350:' that institutions conventionally associated with modernity in Western historiography like nationalism, the emergence of states, colonialism, scientific thought, art for its own sake, or people's conception of themselves as individuals all had a history stretching back into the Middle Ages, and that understanding their medieval history was important to understanding their character in the twentieth century. Twentieth-century Medieval Studies were influenced by approaches associated with the rise of
114:), it promoted the interdisciplinarity characteristic of Medieval Studies and many of its graduates were involved in the later development of Medieval Studies programmes elsewhere in the UK. Around the same time as the first North American Medieval Studies institutions were founded, the UK saw the development of some scholarly societies with a similar remit, including the Oxford Society for the Study of Medieval Languages and Literature (1932) and its offshoot the Manchester Medieval Society (1933).
2634:
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1924:
388:
state funding of and university support for archaeology expanded, bringing new evidence but also new methods, disciplinary perspectives, and research questions forward; and the appeal of interdisciplinarity grew. Accordingly, medieval studies turned increasingly away from producing national histories, towards more complex mosaics of regional approaches that worked towards a
European scope, partly correlating with post-War
2644:
471:
387:
led to greatly diminished enthusiasm for medieval studies within the academy—though nationalist deployments of the Middle Ages still existed and remained powerful. The proportion of medievalists in history and language departments fell, encouraging staff to collaborate across different departments;
65:
provided a coherent identity to centres composed of academics from a variety of disciplines including archaeology, art history, architecture, history, literature and linguistics. The
Institute of Mediaeval Studies at St. Michael's College of the University of Toronto became the first centre of this
536:
exist, usually as part of a university or other research and teaching facility. Umberella organisations for these bodies include the Fédération
Internationale des Instituts d’Etudes Médiévales (FIDEM) (founded 1987) and Co-operative for Advancement of Research through Medieval European Network
1883:
On the origins of the department, see Gábor
Klaniscay, 'Medieval Origins of Central Europe. An Invention or a Discovery?', in The Paradoxes of Unintended Consequences, ed. by Lord Dahrendorf, Yehuda Elkana, Aryeh Neier, William Newton-Smith, and István Rév (Budapest: CEU Press, 2000), pp.
82:
in
Indiana, which was founded in 1946 but whose roots go back to the establishment of a Program of Medieval Studies in 1933. As with many of the early programs at Roman Catholic institutions, it drew its strengths from the revival of medieval scholastic philosophy by such scholars as
345:
However, the early twentieth century also saw the increasing professionalisation of research on the Middle Ages. In this context, researchers tended to resist the idea that the Middle Ages were distinctively different from modernity. Instead they argued the so-called
117:
With university expansion in the late 1960s and early 1970s encouraging interdisciplinary cooperation, centres similar to (and partly inspired by) the
Toronto Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies were established in England at
692:
453:—while, however, navigating, the risk of imposing Eurocentric terminologies and agendas on the rest of the world. By 2020, this movement was being characterised as the 'global turn' in Medieval Studies. Correspondingly, the
980:
823:
1424:"medieval, adj. and n.", "middle age, n. and adj." Accessed 5 August 2018. OED Online, Oxford University Press, June 2018, www.oed.com/view/Entry/115638; www.oed.com/view/Entry/118142. Accessed 5 August 2018.
1111:
662:
309:
sought to legitimise new political formations by claiming that they were rooted in the distant past. The most important example of this use of the Middle Ages was the nation-building that surrounded the
1914:
965:
838:
733:
647:
397:
314:. Narratives which presented the nations of Europe as modernizing by building on, yet also developing beyond, their medieval heritage, were also important facets underpinning justifications of
632:
572:
853:
920:
875:
617:
587:
542:
493:
95:
935:
137:
The 1990s saw a further wave of
Medieval-Studies foundations, partly prompted by the dynamism brought to the field by its embracing of postmodernist thought and the associated rise of
1912:
995:
778:
1913:
445:
led to arguments that post-war
Europeanisation had drawn too tight a boundary around medieval studies, this time at the borders of Europe, with Muslim Iberia and the
2087:
449:
east seen in western
European historiography as having an ambivalent relevance to medieval studies. Thus a range of medievalists have begun working on writing
2453:
298:—whether a place nostalgically to fantasise about a more conservative, religious, and hierarchical past or a more egalitarian, beautiful, and innocent one.
