167121M 13895:18 March 13732:14 March 13494:14 March 13471:Archived 13415:Day 1914 13099:18 March 12920:Hen 1995 12446:20 March 12098:17 April 12034:34410492 11977:33974848 11860:29466337 11803:25731166 11699:24901650 11648:BBC News 11574:19444215 11529:38297138 11520:10927544 11469:10377375 11390:23 April 11302:21041630 11068:See also 11033:election 10925:and the 10786:) for a 10732:Thailand 10691:centrist 10580:between 10423:paid an 10403:Cold War 10189:Adenauer 10084:Cold War 10035:(2010): 10015:Honecker 9841:Cold War 9741:Cold War 9381:Military 9375:genocide 9257:for the 8612:(later: 8446:Overview 8420:Saarland 8415:Mandates 8119:and the 8082:Marianas 8078:Kiauchau 8071:Togoland 8044:Colonies 7918:Zanzibar 7912:'s work 7652:Leo XIII 7236:Overview 7217:(German 6834:Religion 6538:romantic 6449:Railways 6425:J. Kemna 6245:Overview 6205:. Ruler 6182:Napoleon 5959:Schiller 5895:nobility 5814:Würzburg 5697:and the 5526:Lorraine 5515:Austrian 5457:via the 5376:Augsburg 5366:Colonies 5052:literacy 4962:Matthias 4915:and the 4679:and the 4671:reformed 4643:Germania 4595:Louis II 4583:Habsburg 4556:Augsburg 4438:chymista 4325:burghers 4191:theorist 4187:engraver 4158:and the 4084:burghers 4057:peasants 3886:attacked 3882:pandemic 3823:Louis IV 3771:held at 3688:emperor 3611:Henry IV 3555:imperial 3469:monastic 3328:Novgorod 3208:crusades 3181:Henry IV 3159:celibacy 3110:John XII 3104:and the 3080:celibacy 3041:In 936, 2988:Ottonian 2966:emperor 2884:Swabians 2870:of 843. 2839:and the 2761:and the 2712:Lombards 2696:Burgundy 2680:Carloman 2615:and the 2570:Arianism 2547:Alemanni 2535:Clovis I 2523:Alamanni 2517:and the 2461:emperor 2432:basilica 2360:Carniola 2310:Lorraine 2300:and the 2188:Lombards 2158:Sicambri 2134:Alamanni 2052:Germania 2035:Arminius 2031:Cherusci 2009:and the 2001:, first 1999:Augustus 1756:Germania 1628:Iron Age 1615:, 530 BC 1584:city of 1551:Iron Age 1304:Anatolia 1052:eurozone 1001:Cold War 983:genocide 866:Napoleon 832:led the 711:Germania 579:division 238:Monarchs 198:Military 153:a series 151:Part of 78:May 2023 46:too long 27157:Related 27143:Warfare 27138:Theatre 27128:Slavery 27123:Science 27078:Hunting 27043:Cuisine 27016:Culture 26955:Castile 26950:England 26522:Ukraine 26472:Romania 26432:Moldova 26390:Ireland 26385:Iceland 26380:Hungary 26370:Germany 26365:Georgia 26355:Finland 26350:Estonia 26345:Denmark 26330:Croatia 26315:Belgium 26310:Belarus 26300:Austria 26295:Armenia 26290:Andorra 26285:Albania 26018:Baroque 25917:Majorca 25829:Francia 25628:Outline 25534:Fashion 25521:Cuisine 25483:Culture 25448:Poverty 25391:Germans 25354:Society 25335:Welfare 25320:Tourism 25277:Exports 25250:Banking 25228:Economy 25132:Cabinet 25071:Islands 25066:Geology 24989:Regions 24755:Teutons 24728:Ancient 24690:History 24677:Germany 24431:1980291 24365:(2019) 24174:vol. 1. 24164:(2019) 24020:(2019) 23633:(2007) 23316:(2019) 23246:Surveys 23176:3 March 23131:(ed.). 22462:(ed.). 22246:(ed.). 21946:Reuters 21719:4 March 21693:4 March 21352:2545854 21072:1405052 21010:1042033 20651:, 436. 20628:1818235 20502:4 March 20479:4 March 20410:1405220 20275:4 March 20095:10 June 20064:10 June 19616:4545835 18982:(1977). 18958:3113169 18915:2120336 18853:2120181 18783:4 April 18741:4 April 18644:4 April 18604:4 April 18521:(2004). 18387:(1998). 18351:2638516 18272:1906016 18210:2114256 18168:3114686 17465:2639865 17367:, ch 1. 17193:1985399 16903:, ch 2. 16891:(2000). 