Italy in the Middle Ages

98: 1926: 30: 2065: 1233: 1012: 2056: 1123: 6131: 4901: 1619: 1317:, were enclaves who were becoming increasingly independent of Byzantium. A conquest of Benevento, otherwise, would have meant the total encompassment of the Papal territories, and probably Charlemagne thought it was good for his relationships with the Pope to avoid such a move. The age of Charlemagne was one of stability for Italy, though it was generally dominated by non-Italian interests. The separation with the Eastern world continued to increase. 6121: 2181: 4890: 633: 6141: 2257: 1513: 944: 1813: 1047:, destroyed much of the town life that had survived the barbarian invasions. Town life did not disappear, but they became smaller and considerably more primitive than they had been in classical Roman times. Subsistence agriculture employed the bulk of the Italian population. Wars, famines, and disease epidemics had a dramatic effect on the demographics of Italy. The agricultural estates of the 2395:

with fewer in-between. The widespread belief of medieval Europe having a "pyramid" population where most people were under 45 was not completely true, and in fact varied widely from region to region. France traditionally had high birth rates, but Italy's fertility was lower to begin with and especially after the Plague had ravaged the region, many cities such as

1966:(1066), which took place over the course of a few years after one decisive battle, the conquest of Southern Italy was the product of decades and many battles, few decisive. Many territories were conquered independently, and only later were all unified into one state. Compared to the conquest of England, it was unplanned and unorganised, but just as permanent. 1681: 1176:

After the Lombard invasion, the popes were nominally subject to the eastern emperor, but often received little help from Constantinople, and had to fill the lack of stately power, providing essential services (ex. food for the needy) and protecting Rome from Lombard incursions; in this way, the popes

2410:

Since overall life expectancy in Europe did not increase by any significant margin during this period, the aging cohort in some areas can be almost completely blamed on the effects of the Plague. Wealthy households had larger numbers of children than the poor. For example, in the early 15th century,

2394:

ravaged Europe during the 1340s–50s, wiping out almost half the continent's population. Particularly detrimental was the fact that most of the victims were young adults in their prime working years, which left behind an "hourglass" population structure comprised heavily of children and older people,

1646:

in 871 after a great siege. Louis then tried to set up greater control over all the south by garrisoning his troops in Beneventan fortresses. The response of Adelchis to this action was to imprison and rob the emperor while he was staying the princely palace at Benevento. A month later, the Saracens

1003:

confession, constituted an aristocracy of landowners and militaries, but its influence over the country remained minimal; the Latin population was still subject to Roman laws, and maintained the freedom of creed received by Odoacer. The reign of Theodoric is generally considered a period of recovery

2000:

became the prevalent form of government. Keeping both direct church control and imperial power at arm's length, the many independent city states prospered through commerce, based on early capitalist principles, ultimately creating the conditions for the artistic and intellectual changes produced by

1425:

With Charlemagne's conquest of 774, the north of Italy was politically separated from the south completely. Though the Byzantines had continued to hold most of Apulia and Calabria and the Lombard duchies of the south had been aloof of Pavian policies for a century, the situation was exacerbated by

1951:

the Lombard and Byzantine possessions in Southern Italy, ending the six century old presence of both powers in the peninsula. The independent city-states were also subdued. During the same century, the Normans also ended Muslim rule in Sicily. Norman rule in what had once been Byzantine territory

2472:

During this time, the powers of the ruler of states expanded as some of the last feudal institutions faded away. However, power was also put into the hands of smaller branches of families than the amount that feudalism and later pre-Renaissance political systems allowed for, causing friction and

2125:

Thanks to their favorable position between East and West, Italian cities such as Venice became international trading and banking hubs and intellectual crossroads. Milan, Florence and Venice, as well as several other Italian city-states, played a crucial innovative role in financial development,

1321:

was the first Pope to date his Bulls from the year of Charlemagne's reign (795) instead of those of Byzantine emperors. This process of isolation from the Eastern Empire and connection with the Western world of France and Germany, which had started three centuries before, was completed at the

1800:

in 1115. This left a power vacuum – increasingly filled by the papacy and by the bishops, as well as by the increasingly wealthy Italian cities, which gradually came to dominate the surrounding countryside. The papacy went through an age of decadence, which ended only in 999 when emperor

1157:

In the politically unstable situation after the fall of the western empire, the Church often became the only stable institution and the only source of learning in Western Europe. Even the barbarians had to rely on clerics in order to administer their conquests. Furthermore, the Catholic

1904:, Byzantine power experienced a recovery; and the impact of this was felt in southern Italy. During the late 9th century, the amount of territory under direct Byzantine rule (which in the early 9th century was limited to the toe and heel of the peninsula) expanded dramatically. The 1780:, nominally controlled the Northern Italian communes. In general, the monarch was an absentee, spending most of his time in Germany and leaving the Kingdom of Italy with little central authority. There was also a lack of powerful landed magnates – the only notable one being the 1647:

had landed with a new invasive force and Adelchis released Louis to lead the armies against it. Adelchis forced Louis to vow never to re-enter Benevento with an army or to take revenge for his detention. Louis went to Rome in 872 and was released from his oath by

2411:

the average age of Florence's population among the lower classes was 25 while the upper classes had an average age of just 17. The countryside became swiftly depopulated after the Plague as well due to surviving young people moving en masse to the cities.

1325:

After the death of Charlemagne (814) the new empire soon disintegrated under his weak successors. The equilibrium created through the great emperor's charisma fell apart. This crisis was due also to the emergence of external forces, including the

1480:

In 839, Sicard was assassinated, and a civil war broke out, which illustrated the nature of political power in the south. It was still largely in the hands of the land-owning aristocracy, who had the power to choose a prince. In 839, some chose

1908:

was set up to administer the newly acquired territory. The rest of Southern Italy remained divided among the Lombard kings and the Italian cities. Both sets of principalities were de facto independent but paid nominal allegiance to Byzantium.

1215:

was abolished. This ended the Byzantine presence in central Italy (although some coastal cities and some areas in south Italy remained under Byzantine control until the 11th century). Facing a new Lombard offensive, the papacy appealed to the

998:

defeated Odoacer and became the king of the Ostrogoths. Theodoric, who had lived long in Constantinople, is now generally considered a Romanized German, and he in fact ruled over Italy largely through Roman personnel. The Goth minority, of

1509:, invaded the peninsula and imposed peace between the Lombard factions. He divided the principality into two: one at Benevento, one at Salerno. Thenceforward, the history of the Lombard south is one of declining, competing powers. 1610:

The period following the Beneventan civil war was one of confusion, brought on by the independence movements in the various cities and provinces and by the Saracen onslaught. In Salerno, a palace coup removed Siconulf's successor

979:, but practically in total independence. The administration remained essentially the same as that under the Western Roman Empire, and gave religious freedoms to the Christians. Odoacer fought against the Vandals, who had occupied 1540:

duke. However, Anthimus was unable to control the cities under his rule, Gaeta and Amalfi. Subsequent to Anthimus, the patrician tried to appoint his own candidate without imperial approval. The people rebelled and accepted

1274:. A war between the two empires soon followed; in 812 the Byzantines agreed to recognize the existence of two Roman Empires in return for an assurance that the remaining Byzantine possessions in Italy would be uncontested. 1916:

laws caused trouble in Salerno. The urban populations were upset with Byzantine taxation, resulting in an uprising in Apulia in the early 980s. In 990, deadly earthquakes directly affected two cities, Benevento and Capua.