1033:
338:
continent. These colonialist and imperialist connections meant that medieval studies during the 19th and 20th centuries played a role in the emergence of
2589:
57:(1906), to emphasize a more interdisciplinary approach to a historical subject. A major step in institutionalising this field was the foundation of the
1010:
168:
Medieval studies is buoyed by a number of annual international conferences which bring together thousands of professional medievalists, including the
1613:
Ian Wood, 'Report: The
European Science Foundation's Programme on the Transformation of the Roman World and the Emergence of Early Medieval Europe',
604:
49:
The term 'medieval studies' began to be adopted by academics in the opening decades of the twentieth century, initially in the titles of books like
1059:
748:
430:
account of the Middle Ages as belonging to a continuum of social development that begat modernity and instead to see the Middle Ages as radically
2102:
2179:
868:
331:
169:
1976:
905:
279:
as a means for them to define their own era as new and different from what came before—whether a renewal of Classical Antiquity (the
67:
1604:, ed. by James Belich, John Darwin, Margret Frenz, and Chris Wickham (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), pp. 80-92 (pp. 83-84).
1272:
Freedman, Paul, and Gabrielle Spiegel, 'Medievalisms Old and New: The Rediscovery of Alterity in North American Medieval Studies',
457:
Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, founded in 1963, changed its name in 2021 to UCLA Center for Early Global Studies.
1744:
Michael Borgolte, 'A Crisis of the Middle Ages? Deconstructing and Constructing European Identities in a Globalized World', in
1063:
2057:
707:
677:
454:
1986:
890:
883:
1803:, ed. by James Belich, John Darwin, Margret Frenz, and Chris Wickham (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), pp. 127--45.
2513:
2488:
2428:
1817:, ed. by Catherine Holmes and Naomi Standen, Past & Present Supplement, 13 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018) (=
804:
557:
450:
241:
1790:, ed. by James Belich, John Darwin, Margret Frenz, and Chris Wickham (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), pp. 80-92.
1433:"medievalist, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, June 2018, www.oed.com/view/Entry/115640. Accessed 5 August 2018.
2604:
969:
1682:
Little, Lester K., 'Cypress Beams, Kufic Script, and Cut Stone: Rebuilding the Master Narrative of European History',
2647:
2609:
2139:
1753:
1704:
1635:
1588:
1564:
1514:
1493:
1472:
1463:
Bastian Schlüter, 'Barbarossa's Heirs: nation and Medieval History in Nineteenth-cand Twentieth-Century Germany', in
1451:
1203:
519:
252:
The term "Middle Ages" first began to be common in English-language history-writing in the early nineteenth century.
1160:, ed. by Francis G. Gentry and Christopher Kleinhenz (Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications, 1982), pp. 23–40.
1081:
403:
Amidst this process, from the 1980s onwards medieval studies increasingly responded to intellectual agendas set by
1147:, ed. by Francis G. Gentry and Christopher Kleinhenz (Kalamazoo: Medieval Institute Publications, 1982), pp. 5–22.
