1133:
1082:
2221:
1121:
1070:
1094:
38:
144:
443:
1109:
1165:
435:
162:
1132:
2241:
1363:
Nishizawa H, Kishida R, Kadota T, Goris RC; Kishida, Reiji; Kadota, Tetsuo; Goris, Richard C. (1988). "Somatotopic organization of the primary sensory trigeminal neurons in the hagfish, Eptatretus burgeri".
534:
obscuring the fissure at this point. Some other fibers that originate from the anterior median fissure above the decussation of the pyramids and run laterally across the surface of the pons are known as the
1038:, it has been suggested that the medulla evolved in these early fish, approximately 505 million years ago. The status of the medulla as part of the primordial
273:
913:. These sensors detect changes in the acidity of the blood; if, for example, the blood becomes too acidic, the medulla oblongata sends electrical signals to
1081:
2057:
1407:
499:
616:
Just above the tubercles, the posterior aspect of the medulla is occupied by a triangular fossa, which forms the lower part of the floor of the
1120:
672:: This is a major branch of the vertebral artery, and supplies the posterolateral part of the medulla, where the main sensory tracts run and
249:
2117:
2092:
570:
585:, lying laterally. These fasciculi end in rounded elevations known as the gracile and the cuneate tubercles. They are caused by masses of
647:, crossing over from the ipsilateral side in the spinal cord to the contralateral side in the brain stem; below this is the spinal cord.
2097:
631:
The lower part of the medulla, immediately lateral to the cuneate fasciculus, is marked by another longitudinal elevation known as the
547:
602:
1535:
102:
683:: The vertebral artery supplies an area between the anterior spinal and posterior inferior cerebellar arteries, including the
74:
1488:
1265:
1220:
669:
1093:
81:
1023:
55:
2149:
1740:
121:
863:
762:
536:
280:
88:
1034:
Both lampreys and hagfish possess a fully developed medulla oblongata. Since these are both very similar to early
361:. "Medulla" is from Latin, ‘pith or marrow’. And "oblongata" is from Latin, ‘lengthened or longish or elongated'.
2154:
2062:
837:
543:
1997:
1992:
1982:
1977:
1698:
1016:
can be caused by the blockage of either the posterior inferior cerebellar artery or of the vertebral arteries.
944:
781:
59:
70:
1855:
1099:
855:
268:
2169:
2122:
1918:
1528:
621:
511:
486:
639:. The gray matter of this nucleus is covered by a layer of nerve fibers that form the spinal tract of the
1860:
1823:
859:
531:
1245:
1200:
1174:
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2211:
1813:
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1013:
442:
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2159:
1913:
1908:
1890:
1818:
1643:
1007:
926:
886:
848:
826:
770:
741:
636:
224:
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906:
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563:
318:
207:
26:
22:
1928:
934:
1521:
777:
690:
606:
48:
2198:
2191:
2181:
1703:
1652:
1552:
1421:
Rovainen CM (1985). "Respiratory bursts at the midline of the rostral medulla of the lamprey".
894:
663:
559:
256:
244:
95:
2018:
1767:
1733:
1401:
940:
330:
1362:
506:, and extends along the length of the medulla oblongata. It ends at the lower border of the
2186:
810:
719:
391:) is retained for terms that relate to the medulla oblongata, particularly in reference to
8:
2144:
2112:
2052:
2023:
1972:
1962:
1845:
1003:
961:
centers of vomiting, coughing, sneezing and swallowing. These reflexes which include the
833:
632:
574:
527:
523:
404:
2220:
530:
of the nervous system. At the caudal part of the medulla these tracts cross over in the
1446:
1389:
1338:
1313:
1257:
1212:
987:
914:
702:
694:
644:
582:
578:
515:
334:
1923:
1808:
1803:
1484:
1438:
1381:
1343:
1261:
1216:
1179:
962:
792:
2242:
Knowledge articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray's
Anatomy (1918)
1450:
1393:
1352:
1967:
1850:
1786:
1726:
1430:
1373:
1333:
1325:
1253:
1208:
1146:
999:
949:
844:
758:
684:
680:
640:
617:
610:
519:
471:
358:
1329:
1885:
1880:
1478:
1108:
1039:
995:
970:
937:
is a cluster of interneurons involved in the respiratory function of the medulla.