1662:

was on friendly terms with the Saracens, a habit which annoyed the popes and often put a ruler at odds with his neighbours. The south Italian lords continually rotating in their allegiances. Guaifer's successor,

3002:"Breve cronologia degli attacchi saraceni (termine con cui si designano gli attacchi arabo-islamici del primo millennio) nel Mediterraneo, nella penisola italiana, in quella ispanica, in Provenza e sulle Alpi" 2165:. From the 11th to the 13th centuries these cities built fleets of ships both for their own protection and to support extensive trade networks across the Mediterranean, leading to an essential role in the 2335:, prosperous city-states could field considerable forces, despite their low populations. In the course of the 15th century, the most powerful city-states annexed their smaller neighbors. Florence took 1912:

The Southern Italy growth and change stagnated for a number of reasons. In 878 the Arabs captured the crucial city of Syracuse, and by 965 the entire island was under Arab rule. The reminisce of the

1651:

on 28 May. His attempts to punish Adelchis were not very successful. Adelchis vacillated between nominal fealty to the Carolingian and Byzantine emperors, but, in fact, by his alterations to the

1532:

independence. Naples, in particular, had a history of differences with Byzantium and had in the past sought to make herself dependent on other authorities, often papal. In 801, the Byzantine

1638:

there. Greek power being significantly threatened, as well as Adriatic commerce, the Byzantine emperor requested an alliance from Louis II of Italy. Similarly, the new prince of Benevento,

1545:

in 821. During Stephen's decade of rule, Naples severed all legal ties to Constantinople and even began minting her own coins. In 840, after a brief flirtation with Frankish servitude, to

1066:

was the first main centre to fall, while the Byzantine resistance concentrated in the coast areas. The Lombards soon overran most of the peninsula, establishing a Kingdom with capital in

2232:

from Italy; this sponsorship was, like the invasion of the south, part of a 12th-century Byzantine effort to regain the influence it had once held on the peninsula during the reign of

2907: 3317:

Huang, Angela Ling, and Carsten Jahnke, eds. Textiles and the Medieval Economy: Production, Trade, and Consumption of Textiles, 8th–16th Centuries. Vol. 16. Oxbow Books, 2015.

2838: 97: 1667:, made war on the Saracens. Guaifer had originally associated Guaimar with him as co-ruler, a practice which became endemic to the south and was especially evident in Capua. 1277:

Throughout this period, some coastal regions, and all of southern Italy, remained under Byzantine or Lombard control. The imperial authority never extended much south of the

2324:, while Florence developed into a highly organized commercial and financial city-state, becoming for many centuries the European capital of silk, wool, banking and jewelry. 1004:

for the country. Infrastructures were repaired, frontiers were expanded, and the economy well cared for. The Latin culture flourished for the last time with figures like

2597: 1570:

In Gaeta, as in Naples, the violent situation inland required new power structures to maintain Byzantine authority. The Gaetans received their first imperial Byzantine

2461:

industry began that would see wool textiles become Italy's most important manufacture for export. By the late 14th century Florence rivaled even the Low Countries of

1598:. However, Naples, Gaeta, Amalfi, the Tyrrhenian cities, and Venice (in North Italy) retained some allegiance to Byzantium until the 11th century-long after becoming 1008:, Theodoric's minister; the Italian Kingdom was again the most powerful political entity of the Mediterranean. However, Theodoric's successors were not equal to him. 5115: 1357:, became Emperor and ruler of the Central Franks. His three sons in turn divided this kingdom between them, and Northern Italy became the Kingdom of Italy under 5584: 5950: 2012:, so that their society was primarily based on merchants and commerce. In this era, northern cities and states gained prominence over the south with their 1403:

in 847; they were completed in 853. In the late 9th century, the Byzantines and the Franks launched a joint offensive against the Arabs in southern Italy.

1330:

attacks and the rising power of the marine republics. Charlemagne had announced his division of the Empire in 806: the Lombard-Frank reign, together with

6086: 2200:

The papacy regained its authority, and started a long struggle with the empire, about both ecclesiastical and secular matters. The first episode was the

895: 2169:. The maritime republics, especially Venice and Genoa, soon became Europe's main gateways to trade with the East, establishing colonies as far as the 1643: 2861: 1224:. However, the remainder of Italy stayed under Lombard (such as Benevento and Spoleto) or Byzantine (such as Calabria, Apulia and Sicily) control. 1051:

era did not disappear. They produced an agricultural surplus that was sold in towns; however slavery was replaced by other labour systems such as

4937: 3960: 431: 5599: 1070:, divided into a series of dukedoms. The areas in central-northern Italy which remained under Byzantine control (mostly the current Lazio and 776:

In the 11th century, in the Northern and Central parts of the peninsula, began a political development unique to Italy, the transformation of

3992: 455: 1658:

The successors of Adelchis were weak and the principality of Benevento declined just as Salernitan power was beginning to make itself felt.

5676: 4623: 3975: 1992:

Between the 12th and 13th centuries, Italy developed a peculiar political pattern, significantly different from feudal Europe north of the

699: 443: 276: 1262:

In 774, upon a Papal invitation, the Franks invaded the Kingdom of Italy and finally annexed the Lombards; as a reward the Frankish king

836: 2304:. High Medieval Northern Italy was further divided by the long running battle for supremacy between the forces of the papacy and of the 5147: 4587: 3517: 1220:

for aid. In 756 Frankish forces defeated the Lombards and gave the papacy legal authority over all of central Italy, thus creating the

905:" itself ultimately derives from the description of the period of "obscurity" in Italian history during the 9th to 11th centuries, the 661: 604: 5105: 4721: 2204:. In the 12th century, those Italian cities which lay in the Holy Roman Empire launched a successful effort to win autonomy from the 4628: 2558:"Women at Canossa. The role of royal and aristocratic women in the reconciliation between Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV of Germany" 722:

in 751. From this period, former states that were part of the Exarchate and were not conquered by the Lombard Kingdom, such as the

1438:

and his successors, it was the Beneventan policy to pay homage to the Carolingian emperors but ignore their rulings. As a result,

5496: 4193: 3405: 3045: 1098:. Under the imperial authority remained also much of the ports, which eventually turned into actually independent city-states ( 1735:. From that time on, the kings of Italy were always also kings of Germany, and Italy thus became a constituent kingdom of the 1528:

Greek cities, the violence raging inland, between them and their fellow Greeks on toe and heel, fostered the circumstances of

1196:

At the end of the 8th century the popes definitely aspired to independence, and found a way to achieve it by allying with the

816:

among others, rose to great political power, becoming major financial and trading centers. These states paved the way for the

5554: 4871: 4034: 3347: 3289: 3190: 2938: 2771: 874:. As a result, Italy became a battleground of the great European powers for the next sixty years, finally culminating in the 851:, bringing relative calm for the region for the first time in centuries. These five powers were the Venetian Republic, the 5220: 4668: 3943: 3751: 2126:

devising the main instruments and practices of banking and the emergence of new forms of social and economic organization.

1892:

he declared hereditary. Indeed, Conrad could stable his rule, however, the imperial supremacy in Italy remained contested.

1777: 1724: 1684: 738: 679: 261: 6010: 5985: 5925: 5224: 4930: 3997: 3860: 6165: 6101: 5141: 5137: 5025: 4716: 4301: 3928: 3761: 3522: 2476:

The Italian Renaissance peaked in the mid-16th century as foreign invasions plunged the region into the turmoil of the

1416: 1005: 609: 315: 2331:. Renaissance politics developed from this background. Since the 13th century, as armies became primarily composed of 2308:. Each city aligned itself with one faction or the other, yet was divided internally between the two warring parties, 6144: 6106: 5636: 5418: 5110: 5040: 5021: 3948: 3923: 3766: 3130: 2963: 2871: 2800: 1948: 1420: 319: 2480:. However, the ideas and ideals of the Renaissance endured and even spread into the rest of Europe, setting off the 5059: 5048: 5044: 5017: 4320: 3601: 3487: 1925: 574: 3120: 2220:

in 1176. This made north Italy a land of quasi-independent or independent city-states until the 19th century (see

1959:

to reassert its authority in Southern Italy. However, the attempt failed, and in 1158, the Byzantines left Italy.

