1102:
1405:
implementations. A MAC address is intended as a unique serial number. MAC addresses are typically assigned to network interface hardware at the time of manufacture. The most significant part of the address identifies the manufacturer, who assigns the remainder of the address, thus providing a
1525:
used in
Ethernet networks. This mechanism is only utilized within a network collision domain, for example, an Ethernet bus network or a hub-based star topology network. An Ethernet network may be divided into several collision domains, interconnected by bridges and switches.
1046:
of the physical layer such that the complexities of physical link control are invisible to the LLC and upper layers of the network stack. Thus any LLC sublayer (and higher layers) may be used with any MAC. In turn, the medium access control block is formally connected to the
1086:
is detected. When receiving data from the physical layer, the MAC block ensures data integrity by verifying the sender's frame check sequences, and strips off the sender's preamble and padding before passing the data up to the higher layers.
1549:
increases the probability of concurrent scheduling of nonāinterfering transmissions in a localized area, which results in an immense increase in network throughput. However, the optimum scheduling of concurrent transmission is an
1589:(RLC) protocol, and the MAC protocol. The base station has absolute control over the air interface and schedules the downlink access as well as the uplink access of all devices. The MAC protocol is specified by
1042:(the frames are then "raw"), but compulsory for implementations of other IEEE 802 physical layer standards. Within the hierarchy of the OSI model and IEEE 802 standards, the MAC sublayer provides a
1062:
When sending data to another device on the network, the MAC sublayer encapsulates higher-level frames into frames appropriate for the transmission medium (i.e. the MAC adds a
2093:
2060:
1581:
of a cellular network is at layers 1 and 2 of the OSI model; at layer 2, it is divided into multiple protocol layers. In UMTS and LTE, those protocols are the
2083:
1577:
networks, also use a MAC layer. The MAC protocol in cellular networks is designed to maximize the utilization of the expensive licensed spectrum. The
970:
1833:
1713:
Bilal, Muhammad; et al. (2014). "TimeāSlotted
Scheduling Schemes for Multiāhop Concurrent Transmission in WPANs with Directional Antenna".
1406:
potentially unique address. This makes it possible for frames to be delivered on a network link that interconnects hosts by some combination of
1303:
1913:
1876:
1918:
730:
1961:
1250:
1668:
2199:
2078:
1643:"X.225 : Information technology ā Open Systems Interconnection ā Connection-oriented Session protocol: Protocol specification"
1433:
packet reaches its destination (sub)network, the destination IP address (a layer 3 or network layer concept) is resolved with the
2194:
1699:
505:
1989:
1646:
1199:
963:
690:
469:
1611:
2220:
1826:
820:
815:
785:
271:
266:
139:
1230:
1893:
1606:
1463:
645:
608:
128:
1533:
network, such as today's switched
Ethernet networks, but is often available in the equipment for compatibility reasons.
1078:(bus, ring, mesh, point-to-multipoint topologies), controlling when data is sent and when to wait is necessary to avoid
1863:
1766:
1514:
or channelization-based channel access method is used. The channel access control mechanism relies on a physical layer
1296:
1189:
892:
835:
760:
334:
118:
1793:
3GPP TS 36.321 Evolved
Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol specification
2098:
1956:
1235:
902:
872:
319:
222:
2108:
1888:
1582:
1321:
According to IEEE Std 802-2001 section 6.2.3 "MAC sublayer", the primary functions performed by the MAC layer are:
1179:
956:
887:
680:
520:
400:
63:
2070:
2032:
1951:
1871:
1819:
1503:
1240:
1175:
1134:
415:
1971:
1546:
1499:
1184:
1079:
705:
695:
525:
53:
1082:. Additionally, the MAC is also responsible for compensating for collisions by initiating retransmission if a
2225:
2088:
2004:
1928:
1905:
1289:
1255:
1070:
to identify transmission errors, and then forwards the data to the physical layer as soon as the appropriate
825:
805:
755:
405:
390:
256:
217:
113:
1466:
communication, but address fields are included in some point-to-point protocols for compatibility reasons.