16859:1005911 16106:4 March 16072:4 March 16047:4 March 15268:3 March 14765:3 March 14653:2 March 14501:3 March 14467:3 March 14385:4 March 14256:3 March 14221:4 April 14163:4478114 14120:extent. 13875:3153729 13661:7 March 13581:7 March 13448:6 March 13388:2 March 13366:2 March 13339:2 March 13314:2 March 13259:6 March 13232:25 June 12834:4 March 12770:2 March 12427:1.31–53 12076:31 July 12025:8460580 11945:Bibcode 11851:5973796 11830:Bibcode 11794:5048219 11773:Bibcode 11719:. 2022. 11690:4046922 11554:Bibcode 11497:Bibcode 11437:Bibcode 11367:1 March 11293:2993404 11270:Bibcode 11005:Austria 10997:Belgium 10876:in the 10806:. From 10764:In the 10661:Germany 10586:Hungary 10582:Austria 10312:Romania 9983:Comecon 9776:At the 9694:Austria 9682:Hungary 9678:Romania 9582:Denmark 9537:Slovaks 9455:Germany 9184:Gestapo 9129:Gestapo 8625:elected 8584:in 1926 8567:de jure 8113:Namibia 8061:in 1914 7959:Economy 7942:In the 7924:in the 7853:German: 7765:Oceania 7538:added: 7485:of the 7443:federal 7419:Leipzig 7382:of the 7322:of the 7168:Jutland 7141:William 6917:At the 6576:in his 6307:Bavaria 5963:Wieland 5887:Prussia 5851:Hanover 5818:Bamberg 5781:Bavaria 5719:Austria 5715:Prussia 5691:Silesia 5630:Balkans 5590:Hungary 5451:Elector 5250:natural 5109:Science 4987:Altmark 4795:at the 4591:Hungary 4587:Bohemia 4572:Welsers 4568:Fuggers 4538:burgher 4450:geology 4364:to the 4175:painter 4138:, used 4097:abbess 4061:paupers 4039:formed 4021:Cologne 4012:serfdom 3964:Bamberg 3913:Cologne 3872:Cologne 3735:in the 3675:Swabian 3656:Guelphs 3643:Bavaria 3613:became 3607:Henry V 3452:Geza II 3425:marches 3421:heathen 3413:Bohemia 3409:Silesia 3380:of the 3316:kontors 3309:on the 3301:on the 3299:Cologne 3295:Hamburg 3193:Henry V 3185:Canossa 3092:at the 3090:Magyars 2926:by the 2817:Kingdom 2803:, 1450s 2729:In 751 2670:In 718 2646:Marches 2636:in 758; 2537:of the 2511:Belgium 2507:Germany 2484:Odoacer 2482:leader 2407:Francia 2372:Austria 2352:Prussia 2340:Lusatia 2336:marches 2232:Vandals 2222:'s son 2180:Vandals 2142:Bavarii 2128:Rome's 2073:Cologne 2057:Noricum 2047:Tacitus 1989:Cologne 1985:Colonia 1913:Map of 1808:Central 1770:of the 1744: 1 1509:Unetice 1296:Dresden 1190:Neander 919:Britain 854:Bavaria 850:Prussia 846:Austria 818:Prussia 785:of the 722:in the 694:Germany 266:Prussia 262:Bavaria 258:Austria 213:Judaism 203:Economy 164:Germany 44:may be 27237:Portal 27118:Poetry 26945:France 26613:Jersey 26555:Kosovo 26517:Turkey 26507:Sweden 26487:Serbia 26477:Russia 26462:Poland 26457:Norway 26437:Monaco 26407:Latvia 26375:Greece 26360:France 26335:Cyprus 25905:Aragon 25884:Amalfi 25869:Venice 25857:Second 25656:Portal 25511:Cinema 25491:Anthem 25458:Racism 25272:Energy 25086:Rivers 25044:States 25014:, 1848 24850:Modern 24679: 24592: 24437: 24429: 24413: 24356: 24335: 24307: 24297: 24280: 24270: 24181:vol 2. 24146: 24136: 24109:online 24058:online 24034: 24006:online 23996:online 23987:online 23965:online 23940:online 23912: 23902: 23870:online 23815:online 23787: 23761: 23736:online 23520: 23462: 23446: 23436: 23417:online 23388: 23343:online 23327:online 23295: 23228: 23195: 23167: 23139: 23103: 23084: 23074: 23049: 23039: 23008: 22989: 22968: 22935: 22912: 22891: 22881: 22850: 22817: 22796: 22777: 22745: 22715: 22694: 22675: 22667: 22650: 22642: 22625: 22617: 22588: 22528: 22497: 22474: 22443: 22418: 22399: 22374: 22347: 22326: 22298: 22264: 22254: 22227: 22200: 22167: 22145: 22126: 22098: 22064: 22045: 22035: 22013: 21839:DW.COM 21818:7 June 21790:7 June 21614: 21588:(1994) 21502:(1990) 21393: 21358: 21350: 21311: 21274: 21246: 21192: 21078: 21070: 21016: 21008: 20923: 20728:443604 20726: 20689: 20655: 20626: 20558: 20522:online 20445: 20416: 20408: 20367: 20347: 20327: 20300: 20251: 20239:Berlin 19964: 19872:: 9ff. 19781: 19715:(1982) 19683: 19622: 19614: 19471:online 19449: 19407: 19380: 19353: 19298: 19294:–470. 