921:
muscle tissue to increase their contraction rate and increase oxygenation of the
814:
788:
706:
698:
594:
590:
383:
is an archaic term for the medulla oblongata. In modern clinical usage, the word
373:
212:
237:
2225:
1791:
1670:
1544:
1314:"Neurology of swallowing and oral feeding disorders: Assessment and management"
1287:
1069:
1055:
818:
723:
598:
447:
365:
354:
609:
or fasciculi, decussate from one side of the medulla to the other to form the
2235:
2107:
2102:
1660:
1631:
1170:
918:
910:
369:
338:
261:
2176:
2069:
1944:
1675:
1607:
1504:
1347:
1126:
Diagram showing the positions of the three principal subarachnoid cisternæ.
953:
898:
551:
550:
in the upper part of the medulla is marked by a pair of swellings known as
400:
388:
167:
1442:
1385:
1377:
470:
or superior part where the dorsal surface of the medulla is formed by the
2136:
1758:
1718:
1665:
1617:
1565:
1022:(PBP) is a disease that attacks the nerves supplying the bulbar muscles.
902:
882:
737:
726:. The final differentiation of the medulla is seen at week 20 gestation.
586:
455:
411:
1590:
1434:
1138:
966:
751:
744:
733:
729:
635:. It is caused by an underlying collection of gray matter known as the
625:
451:
350:
310:
219:
183:
149:
364:
During embryonic development, the medulla oblongata develops from the
286:
1602:
1575:
1508:
1150:
1149:(top of image) and the nuclei of CN XII (medial) and CN X (lateral).
1051:
1047:
1035:
573:
and the posterolateral sulcus contains tracts that enter it from the
503:
346:
342:
306:
37:
1624:
1597:
1560:
693:: This supplies the dorsal column of the closed medulla containing
656:
326:
322:
305:
is a long stem-like structure which makes up the lower part of the
231:
740:
at this level will produce the sensory nuclei of the medulla. The
601:(cell bodies) in these nuclei are the second-order neurons of the
143:
1513:
1043:
673:
419:
392:
481:
or inferior part where the fourth ventricle has narrowed at the
1612:
991:
958:
666:: This supplies the whole medial part of the medulla oblongata.
423:
415:
408:
314:
1087:
Cross section of the medulla (in red) and surrounding tissues.
1570:
1302:
Carlson, Neil R. Foundations of
Behavioral Neuroscience.63-65
1205:
Neurology for the Speech-Language
Pathologist (Sixth Edition)
922:
878:
766:
514:. On either side of this fissure are raised areas termed the
396:
195:
434:
166:
Section of the medulla oblongata at about the middle of the
1585:
1244:
Waldman, Steven D. (2009-01-01), Waldman, Steven D. (ed.),
507:
482:
161:
877:
The medulla oblongata connects the higher levels of the
1505:
Stained brain slice images which include the "medulla"
2209:
462:
The medulla can be thought of as being in two parts:
1042:
is confirmed by its disproportionate size in modern
345:
centers, responsible for the autonomic functions of
1318:
Journal of
Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry
1199:Webb, Wanda G. (2017-01-01), Webb, Wanda G. (ed.),
969:reflex (also known as the palatal reflex), and the
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
885:, and is responsible for several functions of the
485:in the caudal medulla, and surrounds part of the
2233:
655:Blood to the medulla is supplied by a number of
309:. It is anterior and partially inferior to the
581:, lying medially next to the midline, and the
569:The posterior part of the medulla between the
1734:
1529:
933:are neurons involved in this regulation. The
643:. The base of the medulla is defined by the
620:. The fossa is bounded on either side by the
1406:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1252:, Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, p. 208,
1420:
1748:
1741:
1727:
1536:
1522:
1201:"2 - Organization of the Nervous System I"
676:. It also supplies part of the cerebellum.