745:
740:
735:
395:
339:
227:
166:
2186:
2103:
1669:"IEEE 802-2001 (R2007) IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks: Overview and Architecture"
1442:
1434:
1052:
922:
882:
750:
385:
83:
58:
1758:
1170:
1144:
435:
380:
103:
2167:
535:
410:
2162:
1210:
775:
715:
181:
20:
1811:
2230:
1574:
1109:
942:
932:
725:
640:
624:
601:
540:
530:
455:
2172:
1475:
810:
660:
261:
73:
1337:
Protection against errors, generally by means of generating and checking frame check sequences
2157:
1842:
1675:
1616:
1507:
1372:
1272:
1071:
710:
359:
98:
1334:
Transparent data transfer of LLC PDUs, or of equivalent information in the
Ethernet sublayer
2141:
1359:
1194:
1124:
1119:
1067:
1059:, historically any MAC could be used with any PHY, independent of the transmission medium.
1008:
720:
425:
1328:
Addressing of destination stations (both as individual stations and as groups of stations)
8:
1881:
1479:
1043:
1016:
1004:
1000:
186:
93:
1031:
etc), while the MAC provides flow control and multiplexing for the transmission medium.
1722:
1586:
1426:
927:
655:
594:
154:
68:
2040:
2136:
2050:
1854:
1762:
1491:
1456:
networks, both of which are IEEE 802 networks and use IEEE 802 48-bit MAC addresses.
1430:
1155:
1056:
855:
631:
302:
78:
46:
35:
1803:
1792:
1781:
1474:
The channel access control mechanisms provided by the MAC layer are also known as a
2123:
2023:
1732:
1562:
1511:
1225:
1139:
1129:
1075:
1642:
1542:
1498:
point-to-point links. The multiple access method may detect or avoid data packet
1028:
1012:
796:
373:
249:
1736:
1536:
1419:
1415:
999:, is the layer that controls the hardware responsible for interaction with the
846:
488:
1693:
2214:
1749:
1578:
1423:
295:
200:
1750:
1515:
1487:
1411:
1093:
1055:. Although the MAC block is today typically integrated with the PHY within
1020:
765:
108:
1551:
1530:
1495:
1483:
1460:
1445:(IPv6) into the MAC address (a layer 2 concept) of the destination host.
1397:
560:
555:
550:
474:
445:
2131:
1101:
1083:
1039:
913:
545:
440:
420:
207:
2113:
1804:
3GPP TS 38.321 NR; Medium Access
Control (MAC) protocol specification
1035:
1024:
580:
565:
349:
29:
1478:. This makes it possible for several stations connected to the same
1038:. For compatibility reasons, LLC is optional for implementations of
2045:
1946:
1841:
1727:
1521:
The most widespread multiple access method is the contention-based
1449:
1407:
1402:
1388:
1345:
1063:
984:
1510:
is used, or reserve resources to establish a logical channel if a
1941:
1782:
3GPP TS 25.321 Medium Access
Control (MAC) protocol specification
1522:
1401:; they are based on the addressing scheme that was used in early
281:
212:
133:
1979:
1936:
1621:
876:
770:
669:
649:
500:
495:
323:
123:
87:
2055:
1453:
1245:
897:
675:
515:
510:
344:
329:
232:
176:
171:
1537:
Channel access control mechanism for concurrent transmission
1378:
half-duplex compatibility: append(tx)/remove(rx) MAC address
1593:
in TS 25.321 for UMTS, TS 36.321 for LTE and TS 38.321 for
1590:
1570:
1438:
1392:
865:
860:
830:
780:
700:
665:
570:
464:
460:
450:
354:
312:
307:
276:
161:
1316:
1034:
These two sublayers together correspond to layer 2 of the
1566:
1048:
685:
575:
1594:
1529:
A multiple access method is not required in a switched
1340:
Control of access to the physical transmission medium
1482:to share it. Examples of shared physical media are
1469:
1331:
Conveyance of source-station addressing information
2212:
1753:; Jens Zander; Ki Won Sung; Ben Slimane (2016).