19260: 19176: 19142: 19108: 19074: 19038:(2011) 18964: 18956: 18921: 18913: 18859: 18851: 18717: 18684: 18560: 18473: 18357: 18349: 18270: 18237: 18216: 18208: 18174: 18166: 18101: 18074: 17990: 17984:259809 17982: 17943:18 May 17917:18 May 17863: 17790: 17640: 17632: 17622: 17567: 17559: 17463: 17321: 17191: 16857: 16768: 16741: 16708: 16684: 16659:(2012) 16639: 16590: 16509: 16475: 16316:online 16275: 16241: 16195: 16131: 16097: 16038: 16004: 15946: 15912: 15878: 15844: 15810: 15672: 15633: 15591: 15528:CXXIII 15497:(2015) 15484:(2012) 15471:(2014) 15403: 15342: 15293: 15173: 15139: 15105: 15071: 15037: 15003: 14969: 14935: 14886: 14852: 14792: 14756: 14702: 14644: 14610: 14524:. 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The 7452:Junker 7421:, 1912 7060:German 7030:German 7017:German 6962:Berlin 6580:. The 6533:. The 6415:, 1864 6305:, and 6216:After 6199:Saxony 6165:Under 6138:France 6054:, and 5981:, 1860 5971:Goethe 5967:Herder 5789:Saxony 5783:had a 5750:Russia 5636:. The 5606:Russia 5600:, the 5560:. 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The 1488:, the 1405:, and 1034:, the 1032:opened 890:Berlin 858:Saxony 802:Baltic 796:, the 779:Otto I 756:Franks 754:, the 270:Saxony 242:Queens 182:Topics 155:on the 27148:Women 27108:Music 27063:Domes 27053:Dance 26940:Milan 26588:Åland 26502:Spain 26427:Malta 26397:Italy 25874:Genoa 25852:First 25635:Index 25599:Sport 25584:Names 25579:Music 25574:Media 25529:Dance 25401:Women 25366:Crime 25340:Women 25076:Lakes 24750:Goths 24590:S2CID 24128:[ 23127:. In 23068:46–53 23062:[ 22545:[ 22458:. In 22242:. In 21713:(PDF) 21610:–14. 21399:. In 21391:S2CID 21348:JSTOR 21309:S2CID 21270:–82. 21190:S2CID 21076:S2CID 21068:JSTOR 21014:S2CID 21006:JSTOR 20724:JSTOR 20624:JSTOR 20473:(PDF) 20466:(PDF) 20414:S2CID 20406:JSTOR 20058:(PDF) 20051:(PDF) 19779:S2CID 19675:[ 19620:S2CID 19612:JSTOR 19547:(PDF) 19540:(PDF) 18962:S2CID 18954:JSTOR 18919:S2CID 18911:JSTOR 18857:S2CID 18849:JSTOR 18779:. 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On 2799:, by 2763:Avars 2665:Arian 2574:papal 2428:Trier 2240:Suebi 2236:Alans 2167:limes 2097:Trier 2085:Mainz 2007:Rhine 1983:from 1965:Trier 1934:Trier 1852:Aedui 1844:Suebi 1639:Celts 1565:Celts 1239:Ranis 1235:] 1141:from 1068:Syria 748:Rhine 706:Rhine 218:Women 25879:Pisa 25549:Flag 25506:Arts 25172:LGBT 24427:OCLC 24411:ISBN 24354:ISBN 24333:ISBN 24295:ISBN 24268:ISBN 24134:ISBN 24032:ISBN 23900:ISBN 23785:ISBN 23759:ISBN 23518:ISBN 23460:ISBN 23434:ISBN 23406:link 23386:ISBN 23293:ISBN 23226:ISBN 23206:2015 23193:ISBN 23178:2022 23165:ISBN 23150:2015 23137:ISBN 23101:ISBN 23072:ISBN 23037:ISBN 23006:ISBN 22987:ISBN 22966:ASIN 22933:ISBN 22910:ISBN 22879:ISBN 22861:2021 22848:ISBN 22833:2021 22815:ISBN 22794:ISBN 22775:ISBN 22743:ISBN 22726:2015 22713:ISBN 22692:ISBN 22665:OCLC 22640:OCLC 22615:OCLC 22599:2015 22586:ISBN 22555:2015 22526:ISBN 22508:2021 22495:ISBN 22472:ISBN 22441:ISBN 22416:ISBN 22397:ISBN 22372:ISBN 22345:ISBN 22324:ISBN 22296:ISBN 22262:ISSN 22252:ISBN 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