5604: 4997: 4993: 4946: 4444: 4356: 4203: 4198: 4029: 3897: 476: 5970: 5910: 5882: 5641: 5068: 4989: 4923: 4392: 3980: 3457: 654: 544: 199: 17: 29: 6056: 5887: 5076: 5072: 4643: 4474: 4361: 3892: 3887: 2368: 1867: 1863: 887: 449: 391: 386: 370: 753:. This set the precedent for the main political conflict in Italy over the following centuries, between the 5504: 5500: 5371: 4402: 4341: 4326: 4178: 4039: 3492: 2708: 1970: 1840: 1828: 1802: 766: 579: 512: 6066: 5036: 4746: 4464: 4310: 4092: 4002: 3902: 3788: 3756: 3441: 3339: 1852: 1322:

beginning of the 9th century. Sicily, Calabria, Puglia and Venice were the main exceptions to this rule.

1200:

of the Franks: the Carolingians needed someone who could give legitimacy to a coup against the powerless

1186: 625: 466: 6061: 6051: 6015: 5857: 5759: 5414: 5152: 5095: 4985: 4801: 4429: 4249: 4156: 4129: 4064: 3938: 3472: 3398: 2685: 2327:

Warfare between the states was common, invasion from outside Italy confined to intermittent sorties of

2212:

of communes launched a successful effort to win autonomy from the Holy Roman Empire, defeating Emperor

1974: 1963: 1953: 1692: 1043:, conquered the Ostrogothic kingdom after years of warfare, ending in 552. This conflict, known as the 875: 871: 559: 518: 3153: 855:, the Duchy of Milan and the Papal States, dominating the northern and central parts of Italy and the 5784: 5547: 5470: 5300: 5157: 5003: 4831: 4597: 4520: 4484: 3502: 3467: 3462: 1836: 1454:, against whom Sicard warred constantly. He also warred against his Byzantine neighbours, especially 938: 647: 589: 554: 549: 77: 1989:

from 1194 to 1254. The Kingdom of Sicily would last under various dynasties until the 19th century.

1615:

in 853 and destabilised that principality until a new dynasty, the Dauferidi, came to power in 861.

6035: 5064: 5054: 5008: 4980: 4846: 4836: 4816: 4786: 4741: 4439: 4281: 4213: 4183: 4163: 4044: 3685: 3482: 2363:

found itself in the focus of European power politics in the 15th century, leading to the drawn-out

1793: 1506: 1482: 1044: 707: 569: 162: 2979: 2264:

In the 14th century, Northern Italy and upper-central Italy were divided into a number of warring

5739: 5709: 5436: 5402: 4726: 4489: 4346: 4316: 4291: 4208: 4168: 4107: 4006: 3771: 3741: 2201: 1752: 1585: 1435: 1388: 1127: 934: 719: 711: 462: 334: 251: 5349: 1266:

received papal support. Later, on December 25, 800, Charlemagne was also crowned emperor of the

6096: 5852: 5626: 5489: 5485: 5397: 5264: 4424: 4412: 4188: 4173: 3865: 3507: 1835:, even succeeded in assuming the Italian crown and in defeating the imperial forces under Duke 1817: 1766: 1704: 867: 594: 2646: 5915: 5807: 5764: 4731: 4658: 4638: 4552: 4501: 4259: 4239: 4049: 3643: 3611: 3497: 3477: 3391: 2035:

were internationally renowned and developed in reaction to the statecraft and knights of the

1880: 1639: 1542: 1498: 584: 564: 486: 123: 6134: 6076: 5872: 5779: 5749: 5734: 5540: 5444: 5255: 4582: 4397: 4286: 4264: 3918: 3816: 3700: 3568: 3281: 2481: 2213: 2130: 1712: 1664: 1581: 1212: 1079: 914: 913:

or "Dark Age" of the Roman papacy as seen from the perspective of the 14th to 15th century

852: 727: 715: 402: 193: 117: 2532: 8: 6020: 6000: 5980: 5945: 5877: 5789: 5656: 5340: 5335: 5324: 5304: 5274: 4866: 4856: 4811: 4577: 4542: 4537: 4254: 3875: 3811: 3731: 3247:

Martin, J. and Romano, D., Venice Reconsidered, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University, 2000

2507: 2485: 2415: 2328: 2265: 2245: 2221: 1905: 1762: 1700: 1554: 1550: 1486: 1467: 1447: 1271: 1197: 1167: 1063: 1016: 995: 930: 817: 781: 695: 683: 364: 352: 329: 231: 5171: 3183:

The Chronicle of Pilgrimage to the Holy Land: The Adventures, The Events, The Holy Sites

2816: 2759: 862:

The precarious balance between these powers came to an end in 1494 as the duke of Milan

6124: 5960: 5935: 5837: 5714: 5666: 5661: 5651: 5589: 5466: 5365: 5330: 5320: 5314: 5308: 5286: 5282: 5245: 5216: 5163: 5013: 4841: 4826: 4806: 4663: 4604: 4557: 4479: 4336: 4306: 4296: 4271: 4244: 4151: 4144: 4080: 3836: 3831: 3548: 2512: 2384: 2154: 2150: 2134: 2097: 2093: 2081: 2021: 2017: 2013: 1937: 1901: 1797: 1757: 1740: 1728: 1659: 1594:

appearing in 839, simultaneous with the death of Sicard and the appearance of a Gaetan

1564: 1537: 1443: 1412: 1095: 848: 758: 325: 265: 62: 58: 46: 38: 34: 5278: 706:

until the mid 8th century. The "Middle Ages" proper begin as the Byzantine Empire was

6120: 5862: 5832: 5822: 5812: 5729: 5719: 5704: 5571: 5516: 5481: 5477: 5455: 5432: 5428: 5361: 5357: 5296: 5260: 5250: 5240: 5235: 5212: 4791: 4781: 4653: 4567: 4532: 4459: 4449: 4227: 4097: 4011: 3841: 3821: 3795: 3783: 3578: 3573: 3558: 3553: 3538: 3378: 3343: 3285: 3196: 3186: 3126: 2959: 2934: 2867: 2839:"La Chiesa di Roma prima e dopo Costantino. Da Vittore (189–199) a Liberio (352–366)" 2796: 2767: 2579: 2376: 2372: 2305: 2217: 2205: 2189: 2138: 2085: 2044: 2040: 2024:

enjoyed relative political freedom that boosted scientific and artistic advancement.

1996:. As no dominant powers emerged as they did in other parts of Europe, the oligarchic 1986: 1978: 1956: 1806: 1736: 1696: 1502: 1455: 1358: 1278: 1267: 908: 883: 856: 470: 280: 112: 66: 42: 2621: 1011: 6081: 6030: 6025: 5965: 5930: 5842: 5799: 5769: 5691: 5609: 5579: 5451: 5440: 5410: 5389: 5270: 5175: 5126: 5120: 5100: 4975: 4861: 4683: 4633: 4614: 4609: 4562: 4469: 4407: 4387: 4375: 4331: 4134: 4114: 4102: 3965: 3846: 3563: 3426: 3418: 3023: 2569: 2502: 2466: 2321: 2229: 2225: 2174: 2162: 2142: 2106: 2089: 2020:. Compared to feudal and absolute monarchies, the Italian independent communes and 1781: 1748: 1559: 1350: 1290: 1166:

had a major role both in the economic life of the time, and in the preservation of

1091: 1024: 964: 828: 777: 762: 703: 86: 54: 50: 3933: 3097: 1715:. The thrones of Italy and Germany were united. When in 960 Berengar attacked the 6091: 6005: 5975: 5699: 5616: 5512: 5424: 5292: 4915: 4771: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4648: 4572: 4434: 3953: 3851: 3736: 3636: 3543: 3273: 2367:, which persisted for the best part of the 16th century before giving way to the 2317: 2146: 2064: 1844: 1832: 1652: 1635: 1612: 1463: 1459: 1346: 1237: 863: 770: 726:, became de facto independent states, having less and less interference from the 723: 506: 309: 2557: 2113: 1584:

represented Gaeta's move from Byzantium towards independence. The first elected

1580:

remained Byzantine loyals, in 866, the sudden appearance of a new dynasty under

1364:

The first half of the 9th century saw other troubles for Italy as well. In 827,

5995: 5940: 5894: 5847: 5827: 5671: 5594: 5508: 5462: 5130: 4904: 4851: 4821: 4766: 4673: 4547: 4494: 4454: 4124: 4119: 3970: 3870: 3826: 3778: 3726: 3680: 3648: 3606: 3583: 3278:

Empires of the Steppes: A History of the Nomadic Tribes Who Shaped Civilization

2435: 2360: 2348: 2209: 2158: 1982: 1859: 1648: 1618: 1339: 1306: 1028: 976: 926: 879: 832: 785: 746: 687: 437: 241: 221: 156: 2795:(in Italian). Translated by Guglielmotti, Paola. Torino: Einaudi. p. 34. 2788: 1090:

and Sicily, were also occupied by the two semi-independent Lombard duchies of

6159: 5754: 5167: 4776: 4417: 3987: 3675: 3653: 3512: 3200: 2583: 2193: 2036: 1821: 1720: 1533: 1497:

of Benevento took the opportunity to entrench their independence, especially

1232: 994:

people living in the Danube, by sending them into Italy. On February 25, 493

960: 844: 840: 750: 599: 150: 129: 3001: 2744:

Mark L. Johnson (1988). "Toward a History of Theoderic's Building Program".