1355:half-duplex retransmission and backoff functions
1066:preamble and also padding if necessary), adds a
1712:
1827:
1297:
964:
602:
16:Service layer in IEEE 802 network standards
1834:
1820:
1304:
1290:
971:
957:
609:
595:
1726:
1382:
1348:, the functions required of a MAC are:
1317:Functions performed in the MAC sublayer
2213:
1371:prepend(tx)/remove(rx) preamble, SFD (
1815:
1755:Fundamentals of Mobile Data Networks
1649:from the original on 1 February 2021
1557:
1387:The local network addresses used in
1011:(LLC) sublayer together make up the
1003:(electrical or optical) or wireless
1743:
1607:Isochronous media access controller
13:
1702:from the original on June 16, 2019
1448:Examples of physical networks are
1074:permits it. For topologies with a
14:
2242:
1583:Packet Data Convergence Protocol
1541:Use of directional antennas and
1470:Channel access control mechanism
1325:Frame delimiting and recognition
1100:
1459:A MAC layer is not required in
1797:
1786:
1775:
1706:
1685:
1661:
1635:
1612:List of channel access methods
1547:wireless personal area network
1352:receive/transmit normal frames
1:
2151:Delay and disruption tolerant
1628:
1429:. Thus, for example, when an
7:
2221:Computer network technology
1600:
1443:Neighbor Discovery Protocol
1435:Address Resolution Protocol
1053:media-independent interface
1023:for the logical link (i.e.
1007:. The MAC sublayer and the
10:
2247:
1759:Cambridge University Press
1737:10.4218/etrij.14.0113.0703
1365:interframe gap enforcement
985:IEEE 802 LAN/MAN standards
18:
2185:
2150:
2122:
2069:
2031:
2022:
2003:
1988:
1970:
1927:
1904:
1862:
1853:
1368:discard malformed frames
1211:Statistical multiplexing
21:Mandatory access control
19:Not to be confused with
1057:the same device package
625:Internet protocol suite
2173:Dynamic Source Routing
1843:Channel access methods
1674:. IEEE. Archived from
1476:multiple access method
1273:Channel access methods
1617:MAC-Forced Forwarding
1508:channel access method
1373:start frame delimiter
1278:Medium access control
1072:channel access method
989:medium access control
2226:Media access control
1847:media access control
1395:networks are called
1383:Addressing mechanism
1360:frame check sequence
1214:(variable bandwidth)
1159:(constant bandwidth)
1068:frame check sequence
1009:logical link control
997:media access control
2071:Collision avoidance
1545:communication in a
1044:control abstraction
1015:. The LLC provides
1005:transmission medium
2033:Collision recovery
1681:on April 29, 2003.
1587:Radio Link Control
1358:append/check FCS (
155:Presentation layer
2208:
2207:
2187:Duplexing methods
2181:
2180:
2018:
2017:
1563:Cellular networks
1558:Cellular networks
1502:if a packet mode
1492:wireless networks
1314:
1313:
1110:Analog modulation
981:
980:
632:Application layer
619:
618:
47:Application layer
2238:
2029:
2028:
1860:
1859:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1813:
1812:
1806:
1801:
1795:
1790:
1784:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1730:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1673:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1639:
1512:circuit-switched
1490:, hub networks,
1306:
1299:
1292:
1226:Packet switching
1215:
1160:
1104:
1090:
1089:
1076:collision domain
973:
966:
959:
621:
620:
611:
604:
597:
38:
26:
25:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2177:
2146:
2118:
2065:
2014:
1999:
1984:
1966:
1923:
1900:
1849:
1840:
1810:
1809:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1776:
1769:
1748:
1744:
1711:
1707:
1695:IEEE 802.3-2002
1691:
1690:
1686:
1678:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1652:
1650:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1603:
1560:
1552:NP-hard problem
1543:millimeter-wave
1539:
1480:physical medium
1472:
1385:
1344:In the case of
1319:
1310:
1260:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1204:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1149:
1029:802.1Q VLAN tag
1013:data link layer
995:), also called
977:
797:Transport layer
615:
586:
585:
491:
480:
479:
376:
374:Data link layer
365:
364:
298:
287:
286:
252:
250:Transport layer
241:
240:
203:
192:
191:
157:
146:
145:
49:
33:
32:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2244:
2234:
2233:
2231:Link protocols
2228:
2223:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2191:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2128:
2126:
2124:Collision-free
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2075:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2037:
2035:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1976:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1933:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1910:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1868:
1866:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1839:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1816:
1808:
1807:
1796:
1785:
1774:
1768:978-1107143210
1767:
1742:
1721:(3): 374ā384.