446:Medulla-animated as it protrudes from the
1993:Descending dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
1337:
1026:is progressive bulbar palsy in children.
603:posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway
372:which forms during the maturation of the
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
1978:Ascending dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
1356:
981:
441:
433:
1414:
1243:
510:in a small triangular area, termed the
2234:
1457:
1311:
1285:
1169:This article incorporates text in the
1145:of the medulla oblongata, showing the
321:(involuntary) functions, ranging from
1722:
1517:
1246:"CHAPTER 120 - The Medulla Oblongata"
403:connected to the medulla such as the
376:, also referred to as the hindbrain.
1239:
1237:
1198:
1194:
1192:
1061:
747:will give rise to the motor nuclei.
687:and other sensory nuclei and fibers.
670:Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
624:, which connects the medulla to the
493:
368:. The myelencephalon is a secondary
60:adding citations to reliable sources
31:
454:, after which it gives rise to the
407:, and also by association to those
395:. The word bulbar can refer to the
13:
1543:
1258:10.1016/b978-1-4160-5893-9.00120-9
1213:10.1016/b978-0-323-10027-4.00002-6
1102:of the medulla oblongata and pons.
1024:Infantile progressive bulbar palsy
577:of the spinal cord. These are the
558:). They are caused by the largest
14:
2258:
1498:
1476:
1463:
1234:
1189:
806:, which relays to the cerebellum.
201:medulla oblongata, myelencephalon
2219:
1163:
1141:of the posterior portion of the
1131:
1119:
1107:
1092:
1080:
1068:
1029:
1006:. This causes a syndrome called
864:general visceral efferent fibers
763:general visceral afferent fibers
537:anterior external arcuate fibers
281:Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
160:
142:
36:
838:general somatic efferent fibers
782:general somatic afferent column
718:The medulla oblongata forms in
650:
47:needs additional citations for
1998:Medial longitudinal fasciculus
1983:Medial longitudinal fasciculus
1305:
1296:
1279:
945:parasympathetic nervous system
713:
605:, and their axons, called the
148:Medulla oblongata part of the
1:
1856:Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve
1330:10.1136/jnnp.74.suppl_3.iii48
1158:
856:dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve
2123:Inferior cerebellar peduncle
1919:Rostral ventromedial medulla
622:inferior cerebellar peduncle
7:
1861:Inferior salivatory nucleus
1177:of the 20th edition of
872:
860:inferior salivatory nucleus
562:of the olivary bodies, the
532:decussation of the pyramids
329:. The medulla contains the
16:Structure of the brain stem
10:
2263:
1914:Arcuate nucleus of medulla
1014:Lateral medullary syndrome
909:is regulated by groups of
829:neuroblasts give rise to:
754:neuroblasts give rise to:
429:
20:
2135:
2085:
2045:
2038:
2008:
1952:
1943:
1909:Ventral respiratory group
1899:
1891:Accessory cuneate nucleus
1873:
1834:
1775:
1766:
1757:
1684:
1651:
1644:Peripheral nervous system
1642:
1551:
1289:Neuroscience. 2nd edition
1207:, Mosby, pp. 13–43,
1008:medial medullary syndrome
927:ventral respiratory group
887:autonomous nervous system
862:, both of which form the
849:special visceral efferent
771:special visceral afferent
637:spinal trigeminal nucleus
518:. The pyramids house the
414:, including those of the
279:
267:
255:
243:
230:
218:
206:
194:
189:
179:
174:
159:
141:
136:
2075:Inferior olivary nucleus
1797:Dorsal respiratory group
1020:Progressive bulbar palsy
931:dorsal respiratory group
804:inferior olivary nucleus
797:special somatic afferent
27:Medulla (disambiguation)
23:Medulla Oblongata (film)
2093:Posterior median sulcus
2058:Anterior median fissure
778:trigeminal nerve nuclei
691:Posterior spinal artery
679:Direct branches of the
607:internal arcuate fibers
571:posterior median sulcus
564:inferior olivary nuclei
542:The region between the
500:anterior median fissure
2199:Perihypoglossal nuclei
1553:Central nervous system
895:control of ventilation
664:Anterior spinal artery
459:
439:
313:. It is a cone-shaped
25:. For other uses, see
2098:Posterolateral sulcus
2019:Olivocerebellar tract
1929:Pre-Bötzinger complex
1378:10.1002/cne.902670210
1292:. Sinauer Associates.