2107:
1143:
William J. Courtenay, 'The Virgin and the Dynamo: The Growth ofMedieval Studies in North America: 1870–1930', in
1106:
1086:
184:
767:
2473:
2413:
2385:
2144:
782:
1769:, ed. by James Belich, John Darwin, Margret Frenz, and Chris Wickham (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016),
2559:
2390:
2018:
1579:
Patrick Geary, 'European Ethnicities and European as an Ethnicity: Does Europe Have too Much History?', in
808:
368:
94:
These institutions were preceded in the United Kingdom, in 1927, by the establishment of the idiosyncratic
58:
1867:
2569:
1096:
1040:
1025:
984:
954:
591:
393:
301:
European study of the medieval past was characterised in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries by
99:
1194:
Michael Lapidge, 'Introduction: The Study of Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic in Cambridge, 1878-1999', in
434:
from the present. Its recognition that scholars' views are shaped by their own time led to the study of
2564:
2554:
2518:
2360:
2262:
1395:
La Ciudad Medieval y Su Influencia Territorial: Nájera. Encuentros Internacionales del Medievo 3, 2006
2673:
2668:
2287:
2050:
1948:
1929:
864:
812:
722:
161:(2005), and the merging of the Medieval History and Medieval Language and Literature sections of the
1981:
1393:
como herramienta de investigación para la historiografía de ciudades medievales y sus territorios".
1171:
Medieval Scholarship: Philosophy and the arts: biographical studies on the formation of a discipline
625:
565:
2538:
1505:
Christian Lübke, 'Germany's Growth to the East: From the Polabian Marches to Germania Slavica', in
842:
752:
666:
501:
497:
481:
438:—the post-medieval use and abuse of the Middle Ages—becoming an integral part of Medieval Studies.
198:
146:
79:
1774:
205:(the journal of the Society for the Study of Medieval Languages and Literature, founded in 1932),
2678:
2242:
2212:
1765:
James Belich, John Darwin, and Chris Wickham, 'Introduction: The Prospect of Global History', in
1412:
1044:
1018:
999:
737:
696:
446:
1442:
Ian Wood, 'Literary Composition and the Early Medieval Historian in the Nineteenth Century', in
2599:
2355:
2129:
793:
670:
651:
315:
311:
1484:
Bernhard Jussen, 'Between Ideology and Technology: Depicting Charlemagne in Modern Times', in
1294:
2418:
2310:
2267:
1846:"Kringla Heimsins: Old Norse Sagas, World Literature and the Global Turn in Medieval Studies"
909:
894:
827:
576:
150:
119:
71:
2637:
2579:
2375:
2282:
2252:
2237:
2043:
1944:
1541:
Medievalism and Orientalism: Three Essays on Literature, Architecture and Cultural Identity
1198:, ed. by Michael Lapidge (Aberystwyth: Department of Welsh, Aberystwyth University, 2015),
1130:
George R. Coffman, ‘The Mediaeval Academy of America: Historical Background and Prospect’,
879:
621:
561:
302:
276:
154:
1660:
David Matthews, Medievalism: A Critical History, Medievalism, 6 (Cambridge: Brewer, 2015).
489:
8:
2523:
2503:
2483:
2448:
2380:
2292:
2159:
2010:
1101:
1091:
1014:
681:
423:
188:
123:
1003:
2627:
2463:
2438:
2340:
2217:
2169:
2164:
2154:
2092:
1555:
Graham A. Loud and Martial Staub, 'Some Thoughts on the Making of the Middle Ages', in
1029:
950:
939:
924:
636:
292:
193:
131:
127:
75:
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2365:
2335:
2325:
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2232:
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2074:
1749:
1700:
1631:
1584:
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1510:
1489:
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1199:
546:
347:
158:
111:
1048:
84:
2533:
2528:
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2433:
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2194:
2112:
2082:
1813:
1770:
1725:
1277:
1231:
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355:
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scholars, in particular, the intellectual freedom to imagine the Middle Ages as an
219:
88:
272:
was, correspondingly, coined by English-speakers in the mid-nineteenth century.