1705:
1684:
1660:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1624:(IEEE 802.1AE)
1619:
1614:
1609:
1602:
1599:
1559:
1556:
1538:
1535:
1471:
1468:
1464:point-to-point
1384:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1375:), and padding
1369:
1366:
1363:
1356:
1353:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1301:
1294:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1267:
1266:
1265:Related topics
1262:
1261:
1259:
1258:
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1228:
1222:
1219:
1218:
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1202:
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1187:
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1173:
1167:
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1163:
1154:
1151:
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1148:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1116:
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1112:
1106:
1105:
1097:
1096:
979:
978:
976:
975:
968:
961:
953:
950:
949:
948:
947:
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935:
930:
925:
917:
916:
910:
909:
908:
907:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
870:
869:
868:
863:
850:
849:
847:Internet layer
843:
842:
841:
840:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
800:
799:
793:
792:
791:
790:
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773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
663:
658:
653:
643:
635:
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628:
627:
617:
616:
614:
613:
606:
599:
591:
588:
587:
584:
583:
578:
573:
571:ITU-T G.hn PHY
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
506:ITU-T V-Series
503:
498:
492:
489:Physical layer
486:
485:
482:
481:
478:
477:
472:
467:
458:
453:
451:ITU-T G.hn DLL
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
377:
371:
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367:
366:
363:
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317:
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136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
50:
44:
43:
40:
39:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2243:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2046:Slotted ALOHA
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
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1935:
1934:
1932:
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1926:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1855:Channel-based
1852:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1832:
1830:
1825:
1823:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1805:
1800:
1794:
1789:
1783:
1778:
1770:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1738:
1734:
1729:
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1720:
1716:
1709:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1688:
1677:
1670:
1664:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1634:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1579:air interface
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1555:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1534:
1532:
1527:
1524:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1488:ring networks
1485:
1481:
1477:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1452:networks and
1451:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1424:network layer
1422:, but not by
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1398:MAC addresses
1394:
1391:networks and
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296:Network layer
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37:
31:
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22:
2024:Packet-based
1846:
1799:
1788:
1777:
1754:
1751:Guowang Miao
1745:
1718:
1715:ETRI Journal
1714:
1708:
1694:
1687:
1676:the original
1663:
1651:. Retrieved
1637:
1585:(PDCP), the
1561:
1540:
1528:
1520:
1484:bus networks
1473:
1458:
1447:
1396:
1386:
1343:
1320:
1277:
1231:Dynamic TDMA
1190:Polarization
1178: /
1156:Circuit mode
1094:Multiplexing
1061:
1033:
1021:multiplexing
1017:flow control
996:
992:
988:
982:
943:
937:
903:
836:
786:
430:
138:
1531:full-duplex
1496:half-duplex
1461:full-duplex
561:IEEE 802.16
556:IEEE 802.15
551:IEEE 802.11
475:IEEE 802.11
446:Frame Relay
2215:Categories
2132:Token Ring
1728:1801.06018
1629:References
1565:, such as
1504:contention
1500:collisions
1084:jam signal
1080:collisions
1040:IEEE 802.3
914:Link layer
546:IEEE 802.3
470:Q.922 LAPF
441:IEEE 802.3
421:IEEE 802.2
208:Named pipe
2137:Token bus
2114:CSMA/CARP
1692:"4.1.4",
1516:multiplex
1408:repeaters
1036:OSI model
1025:EtherType
581:Bluetooth
566:IEEE 1394
526:SONET/SDH
487:1.
372:2.
350:AppleTalk
294:3.
248:4.
199:5.
153:6.
45:7.
30:OSI model
2142:MS-ALOHA
1947:TD-SCDMA
1700:archived
1698:, IEEE,
1653:10 March
1647:Archived
1601:See also
1518:scheme.
1450:Ethernet
1441:, or by
1420:switches
1403:Ethernet
1389:IEEE 802
1346:Ethernet
1064:syncword
140:more....