1286:Purves, Dale (2001).
988:blood vessel blockage
982:Clinical significance
941:Cardiovascular center
935:pre-Bötzinger complex
897:via signals from the
761:, which contains the
548:posterolateral sulcus
445:
437:
331:cardiovascular center
317:mass responsible for
2063:Anterolateral sulcus
1480:Being and Perceiving
1466:Being and Perceiving
813:, which contain the
811:dorsal column nuclei
795:, which contain the
56:improve this article
2145:Reticular formation
2113:Hypoglossal trigone
2024:Rubro-olivary tract
1973:Juxtarestiform body
1963:Sensory decussation
1846:Hypoglossal nucleus
1477:Haycock DE (2011).
1324:(90003): 48iii–52.
1312:Hughes, T. (2003).
1100:Anteroinferior view
1004:hypoglossal nucleus
834:hypoglossal nucleus
780:which contains the
703:fasciculus cuneatus
695:fasciculus gracilis
633:tuberculum cinereum
575:posterior funiculus
528:corticobulbar tract
524:corticospinal tract
502:contains a fold of
405:corticobulbar tract
71:"Medulla oblongata"
2015:Descending tracts
1435:10.1007/BF00618120
994:) will injure the
645:commissural fibers
583:cuneate fasciculus
579:gracile fasciculus
516:medullary pyramids
460:
440:
393:medical conditions
335:respiratory center
21:For the film, see
2247:Medulla oblongata
2207:
2206:
2131:
2130:
2034:
2033:
1939:
1938:
1924:Botzinger complex
1869:
1868:
1809:Vestibular nuclei
1804:Gustatory nucleus
1716:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1509:BrainMaps project
1490:978-0-9569621-0-2
1483:. Manupod Press.
1267:978-1-4160-5893-9
1222:978-0-323-10027-4
1151:H&E-LFB stain
1062:Additional images
963:pharyngeal reflex
847:, which form the
836:, which contains
793:vestibular nuclei
769:, as well as the
720:fetal development
494:External surfaces
438:Medulla oblongata
299:medulla oblongata
295:
294:
290:
137:Medulla oblongata
132:
131:
124:
106:
2254:
2224:
2223:
2215:
2043:
2042:
1968:Medial lemniscus
1950:
1949:
1851:Nucleus ambiguus
1839:
1787:Solitary nucleus
1780:
1773:
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1764:
1763:
1743:
1736:
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1720:
1719:
1649:
1648:
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1514:
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1454:
1423:J Comp Physiol A
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1229:
1196:
1167:
1166:
1147:fourth ventricle
1135:
1123:
1111:
1096:
1084:
1072:
1000:medial lemniscus
950:Vasomotor center
845:nucleus ambiguus
759:solitary nucleus
685:solitary nucleus
681:vertebral artery
641:trigeminal nerve
618:fourth ventricle
611:medial lemniscus
520:pyramidal tracts
472:fourth ventricle
359:sleep–wake cycle
287:edit on Wikidata
284:
164:
153:(purple colored)
146:
134:
133:
127:
120:
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113:
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64:
40:
32:
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2150:Gigantocellular
2127:
2118:Medial eminence
2081:
2030:
2004:
1935:
1895:
1886:Cuneate nucleus
1881:Gracile nucleus
1865:
1835:
1830:
1776:
1753:
1749:Anatomy of the
1747:
1717:
1708:
1699:Parasympathetic
1680:
1638:
1547:
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1501:
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1161:
1154:
1136:
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1124:
1115:
1112:
1103:
1097:
1088:
1085:
1076:
1073:
1064:
1040:reptilian brain
1032:
996:pyramidal tract
984:
971:masseter reflex
943:– sympathetic,
889:which include:
875:
716:
707:cuneate nucleus
699:gracile nucleus
653:
595:cuneate nucleus
591:gracile nucleus
496:
432:
374:rhombencephalon
357:as well as the
291:
170:
155:
128:
117:
111:
108:
65:
63:
53:
41:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2250:
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2201:
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2157:
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2139:
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2132:
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2126:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2089:
2087:
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2060:
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1768:Cranial nuclei
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1671:Cranial nerves
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1549:
1548:
1545:Nervous system
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1499:External links
1497:
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1187:
1186:
1180:Gray's Anatomy
1160:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1137:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1118:
1116:
1114:Base of brain.