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2508:
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2202:
2119:
1055:
655:
407:
389:
384:
351:
339:
323:
229:
162:
142:
138:
1729:
1647:
Caroline Bynum, "Why All the Fuss about the Body? A Medievalist's Perspective",
373:
2498:
2443:
2397:
2350:
2330:
2174:
2097:
1845:
1182:
363:
19:"Medievalist" redirects here. For general appreciation of the Middle Ages, see
1868:
Reimagining the scope and approach of the UCLA Center for Early Global Studies
1695:
Richard Hitchcock, 'Reflections on the Frontier in Early Medieval Iberia', in
1411:, ed. by James Belich, John Darwin, Margret Frenz, and Chris Wickham (Oxford:
1156:
Luke Wenger, 'The Medieval Academy and Medieval Studies in North America', in
2662:
2257:
442:
427:
404:
335:
327:
306:
209:(based in the Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies and founded in 1939),
180:
103:
91:, both of whom made regular visits to the university in the 1930s and 1940s.
50:
1281:
550:
102:. Although Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic was limited geographically (to the
2423:
2320:
2124:
1932:
was created from a revision of this article dated 2 December 2014
857:
380:
359:
253:
1998:
1748:, ed. by Graham Loud and Martial Staub (York: York Medieval Press, 2017),
1699:, ed. by Graham Loud and Martial Staub (York: York Medieval Press, 2017),
1630:, ed. by Graham Loud and Martial Staub (York: York Medieval Press, 2017),
1583:, ed. by Graham Loud and Martial Staub (York: York Medieval Press, 2017),
1559:, ed. by Graham Loud and Martial Staub (York: York Medieval Press, 2017),
1509:, ed. by Graham Loud and Martial Staub (York: York Medieval Press, 2017),
1488:, ed. by Graham Loud and Martial Staub (York: York Medieval Press, 2017),
1467:, ed. by Graham Loud and Martial Staub (York: York Medieval Press, 2017),
1446:, ed. by Graham Loud and Martial Staub (York: York Medieval Press, 2017),
1196:
H. M. Chadwick and the Study of Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic in Cambridge
197:(an organ of the Medieval Academy of America founded in 1925 and based in
191:. There are a number of journals devoted to medieval studies, including:
2574:
2277:
2184:
2066:
2030:
1971:
1673:, ed. by Albrecht Classen, 5 vols (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2010), pp. 850–65.
1528:
Desire for Origins: New Language, Old English, and Teaching the Tradition
1334:, ed. by Alan Deyermond (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), pp. 1–5.
1235:
1076:
852:
Institut für Realienkunde des Mittelalters und der frühen Neuzeit at the
435:
319:
288:
280:
261:
107:
30:
20:
580:
2149:
2035:
1957:
Western Michigan University: International Congress on Medieval Studies
415:
260:
has been seen as a key stage in the promotion of the term, along with
2458:
2227:
1956:
797:
419:
284:
173:
34:
1626:
Jinty Nelson, 'Why Reinventing Medieval History is a Good Idea', in
2493:
2370:
2247:
1991:
1966:
1717:
595:
500:
external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
431:
176:
1961:
988:
943:
2134:
958:
831:
726:
1832:
Die Welten des Mittelalters: Globalgeschichte eines Jahrtausends
601:
Groupe d'Anthropologie Historique de l'Occident Médiéval at the
1345:
The Future of the Middle Ages: medieval literature in the 1990s
1112:
Société Internationale pour l'Étude de la Philosophie Médiévale
898:
640:
295:
1799:
Robinson, Francis, 'Global History from an Islamic Angle', in
792:
or Center of Advanced Studies in Medieval Civilization at the
771:
685:
741:
700:
1158:
Medieval Studies in North America: Past, Present, and Future
1145:
Medieval Studies in North America: Past, Present, and Future
928:
392:. An example from the apogee of this process was the large
1996:
University of Chicago: Library Guides to Medieval Studies
1718:
The Interference of al-Andalus: Spain, Islam, and the West
1358:
Imagined histories: American historians interpret the past
846:
756:
816:
711:
610:
766:
or Paris Laboratory for Western Medieval Studies at the
61:
in 1925. In American and European universities the term
2025:
863:
The Centre for Medieval and Renaissance Culture at the
240:
Another part of the infrastructure of the field is the
1671:
Handbook of Medieval Studies: Terms — Methods — Trends
1254:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), p. 231.