2094:CSMA/CA
2061:CSMA/CD
2051:R-ALOHA
1980:HC-SDMA
1962:MC-CDMA
1957:FH-CDMA
1952:DS-CDMA
1942:TD-CDMA
1914:MF-TDMA
1882:SC-FDMA
1523:CSMA/CD
1427:routers
1416:bridges
1195:Spatial
944:more...
928:Tunnels
904:more...
837:more...
787:more...
776:TLS/SSL
731:ONC/RPC
668: (
213:NetBIOS
134:NETCONF
1937:W-CDMA
1765:
1622:MACsec
1506:based
1251:SC-FDM
1051:via a
987:, the
771:Telnet
670:HTTP/3
501:RS-449
496:RS-232
463:
324:ICMPv6
124:Telnet
88:HTTP/3
79:Gopher
2163:VANET
2158:MANET
2084:MACAW
2056:AX.25
2041:ALOHA
1919:STDMA
1877:OFDMA
1723:arXiv
1679:(PDF)
1672:(PDF)
1454:Wi-Fi
1256:MC-SS
1246:OFDMA
1001:wired
898:IPsec
676:HTTPS
516:I.431
511:I.430
401:CSLIP
345:IS-IS
330:IPsec
237:X.225
233:SOCKS
177:ASCII
172:ASN.1
36:layer
2089:CSMA
2079:MACA
2005:PAMA
1990:PDMA
1972:SDMA
1929:CDMA
1906:TDMA
1894:WDMA
1864:FDMA
1845:and
1763:ISBN
1655:2023
1591:3GPP
1571:UMTS
1494:and
1439:IPv4
1437:for
1418:and
1412:hubs
1393:FDDI
1241:DSSS
1236:FHSS
1185:SDMA
1019:and
893:IGMP
873:ICMP
831:QUIC
826:RSVP
821:SCTP
816:DCCP
781:XMPP
761:SNMP
756:SMTP
741:RTSP
716:OSPF
706:NNTP
701:MQTT
696:MGCP
691:LDAP
681:IMAP
666:HTTP
646:DHCP
465:LAPB
461:X.25
436:L2TP
416:PLIP
406:SLIP
396:HDLC
391:SDLC
355:X.25
335:IGMP
320:ICMP
313:IPv6
308:IPv4
277:QUIC
272:DCCP
267:SCTP
223:PPTP
162:MIME
129:DHCP
119:SNMP
114:SMTP
104:SMPP
84:HTTP
54:NNTP
2200:FDD
2195:TDD
2168:DTN
2109:HCF
2104:PCF
2099:DCF
1889:WDM
1872:FDM
1733:doi
1575:LTE
1573:or
1567:GSM
1200:OAM
1180:WDM
1176:FDM
1171:TDM
1145:SSB
1135:QAM
1049:PHY
993:MAC
983:In
938:MAC
933:PPP
923:ARP
888:ECN
883:NDP
811:UDP
806:TCP
766:SSH
751:SIP
746:RIP
736:RTP
726:PTP
721:POP
711:NTP
686:IRC
661:FTP
656:DNS
641:BGP
576:USB
541:DSL
536:OTN
531:PON
521:PDH
456:PPP
431:MAC
426:LLC
411:GFP
386:ARP
381:ATM
360:PLP
340:IPX
282:SPX
262:UDP
257:TCP
228:RTP
218:SAP
187:PGP
182:TLS
167:XDR
109:SSH
99:NTP
94:NFS
74:FTP
69:DNS
64:SSI
59:SIP
34:by
2217::
1761:.
1757:.
1731:.
1719:36
1717:.
1645:.
1597:.
1595:5G
1569:,
1554:.
1486:,
1431:IP
1414:,
1410:,
1140:SM
1130:PM
1125:FM
1120:AM
1027:,
877:v6
866:v6
861:v4
856:IP
650:v6
303:IP
1835:e
1828:t
1821:v
1771:.
1739:.
1735::
1725::
1657:.
1362:)
1305:e
1298:t
1291:v
991:(
972:e
965:t
958:v
879:)
875:(
672:)
652:)
648:(
610:e
603:t
596:v
326:)
322:(
90:)
86:(
23:.
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