2729:

Mark L. Johnson (1988). "Toward a History of Theoderic's Building Program".

2473:

periods of noble hostility against Italian rulers and other noble families.

1851:. Arduin ranks as the last domestic "King of Italy" before the accession of 1442:

independence was achieved from Frankish as well as Byzantine authority. The

5920: 5817: 5621: 5230: 4894: 4701: 4506: 4276: 3880: 3746: 3695: 3670: 3375:

The Renaissance in Italy: A Social and Cultural History of the Rinascimento

2477: 2442:

scholars with new texts. The Renaissance later had a significant effect on

2391: 2380: 2364: 2249: 2077: 1716: 1450:

in the 830s. At his time, the Mezzogiorno was suffering the ravages of the

1400: 1396: 1318: 1314: 1221: 1048: 742: 637: 358: 187: 143: 2239: 1952:

naturally angered Constantinople, which in 1155 made a last attempt under

6071: 5774: 5681: 5563: 4796: 4736: 4706: 4059: 3690: 2669: 2332: 2233: 2002: 1933: 1732: 1525: 1392: 1263: 1249: 1201: 1163: 1159: 1154:), had played an important political role since the time of Constantine. 1032: 902: 821: 734: 499: 412: 167: 3368:

Italy in the Early Middle Ages: 476–1000 (Short Oxford History of Italy)

1769:

in Pavia as a prelude to the visit to Rome to be crowned Emperor by the

1642:, an independent-minded ruler, also sought his aid. Louis came down and 1058:

The withdrawal of Byzantine armies allowed another Germanic people, the

920: 5646: 5532: 5345: 4054: 3663: 2407:

had populations where more than 15% of people were over the age of 60.

2313: 1997: 1929: 1243: 1122: 1074:, plus a short corridor between Umbria that connected them, as well as 1036: 987: 492: 3318: 3069:

The Struggle for Power in Medieval Italy: Structures of Political Rule

2055: 1031:, invaded Italy in the early 6th century, and the generals of emperor 5955: 5724: 2574: 2497: 2185: 2170: 2032: 2009: 1546: 1474: 1354: 1335: 1289:, who accepted Charlemagne's suzerainty only formally (812), and the 1286: 1173:(although in the east the Greek authors were much better preserved). 983:, and other Germanic tribes that periodically invaded the peninsula. 952: 179: 173: 2371:. In the 14th century, Italy presents itself as divided between the 5990: 5867: 5744: 4711: 4696: 4691: 4592: 3626: 3621: 3122:

Before the Normans: Southern Italy in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries

2462: 2439: 2423: 2396: 2273: 2180: 2166: 1913: 1789: 1372: 1205: 1087: 1059: 1000: 956: 891: 801: 375: 2672:

refers to the period from 867 to 1049 as the "nadir of the papacy"

975:, theoretically under the suzerainty of the eastern Roman emperor 5631: 5207: 3658: 3383: 2419: 2289: 1945: 1785: 1590: 1572: 1494: 1490: 1471: 1451: 1380: 1331: 1327: 1282: 1281:. Southern Italy was divided amongst the two Lombards duchies of 1255: 1170: 1135: 1075: 1071: 1052: 968: 813: 2895:

Annali della Zecca di Roma. Serie del Senato romano. Parte prima

2256: 1512: 1493:. This civil war continued apace for a decade, during which the 943: 4351: 2431: 2404: 2400: 2344: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2028: 1567:, that was to rule the duchy for the next three hundred years. 1376: 1365: 1310: 1302: 1298: 1217: 1143: 1111: 1107: 1083: 1040: 980: 789: 2469:

and reigned supreme in the marketplaces of the Mediterranean.

1204:

kings, while the popes needed military protection against the

5353: 3631: 3414: 2427: 2356: 2352: 2340: 2309: 2285: 2281: 2269: 1875: 1812: 1708: 1576:

around the time of the Beneventan civil war. While the first

1429: 1294: 1099: 1067: 805: 797: 793: 691: 1655:, he acknowledged himself as the legitimate Lombard "king." 1383:, ruled the island until 1053. In 846, Muslim Arabs invaded 4139: 3616: 2817:"Le 4 repubbliche marinare: Amalfi, Pisa, Genova e Venezia" 2458: 2451: 2443: 2336: 2277: 2224:

and history of every city). The revolts were funded by the

1993: 1889: 1796:, but which failed due to lack of heirs after the death of 1770: 1680: 1631: 1517: 1426:

the loss of a centralising Lombard authority in the north.

1384: 1368: 1180: 1151: 1147: 1103: 886:

would control territories in Italy for the duration of the

809: 754: 2764:

Il mondo bizantino. I. L'Impero romano d'Oriente (330–641)

2706: 1270:

by the pope, triggering controversy and disputes over the

882:

as the dominant power in Southern Italy and in Milan. The

3084:

Fra Dolcino. Nascita, vita e morte di un'eresia medievale

1920: 2450:

mode, then was largely rebuilt by humanist 16th-century

1391:, and stole all the gold and silver in it. In response, 1353:

in 843 divided the empire. Louis' eldest surviving son,

971:. He subsequently ruled in Italy for seventeen years as 3261:

The Ascent of Money: The Financial History of the World

2598:"The End of Europe's Middle Ages – Italy's City-States" 2446:, which was ornamented with some structures in the new 2240:

Late Middle Ages and Renaissance (14th century to 1559)

1670: 3125:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 118–122. 1831:

in 1002, one of late Berengar's successors, Margrave

967:, was deposed in 476 by an Eastern Germanic general, 921:

Transition from Late Antiquity (6th to 8th centuries)

2762:(2007). "Gli avvenimenti: prospettiva cronologica". 1227: 839:

between five emerging powerful states, which at the

3898:

Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia

2680: 2678: 1622:Louis II at the capture of Bari, 871, from Houze's 1117: 835:and the Republic of Venice, there was eventually a 4945: 2953: 2129:During the same period, Italy saw the rise of the 986:In 489, however, Emperor Zeno decided to oust the 2928: 2859: 2320:expanded its territory into the peninsula in the 2173:and often controlling most of the trade with the 1866:tried to confirm his dominion against Archbishop 1687:, outlined in red, in the 12th and 13th centuries 6157: 2758: 2675: 2457:Beginning in 1320 an upheaval in the Florentine 1605: 2743: 2728: 678:can be roughly defined as the time between the 3185:. Raʼana, Israel: RMC Publishing. p. 79. 3180: 820:and the end of the perceived obscurity of the 5548: 4931: 3399: 3255: 3253: 1776:The Emperor, or his subordinate ruler of the 1485:, the treasurer and assassin, and some chose 655: 3377:(Cambridge University Press, 2015). 648 pp. 3336:The Origins of the State in Italy, 1300–1600 2866:(in Italian). Gius.Laterza & Figli Spa. 1191: 700:Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty 3228:The Foundations of Modern Political Thought 2351:annexed a number of nearby areas including 1969:Thanks to the marriage between the Emperor 1839:. Not until 1004 could the new German King 1520:, probably dating from Docibilis I's reign. 1211:In 751 the Lombards seized Ravenna and the 1015:The maximum extent of territories ruled by 955:in the 5th century, and Rome was sacked by 947:Map of Odoacer's Kingdom of Italy in 480 AD 906: 694:lingered on into the 7th century under the 5555: 5541: 4938: 4924: 3406: 3392: 3308:, Roma, Biblioteca di storia patria, 1967. 3250: 3154:"La lunga decadenza dell'Impero Bizantino" 3071:. Cambridge University Press. p. 116. 2622:"italica, Lega nell'Enciclopedia Treccani" 1847:, move into Italy to have himself crowned 1727:and on 2 February 962 had himself crowned 1624:Atlas Universel Historique et Geographique 1430:Creation of independent moieties (774–849) 662: 648: 2573: 1501:, which sided with Siconulf. In 849, the 5562: 3333: 2255: 2179: 1924: 1811: 1679: 1675: 1617: 1549:, and a Frankish duke, in the person of 1511: 1231: 1181:Early Middle Ages (8th to 9th centuries) 1121: 1082:. Southern Italy, with the exception of 1010: 942: 733:Lombard rule ended with the invasion of 28: 1177:started building an independent state. 959:in 410. The (traditional) last Western 14: 6158: 3118: 2933:(in Italian). Il Mulino. p. 158. 2787: 2555: 2177:and the Islamic Mediterranean world. 1977:, heiress to the Sicilian throne, the 1921:High Middle Ages (11th–13th centuries) 1884:in order to secure the support of the 5536: 4919: 3387: 3329: 3327: 3176: 3174: 3119:Kreutz, Barbara M. (1 January 1996). 2647:"BiblioToscana – Lega Italica (1454)" 1563:. Sergius established a dynasty, the 1134:) at its greatest extent, under King 3944:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy 3272: 2008:Italian towns transitioned out from 1671:Italian states from the 10th century 784:, many of them, modelled on ancient 761:, culminating with conflict between 680:collapse of the Western Roman Empire 6140: 5585:Decline of the Western Roman Empire 3319:https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh1dm0t 3238:, Cambridge University Press, p. 69 3066: 2958:(in Italian). Laterza. p. 70. 2766:(in Italian). Einaudi. p. 34. 2105:: Trade routes and colonies of the 1895: 1553:, the Neapolitan citizenry elected 1466:. It was in a war with Naples that 1446:reached its territorial peak under 1338:, was to be handed over to his son 24: 5677:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire 3413: 3360: 3324: 3266: 3171: 3081: 2956:Carlo Magno – Un padre dell'Europa 2860:Massimo Montanari (October 2014). 1417:History of Islam in southern Italy 25: 6177: 6107:Historiography in the Middle Ages 2438:were brought together, providing 2430:. It later had a great impact in 2080:, displaying the coat of arms of 1421:Norman conquest of southern Italy 1406: 1228:The Frankish (Carolingian) Empire 6139: 6130: 6129: 6119: 4900: 4899: 4888: 2707:Dizionario biografico Treccani. 2260:The Italian city-states in 1499. 2063: 2054: 1820:, for centuries a symbol of the 1731:at Rome, reviving the empire of 1536:of Sicily succeeded in creating 1118:Rise of the Patriarchate of Rome 631: 96: 5605:Christianity in the Middle Ages 5600:Decline of Hellenistic religion 4629:Orders, decorations, and medals 3311: 3298: 3241: 3220: 3207: 3146: 3112: 3090: 3075: 3060: 3038: 3016: 2994: 2972: 2947: 2922: 2900: 2887: 2853: 2831: 2809: 2780: 2752: 2748:. Vol. 42. pp. 76–77. 2737: 2688:(in Italian). 11 September 2018 2533:"Storia dell'Esarcato d'Italia" 1870:and other Italian aristocrats ( 1142:The Church (and especially the 870:against Venice, triggering the 5883:Crisis of the late Middle Ages 4947:European Middle Ages by region 3334:Kirshner, Julius, ed. (1996). 2819:(in Italian). 14 November 2021 2722: 2700: 2663: 2639: 2614: 2590: 2549: 2525: 1505:, in one of his first acts as 200:Praetorian prefecture of Italy 13: 1: 6057:Disability in the Middle Ages 5730:Rise of the Republic of Genoa 5662:Rise of the Venetian Republic 2910:(in Italian). 24 October 2020 2686:"Odoacre, Zenone e Teodorico" 2556:Creber, Alison (2018-01-23). 2518: 1606:Period of confusion (849–915) 310:Byzantine reconquest of Italy 5372:Hereditary Kingdom of Norway 3181:Deborah Camiel, ed. (2008). 3046:"Domini bizantini in Italia" 2422:, centered in the cities of 2369:Early Modern period in Italy 1359:Louis II, Holy Roman Emperor 737:in 773, who established the 371:Mid-16th c. to early 19th c. 7: 4669:Water supply and sanitation 4093:Italian geographical region 3961:Monarchy and the World Wars 3903:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 3789:War of the Sicilian Vespers 3442:Timeline of Italian history 3340:University of Chicago Press 2954:Barbero Alessandro (2006). 2908:"Dai Merovingi ai Pipinidi" 2897:, p. 37 (256) (In Italian). 2733:. Vol. 42. p. 74. 2491: 2418:originates in 14th-century 2228:, which hoped to expel the 1711:despite his rival Margrave 1187:Kingdom of Italy (medieval) 827:After the three decades of 10: 6182: 5858:Rise of the Ottoman Empire 4588:Inventions and discoveries 3998:Fall of the Fascist regime 3981:Fourth War of Independence 3939:Expedition of the Thousand 3929:Second War of Independence 2929:Giorgio Ravegnani (2004). 2383:in Central Italy, and the 2268:, the most powerful being 2243: 1964:Norman conquest of England 1827:Upon the death of Emperor 1784:, which had wide lands in 1761:) would be crowned by the 1630:In 852, the Saracens took 1410: 1184: 1025:eastern half of the Empire 924: 710:under the pressure of the 6166:Medieval history of Italy 6115: 6044: 5903: 5798: 5785:Mongol invasion of Europe 5690: 5570: 5471:Principality of Chernigov 5380: 5301:Principality of Catalonia 5198: 5189: 5086: 4966: 4953: 4884: 4682: 4528: 4519: 4383: 4374: 4362:Security and intelligence 4235: 4226: 4088: 4079: 4022: 3949:Third War of Independence 3924:First War of Independence 3911: 3804: 3713: 3594: 3531: 3450: 3434: 3425: 3366:Cristina La Rocca (Ed.): 3086:. Jaca Book. p. 233. 2339:in 1406, Venice captured 1944:In the 11th century, the 1719:, King Otto, summoned by 1699:, the widow of late King 1685:Medieval Kingdom of Italy 1379:; their descendants, the 1248:Orange = expansion under 1192:Collapse of the Exarchate 951:Italy was invaded by the 939:Military history of Italy 214:Romano-Barbarian Kingdoms 5450:Bosnia and Herzegovina ( 4040:Istrian–Dalmatian exodus 4035:Institutional referendum 1345:After Charlemagne's son 676:Italy in the Middle Ages 305:Italy in the Middle Ages 163:Roman expansion in Italy 5740:Investiture Controversy 5710:Second Bulgarian Empire 5381:Central, Eastern Europe 5087:Central, Eastern Europe 4563:Emigration and diaspora 3772:Guelphs and Ghibellines 3757:the Sardinian Judicates 3306:Le repubbliche del mare 2434:, where the remains of 2202:Investiture Controversy 1878:in 1037, he issued the 1843:, by the aid of Bishop 1489:, who was installed at 1436:Arechis II of Benevento 1128:Kingdom of the Lombards 935:Kingdom of the Lombards 878:, which concluded with 847:, on the initiative of 513:European migrant crisis 463:Italian Social Republic 378:Italy (1801–1814) 335:Guelphs and Ghibellines 6097:Post-classical history 5853:Fall of Constantinople 5760:Capet–Plantagenet feud 5627:First Bulgarian Empire 5265:Burgundian Netherlands 5106:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4445:Science and technology 4393:Italian regions by GDP 4194:Marine protected areas 3866:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 3236:The Age of Reformation 2261: 2197: 1941: 1824: 1818:Iron Crown of Lombardy 1782:Margraviate of Tuscany 1705:Iron Crown of Lombardy 1688: 1627: 1521: 1375:invaded and conquered 1293:. Coastal cities like 1259: 1139: 1020: 948: 907: 876:Italian War of 1551–59 872:Italian War of 1494–98 868:Charles VIII of France 745:in large parts of the 196:(286 AD–476 AD) 126:(12th–6th c. BC) 120:(18th–3rd c. BC) 69: 5142:Late Medieval Kingdom 5138:High Medieval Kingdom 4644:Public administration 3752:the Holy Roman Empire 3284:. pp. 263, 516. 