1113:
1106:
1104:
1098:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1056:monitor lizard
1031:
1028:
990:(such as in a
983:
980:
979:
978:
973:can be termed
956:
947:
938:
911:chemoreceptors
874:
871:
870:
869:
868:
867:
852:
841:
824:
823:
822:
819:cuneate nuclei
807:
800:
785:
774:
724:myelencephalon
715:
712:
711:
710:
688:
677:
667:
652:
649:
552:olivary bodies
495:
492:
491:
490:
475:
448:foramen magnum
431:
428:
366:myelencephalon
355:blood pressure
293:
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177:
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139:
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130:
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44:
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35:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2259:
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2197:
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2180:
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2178:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
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2158:
2156:
2155:Parvocellular
2153:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2108:Vagal trigone
2106:
2104:
2103:Area postrema
2101:
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2020:
2017:
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2014:
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2011:
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1999:
1996:
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1984:
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1697:
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1691:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1661:Sensory nerve
1659:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1633:
1632:Limbic system
1630:
1626:
1623:
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1409:
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1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1372:(2): 281–95.
1371:
1367:
1366:J Comp Neurol
1359:
1353:
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1178:
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1172:
1171:public domain
1152:
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1078:
1071:
1066:
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1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1030:Other animals
1027:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
957:
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954:baroreceptors
951:
948:
946:
942:
939:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
903:aortic bodies
900:
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880:
865:
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642:
638:
634:
629:
627:
623:
619:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
589:known as the
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
567:
565:
561:
557:
554:(also called
553:
549:
545:
544:anterolateral
540:
538:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
512:foramen cecum
509:
505:
501:
488:
487:central canal
484:
480:
476:
473:
469:
465:
464:
463:
457:
453:
449:
444:
436:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
377:
375:
371:
370:brain vesicle
367:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
288:
282:
278:
275:
272:
270:
266:
263:
260:
258:
254:
251:
248:
246:
242:
239:
236:
233:
229:
226:
223:
221:
217:
214:
211:
209:
205:
202:
199:
197:
193:
188:
185:
182:
178:
173:
169:
163:
158:
154:
151:
145:
140:
135:
126:
123:
115:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73: –
72:
68:
67:Find sources:
61:
57:
51:
50:
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
28:
24:
19:
2177:Raphe nuclei
1945:White matter
1836:
1777:
1750:
1676:Spinal nerve
1608:Diencephalon
1580:
1479:
1465:
1459:
1429:(3): 303–9.
1426:
1422:
1416:
1402:cite journal
1369:
1365:
1358:
1321:
1317:
1307:
1298:
1288:
1281:
1271:, retrieved
1249:
1226:, retrieved
1204:
1182:
1168:
1162:
1142:
1046:such as the
1033:
1018:
1012:
985:
974:
876:
728:
717:
654:
651:Blood supply
630:
615:
568:
555:
541:
497:
478:
467:
461:
389:bulbar palsy
384:
380:
378:
363:
302:
298:
296:
250:A14.1.03.003
200:
168:olivary body
152:
118:
112:October 2010
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
18:
1759:Grey matter
1694:Sympathetic
1666:Motor nerve
1618:Optic nerve
1566:Spinal cord
1250:Pain Review
915:intercostal
907:Respiration
883:spinal cord
827:Basal plate
776:The spinal
745:neuroblasts
742:basal plate
738:neural tube
730:Neuroblasts
714:Development
587:gray matter
479:closed part
456:spinal cord
238:birnlex_957
190:Identifiers
2236:Categories
2170:Paramedian
1591:Cerebellum
1273:2020-11-15
1228:2020-11-15
1159:References
1139:Micrograph
1002:, and the
967:swallowing
752:Alar plate
734:alar plate
626:cerebellum
526:, and the
452:skull-base
412:innervated
351:heart rate
311:cerebellum
301:or simply
220:NeuroNames
184:Brain stem
150:brain stem
82:newspapers
1837:efferent:
1778:afferent:
1686:Autonomic
1603:Forebrain
1576:Hindbrain
1464:Haycock,
1143:open part
1052:alligator
1048:crocodile
1036:agnathans
977:reflexes.