973:
913:
275:
The concept of the Middle Ages was first developed by
790:
Centre d'études supérieures de civilisation mediévale
693:
Liverpool Centre for Medieval and Renaissance Studies
422:
being challenged by or harnessed to topics like the
1374:: Its Unwritten History (as told by its Founder)".
1169:H. Damico, J. B. Zavadil, D. Fennema, and K. Lenz,
372:, this work favoured study of large questions over
16:
Academic interdisciplinary study of the Middle Ages
1011:Turku Centre for Medieval and Early Modern Studies
258:View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages
764:Laboratoire de médiévistique occidentale de Paris
484:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines
2660:
1972:Medieval Studies links from Voice of the Shuttle
1530:(New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1990).
1319:Medievalism and the academy II: cultural studies
1060:Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University
247:
460:
29:is the academic interdisciplinary study of the
1977:Medieval Studies projects from British Academy
1786:Moore, Robert I., 'A Global Middle Ages?', in
2051:
1834:(Munich: Beck, 2022), ISBN 978-3-406-78446-0.
1600:Robert I. Moore, 'A Global Middle Ages?', in
1407:Robert I. Moore, 'A Global Middle Ages?', in
824:Graduate Centre for Medieval Studies, Reading
1252:Reading the medieval in early modern England
663:Center for Late Antique and Medieval Studies
605:École des hautes études en sciences sociales
602:
44:
1376:Bulletin of International Medieval Research
1360:(Princeton University Press, 1998), p. 238.
1347:(University Press of Florida, 1994), p. 23.
96:Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic
59:Mediaeval (now Medieval) Academy of America
2058:
2044:
1843:
1370:Sawyer, Peter (2009). "The Origins of the
330:also used these concepts to justify their
170:International Congress on Medieval Studies
1775:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198732259.001.0001
1388:
966:Center for Medieval and Byzantine Studies
906:Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies
779:Center for Medieval Studies, Pennsylvania
719:Centre d'Études médiévales de Montpellier
706:CMRS Center for Early Global Studies, at
520:Learn how and when to remove this message
366:. In place of what the Annalistes called
326:era. Scholars of the medieval era in the
68:Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies
37:who studies medieval studies is called a
2065:
1940:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
1923:
1575:
1573:
426:. This movement tended to challenge the
1551:
1549:
1246:
1244:
781:at Pennsylvania State University, USA (
2661:
2031:Carmen: The Worldwide Medieval Network
1369:
839:Institute for Medieval Studies, Lisbon
734:Center for Medieval Studies, Minnesota
721:or Center for Medieval Studies at the
534:Centres / Centers for Medieval Studies
165:to create a Medieval Studies section.
2039:
1740:
1738:
1570:
1543:(New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005).
1332:A Century of British Medieval Studies
708:University of California, Los Angeles
678:Institute for Medieval Studies, Leeds
648:Center for Medieval Studies, Freiburg
537:(CARMEN). Some notable ones include:
398:The Transformation of the Roman World
1982:Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England
1546:
1321:(Boydell & Brewer, 2000), p. 18.
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1241:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1173:(Taylor & Francis, 1995), p. 80.