3217:(Random House, 2005). 3215:The Victory of Reason 2931:I Bizantini in Italia 2793:Storia dei Longobardi 2746:Dumbarton Oaks Papers 2731:Dumbarton Oaks Papers 2436:ancient Greek culture 2259: 2244:Further information: 2183: 2076:: Flag of the modern 2027:The southern states' 1928: 1881:Constitutio de feudis 1815: 1683: 1676:The Holy Roman Empire 1621: 1515: 1411:Further information: 1395:started building the 1235: 1185:Further information: 1125: 1014: 946: 925:Further information: 843:formed the so-called 456:Italy in World War II 159:(509 BC–27 BC) 153:(753 BC–509 BC) 132:(8th–3rd c. BC) 124:Etruscan civilization 32: 6077:Medieval reenactment 5873:Renaissance Humanism 5780:Medieval Warm Period 5750:Republic of Florence 5564:European Middle Ages 5350:Caliphate of Córdoba 5256:Republic of Florence 4872:World Heritage Sites 4327:Council of Ministers 4065:Coronavirus pandemic 3463:Currency and coinage 3282:Hanover Square Press 2482:Northern Renaissance 2214:Frederick Barbarossa 1888:petty gentry, whose 1747:) and – from 1032 – 1697:Adelaide of Burgundy 1389:St. Peter's Basilica 1213:Exarchate of Ravenna 1150:, by now styled the 1080:Exarchate of Ravenna 853:Republic of Florence 728:Eastern Roman Empire 716:Exarchate of Ravenna 550:Currency and coinage 489:(1970s–1980s) 444:Italy in World War I 355:(14th–16th c.) 190:(27 BC–286 AD) 118:Nuragic civilization 5790:Kingdom of Portugal 5657:Old Church Slavonic 5642:Anglo-Saxon England 5341:Lordship of Ireland 5336:Kingdom of Scotland 5325:Kingdom of Portugal 5305:Kingdom of Valencia 5275:Kingdom of Asturias 4403:Automotive industry 4342:Metropolitan cities 3888:Early Modern period 3861:Kingdom of Sardinia 3812:Italian city-states 3067:Tabacco, Giovanni. 2893:Edoardo Martinori, 2602:www.faculty.umb.edu 2508:Italian city-states 2486:English Renaissance 2416:Italian Renaissance 2329:Holy Roman Emperors 2246:Italian Renaissance 2222:Italian city-states 2184:The defense of the 1906:Catepanate of Italy 1874:). While besieging 1841:Henry II of Germany 1837:Otto I of Carinthia 1763:Archbishop of Milan 1745:regnum Teutonicorum 1703:. Otto assumed the 1701:Lothair II of Italy 1487:Siconulf of Salerno 1198:Carolingian dynasty 1064:Cividale del Friuli 1062:, to invade Italy. 1017:Theodoric the Great 996:Theodoric the Great 931:Ostrogothic Kingdom 888:early modern period 818:Italian Renaissance 786:Roman Republicanism 718:finally fell under 696:Ostrogothic Kingdom 684:Italian Renaissance 353:Italian Renaissance 330:Italian city-states 37:of medieval Italy: 5971:In popular culture 5936:Crusading movement 5808:Hundred Years' War 5667:Civitas Schinesghe 5652:Carolingian Empire 5637:Kingdom of Croatia 5590:Barbarian kingdoms 5501:Grand Principality 5419:Kingdom of Croatia 5366:Emirate of Granada 5331:Kingdom of England 5315:Kingdom of Navarre 5309:Kingdom of Majorca 5287:Kingdom of Galicia 5283:Kingdom of Castile 5246:Republic of Venice 5217:Kingdom of Bohemia 4465:Telecommunications 3832:Maritime republics 3226:Skinner, Quentin, 3098:"La Sicilia Araba" 2980:"L'età carolingia" 2537:www.homolaicus.com 2513:Maritime republics 2385:Maritime republics 2379:in the south, the 2262: 2208:. In the north, a 2198: 2131:Maritime Republics 2098:maritime republics 2022:merchant republics 2018:Republic of Venice 2014:merchant republics 1942: 1938:Tranquillo Cremona 1902:Macedonian dynasty 1853:Victor Emmanuel II 1825: 1798:Matilda of Canossa 1741:Kingdom of Germany 1729:Holy Roman Emperor 1689: 1660:Guaifer of Salerno 1628: 1522: 1444:Duchy of Benevento 1413:Duchy of Benevento 1260: 1140: 1021: 949: 866:sought the aid of 849:Francesco I Sforza 769:and the latter's " 759:Holy Roman Emperor 714:, and most of the 326:Maritime republics 312:(6th–8th c.) 266:Carolingian Empire 70: 35:maritime republics 6153: 6152: 6062:Basic topics list 5863:Swiss mercenaries 5813:Wars of the Roses 5720:Kingdom of Poland 5705:Holy Roman Empire 5572:Early Middle Ages 5530: 5529: 5526: 5525: 5482:Novgorod Republic 5456:Kingdom of Bosnia 5394:Bulgarian Empire 5297:Kingdom of Aragon 5261:Duchy of Burgundy 5251:Republic of Genoa 5241:Kingdom of Naples 5236:Kingdom of Sicily 5225:Swiss Confederacy 5213:Holy Roman Empire 5185: 5184: 4913: 4912: 4880: 4879: 4515: 4514: 4450:Southern question 4370: 4369: 4302:Political parties 4250:Foreign relations 4222: 4221: 4075: 4074: 3796:Kingdom of Naples 3784:Kingdom of Sicily 3373:Ruggiero, Guido. 3349:978-0-226-43769-9 3304:Armando Lodolini 3291:978-1-335-42927-8 3280:. United States: 3259:Ferguson, Niall, 3192:978-965-7240-00-7 2940:978-88-15-09690-6 2773:978-88-06-18610-4 2651:biblio.toscana.it 2373:Kingdom of Naples 2306:Holy Roman Empire 2218:Battle of Legnano 2206:Holy Roman Empire 2190:battle of Legnano 2118: 2111: 2096:, the most known 2045:Holy Roman Empire 2041:Kingdom of France 2016:, especially the 1987:Holy Roman Empire 1979:Kingdom of Sicily 1957:Manuel I Komnenos 1739:, along with the 1737:Holy Roman Empire 1713:Berengar of Ivrea 1693:Otto I of Germany 1349:died in 840, the 1279:Italian Peninsula 1268:Holy Roman Empire 1236:Expansion of the 1027:, now centred on 915:Italian Humanists 909:saeculum obscurum 896:invasion of Italy 884:House of Habsburg 857:Kingdom of Naples 788:. Cities such as 778:medieval communes 672: 671: 519:COVID-19 pandemic 515:(2014–2016) 509:(2007–2009) 503:(1992–2001) 495:(1986–1992) 473:(1943–1945) 471:Italian Civil War 458:(1940–1945) 452:(1922–1943) 446:(1914–1918) 440:(1882–1960) 434:(1861–1946) 406:(1815–1871) 367:(1545–1648) 361:(1494–1559) 322:in southern Italy 290: 289: 281:Holy Roman Empire 113:Prehistoric Italy 16:(Redirected from 6173: 6143: 6142: 6133: 6132: 6123: 6082:Medieval studies 5926:Church and State 5800:Late Middle Ages 5692:High Middle Ages 5610:Christianization 5580:Migration Period 5557: 5550: 5543: 5534: 5533: 5452:Banate of Bosnia 5390:Byzantine Empire 5271:Crown of Castile 5221:Kingdom of Italy 5196: 5195: 4964: 4963: 4940: 4933: 4926: 4917: 4916: 4903: 4902: 4895:Italy portal 4892: 4891: 4832:National symbols 4526: 4525: 4381: 4380: 4233: 4232: 4086: 4085: 3966:Kingdom of Italy 3893:Napoleonic Italy 3432: 3431: 3408: 3401: 3394: 3385: 3384: 3354: 3353: 3331: 3322: 3315: 3309: 3302: 3296: 3295: 3274:Harl, Kenneth W. 3270: 3264: 3257: 3248: 3245: 3239: 3224: 3218: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3178: 3169: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3158: 3150: 3144: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3116: 3110: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3079: 3073: 3072: 3064: 3058: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3020: 3014: 3013: 3011: 3009: 2998: 2992: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2976: 2970: 2969: 2951: 2945: 2944: 2926: 2920: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2904: 2898: 2891: 2885: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2863:Storia medievale 2857: 2851: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2813: 2807: 2806: 2784: 2778: 2777: 2760:Cécile Morrisson 2756: 2750: 2749: 2741: 2735: 2734: 2726: 2720: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2704: 2698: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2682: 2673: 2667: 2661: 2660: 2658: 2657: 2643: 2637: 2636: 2634: 2633: 2618: 2612: 2611: 2609: 2608: 