919:phrenical
732:from the
722:from the
504:pia mater
468:open part
466:an upper
347:breathing
343:vasomotor
319:autonomic
307:brainstem
2192:Pallidus
2182:Obscurus
1959:Sensory
1824:Inferior
1625:Cerebrum
1598:Midbrain
1561:Meninges
1451:27654584
1394:45624479
1348:12933914
1175:page 767
1044:reptiles
929:and the
873:Function
858:and the
789:cochlear
657:arteries
593:and the
477:a lower
339:vomiting
327:sneezing
323:vomiting
315:neuronal
232:NeuroLex
2226:Anatomy
2165:Lateral
2160:Ventral
2053:Pyramid
2039:Surface
2009:Ventral
1900:Ventral
1814:Lateral
1751:medulla
1704:Enteric
1653:Somatic
1581:Medulla
1507:at the
1443:3837091
1386:3343402
1339:1765635
899:carotid
881:to the
815:gracile
799:column.
773:column.
736:of the
674:synapse
450:of the
430:Anatomy
420:pharynx
409:muscles
387:(as in
303:medulla
213:D008526
180:Part of
175:Details
96:scholar
2212:Portal
2187:Magnus
1989:Motor
1953:Dorsal
1874:Dorsal
1819:Medial
1613:Retina
1487:
1449:
1441:
1392:
1384:
1346:
1336:
1264:
1219:
1183:(1918)
1054:, and
992:stroke
975:bulbar
965:, the
959:Reflex
925:. The
705:, and
597:. The
560:nuclei
556:olives
424:larynx
416:tongue
401:tracts
397:nerves
385:bulbar
333:, the
98:
91:
84:
77:
69:
2070:Olive
2046:Front
1792:tract
1571:Brain
1447:S2CID
1390:S2CID
1173:from
1075:Lobes
923:blood
879:brain
767:taste
522:–the
285:[
274:62004
196:Latin
103:JSTOR
89:books
2137:Grey
2086:Back
1586:Pons
1485:ISBN
1439:PMID
1408:link
1382:PMID
1344:PMID
1262:ISBN
1217:ISBN
917:and
901:and
893:The
854:The
843:The
832:The
817:and
809:The
802:The
791:and
787:The
765:for
757:The
599:soma
546:and
508:pons
498:The
483:obex
422:and
399:and
381:bulb
379:The
353:and
341:and
297:The
262:5983
245:TA98
208:MeSH
75:news
1431:doi
1427:157
1374:doi
1370:267
1334:PMC
1326:doi
1254:doi
1209:doi
325:to
269:FMA
257:TA2
225:698
58:by
2238::
1445:.
1437:.
1425:.
1404:}}
1400:{{
1388:.
1380:.
1368:.
1342:.
1332:.
1322:74
1320:.
1316:.
1260:,
1248:,
1236:^
1215:,
1203:,
1191:^
1058:.
1050:,
1010:.
998:,
986:A
952:–
905:.
701:,
697:,
659:.
628:.
613:.
566:.
539:.
426:.
418:,
349:,
337:,
234:ID
2214::
1742:e
1735:t
1728:v
1537:e
1530:t
1523:v
1493:.
1453:.
1433::
1410:)
1396:.
1376::
1350:.
1328::
1256::
1211::
1153:.
866:.
851:.
840:.
821:.
784:.
709:.
489:.
474:.
458:.
289:]
125:)
119:(
114:)
110:(
100:·
93:·
86:·
79:·
52:.
29:.
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