981:Centre d'études médiévales, Montréal
891:Centre for Medieval Studies, Toronto
633:Center for Medieval Studies, Fordham
573:Centre for Medieval Studies, Bristol
464:
130:(1968), and in the United States at
2643:
2088:Decline of the Western Roman Empire
1391:International Medieval Bibliography
1372:International Medieval Bibliography
1330:Alan Deyermond, 'Introduction', in
921:Utrecht Centre for Medieval Studies
876:Centre for Medieval Studies, Sydney
805:Centre for Medieval Studies, Prague
618:Centre for Medieval Studies, Exeter
588:Department of Medieval Studies, CEU
558:Centre for Medieval Studies, Bergen
543:Centre for Medieval Studies, Bangor
451:global histories of the Middle Ages
242:International Medieval Bibliography
13:
2180:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire
1999:"Medieval & Byzantine Studies"
1910:
1735:
1295:"King's College London - About us"
970:The Catholic University of America
110:) and chronologically (mostly the
14:
2690:
2610:Historiography in the Middle Ages
1891:
1669:Ulrich Müller, 'Medievalism', in
1257:
1209:
1054:The Centre for Medieval Studies,
936:Centre for Medieval Studies, York
854:Paris Lodron Universität Salzburg
2642:
2633:
2632:
2622:
1922:
1082:Canadian Society of Medievalists
996:Medieval History Research Centre
469:
362:, epitomised by the influential
2108:Christianity in the Middle Ages
2103:Decline of Hellenistic religion
1962:The Medieval Academy of America
1877:
1860:
1837:
1824:
1806:
1793:
1780:
1759:
1710:
1689:
1676:
1663:
1654:
1641:
1620:
1607:
1594:
1533:
1520:
1499:
1478:
1457:
1436:
1427:
1418:
1415:, 2016), pp. 80-92 (pp. 82-83).
1401:
1382:
1363:
1350:
1337:
1324:
1311:
1287:
1087:Conferences in medieval studies
287:. This gave nineteenth-century
185:International Medieval Congress
2386:Crisis of the late Middle Ages
1801:The Prospect of Global History
1788:The Prospect of Global History
1767:The Prospect of Global History
1746:The Making of Medieval History
1697:The Making of Medieval History
1628:The Making of Medieval History
1602:The Prospect of Global History
1581:The Making of Medieval History
1557:The Making of Medieval History
1507:The Making of Medieval History
1486:The Making of Medieval History
1465:The Making of Medieval History
1444:The Making of Medieval History
1409:The Prospect of Global History
1389:Macartney, Hilary (2007). "La
1317:D. Metzger and L. J. Workman,
1188:
1176:
1163:
1150:
1137:
1124:
74:. It was soon followed by the
1:
2560:Disability in the Middle Ages
2233:Rise of the Republic of Genoa
2165:Rise of the Venetian Republic
2019:Center for Research Libraries
2005:. USA: University of Chicago.
1250:G. McMullan and D. Matthews,
441:In the twenty-first century,
383:, the role of medievalism in
248:Historiographical development
809:Charles University in Prague
768:Panthéon-Sorbonne University
461:Centres for medieval studies
400:that ran from 1993 to 1998.
283:) or what came to be called
66:type in 1929; it is now the
7:
1730:10.1215/01642472-24-2_87-67
1097:Medieval Academy of America
1070:
1041:Center for Medieval Studies
1026:Centre for Medieval Studies
955:Western Michigan University
592:Central European University
394:European Science Foundation
235:Journal of Medieval History
145:. This included centres at
100:the University of Cambridge
10:
2695:
2361:Rise of the Ottoman Empire
1356:A. Molho, and G. S. Wood,
1274:American Historical Review
1185:, University of Notre Dame
70:(PIMS) and is part of the
18:
2618:
2547:
2406:
2301:
2288:Mongol invasion of Europe
2193:
2073:
1844:Phelpstead, Carl (2022).
865:University of Southampton
843:Nova University of Lisbon
813:Czech Academy of Sciences
723:university of Montpellier
45:Institutional development
1224:Leeds Studies in English
1117:
1107:12th Century Renaissance
972:, Washington D.C., USA (
753:University of Notre Dame
266:Lectures on Architecture
199:Cambridge, Massachusetts
80:University of Notre Dame
2243:Investiture Controversy
2213:Second Bulgarian Empire
1821:, 238 (November 2018)).
1413:Oxford University Press
1276:, 103 (1998), 677–704.
1045:University of Bucharest
1002:, Republic of Ireland (
1000:Trinity College, Dublin
738:University of Minnesota
697:University of Liverpool
594:(Vienna and Budapest) (
369:histoire événementielle
2600:Post-classical history
2356:Fall of Constantinople
2263:Capet–Plantagenet feud
2130:First Bulgarian Empire
1918:
1898:Listen to this article
1814:The Global Middle Ages
1228:Leeds Medieval Studies
985:Université de Montréal
794:University of Poitiers
652:University of Freiburg
603:
312:unification of Germany
1992:Medievalists of Color
1917:
1651:22/1, 1995, pp. 1-33.