2594: 2588: 2587: 2577: 2575:10.12977/stor681 2553: 2547: 2546: 2544: 2543: 2529: 2503:Medieval Corsica 2322:late Middle Ages 2230:Germanic peoples 2226:Byzantine Empire 2175:Byzantine Empire 2116: 2109: 2067: 2058: 1932:at the court of 1868:Aribert of Milan 1778:Kingdom of Italy 1725:Kingdom of Italy 1723:, conquered the 1560:magister militum 1503:Emperor Louis II 1470:first called in 1351:treaty of Verdun 1291:Byzantine Empire 1258:and dependencies 1242:Blue = realm of 965:Romulus Augustus 912: 837:balance of power 829:wars in Lombardy 763:Pope Gregory VII 739:Kingdom of Italy 712:Muslim conquests 704:Byzantine Papacy 664: 657: 650: 638:Italy portal 636: 635: 634: 365:Catholic revival 218: 217: 100: 90: 72: 71: 21: 6181: 6180: 6176: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6171: 6170: 6156: 6155: 6154: 6149: 6111: 6092:Neo-medievalism 6040: 5976:Itinerant court 5899: 5794: 5715:Georgian Empire 5700:Norman Conquest 5686: 5632:Frankish Empire 5566: 5561: 5531: 5522: 5467:Kingdom of Rus' 5425:Crusader states 5382: 5376: 5293:Crown of Aragon 5279:Kingdom of León 5208:Frankish Empire 5201:Northern Europe 5200: 5191: 5181: 5088: 5082: 4969:Northern Europe 4968: 4960:political units 4959: 4957: 4955: 4949: 4944: 4914: 4909: 4889: 4876: 4847:Public holidays 4678: 4624:Life expectancy 4511: 4366: 4282:Law enforcement 4218: 4071: 4018: 4007:Social Republic 3971:Colonial Empire 3954:Capture of Rome 3907: 3800: 3709: 3602:Ancient peoples 3590: 3527: 3488:Historic states 3446: 3421: 3412: 3363: 3361:Further reading 3358: 3357: 3350: 3342:. p. 141. 3332: 3325: 3316: 3312: 3303: 3299: 3292: 3271: 3267: 3263:. Penguin, 2008 3258: 3251: 3246: 3242: 3232:The Renaissance 3225: 3221: 3213:Rodney Stark, 3212: 3208: 3193: 3179: 3172: 3162: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3151: 3147: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3117: 3113: 3103: 3101: 3096: 3095: 3091: 3080: 3076: 3065: 3061: 3051: 3049: 3044: 3043: 3039: 3029: 3027: 3022: 3021: 3017: 3007: 3005: 3000: 2999: 2995: 2985: 2983: 2978: 2977: 2973: 2966: 2952: 2948: 2941: 2927: 2923: 2913: 2911: 2906: 2905: 2901: 2892: 2888: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2858: 2854: 2844: 2842: 2837: 2836: 2832: 2822: 2820: 2815: 2814: 2810: 2803: 2785: 2781: 2774: 2757: 2753: 2742: 2738: 2727: 2723: 2713: 2711: 2705: 2701: 2691: 2689: 2684: 2683: 2676: 2668: 2664: 2655: 2653: 2645: 2644: 2640: 2631: 2629: 2626:www.treccani.it 2620: 2619: 2615: 2606: 2604: 2596: 2595: 2591: 2554: 2550: 2541: 2539: 2531: 2530: 2526: 2521: 2494: 2318:county of Savoy 2252: 2242: 2161:and the little 2123: 2122: 2121: 2120: 2101: 2070: 2069: 2068: 2060: 2059: 1923: 1898: 1845:Leo of Vercelli 1833:Arduin of Ivrea 1678: 1673: 1653:Edictum Rothari 1608: 1586:ruler of Amalfi 1432: 1423: 1409: 1347:Louis the Pious 1253: 1247: 1241: 1238:Frankish Empire 1230: 1194: 1189: 1183: 1160:monastic orders 1120: 941: 923: 864:Ludovico Sforza 771:Walk to Canossa 724:Duchy of Naples 674:The history of 668: 632: 630: 628: 619: 618: 617: 615: 575:Historic states 539: 531: 530: 507:Great Recession 438:Colonial Empire 427: 419: 418: 417: 398: 348: 340: 339: 300: 292: 291: 215: 207: 206: 146: 136: 135: 108: 88: 81: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6179: 6169: 6168: 6151: 6150: 6148: 6147: 6137: 6127: 6116: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6087:Misconceptions 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6048: 6046: 6042: 6041: 6039: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5907: 5905: 5901: 5900: 5898: 5897: 5895:Little Ice Age 5892: 5891: 5890: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5848:Western Schism 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5804: 5802: 5796: 5795: 5793: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5696: 5694: 5688: 5687: 5685: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5613: 5612: 5602: 5597: 5595:Late antiquity 5592: 5587: 5582: 5576: 5574: 5568: 5567: 5560: 5559: 5552: 5545: 5537: 5528: 5527: 5524: 5523: 5521: 5520: 5493: 5478:Rus' Khaganate 5474: 5459: 5448: 5422: 5407: 5406: 5405: 5400: 5392: 5386: 5384: 5378: 5377: 5375: 5374: 5369: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5317: 5312: 5290: 5268: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5210: 5204: 5202: 5193: 5187: 5186: 5183: 5182: 5180: 5179: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5134: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5092: 5090: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5080: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5034: 5029: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4983: 4978: 4972: 4970: 4961: 4951: 4950: 4943: 4942: 4935: 4928: 4920: 4911: 4910: 4908: 4907: 4897: 4885: 4882: 4881: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4688: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4677: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4620: 4619: 4618: 4617: 4602: 4601: 4600: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4529: 4523: 4517: 4516: 4513: 4512: 4510: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4498: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4455:Stock exchange 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4421: 4420: 4415: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4384: 4378: 4372: 4371: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4364: 4359: 4357:Municipalities 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4317:Prime Minister 4314: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4268: 4267: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4236: 4230: 4224: 4223: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4204:Regional parks 4201: 4199:National parks 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4160: 4159: 4149: 4148: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4111: 4110: 4108:Climate change 4100: 4095: 4089: 4083: 4077: 4076: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4069: 4068: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4026: 4024: 4020: 4019: 4017: 4016: 4015: 4014: 4009: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3984: 3983: 3973: 3968: 3958: 3957: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3915: 3913: 3909: 3908: 3906: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3884: 3883: 3873: 3871:Duchy of Savoy 3868: 3863: 3858: 3857: 3856: 3855: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3808: 3806: 3802: 3801: 3799: 3798: 3793: 3792: 3791: 3781: 3779:Lombard League 3776: 3775: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3717: 3715: 3711: 3710: 3708: 3707: 3706: 3705: 3704: 3703: 3701:Western Empire 3693: 3688: 3686:Roman conquest 3683: 3678: 3668: 3667: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3640: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3607:Italic peoples 3598: 3596: 3592: 3591: 3589: 3588: 3587: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3535: 3533: 3529: 3528: 3526: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3454: 3452: 3448: 3447: 3445: 3444: 3438: 3436: 3429: 3423: 3422: 3411: 3410: 3403: 3396: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3371: 3370:, Oxford 2002. 3362: 3359: 3356: 3355: 3348: 3323: 3310: 3297: 3290: 3265: 3249: 3240: 3219: 3206: 3191: 3170: 3145: 3131: 3111: 3089: 3074: 3059: 3037: 3015: 2993: 2971: 2964: 2946: 2939: 2921: 2899: 2886: 2872: 2852: 2830: 2808: 2801: 2779: 2772: 2751: 2736: 2721: 2699: 2674: 2662: 2638: 2613: 2589: 2564:(in Italian). 2548: 2523: 2522: 2520: 2517: 2516: 2515: 2510: 2505: 2500: 2493: 2490: 2387:in the north. 2361:Duchy of Milan 2349:Duchy of Milan 2241: 2238: 2210:Lombard League 2072: 2071: 2062: 2061: 2053: 2052: 2051: 2050: 2049: 1983:personal union 1922: 1919: 1897: 1896:Southern Italy 1894: 1822:kings of Italy 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1649:Pope Adrian II 1607: 1604: 1468:Duke Andrew II 1431: 1428: 1408: 1407:Southern Italy 1405: 1340:Pepin of Italy 1307:Tyrrhenian Sea 1229: 1226: 1193: 1190: 1182: 1179: 1162:, such as the 1119: 1116: 1029:Constantinople 927:Late Antiquity 922: 919: 880:Habsburg Spain 859:in the south. 