1615:Early Medieval Europe
1378:. 14 for 2008: 57–61.
1282:10.1086/ahr/103.3.677
910:University of Toronto
895:University of Toronto
828:University of Reading
667:King's College London
577:University of Bristol
277:Renaissance humanists
151:University of Bristol
147:King's College London
120:University of Reading
72:University of Toronto
2580:Medieval reenactment
2376:Renaissance Humanism
2283:Medieval Warm Period
2253:Republic of Florence
2067:European Middle Ages
1949:More spoken articles
1724:, 24 (2006), 67-88;
1686:, 79 (2004), 909-28.
880:University of Sydney
751:, Notre Dame at the
635:, New York, USA, at
622:University of Exeter
562:University of Bergen
490:improve this article
385:European nationalism
316:European colonialism
303:romantic nationalism
155:University of Sydney
55:Ten Medieval Studies
2293:Kingdom of Portugal
2160:Old Church Slavonic
2145:Anglo-Saxon England
1967:The Medieval Review
1874:(15 December 2021).
1617:, 6 (1997), 217-28.
1526:Allen J. Frantzen,
1230:, 2 (2022), 101–39
1102:Renaissance studies
1092:Digital Medievalist
1015:University of Turku
927:, The Netherlands (
682:University of Leeds
502:footnote references
424:history of the body
379:In the wake of the
189:University of Leeds
124:University of Leeds
2474:In popular culture
2439:Crusading movement
2311:Hundred Years' War
2170:Civitas Schinesghe
2155:Carolingian Empire
2140:Kingdom of Croatia
2093:Barbarian kingdoms
2011:"Medieval Studies"
1919:
1830:Michael Borgolte,
1819:Past & Present
1236:10.57686/256204/24
1030:Tallinn University
951:Medieval Institute
940:University of York
925:Utrecht University
815:, Czech Republic (
749:Medieval Institute
650:, Germany, at the
637:Fordham University
447:Orthodox Christian
332:westward expansion
132:Fordham University
128:University of York
76:Medieval Institute
2656:
2655:
2565:Basic topics list
2366:Swiss mercenaries
2316:Wars of the Roses
2223:Kingdom of Poland
2208:Holy Roman Empire
2075:Early Middle Ages
1915:
1866:Jonathan Riggs, '
1134:, 1 (1926), 5–18.
560:, Norway, at the
547:Bangor University
545:, Walles, UK, at
530:
529:
522:
348:continuity thesis
340:white supremacism
207:Mediaeval Studies
159:Bangor University
112:early Middle Ages
2686:
2674:European studies
2669:Medieval studies
2646:
2645:
2636:
2635:
2626:
2585:Medieval studies
2429:Church and State
2303:Late Middle Ages
2195:High Middle Ages
2113:Christianization
2083:Migration Period
2060:
2053:
2046:
2037:
2036:
2022:
2006:
1987:Medieval Studies
1939:
1937:
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1649:Critical Inquiry
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755:, Indiana, USA (
608:
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511:
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473:
472:
465:
412:cultural studies
381:Second World War
356:economic history
89:Jacques Maritain
63:medieval studies
27:Medieval studies
2694:
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2595:Neo-medievalism
2543:
2479:Itinerant court
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2203:Norman Conquest
2189:
2135:Frankish Empire
2069:
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1930:This audio file
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390:Europeanisation
352:social sciences
324:New Imperialism
250:
230:Medieval Worlds
163:British Academy
143:popular culture
139:neo-medievalism
126:(1967) and the
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2381:Universities
2321:Hussite Wars
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2125:Papal States
2015:Topic Guides
2014:
2002:
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1302:. Retrieved
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