833:Duchy of Milan 780:into powerful 688:Late antiquity 670: 669: 667: 666: 659: 652: 644: 641: 640: 621: 620: 613: 612: 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 541: 540: 537: 536: 533: 532: 529: 528: 527: 526: 516: 510: 504: 496: 484: 474: 459: 453: 447: 441: 435: 428: 425: 424: 421: 420: 416: 415: 409: 408: 407: 397: 396: 395: 394: 389: 381: 380: 379: 373: 368: 362: 356: 349: 346: 345: 342: 341: 338: 337: 332: 323: 313: 307: 301: 298: 297: 294: 293: 288: 287: 286:962–1801 284: 273: 272: 269: 258: 257: 254: 248: 247: 244: 238: 237: 234: 228: 227: 224: 216: 213: 212: 209: 208: 205: 204: 203: 202: 194:Western Empire 191: 185: 184: 183: 170: 165: 154: 147: 142: 141: 138: 137: 134: 133: 127: 121: 115: 109: 106: 105: 102: 101: 93: 92: 83: 82: 75: 18:Medieval Italy 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6178: 6167: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6146: 6138: 6136: 6128: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6117: 6114: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6049: 6047: 6043: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5902: 5896: 5893: 5889: 5886: 5885: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5805: 5803: 5801: 5797: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5755:Scholasticism 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5697: 5695: 5693: 5689: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5617:Rise of Islam 5615: 5611: 5608: 5607: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5558: 5553: 5551: 5546: 5544: 5539: 5538: 5535: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5423: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5395: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5383:and Near East 5379: 5373: 5370: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5291: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5269: 5266: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5205: 5203: 5197: 5194: 5188: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5093: 5091: 5089:and Near East 5085: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4973: 4971: 4965: 4962: 4952: 4948: 4941: 4936: 4934: 4929: 4927: 4922: 4921: 4918: 4906: 4898: 4896: 4887: 4886: 4883: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 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4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4266: 4263: 4262: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4237: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4225: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4158: 4155: 4154: 4153: 4150: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4132: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4109: 4106: 4105: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4090: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4078: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4050:Years of Lead 4048: 4046: 4045:Economic Boom 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4032: 4031: 4028: 4027: 4025: 4021: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3988:Fascist Italy 3986: 3982: 3979: 3978: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3963: 3962: 3959: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3934:Niçard exodus 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3921: 3920: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3910: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3882: 3879: 3878: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3834: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3814: 3813: 3810: 3809: 3807: 3803: 3797: 3794: 3790: 3787: 3786: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3724: 3723: 3722: 3719: 3718: 3716: 3712: 3702: 3699: 3698: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3673: 3672: 3669: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3654:Magna Graecia 3652: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3609: 3608: 3605: 3604: 3603: 3600: 3599: 3597: 3593: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3541: 3540: 3537: 3536: 3534: 3530: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3455: 3453: 3449: 3443: 3440: 3439: 3437: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3409: 3404: 3402: 3397: 3395: 3390: 3389: 3386: 3380: 3379:online review 3376: 3372: 3369: 3365: 3364: 3351: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3330: 3328: 3320: 3314: 3307: 3301: 3293: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3269: 3262: 3256: 3254: 3244: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3223: 3216: 3210: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3188: 3184: 3177: 3175: 3155: 3149: 3134: 3132:9780812205435 3128: 3124: 3123: 3115: 3099: 3093: 3085: 3078: 3070: 3063: 3047: 3041: 3025: 3019: 3003: 2997: 2981: 2975: 2967: 2965:88-420-7212-5 2961: 2957: 2950: 2942: 2936: 2932: 2925: 2909: 2903: 2896: 2890: 2875: 2873:9788858116814 2869: 2865: 2864: 2856: 2840: 2834: 2818: 2812: 2804: 2802:88-06-13658-5 2798: 2794: 2790: 2783: 2775: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2755: 2747: 2740: 2732: 2725: 2710: 2703: 2687: 2681: 2679: 2671: 2666: 2652: 2648: 2642: 2627: 2623: 2617: 2603: 2599: 2593: 2585: 2581: 2576: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2552: 2538: 2534: 2528: 2524: 2514: 2511: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2495: 2489: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2474: 2470: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2412: 2408: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2258: 2254: 2251: 2247: 2237: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2195: 2194:Amos Cassioli 2191: 2187: 2182: 2178: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2115: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2066: 2057: 2048: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2037:Low Countries 2034: 2030: 2025: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2006: 2004: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1967: 1965: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1950: 1947: 1939: 1936:(painting by 1935: 1931: 1927: 1918: 1915: 1910: 1907: 1903: 1893: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1882: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1856: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1823: 1819: 1814: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1759: 1758:Rex Romanorum 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1721:Pope John XII 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1686: 1682: 1668: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1625: 1620: 1616: 1614: 1603: 1602:independent. 1601: 1597: 1593: 1592: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1574: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1561: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1519: 1514: 1510: 1508: 1507:King of Italy 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1427: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1397:Leonine walls 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1367: 1362: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1323: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1257: 1251: 1245: 1239: 1234: 1225: 1223: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1188: 1178: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1124: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1078:) became the 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1018: 1013: 1009: 1007: 1002: 997: 993: 989: 984: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 961:Roman Emperor 958: 954: 945: 940: 936: 932: 928: 918: 916: 911: 910: 904: 899: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 860: 858: 854: 850: 846: 845:Italic League 842: 841:Peace of Lodi 838: 834: 830: 825: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 774: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 751:Central Italy 748: 744: 740: 736: 731: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 665: 660: 658: 653: 651: 646: 645: 643: 642: 639: 629: 627: 623: 622: 616: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 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Italy in the Middle Ages

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